The Iron Age 1945-12-20: Vol 156 Iss 25

the opera- not me, esti- the Mesab why been egoing elative neces- values, roduct con- ost lowing timate ntages ations, VAN DEVENTER President and Director BAUR Vice-President General Manager LEONARD Assistant General Manager HAYES Advertising Manager JOHNSON, Manager Reader Service and Market BAUR, Production Manager CLEARY, Technical and Promotion Manager Executive Offices Chestnut and 5éth Sts. 39, Pa., U.S.A. and Advertising Offices 100 East 42nd St., New York N.Y., U.S.A. Regional Business Managers New York New York 100 East 42nd St. 100 East 42nd St. ROBERT BLAIR GIBBS Cleveland Pittsburgh 1016 Guardian 428 Park Bidg. HOTTENSTEIN Philadelphia Chicago Chilton Bidg. 1134 Otis Bidg. PEIRCE LEWIS WARREN 7310 Woodward Ave. Box RAYMOND KAY Los Angeles 2420 Cheremoya, Ave. ° ° Owned and Published CHILTON COMPANY (Incorporated) OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS MUSSELMAN, JOS. President GEORGE GRIFFITHS Vice-President EVERIT TERHUNE Vice-President VAN DEVENTER Vice-President BAUR Vice-President Vice-President JULIAN CHASE Vice-President WILLIAM BARBER, Treasurer JOHN BLAIR MOFFETT, Secretary BUZBY HARRY DUFFY KANE CHARLES HEALE ° ° WILLIAM VALLAR, Asst. Treas. Chilton Editorial Board PAUL WOOTON Washington Representative ° ° ° Member, Audit Bureau Circulation Member, Associated Business Papers ° Indexed the Arts Index. Pub- lished every Thursday. Subscription Price North America, South America and Possessions, $8; per year. Single Copy, cents. Annual Review Number $2.00. 1945, Chilton Company IRON AGE Vol. 156, No. Editorial Getting Back Arithmetic Technical Articles Straining Weld Metal During Cooling Borings Sintered Greenawalt Machine Throwing Power Anodizing Baths Spectroscopic Control for Tropenas Converter The German Steel Industry Hydrogen and Oxygen Contents Welds German Stainless Steels New Equipment Features Newsfront Assembly Line Washington West Coast European Letter Personals and Obituaries Dear Editor This Industrial Week News Industry News and Markets Machine Tool Developments Nonferrous Market News and Prices Iron and Steel Scrap News and Prices Comparison Prices Week and Year Finished and Semifinished Steel Prices Alloy Steel Prices Fabricated Steel Products Prices Warehouse Steel and Pig Iron Prices Ferroalloy Prices Disposal Surplus Pittsburgh Equitable Meter Co. Name Changed How Get Priorities Next Year Scientific Roster Reconversion Program Indianapolis Financing Slum Clearance New 5-Spindle Turret Lathe Metal Show Space Reserved Bowles and Taft Debate Price Control Index Advertisers December 20, 1945 114 116-17 118-19 120 122 123 124 125 126 128 134 136 138 139 141 142 143 239-40 A ° ° ° | ° | 7 ides hat ini- der ton ago oil-hardening steel blanking dies are meet- and long life mean high for ing, piercing, per- forating, YOU have die steel problem... McKEESPORT, PA. NEW YORK HARTFORD PHILADELPHIA PITTSBURGH CLEVELAND DAYTON DETROIT CHICAGO LOS ANGELES 44—THE IRON AGE, December 20, 1945 Call q } December 20, VAN DEVENTER President and Directer BAUR and General Manager Editorial Staff News Markets Editor CAMPBELL Machine Editor...H. LINSLEY ° ° Associate Editors WINTERS ALBIN JOHN ANTHONY BARMASEL KOPECKI Editorial Assistants SCHIEN SCHIMKO TOWNE SPEAR Foreign Editors SANDERSON News and Technical Editors LLOYD Pittsburgh 428 Park Bidg. POST Chicago 1134 Otis Bidg. MOFFETT EUGENE HARDY ANSBORO ashington National Bidg. LLOYD Cleveland 1016 Guardian Bidg. BRAMS Detrolt 7310 Woodward Ave. OSGOOD MURDOCK WORTH HALE Sen Francisco Market St. Editorial Correspondents ROBERT Cincinnati DEAN Buffalo Boston HUGH SHARP Milwaukee RAYMOND KAY Les Angeles JOHN McCUNE Birmingham ROY EDMONDS St. Louis JAMES Seott Getting Back Arithmetic these days star gazing and the juggling astronomical figures regarding national debt, income and corporation profits, diffi- cult keep one’s feet the ground. The mental absorption amounts running into ten twelve digits has effect upon the average man, whose income may run four, similar that produced four five martini champagne cocktails. But recourse simple arithmetic should cure the hangover. Government, course, sets the pattern. dealing out billions for this and billions for that with free hand the taxpayer’s purse, promoted psychology which the decimal point has become for- gotten symbol. bureaucrat who today thinks talks less than millions out date the penny and receives little consideration the latter gets. Naturally this sort thinking the top has permeated the layers beneath and the man the street not blamed for thinking that the income and resources America are unlimited and that him get his fair share it. when the man the street hears the labor leaders ask for $2.00 per day hike wages, and that corporation earnings 1940 were close billion after taxes, likely say “well, why not let them have that extra two bucks day and too.” Only trouble with that that there are such lot me’s! you are talking handing out bigger slices pie the form chunks, you cannot fairness stop with the automobile workers the steel workers. ought broadly distributed among public servants, rail- road employees, farm labor, garbage collectors and everybody who works for wages. And there were little over million these “me’s” 1940. Putting arithmetic work the basis two buck raise per day and five-day week for these equally deserving citizens ours, the amount mazoola necessary stake the raise would amount twenty- three billion four hundred million dollars. And that more money than anyone ever saw except the keeper our national debt ledger and sees only paper and not cash. Nineteen forty was pretty good year for corporation profits be- cause taxes were not steep then now. But had confiscated all corporation earnings that year after taxes and not permitted penny dividends paid stockholders and divided all that sum billion among our million wage earners, each one would have re- ceived raise $3.50 per week. “Well,” the man the street may say: “Business next year will prob- ably twice good that from what hear.” Personally, what see factories being shut down throughout the land inclined doubt it. But assuming that was and that jumped from our 1940 billion net earnings $14 billion