The Iron Age 1945-09-13: Vol 156 Iss 11

VAN DEVENTER President and Editorial Directer BAUR LEONARD Assistant General Manager HAYES Advertising Manager Reader Service and Market Research BAUR, Production Manager Cleary, Technical Research and Promotion Manager ° ° Executive Offices Chestnut and Séth Sts. Pa., U.S.A. Editorial and Advertising Offices 42nd St., New York 17, N.Y., Business Managers New York New York 100 East 42nd St. East Cleveland Pittsburgh Chilton Bidg. 1134 RAYMOND KAY Los Angeles 2420 Cheremoya Ave. Owned and Published CHILTON COMPANY OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS MUSSELMAN, JOS. HILORETH, GEORGE TERHUNE Vice-President BAUR FAHRENDORE CHASE WILLIAM BARBER, Treasurer JOHN BLAIR Secretary THOMAS CHARLES HEALE ° ° WILLIAM VALLAR, Asst. Treas. ° Member, Audit Bureau Circulation Member, Associated Business lished every Subscription Price North America, South and Possessions, Foreign, $15 yeor. Copy, cents. ° ° Copyright 1945, Company Vol. 156, No. AGE Editorial Employment and Technical Articles Diecasting Die Improved Plug German Tool and Special Steels Rapid Spot Test for Nickel Steel Shot and Grit Standards Flash Welding Sheet Stabilizers Prevent Disintegration Edge Preparation Ship Metals, Finishes, and Processes (Part Effect Surface Finish. New Equipment Features News Front Assembly Line Washington West Personals and Dear Editor ............... This Industrial Week News Industry News and Markets High Employment Promised Highway Program Launched Postwar Improvements Tools Steel Engineers Meet Key Cities Atomic Power for Gas Turbine Drive July Gear Aluminum House Prospects Milwaukee Future Conflict Planning Italy’s Steel Machine Tool Market Developments Nonferrous Metals News and Iron and Steel Scrap News and Prices Comparison Prices Week and Year Finished and Semi-Finished Steel Prices Warehouse and Steel Prices Iron and Steel Pipe and Tubing Prices Exceptions Steel Price Schedule Pig Iron and Coke Bolts and Nut Stainless Steel and Ferroalloy Prices ° Index Advertisers September 13, 1945 112 114 116 118 126 128 130 132 140 142 150 152-3 154-5 156 157-8 159 161-2 163 164 165-6 251-2 540 54P ° : ta ize finish- ing being DIVISION = put ilize ing—v Feam af Metel 44—THE IRON AGE, September 13, 1948 i | i { } | | i 4 | 1 N i ESTABLISHED September 13, 1945 VAN DEVENTER President and and Editorial ° Editers JACK HIGHT WINTERS ALBIN JOHN ANTHONY BARMASEL Assistants SCHIMKO 428 Bidg. POST Chicago 1134 Otis Bidg. MOFFETT HARDY ANSBORO Washington National Press Bidg. LLOYD Cleveland Guardian Bidg. Ave, OSGOOD WORTH HALE San Editorial ROBERT Cincinnoti DEAN FRAZAR Boston HUGH SHARP SANDERSON Toronto, RAYMOND KAY Angeles JOHN ROY EDMONDS JAMES Employment and Employables THINK most people will agree that industrialists and business men like see business operate high level. They would crazy they did not. The minority speculators, pawnbrokers, receivers bankruptcy and others who thrive the downbeat small com- parison the total not count. the same token those who own run plant like see plenty people work them for high level goes hand hand with high level business. have never yet heard em- ployer complain because the demand for his goods forced him put ten thousand more workers his payroll. His complaint may that has not been able get them. There reason whatever, then, why employers should not wel- come situation which business could kept good that all the people who could and should work have the opportunity so, re- color, creed, sex political affiliation. There also reason why employers, realizing that there are ups and downs business and probably always will be, should object the expenditure government funds sound public works during bad times take the slack what might called the legitimate employ- ment volume. But there considerable difference opinion what constitutes that volume. Secretary Wallace and the authors the Full Employ- ment Bill say million. Most our statisticians, economists and even top labor leaders cannot see more than million. The Com- mittee for Economic Development figure the labor market 1947 million. One the great dangers creating million jobs law that the politicians are wrong and the experts right, people who need jobs and should have them will through taxes, with the cost keeping work five million persons who not need jobs and, there- fore, should not have them. Take grandpa, the retired fireman, for example. was last April and getting along comfortably his pension. But war wages brought him back into the labor market war plant worker. When discharged from that work, still legitimate worker? take Mrs. Susan Jones, whose husband overseas and who took job patriotic and help out the allotment. When her husband returns and goes back his old job, must still make job for her? take Mrs. Smith, who did not work before the war but stayed home keep house for her husband, was war worker, and mind the children. That extra money came handy and her work did, too, during the emergency but she still regarded legitimate worker? take Johnny Simkins, who left high school because war made possible for boy take home man’s wages. Shall con- tinue support him the style which has become accustomed send him back school? These questions are indeed serious ones for there are several million them. And they are particularly serious for the members the legitimate labor market. = SCHIEN CAMP Sales Offices: Cylinders ... Deep Drawn Uniform Wall Thickness Here achievement deep drawing— deep, formed without localized stretching drawing down the metal. The success this deep drawing job, for which the specifications are unusually severe, results from the skill and ingenuity the Guyer Metal Products Corporation, Chicago, and the fine and uniform quality Inland Deep Drawing Cold Rolled Sheets. The operations start with 20-gage, diameter blanks. Final dimensions tained the third draw, the cylinders being degree angles. straight from top bottom and with uni- form thickness metal throughout. Then follows another unusual operation. The trimmed edge turned back form with two deg. angles. Thousands these cylinders have been made Inland Cold Rolled Sheets, and breakage has been held the minimum. When you have deep drawing severe forming