and gave all the increase labor, the answer would still $3.50 per week. understand that arithmetic not popular used and that political economy today’s favorite subject. Even so, needs little arithmetic bring down earth. MUNZER f q 46—THE IRON AGE, December 20, 1945 the hands and weapons that won . . for engines and many other war hol dis INL AND EEL few hel lie NEWSFRONT Dec. 18, 1945 Scarcity Germany alloying agents such molybdenum, and columbium the development heat-resistant stainless steels lower alloy content. some cases the strategic alloying elements were replaced with manganese, blading material were offset large measure clever design. can applied finish machining operations cylindrical, flanged and conical parts. Similar principle the gear shaving process, the number cutters that may used dependent only the number surfaces finished one setting. German steel mills, even the last desperate months war, were never hard pressed for manpower was United States steel management. late Jan. steelmaking units Germany proper employed some 798,000 persons, representing only pct the armed services compared with pct lost the military the steel industry. Germany used twice many women its steel plants did the United States. About pct the German labor force were foreigners, which pct were prisoners war (primarily Russian) and the remainder slave labor. German steel capacity (excluding steel capacity conquered countries) the war's end was almost 36,000,000 net tons. Despite bombing and other difficulties wartime operation production was the annual rate 27,000,000 net tons. Contrary popular belief, Bochumer Verein not Krupp was the prime producer heavy ordnance Germany. This most desirable bombing target just few miles from Krupp was practically ignored during the entire war. Subjecting cooling weld metal plastic strain greater than that corresponding the yield point the metal prevents those failures where ductility able. The Norris Stamping Mfg. Co. Los Angeles expects enter the national hold utensil and electrical equipment market and reported have entered into contract with for distribution long line products. The type postwar conflict between private plant and government built facilities forecast Kaiser's protest RFC over the sale pig iron Geneva lehem Pacific Coast. Britain far from returning her peacetime standard liberties that regulations are being continued for additional two years. Sweden's atom considered certain British and scientists ahead certain respects the Anglo-American atom teams, placed the disposal Britain and America. British missions the now employ 5712 persons salary and allowances totaling $18 million year. these 4200 are recruited the yearly cost $10.4 million. The British cabinet has under consideration plans for the creation National Investment Board direct investments toward providing steady jobs for the greatest number. Howard Hughes's enormous flying boat, the so-called flying will ably not test flown for another year. Costing some $20 million will cost additional million transport from Culver City water for take-off. All plywood, the ship undoubtedly the greatest single piece genuinely tiful cabinet work ever put together. The Steel Corp. due for great many top personnel changes the next few months. Many men have reached the retirement age during the war and were held over temporarily. Four subsidiary presidents will retire March. Persistent rumor has that the final disposition the Geneva Steel plant will involve combination with Fontana, with Cyrus Eaton and Harry Kaiser forming pany and floating public stock issue. The Allen group, Wickwire Spencer and ado Fuel Iron, may even bought within the combination, and some observers be- lieve that Wysor, now Germany, may offered the presidency. _ Straining Weld Metal During tures, wherein almost ductility was observable, has raised many theories the possible causes. Since these failures nearly always originate weld metal, which nor- tension tests exhibits excellent ductility, was natural that much speculation should exist the rea- sons why this same metal did not behave ductile manner these The belief has been expressed that some the inherently available ductility the weld metal might have been consumed the straining that takes place during the cooling the weld metal when deposited structure wherein the plates being welded offer considerable restraint. Because extremely difficult make measurements the elevated temperatures exist during the deposition weld metal and its sub- sequent cooling, relatively little work has been done toward determining what occurs during this process. was obtain measure the plastic flow that takes place weld result cooling that this investiga- tion was undertaken. When weld made relatively small amount the base metal heated and melted, and small quan- tity molten metal deposited. There thus the necessity for the molten metal cool, solidify and fur- certain welded struc- PAUL DeGARMO Associate Professor Mechanical Engi- neering, University California ther cool while bonded large mass metal at, slightly above, ambient temperature. When the weld deposit solidifies assumes the dimensions dictated the geometry the base metal that time. The greater part the base metal does not undergo any great tempera- ture change (perhaps less than 100°F change for the most part) during the entire process, and its physical dimen- sions not change appreciably. Also, since has its full strength, offers great resistance dimensional changes. The weld metal, the other hand, undergoes temperature change around 1400°F cooling from the solidification point ambient tem- perature. During this cooling the weld metal would like contract ap- proximately 0.000006 in. per in. length per °F, total this basis 0.008 in. per in. the weld metal were, effect, given plastic strain this amount the effects would not great. Moreover, when ap- 100 steel, indicating the and tensile strength temperatures. 