problem, call for Inland engineer. will work with you determining the steel best suited your product and manu- facturing methods. Principal Products: Bars Floor Plate Piling Plates Rails Reinforcing Bars Sheets Strip Structurals Tin Plate Track Accessories INLAND STEEL COMPANY Dearborn St., Chicago Ill. Kansas the third draw, the cylinders are formed diameter deep. Each cylinder finished with bead having two St. i | q a A q | News Front Sept. 10, 1945 German developed tool steels, special alloy steels, and heat resistant steel, both prewar and emergency specifications, have been studied American technicians, and exact analyses have been released for general use. Government planners base their predictions serious unemployment this year and next partially the fact that will virtually impossible for Washington "prime the pump" through extensive public works. Construction materials will generally short supply, any diversion government construction would only decrease private building. Occupation costs the U.S. zone Germany will probably level off about $750,000,000 per year and involve some 500,000 men, the former despite all efforts live off the German economy. Both figures will likely come under severe criticism the U.S. within the next year, but authorities are the opinion that the value U.S. voice that section Europe would well worth the cost. Germany probably finished functioning economy the four occupation zones effectively throttle the flow communication and goods, and any significant alteration this compartmentation the next few years unlikely. conceivable that American business interests may eventually come own and operate various German industrial concerns the U.S. zone. England various articles removed from price controls have doubled and tripled price. British builders the Lancaster bomber. probably will combination jet and propeller units operating from common gas turbines. Flash-butt welding copper alloys entirely practicable provided properly designed equipment available and adequate care taken making mechanical and electrical adjustments. The most important factor regarding mechanical details the machine the design the moving slide. There should neither side play nor lift between the slide faces, but the same time important insure minimum frictional resistance between them. Utilization mechanical cams conjunction with permits trig edging plate edges any desired contour and combination bevels within limits +0.003 in. High quality welds result, and twice the production rate obtained than use cutting equipment. Despite the announcement that priority ratings, except for AAA, and orders, will abandoned Sept. 30, manufacturers are still appealing WPB for ratings. would seem that some business fearful throwing aside its crutches and taking its first step alone. Germany only now beginning show signs partial recovery from the most complete economic paralysis modern history. Coal production has risen the past four months from its 1944 average pct. Local manufacture has increased 1944 and food production the American zone can now supply the German population the rate 1200 calories day. per automobile engine, developed West Coast's Taylor Engines, Inc., will used under license Crosley Motors, Inc. This engine, fabricated brazing process, built plate steel and tubing and extensively utilizes stampings. The Surplus Property Board regulation covering plant disposal gives preference companies presently operating government facilities. RFC specifically authorized grant liberal terms local groups deliberate effort avoid economic Plants are sold "fair value", determined what average buyer would pay obtain the plant for profit purposes. "Fair value" may ignored further the "social objectives the the deep. ished 20. q | A 4 | Diecasting Die Design Good diecasting design based satisfying functional require- ments well being designed within the scope adequate and economical fabricating method. The data presented here- with deal primarily with the subject from the point view the economics die design. Observance the general rules governing good diecasting practice will prevent use features casting which lead difficulty die fabrication casting production and will result the most economical and efficient output. first ele- ment die- die design that must considered the manner which the two die halves will parted. While may seem elementary, the basis for establishing the parting line any diecasting part the die that the removal the solidified casting will possible and accomplished the easiest possible manner. The most desirable condition straight part- ing line. the first place, this sim- plifies the construction the dies, and secondly reduces the amount cleanup work required the casting order remove the flash which invariably formed some extent the point where the dies are parted. low-pressure diecasting this may not serious consideration. high-pressure diecasting, flash can only prevented very efficient locking means, and under the best available conditions there may small amount give between the die faces, forming minimum flash. Improper parting diecasting frequently results high cost both die and casting, due the increase die work necessary and the unneces- sary requirements for Whenever possible, the casting should designed that the parting line may established single plane parallel the surface greatest length the casting that mini- mum amount die sinking done. 48—THE IRON AGE, September 13, 1945 HARVILL Harvill Mfg. Co., Los Angeles and blocks can be, the PAUL JORDAN Consultant, Los Angeles The shallower the cavity the die satisfactory will its opera- tion since the cast- ing then ejected over the shortest possible distance. Simple changes design the part which not affect the utility value the casting may frequently made with the object positioning the parting line the best possible point the casting. fig. illustrated three possible methods establishing parting line for box-type casting. The top view represents the most desirable condi- tion, provided the depth the box will permit parting the flange. establishing the parting line this position, die construction simpli- fied; however, sufficient draft must provided allow for free ejection the casting