20 + | | + Temperature, °F. 48—THE IRON AGE, December 20, 1945 preciated that much the cooling (or straining) period the me- chanical properties the weld metal are very low, indicated fig. and the plastic flow occurs easily, and further, that formation takes place during the cool- ing, appears doubtful the effec- tive strain great 0.008 in. per in. Also, since the temperature the base metal varies from ambient the melting point over few inches adjacent the weld deposit, some the restraining metal immediately adjacent the weld deposit ex- panded, and also contracts during cooling. Thus probable that the effects straining during cooling should not great those caused cold strain 0.008 in. per in. Since this complex set conditions regarding temperature, strength and metallurgical transformation exists, extremely difficult, not impossible, make direct determination the effective plastic strain that takes place. However, appears that the answer can obtained in- direct method. has been found that the longi- tudinal strain butt-fusion weld essentially shown fig. The subjected different amounts strain during cooling. The metal Strain 2—Chart showing the relation the strain along the length the weld, and indicating that metal amounts strain during cooling. | i str th: sti in; lie an O | in | | Weld metal normal tension tests usually exhibits excellent ductility, but certain cases failures have occurred which the metal has shown almost ductility. discover the reasons for this, the author conducted some interesting tests, which are de- scribed herein, and reached the conclusion that weld metal, cooling, may subjected plastic strain greater than that Cooling corresponding the yield point the metal. stress equal the yield point found, indicating that the metal this point mid-length the weld, maximum pos- order measure the strains least has been strained elastically sible longitudinal strain due cool- special “clip gage” was used. This the yield point.’ Because the ing. The plates were tack welded us- gage has been developed the Uni- shape the stress-strain curve just 12-in, centers. versity California for making very beyond the yield point, possible tabs were provided each end accurate strain measurements where that the metal might have been. the joint. Both passes were deposited considerable extension occurs. speed in. per min. Linde %-in. clip which are mounted electrode No. was used with Union- two SR-4 electrical resistance strain melt No. 20—200 flux. After the first gages. The ends the clip can pass was deposited the plates were fitted between pins soldered the turned, flame gouged, and the into nicks the specimen. ely pass run. this case small amount solder The following day tensile deposited the specimen where specimens, shown fig. were each end the clip gage was rest. the cut from each weld, being taken from Small nicks were then made the the locations indicated fig. Thus, solder and the gage fitted into these shown fig. ten specimens were nicks. this way was not neces- cut from each weld. Specimens put nicks the body the and had received plastic speciment support the gage ends. strain during cooling. Specimens The clip gage was held position were welded Unionmelt. and had been strained maximum means rubber bands, fig. amount while specimens and had After specimens and had ing the yield point and still not age embrittlement prior testing. indicate greater than yield point the following day all the lieving Residual Stresses Welds,” The cise readings the yield, maximum Journal, May 1944. shown above. gage length was determined. Theisinger, “Stress Relieving The results obtained from the tests and Oct. 20, 1938. been strained each case curve yield point from weld points and C’, order obtain calibration these should reflect their tensile tensile properties vs. known the test specimens plastic strain, specimens the butt weld were carefully se- properties the amounts plastic lected obtain samples with strain which they experienced dur- and which had been degrees plastic strain. ing cooling. the tensile properties strained during cooling, these specimens were then com- were strained plastically the following pared with those other specimens which had been subjected known No. pet amounts plastic strain, measure Specimen pet the effective plastic strain the Specimen No.3 weld metal due cooling could Specimen No. pet Since specimens and had been sub- Two Unionmelt welds were prepared jected practically zero strain dur- shown fig. The size ing cooling, they were used give plates was sufficient assure results corresponding pet strain. THE IRON AGE, December 20, 1945—49 | ie: = strain gages mounted each specimen served indicate electrically the amount strain. 80,000 w 60,000 (4,4,0) TEST PLATE TEST. PLATE 7—Curves yield point vs. strain, plotted for the two test plates, serve locate the percentage strain which specimens were subjected during cooling. stress vs. plastic strain was drawn. The yield point stresses for specimens and 10, having unknown amounts strain, were then located the curves. The locations these points upon the curves give the cor- responding effective plastic strains which these specimens were subjected during cooling the deposited metal. Since plate was the second one made and tested, probable that the results obtained were slightly more reliable than those for plate may seen fig. that the maximum effective plastic strain was less than This agree- ment with the statement made pre- viously thaf the effective strain should less than the 0.008 in. per in. due simple thermal contraction. the curve for plate will noted that the four specimens, and 10, into two groups. The two specimens and from one side the weld form one group, while the other composed specimens and from the other side the plate. This phenomenon was not observed plate thus apparent that the yield point stress which measured re- laxation methods the mid-length such weld does not indicate all the strain which the weld metal has been subjected. However, equally apparent that the maximum amount strain which occurs not all might expected, the yield point values gave more significant dif- ferences than the ultimate break- ing stresses. general, the latter showed the same relative results but the effects small differences strain were not While the tests were conducted Unionmelt welds the results apply also manual welds since the strain condition indicated fig. the same for both types. From the tests conducted the fol- lowing conclusions were drawn: (1) Unionmelt weld greater than