upon solidification. parting the casting the manner shown the center illustration, the. die work made more complex and considerable difficulty production would probably encountered. Part- ing the die the fashion shown the bottom view would require jog- gled parting line order eject the casting from the die. The parting line should not es- tablished sharp corner the but rather slightly below the flat surface that the corner can radiused for ease die trimming, unless the part can produced cavity one die half. Provided alloy possessing high. often quite possible bend castings shape which would difficult cast and which would require ir- regular parting line. fig. the casting fabricated flat with the holes cored and then bent shape. the casting were cast the fin- ished shape shown, would impos- sible core the holes and irregu- lar parting line would required. While may seem paradoxical, parting lines may sometimes changed from single irregular joggled plane facilitate the production the part, particularly those cases where the use movable core may avoided em- ploying irregular parting line. Typical cases are fig. which ex- amples the use joggled parting line overcomes the necessity for mov- able cores. Core Normal Parting Plane Frequently the use movable cores unavoidable. Fig. illus- trates the die and the casting which produces wherein single movable core operated one direction nor- mal the parting plane the die. Included the cavity are two sta- tionary cores for forming the holes the part. The movable core shown its mounting bracket and partially removed. fully closed when the metal in- jected into the die. When the metal has solidified around the core and the dies are opened, the bracket moved, drawing the core from the casting and leaving hole cored the cast- ing. the machine closed follow- ing the removal the cast part and preparatory again injecting metal into the die cavity, the core moved forward its closed position. Cores need not limited angle normal the parting plane co Bi 4 ‘ a the dies but may pulled various angles shown fig. this in- stance part formed which fairly complex shape with two cored holes, one which right angle the axis the part while the second 45° angle with re- lation the axis the part. The possibilities intricate coring diecasting are illustrated the die and the part which forms shown fig. This casting has total eight cored holes, three which are formed stationary core pins the ejector die half, while five additional holes are cored movable cores, three which are angle the axis the casting. will noted that the hole which runs lon- gitudinally through the casting cored from two directions, with the cores meeting the center the casting. This common practice those cases where long holes are en- countered where the taper the core pins must held minimum. The use split cores has the disad- vantage forming thin sheet metal between the ends the cores, since virtually impossible tighten the cores the extent that metal will not flow between them. the hole machined, this flash does not constitute serious disad- vantage. should noted that two core pins are carried the core retract- ing mechanism order form two parallel holes. Stock from the die blocks has been removed corners that the core pulling mech- anism may mounted these sur- faces. The use reinforcing web the juncture the body the casting and the integral Y-ports should noted, since good die- casting design practice. Use Slides The casting which produced the dies shown fig. can only made the use sliding members the die. such cases this, the die cavity may almost entirely formed these movable slides which are part the ejector half the die and are withdrawn from the cast- ing before the casting can ejected. Because the raised irregular sec- tions its surface, would im- possible produce this particular drum any method conventional cavity formation. These slides oper- ate much the same manner core, that they are moved into the die blocks prior each injection metal and withdrawn from the die blocks prior the ejection the This type die construction may take wide range formation ' ' box-type casting. Top method with parting line flange preferable. —Castings may cored and bent shape. flat extending from simple slide which actually may difficult distin- guish from core through the va- rious stages complexity the examples Construction die which exten- sively utilizes slides its operation difficult and time-consuming. The problems machining the inside sur- faces the slides are much greater than the problems encountered the ordinary types die sinking. Ex- treme accuracy must employed fitting the slides the remainder the die well matching the impressions. These types dies are the most costly all diecasting dies, but their use generally indicates part which would extremely diffi- fabricate any process other than diecasting and when considered over the life the die, the initial tooling charge means prohibitive. The requirements design often dictate particular part formed include undercuts recesses that would normally preclude the pos- sibility diecasting the part because difficulty encountered ejecting the casting from the die. order circumvent this condition, loose pieces are frequently used. These pieces are ejected from the die cavity with the casting, and after being removed from the casting, are repositioned the die preparatory the formation another part. Such situation illustrated fig. which shows both halves the die, the casting formed the die, the loose piece which ejected the time the casting made and fixture employed for the removal the loose piece from the casting. This practice using loose pieces greatly retards the production cycle, since the loose piece must removed from each individual casting and re- placed the die cavity hand. Gen- erally, the production rate part requiring the use loose piece reduced pct below the produc- tion rate for the same casting loose piece were not required. the other hand, ultimate production econ- omies often result because pos- sible form parts greater design intricacy and overcome the necessity Draft Angles Probably the most important single factor the design diecastings allowance for adequate draft angles for removal the solidified casting from the die. Generally speaking, all outside surfaces diecasting which are right angles the part- THE IRON AGE, September ~ ! 7 3—Parting left requires slide core holes. Change parting line facilitate production (right) need for slide coring holes with stationary cores. LEFT BELOW 7—Drum casting with raised sections the surface could only produced movable slides forming entire outside surface. 50—THE IRON AGE, September 13, 1945 able core pulling angle parting plane. cored casting with cores operatin rious angles parting plane casting. Total eight cored holes, five which are formed movable cores. 9—Draft inside surfaces (A), outside surfaces (B), and cores (C) allow for casting ejection without galling LEFT Loose piece out" ejected with casting and re- moved from casting form undercuts the two lugs the ° ° ° RIGHT 10—Draft slides. 4—Die and casting produces wherein single movable core used. surfaces. shot e ing. plane. those cases where shrinkage the castings stricted, such the box shown fig. provide for rapid ejection the cast- ing without galling scoring. those cases where unrestricted shrink- age provided, relieving the outside surfaces the casting, draft per side will generally suffice. For highest possible production from die, the maximum allowable draft should provided where heavy taper will not interfere with the function short dimensions and much for long dimensions suggested (fig 9). those instances wherein the design diecasting predi- cated the high order surface fin- ish obtainable diecasting, max- imum amount draft should allowed. The draft for inside sur- faces diecasting largely con- trolled the size the casting and the extent which the shrinkage the metal restricted part the die. small and medium-sized 13—Automatic mechanical cam (right top) actuates slide each time dies are opened and closed. LEFT interlocking loose pieces. faces moving against casting re- quire draft (lower left). RIGHT 12—Manual rack and pinion method pulling slides and cores. castings wherein severe restriction draft normally sufficient. larger- sized castings and those castings wherein shrinkage the metal se- verely restricted, draft should allowed. some cases possible reduce these amounts draft minimum, generally per side; however, the design the casting must exceptionally good accom- plish this. Cores and Slide Draft Extracting cores from diecasting requires that the cores tapered, otherwise they will seize the cast ma- terial and either stick the cored hole tear the inside surface the cored hole the core withdrawn. The poorer the bearing qualities the material, the more critical this factor becomes. Provisions must, therefore, made cored holes for absolute minimum draft per side and, the case hubs and bosses where the shrinkage charac- teristic may quite severe, much taper the core pins may required (fig. 9). Under circum- stances can cored hole diecast- ing free draft unless very costly collapsible core used, prac- tice which not all satisfactory from the production standpoint. the taper the inside cored holes with the function the part, the hole must drilled reamed the proper size. Draft slides rarely required the slide pulls away from the casting surface 90° angle. The only in- stance where draft slide needs considered when the slide moves against surface the casting. fig. 10, two faces the casting are formed against parts the slide, which case one face the slide which pulled parallel face the casting must include draft angle. The manner which loose piece removed from the casting de- termines the question draft those surfaces formed the loose piece. fig. loose pieces are util- ized form the undercut interior mounting pads diecast box. The center piece tapered core with machined keyways hold the seven surrounding loose pieces place. this core withdrawn, the four loose pieces attached means the key- ways drop down sufficient extent removed with the core. The casting then ejected from the die and the remaining loose pieces form- ing the inside corners are removed hand means the pins attached them. The main core does not re- quire draft since moving directly away from the bottom the box; 14—Hydraulic cylinder (left top) for core slide operation. THE IRON AGE, September 13, method casting ejection. however, the remaining loose pieces require draft since their removal requires that they moved against cast surface. Draft the inside edges the casting therefore re- quired the points shown fig. 11. Core Pulling Methods The methods employed actuate cores and slides fall into two cate- gories—manual and automatic. Fig. shows the conventional type rack and pinion assembly used manually operate cores Manual operation has the advantage giving the diecasting machine op- erator helper “feel” the ac- tion the core slide. the event that the core slide stuck the casting, damage the die further pressure the rack and pinion may avoided. the other hand, the method slow, may neces- sitate helper the machine which would not otherwise required and not positive the event that the pulling cores and slides must done specific point the time The automatic semi-automatic method generally accomplished two types operations: (1) me- chanical cam arrangement, fig. 13, (2) means hydraulic pneu- matic cylinder, fig. 14. The mechani- cal cam arrangement fully auto- matic. properly constructed, the cam action positive and not subject substantial amount mechani- cal failure. The disadvantage this type actuation lies the fact that once the machine has started open, control can exercised over the 52—THE IRON AGE, September 13, 1945 pressure exerted the core slide. The method should not therefore employed those cases wherein dam- age may result the die because this fact where the core may have tendency stick the casting. Automatic semi-automatic meth- ods involving the use actuating cylinder which may motivated either hydraulic pneumatic means 16—Mechanical method cast- ing ejection. Pressure plate overhang- ing tie bars operates ejector plate when forced forward rods either side tie bars. ejector around core (center) combination with normal ejector pins prevents casting warpage. UTBOARD ° ° Casting above out- board ejectors around periphery against which ejec- tor pins operated order casting