in. length the weld metal the mid-length subjected during cooling plastic strain greater than that corresponding the yield point the material. (2) The maximum effect such straining upon the tensile properties the weld metal less than that plastic strain room tem- Borings Sintered Greenawalt Machine use the Greenawalt ma- chine for sintering cast iron bor- ings being given increasing atten- tion England under the sponsor- ship Tornblad Lees, Victoria Street, London, the European licen- sors for the process. Back 1942 Greenawalt described similar ex- periments carried out the Pitts- burgh Steel Co. plant. The method consists treating specially designed Greenawalt sintering apparatus whereby the cast- 50—THE IRON AGE, December 20, 1945 iron borings, granules, and swarf are converted into more less porous cake steel suitable scrap for the openhearth furnace. The borings are slightly moistened and placed the sintering receptacle without any addition fuel, and treated the usual way igniting the surface the charge and subjecting the suction exhaust fan. Within few minutes the charge brought sintering temperature and the oxida- tion the carbon, silicon and manga- nese the material, produces enough heat bring the whole into semi- molten state. The oxidation proceeds very rapid tempo that from min the whole charge con- verted into steel. Thus cast-iron borings analyzing: Graphite, 3.35 pet; combined carbon, 0.70; silicon 2.10; manganese 0.85 sul- phur 0.09, and phosphorus 0.17, pro- duced steel scrap analyzing: Graph- ite nil; combined carbon 0.35 pct; sili- con 0.20; manganese 0.20, sulphur 0.06 and phosphorus 0.17. Fy | i | . ‘ eeds rom con- ing: bon, sul- pro- aph- sili- 0.06 plater, the throwing power bath that property which measured the uniformity the plate received object with recesses and cavities varying shapes and depths. Attempts have been made electro-chemists give more precise definition the con- cept permit its easy measure- ment. Inasmuch the number fac- tors involved quite large, none these definitions have been applicable the practical comparison plating solutions. Generally speaking, those throwing power equations which are useful from research point view deal with surface films and potentials existing across thin layers elec- trolyte close the work. Such fac- tors are difficult evaluate from mea- surements the molar properties the bath and not lend themselves practical use. Several methods for measuring throwing power directly are use. Perhaps the most widely favored that Blum and They introduce the terms “primary current distribution,” defined that distribu- tion current density which would exist the cathode the absence polarization, and “secondary current distribution” which that actually existing. Throwing power defined the “improvement (or worsening) percent the actual metal distri- bution ratio.” negative throwing power exists when the primary current more uniformly distributed than the secondary, the case chromium plating. The Blum and Hogaboom throwing power box usually made hard rubber, other suitable material. typical box in. long, in. cross-section provided with bus bar and filled with the bath, fig. anode in. area placed be- tween two cathodes each in. area, the ratio whose distances from the anode the case chrom- ium plating being rarely, ever, Throwin Anodizing Power baths device described for visually determining, especially the case blind holes and crevices, the corrosion protection afforded anodizing baths. also can applied measure the throwing power plating baths. ° ROBERT HERWIG and ALBERT LEIGH Research Chemists, Eclipse-Pioneer Divi- sion, Bendix Corp., Teterboro, greater than The distance ratio proportional the primary current distribution and the weights metal deposited are proportional the sec- ondary current distribution metal distribution ratio. Thus, the Blum and Hogaboom throwing power can easily calculated. Although this method does not mea- sure all the variables involved, according certain experiments Pan, the primary bution not important. Because the poor throwing power chromium baths higher primary ratio than 1:2 cannot handled. practical plat- ing the ratio cavities may well less than this Pan. this, well all other practical methods, the actual numerical results obtained depend upon the details and dimensions the apparatus employed. disadvan- plating baths. and Hogaboom type box used for measuring the throwing power THE IRON AGE, December 20, all eld his eld re- nas unt all eld ak- ter but ply ain ‘ted the ties em- 4 } i tap for with numbers indicated 2—The Pan cavity type throwing power indicator disk made plain-carbon steel with holes drilled various depths. prac- tice two indicators are made with hole depths inches in.) shown below: Indicator “A” Hole Number 0.039 in. 0.079 in. 0.118 in. 0.197 in. tage here, however, that the num- ber finally obtained measure the throwing power can either posi- tive negative, with the actual throwing power depending largely upon the primary ratio used. Thus set numbers alone, without col- lateral information cannot used compare throwing power. more flexible and perhaps truer measure throwing power given Pan’s method. disk the base metal plated, about in. diam drilled various depths with ring ten holes about in. diam Indicator Hole Number 0.020 in. (6) 0.039 in. (7) 0.059 in. (8) 0.079 (9) (10) with the circumference the disk. The disk provided with glass backing and suspended the *Blum and Hogaboom, “Principles Electroplating and Electroforming,” 2nd ed. (1930), pp. 112-115. Pan, Metal Cleaning and Finishing pp. 441-4, pp. 497-500, pp. 559-60 (1932). Pan, Metal Cleaning and Finishing pp. 753-6, 851 (1930). bath definite position and plated for definite time. The throwing power defined 100 times the ratio the depth the diameter the FIG. 3—Anodic bath throwing power indicator assembled for immersion bath. a | 4 ate 52—THE IRON AGE, December 20, 1945 deepest hole satisfactorily covered when the outside surface not “burned.” Thus this method always results postive number, and com- parable results can obtained suitable standardization. Inasmuch double cathode the Blum and Hogaboom type not employed, the same primary current distribution obtained. The procedure much like that used actual plating and the ideas involved the method correspond closely the plater’s conception throwing power. the holes are very close together, electrode distance factors and all effects the configu- ration the bath container are thus compensated. Thickness plate can determined the use electro- magnetic magnetic thickness test- ers dropping reagent procedures, and the method can adapted for research purposes making the depth differential between the holes small. effecting the measurement the throwing power plating bath, such chromium plating bath, necessary before intelligent use can made throwing power indicator “the “macro factors” found dit significance are listed, without regard (1) Shape cell (bath con- tainer) (2) Cathode polarization (3) Cathode efficiency (4) Conductivity the bath (5) Current density (6) Shape electrodes acid (8) Temperature (9) Dissolved iron (10) Concentration chromic (11) Condition cathode surface Ratio surface areas anode, cathode (13) Distances between electrodes (14) Hydrogen effects (These are not stated order their importance) (12) Certain these factors are not easily measurable are vaguely de- fined. The conditions the surface, its precise relation cathode polari- zation, the precise effects hydrogen evolution—both physical and chemical —the effect the shape the tank upon current “lines” and thus directly upon throwing power, are all largely unknown. The effect agitation the bath upon the throwing power still remains investigated. The shape electrodes factor quite un- | pr nit i ge oo 0.118 in. (2) 0.138 in, (3) 0.315 in. (3) 0.157 in. (4) 0.354 in. (4) 0.177 in. (5) 0.394 in. (5) 0.197 in. con- predictable, inasmuch the cathode the object plated. For practical uses, the change all these factors with time age the bath, number amp-hr passed through should known. For given problem, however, certain these variables can taken con- stant. Thus the shape the tank often determined the floor space available, the shape the electrodes (cathodes) may the same over long period time, and the surface the basis metal fixed same defi- nite preplating treatment. Measuring Anodizing Baths The cavity indicator Pan sug- gested method constructing throwing power indicator that would apply the measurement anodiz- ing baths. attempt was made give numerical rating this device was constructed not for any theo- retical conception throwing power but rather. for practical applications. Advantage was taken the draw- backs the Pan indicator con- structing this modification, namely, the difficulty determining the depth which the deeper cavities were cov- ered and convenient method mea- suring the thickness gradient the walls. Also, visual indications were difficult when the base metal the indicator was steel and the metal plated was similarly colored. This anodic bath indicator can made from either aluminum mag- nesium. The first experimental indi- cator was made from two pieces cast Alcoa aluminum, 195 measur- ing 6x4x% in. The sides and ends were faced off and one side each piece was lapped. The lapped faces were bolted together placed against backing plate and holes various sizes were drilled into the end face between the lapped surfaces (fig. 2). 4—Disassembled indicator, showing how protection cavities can easily determined. This indicator excellent from design standpoint, the holes drilled can sizes that are actually pres- ent the design casting. The infor- mation importance that the designer desires knowing whether cer- tain blind holes will anodized and therefore protected from corrosion. the indicator described, the sections can taken apart and visual exami- nation made the various blind holes, fig. the anodic coating color- less suck happens many ano- dized aluminum alloys the assembled indicator dipped into the black dye bath. The dye will absorbed the oxide coating only and the depth color will proportional the depth oxide. This will enable the user obtain readily visual examination the throwing power the anodizing bath. desired, the opened indicator can submitted salt spray. This will destroy the usefulness the in- dicator. However, inexpensive and can made very easily and quickly. This indicator not limited ano- dizing baths. has been constructed steel and brass order check the throwing power various plating baths, excluding the opinion the writers that this indi- cator described better suited for design applications than any the throwing power gated. qualify this statement fur- ther, the engineer not interested the relative throwing power the various plating baths but knowledge the extent that the blind holes this product will plated and thus offer some corrosion protection. Spectroscopic Control for Tropenas Converter flame during the blow and the appearance and disappearance cer- tain lines the spectrum observed through the direct-vision spectroscope points the possibility controlling the convertor blow without introduc- ing the human factor, and the conse- quent elimination over and under- blown heats. Such practice has fre- quently been employed the The British method described paper Jazwinski before the Iron and Steel Institute, London. attempt was made these prelimi- nary investigations measure the wavelengths the bands, only their relative positions being recorded. very faint continuous spectrum ap- peared the beginning the blow and grew stronger the flame be- came brighter. The most pronounced yellow band appeared when boiling began; when ejects ceased green band, faint first, appeared. During the carbon flame two other green bands and two red bands became visi- ble. times blue band was dis- cernible. When all bands disappeared the wind was off. The disappearance the red, green, and yellow bands indication that the blow finished and the carbon near 0.1 pet. the wind not shut off when the bands disappear, the heat becomes overblows, with consequent low carbon content, higher losses metal due oxidation, and excessive wear the lining. The conclusions point very definite relationship between the bands the flame spec- trum and the composition the metal the bath. This leads directly the application the “electric eye” the Tropenas converter attempt more rigid control the process. THE IRON AGE, December 20, for