surface against ejector marks. probably the most generally used method pulling cores and slides. The pressure exerted the cylinder may regulated that the risk damage the die reduced. Fig. illustrates typical cylinder core- pulling arrangement. Casting Ejection Methods pushing the casting out the die cavity when the metal has solidified into the shape the part desired, va- rious means are employed. The method most generally used the simple type ejector pins which op- erate within the die cavity. These pins are various sizes depending upon the size and weight the cast- ing and the area the surface against which they will operate. The pins are manually operated rack and pinion assembly, shown fig. 15, may operated automatically mechanical method, illustrated fig. 16. For short runs wherein the setup time involved arranging automatic method would sub- stantial factor cost, the manual method generally employed. Castings produced semi-auto- matic automatic machines must include automafic means eject- ing the The nature the method used will largely depend upon the nature and size the casting. great deal ingenuity may shown the diecasting producer design- ing the ejecting mechanism reduce the cost the part accel- erating the casting cycle its highest possible point. order overcome the creation distortion casting section through which hole has been cored, sleeve ejection often used. such sleeve placed around the | J Y Y, = \ j 4 fron ity the ejec face ing Slee mar wou for sma ejec 19—External undercuts formed stationary cores. core, extends through the die block from the ejector plate the die cav- ity and flush with the surface the cavity, shown fig. 17. the ejector plate moved forward, the sleeve operates against the metal sur- face the base the core pin, push- ing the casting evenly off the pin. Sleeve ejectors may actuated any the three methods used for pin ejection diecasting. Sleeve ejection rarely the only method ejection used. Normally sleeve and pin ejection are combined, fig. 17, the pins against the surface may replaced with out- board ejectors. There occasionally oc- cur certain designs wherein the use ejector pins against the surface the casting impractical, which “outboard pins” are employed (fig. 18). This method particularly advantageous those cases wherein high degree surface finish must maintained and the “witness” marks the cavity: type ejector pins would objectionable. provide for the use outboard ejector pins, small overflow pockets are machined the required intervals around the outside surface the die and the ejector pins are faced into these cavi- ties. the ejector pins move for- ward pressure uniformly applied the outboard metal protrusions, thus ejecting the casting from the cavity. the case the cavity pins, this method may operated manually mechanical actuating cylinder methods. Recesses and Undercuts While one the axioms the die- casting industry avoid undercuts all costs, occasions arise wherein forming undercut re- cess entirely feasible and practical. the case undercuts and recesses outside surfaces, generally possible. develop some method parting the die allow for the for- stationary core the die. This true only when the undercut recess right angles the parting plane the Otherwise movable cores slides may employed. Fig. undercut formed stationary core the die while fig. shows the for- slide. Undercuts and recesses formed inside surfaces present much more 20—External undercut formed slide. problem and can only formed through the use loose die pieces. Fig. shows typical box- type casting which inside mounting boss formed means loose die pieces. All methods overcoming the in- side undercut should first explored before deciding that undercut necessary. Three possible methods ° ° un- dercut formed with loose die pieces “knockout.” overcoming the undercut the box are shown fig. 22. The first possi- bility involves the outside bosses while the second possibility in- volves running the mounting bosses the bottom the box. The first al- ternative presumes that outside mounting will not detriment design interfere with the function the casting. The second alternative presumes that the assembly contained within the box will clear the extended mounting bosses. also possible some castings cast extended boss the inside surface which may later machined off, thus forming undercut. The cost undercut- ting this method should weighed against the increased piece price the casting when loose die pieces are used. Gating and Venting Gating and venting practice fairly well standardized throughout the diecasting industry and largely case trial and error for each particular die and the casting produce. These two elements the diecasting technique are critical nature and have substantial bear- ing the production and quality parts obtained from diecasting dies. Venting refers the practice providing thin slots the face the die blocks leading from the cavity the outside edge the die blocks through which the air may escape the molten metal enters the cavity. Strictly speaking, the gate that portion the orifice leading the die cavity located the exact point the orifice joins the cavity. The por- tion leading from the metal injection cylinder the gate known the runner. Gating most critical for alumi- num and magnesium parts and sub- stantially less important the pro- THE IRON AGE, September 13, se ib- to- ust the wn est ion ion the duction zinc diecastings. Gates for diecastings are normally 0.005 in. 0.250 in. thickness, varying relation size the casting and the sectional characteristics the casting. Gates for aluminum and magnesium castings are normally 0.005 in. 0.094 in. their size being largely controlled the size and shape the casting to- gether with the strength requirement the casting. the case thin gates the metal injected rapidly order prevent metal freezing and plugging the gate. doing the risk atomizing the molten metal into the die cavity and thereby induc- ing excessive porosity and oxidation encountered. the gate increases size, the rate injection should decrease speed. Obviously then the casting produced through thin gate will have higher rate production than casting produced heavy gate. Conversely, the heavier the the slower the shot and