the ons | the ath, ator of rard | ‘uric odes not de- face, { q ogen nical tank ectly hape t with numbers indicated tap for 2—The Pan cavity type throwing power indicator disk made plain-carbon steel with holes drilled various depths. prac- tice two indicators are made with hole depths inches in.) shown below: Indicator “A” Hole Number 0.079 0.118 in. O.157 in. 0.197 in. tage here, however, that the num- ber finally obtained measure the throwing power can either posi- tive negative, with the actual throwing power depending largely upon the primary ratio used. Thus set numbers alone, without col- lateral information cannot used compare throwing power. more flexible and perhaps truer measure throwing power given Pan’s method. disk the base metal plated, about in. diam drilled various depths with ring ten holes about in. diam Indicator “B” Hole Number 0.020 in. 0.039 in. 0.059 in. 0.979 0.099 in. with the circumference the disk. The disk provided with glass backing and suspended the *Blum and Hogaboom, “Principles Electroplating and 2nd ed. (1930), pp. 112-115. Pan, Metal Cleaning and Finishing pp. 441-4, pp. 497-500, pp. 559-60 (1932). Pan, Metal Cleaning and Finishing pp. 753-6, 851 (1930). bath definite position and plated for definite time. The throwing power defined 100 times the ratio the depth the diameter the FIG. 3—Anodic bath throwing power indicator assembled for immersion bath. q 52—THE IRON AGE, December 20, 1945 deepest when the outside surface “burned.” Thus this method always results postive number, and com- parable results can obtained suitable standardization. Inasmuch double cathode the Blum and Hogaboom type not employed, the same primary current distribution obtained. The procedure much like that used actual plating and the ideas involved the method correspond closely the plater’s conception throwing power. the holes are very close together, electrode distance factors and all effects the configu- ration the bath container are thus compensated. Thickness plate can determined the use electro- magnetic magnetic thickness test- ers dropping reagent procedures, and the method can adapted for research purposes making the depth differential between the holes small. effecting the measurement the throwing power plating bath, such chromium plating bath, necessary before intelligent use can made throwing power indicator covered significance are listed, without regard importance, follows: (1) Shape cell tainer) (2) Cathode polarization (3) Cathode efficiency (4) Conductivity the bath (5) Current density (6) Shape electrodes (bath con- (7) Concentration acid (8) Temperature (9) Dissolved iron (10) Concentration chromic acid (11) Condition cathode surface (12) Ratio surface areas anode, cathode (13) Distances between electrodes (14) Hydrogen effects (These are not stated order their importance) Certain these factors are not easily measurable are vaguely de- fined. The conditions the surface, its precise relation cathode polari- zation, the precise effects hydrogen evolution—both physical and chemical —the effect the shape the tank upon current “lines” and thus directly upon throwing power, are all largely unknown. The effect agitation the bath upon the throwing power still remains investigated. The shape electrodes factor quite un- nite thre ing give but (1) 0.236 in. (1) (6) 0.118 in. (2) (2) (7) in, (3) 0.315 (3) (8) 0.157 the (4) 0.354 in. (4) (9) 0.177 in. (5) 0.394 in. (5) (10) 0.197 in. wal diffi mac piec aga vari face (fig tain the Iror predictable, inasmuch the cathode the object plated. For practical uses, the change all these factors with time age the bath, number amp-hr passed through should known. For given problem, however, certain these variables can taken con- stant. Thus the shape the tank often determined the floor space available, the shape the electrodes (cathodes) may the same over long period time, and the surface the basis metal fixed same defi- nite preplating treatment. Measuring Anodizing Baths The cavity indicator Pan sug- gested method constructing throwing power indicator that would apply the measurement anodiz- ing baths. attempt was made give numerical rating this device was constructed not for any theo- retical conception throwing power but rather. for practical applications. Advantage was taken the draw- backs the Pan indicator con- structing this modification, namely, the difficulty determining the depth which the deeper cavities were cov- ered and convenient method mea- suring the thickness gradient the walls. Also, visual indications were difficult when the base metal the indicator was steel and the metal plated was similarly colored. This anodic bath indicator can made from either aluminum mag- nesium. The first experimental indi- was made from two pieces cast Alcoa aluminum, 195 measur- ing 6x4x% in. The sides and ends were faced off and one side each piece was lapped. The lapped faces were bolted together against backing plate and holes various sizes were drilled into the end face between the lapped surfaces (fig. 2). 4—Disassembled indicator, showing how protection cavities can easily determined. This indicator excellent from design standpoint, the holes drilled can sizes that are actually pres- ent the design casting. The infor- mation importance that the designer desires knowing whether cer- tain blind holes will anodized and therefore protected from corrosion. the indicator described, the sections can taken apart and visual exami- nation made the various blind holes, fig. the anodic coating color- less such happens many ano- dized aluminum alloys the assembled indicator dipped into the black dye bath. The dye will absorbed the oxide coating only and the depth color will proportional the depth oxide. This will enable the user obtain readily visual examination the throwing power the anodizing bath. desired, the opened indicator can submitted salt spray. This will destroy the usefulness the in- dicator. However, inexpensive and can made very easily and quickly. This indicator not limited ano- dizing baths. has been constructed steel and brass order check the throwing power various plating baths, excluding the opinion the writers that this indi- cator described better suited for design applications