the higher the density and mechanical properties. other words, specify- ing excess strength requirements im- poses limitation the producer the diecasting and thereby increases the cost the part. Normally the gate leads into the heaviest section the casting that Improved Plug Gage Offers Many Advantages FFERED the Standard Gage Co., Poughkeepsie, N.Y., the DuBo plug gage introduces en- tirely new system gaging which, claimed, reveals more about the condition bore than any other type plug gage. The gage head relatively thin disk which sec- tion sphere, and the gaging sur- face makes contact with the bore walls only the instant and point gag- ing. Two chamfered sections, diame- trically opposed each member, make possible, slightly tilting the aandle, enter the gage into bores easily, without force fumbling, running the risk, marring even highly polished work pieces. gage without chamfer can in- serted bore only comparatively short way. The DuBo, the con- trary, can used check deep holes, the handle need tilted only slightly when applying the gage and does not touch the bore walls. The design also permits gaging almost the bottom blind bores. only small portion the gaging surface makes contact with the sur- face the bore walls, thus reducing wear the gage and focussing the IRON AGE, September 13, 1945 22—Overcom- ing undercuts: changing mounting outside pads (upper left), running inside pads bottom box, and (lower left) ma- chining undercut from extended pads. the heavy section fills last and may secure some feeding metal from the gate the metal the cavity solidifies and shrinks. Location the gate can have great bearing the porosity the casting and best foun- dry practice establish gating un- der ray laboratory control. relationship exists between the size gate and the depth vents for casting. Fast injection metal requires heavy vents order per- mit all the air the cavity es- gaging contact very small area. the gage may introduced into bores smaller than its diameter, provides means for checking out roundness taper, even when these conditions are the minimum side the tolerance smaller than the dimension. quently possible check back taper part which the ordinary fixed limit gage could not enter, and discover faults which conventional plug gages might bridge. When checking bore for lower limit, the mem- ber entered the bore with the handle held lightly between the fingers and tilted slightly above the axis the bore. The handle then lowered gently, without pressure force. the downward movement the handle arrested indicates that the bore undersize that point. the handle drops freely below the axis the bore, shows that the gage used for checking the highly cape before trapped the mol- ten metal. Heavy venting, the other hand, may permit flash form the vents, creating increasingly difficult cleaning problem. The vents must therefore only large enough permit air escape while remain- ing small enough prevent the for- mation flash. the speed in- jection size the vents may decreased because the metal not being injected such high velocity. bore larger than the lower limit. The same method used check- ing for the upper limit, using the not-go member. The arresting dropping the handle clearly indi- cates whether the bore within exceeds the gage dimension. finished bore bronze bushing. ‘ j e the miti Czec and The Stee Bohl berg | man mail enjo all for such Con larg Stee Poldi Maxin German Tool and Special Steels German tool and special steels are described, and analyses the more popular prewar and war steels are shown. This article presented through the courtesy the Enemy Technical Com- mittee the War Production Board. and special steels that were used Germany. Three these companies were strictly German, one Czechoslovakian and the fifth having their home offices and one Austria with another plant Germany. The three German companies were the Deutsch Edelstahle Krefeld, Krupp located Essen, and Rochlingstahl Steel Works Wetzler. The Austrian company was the Bohler Werkzeng Stahle with their main plant Kopfen- berg, Austria, and with another plant Dusseldorf, Ger- many. The fifth company was the Poldi Hutte, having its main plant Kladno, Czechoslovakia. Apparently Bohler enjoyed the largest sale special steels, closely followed Deutsch Edelstahle. The five companies maintained branch warehouses all the large industrial areas Germany, the number these warehouses being between about eight twelve for each company. The warehouse stocks were quite com- plete sizes and grades and the aggregate amount such steels warehouse stocks large proportion. Contrary the American custom the mills did not carry large stocks the places manufacture unless the loca- companies marketed practically all the tool ° JAMES GILL Vice-President, Vanadium-Alloys Steel Co., Latrobe, Pa. ° ° tion was highly industrial area such Krupp Essen. striking similarity apparently existed the methods manufacture between all the tool and special steel companies. This statement based the study the methods manufacture Edelstahle and Rochlingstahl. All the companies manufactured their product the form rolled and forged bars, cold drawn and ground bars, wire, plate and sheet. Practically all the steel was melted electric furnaces, yet each the compa- nies had some openhearth capacity which carbon and low alloyed steels might manufactured. was equipped with one 30-ton openhearth furnace using coke oven gas and three electrical furnaces—one 20-ton capacity manufactured Demag, the second 10-ton capacity, and the third 6-ton capacity. The two lat- ter furnaces were manufactured Brown Boveri. Edel- stahle had nine electric arc furnaces between about 6-ton and 30-ton capacity, two induction furnaces some four five-ton capacity, and three basic open hearths 35- ton capacity. The melting practice was quite similar that used America, highly alloyed steels such high speed steel being dead melted while carbon and special steels such that the ball bearing type boiled the addition approximately 1000 ore 10-ton charge. Slags were made mixing fluorspar, carbon and lime, two slags were used, although three slags have been tried for some steels. Usually aluminum was Steels the Poldi Hutte Works Steels Manufactured 1942 High Speed Steel Chromium-Tungsten and Tungsten Steels THE IRON AGE, September 13, nol- the ugh for- in- nts igh nit. 7 TOOL AND SPECIAL Chromium Special Steels Special and Extra Tool Steels 0.95 0.95 Decora.................. 057 065 030 250 085 015 0.85 0.90 1.20 0.22 030 045 050 375 0.90 1.05 0.75 0.90 Tool Steels With Nickel and Manganese KO.. 020 0.12 54-B—THE IRON AGE, 13, 1945 >—- used ing lingst gots, melds stool great 300 given sistec taper ance taine whole 600° about ingot sectic with quite } Tool, Drill and File Steels CRI... Spe REDI CRI... CRK.. RCR Antoxy AKCM AKCR AKVS TOOL AND SPECIAL used for deoxidation, the average aluminum addition be- ing four for 10-ton heat. Both Edelstahle and Roch- lingstahl cast tapered square ingots and tapered round in- gots, the latter sometimes termed “conical” ingots. The melds are open both ends and set cast iron flat stool about six in. thickness. The ingot size varied greatly, apparently being the intent cast small ingot consistent with the size the bar manufactured possible. Ingots, therefore, varied from 800 large about eight tons. The molds were given wash hot tar and hot top was used which con- sisted large cast iron ring into which was set tapered clay container, either square round accord- ance with the shape the ingot. Between the clay con- tainer and the cast iron ring mud was rammed. The whole was heated and placed top the mold before casting. The assembly was heated temperature 600° The volume the hot top generally contained about ten the ingot volume. The standard square ingot weighed 700 kilos with the cross section 300 the top and 240 the bottom with length 1200 mm. The molds were usually round the outside and the radius the inside corner was quite large, being about three in. mold for casting kilo ingot weighed 1100 kilos. The round ingots were usually three weights: 400 600 kilos with the major portign the steel cast mold the 400 kilo weight. The 400 kilo ingot had top diameter 300 mm, bottom diameter 235 with ingot length mm, not including the hot top. The hot top for this ingot had dimension approximately 240 the bottom, 160 the top and length 300 mm. All ingots, regardless composition, were annealed immedi- ately after casting, the ingots apparently being kept comparatively hot temperature until they could placed the annealing furnaces. The hot beds were heated. After annealing practically all the ingots were rough turned, the amount surface removal varying somewhat with the composition the steel. Turning equipment was available for both round and square ingots, the square ingots being turned lathes manufactured Waldrich Siegen-Westfalen, and were the profile type whereby the tool followed the contour the ingot. ingots weighing 1200 kilos was possible turn ingots eight soft steel five ingots eight hard steel such high speed steel. All highly alloyed steels and nearly all types tool steels, with the exception straight carbon steels, were hammered, while steels the SAE type were pressed. there was available one 1800-ton press, Chromium Steels SC-REDI 0.60 0.70 155 REDI LDS 045 0.50 145 0.90 035 100 0.10 0.90 0.25 0.75 0.10 Corrosion Resisting Steels Antoxyd 0.10 050 21.00 550 0.50 AKCM... 045 050 050 1950 3.25 AKCF.... 0.10 050 0.80 21.00 10.00 AKV ExtraS..... 0.07 050 1850 0.60 AKV. 0.15 050 080 9.00 AKVS.. 0.10 18.50 850 0.60 0.40 100 230 1800 120 9.50 Welding Rods BRAND 1.20 1.35 1.05 83. 1.20 0.90 0.05 0.75 85. 0.05 0.90 0.65 030 0.05 0.75 0.75 Aszalon — 006 O85 1.20 SR2 —-— 030 0.20 1.35 1.05 SR3 630 1.20 0.90 SR4 030 O20 1.05 0.75 0.20 0.90 0.65 SR6 0.35 0.25 0.76 0.65 0.75 0.52 Extra 0.70 0.25 0.60 0.42 0.50 0.48 B.. 055 0.20 0.54 0.30 0.20 0.40 THE IRON AGE, 13, = ‘ = TOOL AND SPECIAL one hammer 3000 kilo capacity, three hammers 1500 kilo capacity, two hammers 1000 kilo capacity, and number smaller ones. All heating was the use coke oven gas. Nothing unusual existed the forged practice. The rolling mill equipment the Rochlingstahl works consisted one blooming mill, 650 rolls, three high-three stand, with constant speed; one five stand, 400 mm, two high mill with variable speed; one two high-seven stand, 300 mill with constant speed; one two high-four stand, 250 mm, constant speed; and one billet mill, 420 mm, two stand-three high, with con- stant speed. The two stand billet mill was placed about back and slightly one side the seven stand, 300 mill, that billets reduced the two stand billet mill could taken direct the seven stand mill without reheating. The largest size high speed rolled Rochlingstahl was approximately diam- eter and Edelstahle the largest size was approximately CNLL DIN Corrosion Resistant Steels with Chromium and Manganese Corrosion Resisting Steels with Special Physical Properties AKX 0.09 0.50 0.50 2500 550 170 040 ECN AK2, 0.20 0.50 025 15.20 016 055 025 155 175 0.23 AK2 0.22 025 0.16 040 035 1.80 0.15 54-D—THE IRON AGE, September 13, 1945 large about i q > | TOOL AND SPECIAL mm. The larger sizes were hammer finished, and the alloy tool steel that was rolled either largest hammer finish high speed steel was generally Edelstahle was usually the vicinity 150 with about 125 diameter. Sizes above this were made larger sizes hammer finished. The smallest hot rolled sizes upset forgings. The largest size carbon and low were 5.3 and these were usually coiled for the wire mill, The sheet rolls consisted one three Chromium-Nickel Steels stand mill, the two outer rolls which were 700 diameter and the middle was 500 diameter. Lie The finishing sheet mill consisted high mill with 1.50 4.75 3.75 af 040 085 Nickel and Tungsten Steels 0.95 0.32 0.60 0.25 3.00 0.35 0.95 3.7 020 0.40 0.55 0.65 0.25 1.10 NSW .... — —— 6.35 - es ea 0.80 0.95 045 0.25 0.25 2.00 0.40 0.55 2.25 Chromium-Molybdenum-Vanadium and 030 060 025 0.90 1.95 CVM2 0.25 2.50 0.28 0.55 1.50 2.50 0.38 1.60 1.80 1.60 0.24 0.40 2.30 0.80 2.20 1.80 0.80 2.70 0.33 0.25 CM6L 037 140 030 2.50 0.28 0.40 0.75 2.00 028 0.60 025 0.65 2.30 0.25 0.40 0.30 1.25 032 0.70 025 0.20 0.30 032 0.80 0.70 0.25 1.60 0.15 0.25 0.45 0.35 032 035 — 1.75 0.75 042 025 1.10 0.12 050 025 0.70 0.45 1.20 0.25 THE IRON AGE, September 13, ill — — — —— 1.30 TOOL AND SPECIAL Chromium-Molybdenum Steels 0.30 0.90 0.15 0.37 1.20 0.25 0.22 0.90 0.15 029 1.20 0.25 0.22 0.90 0.15 0.28 1.20 0.25 1.10 0.20 1.40 0.30 0.18 1.10 0.15 1.40 0.25 0.12 0.40 0.60 0.90 0.10 0.30 Chromium-Silicon and Silicon Steels 0.60 0.50 1.40 0.70 0.90 0.50 0.50 1.40 0.60 0.40 0.50 1.50 0.55 Nitriding Steels 0.28 1.30 0.90 0.38 1.90 1.30 0.28 0.90 0.15 0.90 0.38 1.30 1.30 0.24 0.40 2.30 0.80 2.70 0.30 0.80 2.70 0.35 IRON AGE, September 1945 Chromium-Manganese and Manganese Steels Extra Simplex. ...... 