than any the throwing power gated. qualify this statement fur- ther, the engineer not interested the relative throwing power the various plating baths but knowledge the extent that the blind holes this product will plated and thus offer some corrosion protection. Spectroscopic Control for Tropenas Converter flame during the blow and the appearance and disappearance cer- tain lines the spectrum observed through the direct-vision spectroscope points the possibility controlling the convertor blow without introduc- ing the human factor, and the conse- quent elimination over and under- blown heats. Such practice has fre- quently been employed the S., The British method described paper Jazwinski before the Iron and Steel Institute, London. attempt was made these prelimi- nary investigations measure the wavelengths the bands, only their relative positions being recorded. very faint continuous spectrum ap- peared the beginning the blow and grew stronger the flame be- came brighter. The most pronounced yellow band appeared when boiling began; when ejects ceased green band, faint first, appeared. During the carbon flame two other green bands and two red bands became visi- ble. times blue band was dis- cernible. When all bands disappeared the wind was shut off. The disappearance the red, green, and yellow bands indication that the blow finished and the carbon near 0.1 pet. the wind not shut off when the bands disappear, the heat becomes overblows, with consequent low carbon content, higher losses metal due oxidation, and excessive wear the lining. The conclusions point very definite relationship between the bands the flame spec- trum and the composition the metal the bath. This leads directly the application the “electric eye” the Tropenas converter attempt more rigid control the process. THE IRON AGE, December 20, 1945—53 * y | . ric nic tly ely till The German Steel Industry the past century many im- metallurgical and opera- tional innovation first found com- mercial exploitation the German steel industry. This fact, along with the German’s well-recognized technical curiosity, led general expectation that the immediate prewar and the war periods would give rise va- riety developments interest and value the steel industry the United States. The German steel industry, how- ever, turned out considerably more impressive reputation than performance. the prewar period the rearmament demands the Nazi regime were insistent leave little time sympathy with experi- mental efforts, and the war period the supply home steel, and the out- put from conquered plants, were such comfortable supply that time was the steel industry favored child, the recipient any high- priority favoritism. Throughout the war period the steel producers re- ceived only the barest minimum re- pair parts, and new construction was limited the huge Hermann Goering plant Salzgitter, near Braunschweig, fantastic outpouring money and effort into showplace, having equivalent other than the war-built Geneva and Fontana plants the S., and having future even more questionable than these latter two plants. There were, however, variety comparatively minor features associ- ated with German steel production which were interest. Labor was cheap and plentiful Germany, elsewhere the Conti- nent, and for that reason there was somewhat less emphasis labor-sav- ing machinery than the Prob- ably the most obvious indication the relatively weak position labor the frequent absence even the most routine safety devices. Little ef- fort was made protect the worker against the hazards associated with steel making, and even railings fre- quently were absent elevated plat- forms such charging floors. But, surprisingly enough, excellent facili- ties often were provided for the work- man’s health, times there being well-equipped clinics with elaborate 54—THE IRON AGE, December 20, 1945 High production, little damage and only few technical inno- vations characterized the steelmaking units that armed the Nazi army. The German all-basic openhearth practice now being tried the S., and number other minor practices warrant serious consideration. Surprisingly, German draft withdrawals from steel mills were proportionally less than the .S. and the percentage women employed was not much greater than wartime ° ° ° LIPPERT Editor, THe AGE ° dental, medical, ray and similar equipment, and even provisions for steam baths and sun-tan treatments. would seem that the health workman was more concern than his life, The industry was always called up- supply small-lot orders, which resulted large amount dual equipment, large stocks rolls, and the likelihood roll change once during turn. was this supply dual equipment, with one unit operat- ing while the other was having rolls changed, that prevented undue hard- ship during the war through lack repair parts. Robbery parts from one unit could always keep the other operation. Far beyond the experience oper- ators the S., German blast fur- nace plants always were based variety ores, all usually poor character, and quantities which varied from week week depending volatile trade and political factors. This led great skill ore blending, great dependence sintering, and excess number blast furnaces cover certain steelmaking commit- ments. German steel industry was completely integrated with the life the community, more intimately than the Coke was practically secondary product the supply gas the civilian economy, large blocks excess power fed into the lo- cal and national gridworks, and great quantities Thomas fertilizer meant life death within several years the rural economy. this complete integration that makes the de-indus- ° trialization Germany such haz- ardous undertaking. Such de-indus- trialization seems most proper, and here the most everyone can emotionally approve, but will mean death many millions Germans, particularly the British zone oc- cupation which encompasses the entire Ruhr. difficult see how even the partial resumption steel opera- tions, being countenanced the des- perate British, can even approach minimum power and fertilizer needs rump Germany southwest Berlin. Although directed the Nazi party command sabotage their steel mills when retreat became inevitable, there was not one single incident sabotage. Blast furnaces were usually banked, other furnaces were usually cooled slowly prevent refractory damage, and the bulk production fa- cilities required just minimum patching back into operation. fact, combat forces hardly had moved out plant before the plant officials were casting about trying find someone the disposal corpses and specify what and how much steel make. The ever dominant instinct self- interest among the was evidenced also more subtle way, way that was sabotage Ger- many’s own war effort. The very heavy build-up finished steels, some- times amounting hundreds sands tons, and ingots and other semis, also amounting some hun- dreds thousands tons, was obvi- ously effort the last months the war plow labor, power and money questionable value into in- | Hern work: i were i chine | dest not and for into dom tion and pra ousl hou: and plar muc deal the labo quit was pop men quit and how wer tion star bessemer de- partment the Hermann Goering works near Salzgit- ter. Scrap charges were made mo- bile charging chines operating the platform the foreground. ° ° ° destructible real wealth which could not looted. All this drained power and labor out the Nazi economy during the period most desperate need, but was the most foolproof way for industrialists transfer wealth into the economy set the con- querors. This same type thinking dominated certain types construc- tion, for instance most expensive and well equipped heavy forging shop practically finished area obvi- ously doomed for early capture. Sabotage Slaves now such common knowledge, each steel plant, well all other industrial enterprises, had adjoining one several slave-labor camps for housing the Russian, Polish, French and other nationals conscripted for plant labor. These camps were pretty much uniform design, not great deal unlike the concentration-camp barracks for Japanese the the facilities set for West Indian labor imported into the several years ago. The barracks were always quite crowded, shy adequate bath, washing and cooking facilities, and populated with about twice many men women. Generally the health these slave laborers looked pretty good, nor was the anti-German feeling quite the intensity that conditions and treatment would seemingly war- rant. was from these barracks, however, that the weak and worn-out were processed the extermina- tion camps which have been con- stantly the news. The slave-labor camps were much part the scene and for many years accepted part the plant operation that German officials were nonplussed with indignant questioning regarding them. Slave laborers and Germans worked side-by-side the plant, and sometimes the percentage and only some instances were Rus- sians barred from critical areas the plant. There was fraternizing between the slaves and the Germans, much like the affairs between Italian and German war prisoners and girls the and Britain. There was evi- dence plant sabotage even any significant deliberate slow-down the part the slaves, the checks be- ing both fear and certain degree disinterest. Surprisingly enough, the man- power pressure Germany’s mills, even the last desperate months the war, was not intense this country, which sweated through the entire war with the Armed Forces progressively draining away all ex- perienced personnel, might inter- ested know that Jan. 1945, prewar German employed some 798,000 people, and from the war’s outbreak the Jan. 1945 date some 221,300 persons had been drafted, otherwise taken the Armed Forces. This represents some pct lost, and compares with some nct lost the Armed Services the steel industry. the 798,000 employed German steel works Jan. 1945, there were 636,000 men and 162,000 women, which over twice the percentage women pet the German labor force were foreigners, and this pct foreign- ers, 327,200, some 60,000 were pris- oners war (primarily Russian) and the remaining 267,200 were slave la- bor, considerably less than half which were from Russia and Poland. The distribution German men and women, and male and female slave la- bor were about the same order. 1945, the 798,000 employed pre- war Germany were producing some 2,413,000 net tons steel monthly (capacity 2,983,000 tons) which rep- resents about ingot tons per month per person. This compares with in- got tons per person per month the _U. This might not considered quite fair comparison, however, German labor late the war was de- voting great deal overcoming blackout conditions, air raid alarms and alerts, shortages gas, power and raw materials, lower efficiency female labor and much lower efficiency slave labor. How- ever, 1942 German steel mills working primarily with German labor still turned out little more than ingot tons per person per THE IRON AGE, December 20, 1945—55 oe ire ra- eds azi ble, ory fa- had ant elf- was a me- ther bvi- and in- month. The fact that American worker produces over three times much steel German not trace- able entirely greater supply labor-saving machinery here, but ap- parently partly attributable more efficient and energetic performance this country. Some rather low figures have been given for German steel capacity the newspapers, which would indicate that someone getting mixed metric and net tons, failing ac- count for all production all dis- tricts. Actually, German steel capac- ity the war’s end was almost 36,000,000 net ingot tons, figure con- siderably higher than intelligence es- timates. And Germany meant prewar Germany, without the inclu- sion conquered facilities Austria, Alsace Lorraine, Luxemburg, Bohemia and Moravia. the war’s end, de- spite bombing and other difficulties wartime operation, production was the rate 27,000,000 net tons in- gots yearly, again figure consider- ably higher than the usual estimates newspapers. this new atomic bomb age pos- sibly completely redundant point out that air raid damage the steel plants were predominantly the building roofs, overhead cranes, water, power, gas and wind lines and plant transportation facilities. gener- ally known this time that serious raid damage major production units such blast furnaces, steel furnaces and mills was negligible. Plant air raid shelters were excellent, being very deep, reinforced concrete, with elab