0.80 1.00 0.60 0.40 0.10 0.16 2.20 0.45 0.55 0.40 1.90 0.11 0.20 0.28 1.20 Austenitic Manganese Steels Steels the Komotau Works Special Steels Poldi Works Steels AKIBS-GuB.... 020 0.60 0.75 040 AKXSpecialGuB 0.50 0.60 1.15 9.00 0.40 AKX Special AKX Special AKX Special 1M-GuB..... 0.28 1.15 2700 900 AKX Special 040 0.60 0.75 2100 AKX Special AKX 28-GuB... 120 040 125 2700 350 Extra F-GuB.... 1.70 040 125 140 Extra C3-GuB... 190 040 040 1800 125 140 ZR-GuB........ 2.10 040 040 100 UG4 the sheet hot was small had 0.12 2.00 0.30 0.20 2.40 0.60 UG3. B 7 on q The third sheet mill was two high mill having 700 diameter rolls but somewhat more narrow width than the other two mills, this mill being capable rolling sheet 1000 width. The Edelstahle, addition hot rolling sheet mills, had one mill for cold rolling which was capable rolling sheets 1000 width. The cold drawn division appeared comparatively GERMAN TOOL AND mill contained only four centerless grinders and were grinding wire, bars, within the limits two and mm. The mill contained large number benches for wire drawing, most them having drums individually driven. The Edelstahle contained much larger wire drawing department than that Rochling- stahl, even though the equipment was quite similar. The Rochlingstahl works contained tube mill, while Edel- stahle had tube mill large size and capable pro- small, even though the management stated that the mill had approximately 200 tons per month. The Works Cobalt the following steels: 0.04 0.04 Cobalt-Tungsten-Vanadium 0.08 Tungsten-Vanadium 0.08 Low Tungsten 0.04 Indicates made recently. 0.08 High alloy tool steels for extrusion purposes 030 065 040 006 100 020 0.04 0.10 0.10 2.00 0.04 0.04 2.00 0.40 12.00 0.70 0.08 0.40 12.00 0.20 AKV Extra-GuB 0.20 060 004 900 175 035 090 0.35 1.20 2.00 H-GuB...... 032 060 115 004 004 220 AERV-GuB... 0.22 050 050 0.04 004 1300 200 Cobalt the following steels: AKS2-GuB 0.20 050 0.04 0.04 4.75 200 2500 350 Antoxyd 2GuB. 0.20 060 1.15 004 004 2100 500 300 1.00 1.00 THE IRON AGE, September 13, — — —_ High Speed Steels (Continued) Low Tungsten Tool Steels 1.20 0.25 0.30 0.15 1.00 1.00 0.20 0.30 0.10 0.9 (-WSW) Chromium Tool Steels Veresta 1.40 0.25 0.70 1.40 CRM 1.00 0.25 1.10 1.00 1.60 0.60 0.80 SCSP.................. 1.25 1.15 0.70 1.20 al 0.30 0.90 0.30 2.35 0.40 General Purpose Steels 1.15 0.25 0.35 1.10 1.10 Drop Forging Die Steels AMS Extra. 0.55 0.30 0.80 0.75 1.50 1.80 0.40 0.60 CMS....... 0.45 0.35 1.30 1.80 to 2.00 == 0.20 to 0.30 CNS 2H....0.25 to 0.30 0.30 0.40 1 to 1.30 4.50 0.30 to 0.50 0.30 0.60 0,30 to 0.50 Jaw Steels Ball and Ball Race Steels 1.20 0.30 0.30 0.45 0.60 0.05 0.30 0.30 0.90 1.00 1.00 0.30 0.40 1.50 1.60 Steels for Use With Heat and Hydrogen Medium High Temperature Steels Steels for Medium High Temperature 0.10 0.35 0.40 2.50 2.75 0.25 0.35 0.40 2.50 2.75 0.20 0.35 0.40 3.25 0.20 0.30 0.40 2.50 2.75 1.00 0.20 1.35 0.55 0.25 0.30 1.40 1.10 0.40 0.40 IRON AGE, September 13, 1945 Steels for Use With Heat and Hydrogen Stainless and Acid Resisting Steels Remanit 1510............ 0.15 0.60 0.40 14.00 0.40 0.30 0.40 13.50 0.10 0.50 0.40 18.00 +Ti 0.25 0.30 0.40 16.50 1.50 0.12 0.30 0.60 16.50 0.20 1.00 0.30 0.40 17.50 0.85 0.30 0.40 18.00 0.50 0.10 0.50 040 1800 850 0.10 0.50 0.40 18.00 8.50 1880 0.10 0.50 0.40 18.00 9.50 2.00 1990 240 1800 200 Welding Rod Steels Thermanit 1.20 0.40 19.50 9.00 2.00 1.50 0.10 2.20 1.25 16.50 0.15 1.75 1.25 22.50 9.50 0.05 0.50 0.40 18.00 9.00 2.00 0.15 0.55 0.60 13.5 0.20 0.50 0.50 25.00 3.00 For Very High Temperatures Heat-Resisting Steels Thermax 8F....... 0.10 2.75 1.00 3.25 0.10 2.75 1.00 6.75 +Ti Heat-Resisting Steels Thermax 0.10 2.35 1.25 19.00 10.00 0.15 2.30 1.25 19.50 Low Grade Welding Rod Steels Thermax 9AM...... 0.10 3.50 14.00 9.00 Valve Steels Silchrom 0.40 4.00 0.30 3.00 0.45 1.50 0.70 15.00 1.25 0.40 2.45 1.00 10.00 18.50 1.50 ducing the The mately capabl steels compo pipes large, made Magne BDF | Magne Carbe ww... Alloy BC124 { 0.2 TOOL AND SPECIAL STEELS ducing tubes large eight in. Apparently much the tubing produced Edelstahle was for bearings. The Rochlingstahl works contained battery approxi- mately annealing furnaces, the largest which was capable holding about tons. All tool and high speed steels were packed and sealed pipes with packing compound being used, and the openings the end the pipes were merely “mudded” in. The pipes were quite large, being approximately 350 diameter and were made low carbon steel. Nearly all the annealing furnaces were the car type and all were gas fired. The pipes were supported the furnace cast iron cradles lifting the pipes about six in. from the furnace bottom. Only few pipes were charged each furnace, the num- ber usually being from three six. General practice seemed heat the steel the desired annealing temperature, after which was held for about eight and then cooled with the furnace. About was the usual period for cooling. Materials Manufactured All the five companies mentioned manufactured ma- Steels for Very High Temperatures Tool Steels Magnet Steels Magnet 1.00 0.25 0.25 3.30 0.95 0.25 1.10 5.00 125... 1.00 0.30 1.10 8.50 6.25 160. . 1.00 0.30 0.30 8.50 1.50 10.50 1.00 0.25 0.25 8.50 1.50 15.50 300 0.90 0.25 0.25 4.50 0.30 30.00 4.50 Nitrodur 81.. 0.36 0.36 0.70 1.40 1.10 90. 0.30 0.30 0.70 2.50 0.20 0.30 0.30 0.70 2.50 _ 2.50 _- Tool Steels Carbon Tool Steels 0.80 0.25 0.45 0.90 0.40 0.60 0.70 0.25 0.60 Alloy Tool Steels 042 150 150 0.42 1.00 048 1.30 0.62 1.50 0.68 0.90 090 0.04 110 100 0.07 0.60 100 090 0.04 0.04 0.70 «130 0.07 0.30 0.80 0.25 0.90 0.15 L70 0.36 100 0.35 1.10 0.20 2.00 0.40 0.80 0.25 0.90 0.46 100 0.35 1.10 2.00 0.54 0.80 0.85 1.70 0.60 100 100 2.00 0.67 120 045 0.035 0035 0.40 140 0.60 0.06 0.55 1.20 105 060 003 1.10 130 125 030 0.05 1.30 0.95 0.05 1.30