The Iron Age 1944-09-21: Vol 154 Iss 12

VAN DEVENTER President and Editorial Director BAUR Vice-President General Manager Advertising Offices Market Research Mgr. Hayes, Production Manager. Typography and Layout Regional Business Managers. 100 East 42nd St. 42nd St. Guardian 428 Park Bidg. Chicago Chilton Bidg. 1134 Bidg. PEIRCE LEWIS WARREN RAYMOND Los Angeles 2420 Ave. and Published CHILTON COMPANY Executive Offices Chestnut and Sts. Philadelphia 39, Pa., U.S.A. OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS MUSSELMAN, President JOS. Vice-President GEORGE GRIFFITHS Vice-President EVERIT TERHUNE Vice-President VAN DEVENTER Vice-President BAUR Vice-President WILLIAM BARBER, Treasurer JOHN BLAIR MOFFETT, Secretary JULIAN CHASE THOMAS KANE HARRY DUFFY CHARLES HEALE Member, Audit Bureau Circulations indexed the Industrial Arts Pub- lished every Thursday. Subscription Price North America, South America and Possessions, $8; Foreign, $15 year. Single Copy, cents. ° Cable Address, ° ° Copyright, 1944, Chilton Company. IRON AGE Vol. 154, No. Editorial Business Moving Back Home Technical Articles Packaging for Postrwar Designing Rubber Press The Western Steel Industry Welded Structures vs. Meehanite Castings New Equipment Features News Front Assembly Line Washington This Industrial Week News Industry News and Markets Steel Takes Over Barrel Steel Wage Decision Awaited. Contract Settlement News Non-Ferrous Metals News and Developments Non-Ferrous Metals Prices; Scrap Iron and Steel Scrap Comparison Prices Year Finished Iron and Steel Prices Steel and Warehouse Prices Semi-Finished and Tool Steel Prices Steel Pipe and Tubing Wire Products Pig Iron and Coke Prices ................... Railroad Material and Stainless Steel Prices Ferroalloy Prices Index Advertisers September 21, 1944 281 EIN 100 103 103 106 rs, 110 112 176 el- Member, Associated Business Papers 178 182 184 185 186 187 n 188 ur . JOSEPH RYERSON SON, INC. 16th and Sts. Rockwell 2121 So. 19th St. Mitchell 7000 1600 Euclid Ave. Madison 3860 ST. LOUIS 5 Clinton St. Central 1020 Front St. and Freeman Ave. Cherry 3232 53rd and Lakeside Ave. Henderson 1000 Walnut 7540; Carnegie 795 PHILADELPHIA 5200 Grays Ave. Bell-Belgrade 1412; Keystone-West 1644 BUFFALO Stanley St. Humboldt 3311 NEW YORK. 203 Westside Ave. Jersey City, New York City Rector 2-3700 2-6067 Jersey City Bergen 4-1123 BOSTON. Binney Sts., Cambridge Kirkland 6000 CALL THE PLANT NEAREST YOU From Convenient Ryerson Plants Your nearby Ryerson plant carries large stock practically every kind steel you need. All the various shapes and sizes —hot rolled, cold finished and heat treated—in carbon, alloy, stainless and tool steel grades, are ready for immediate ship- ment. Special steels—free-machining, forging, heat treating for other processing—are also included. All Ryerson alloy steels are identified with heat symbols stamped tagged the bars. Complete test data analysis, hardenability response and obtainable physical properties for and inch rounds quenched and drawn 1000°, 1100° and 1200° furnished with each alloy shipment. you are faced with the possibility cutbacks contract terminations, suggest that you keep your own steel inven- tory practical working level and avoid the risk loss. Rely Ryerson supplement your stocks. Whenever you need steel, call Ryerson for quick action. ESTABLISHED ° Sept. 1944 VAN DEVENTER President and Editorial BAUR and General DIX Manager, Reader Service Editorial Staff LIPPERT ° Associate Editors WINTERS ALBIN JOHN ANTHONY BARMASEL Editorial Assistants SCHIEN WILLIAMS VAN CAMP MUNZER O'CONNOR MILLER Regional News and LLOYD Pittsburgh 428 Park POST Chicago 1134 Otis DONALD BROWNE EUGENE HARDY Washington National Press BRAMS Detroit Woodward Ave, OSGOOD MURDOCK San Francisco 1356 Market St. Editorial Correspondents ROBERT Cincinnati DEAN Buffalo FRAZAR Boston HUGH SHARP Milwaukee SANDERSON Toronto, RAYMOND KAY Los Angeles JOHN McCUNE Birmingham ROY EDMONDS St. Louis JAMES DOUGLAS Seattle Business Moving Back Home the day that this was written, returned New York from Detroit and learned that the following would have take another unanticipated trip out town. early train was indi- cated which meant that there would not sufficient time home the country. the secretarial staff was put work find hotel room. Altogether, least New York hotels were contacted with monot- onous repetition the phrase: “All sold out”. Hotels Newark, Trenton and Philadelphia had the same reply. Apparently the inva- sion the East now full swing. inquired hotel manager, who, although good friend, could nothing except telephone other hotels which were the same predica- ment, just what was the reason for this influx epidemic proportions. There were one two conventions town but these would not jam all the thousand room hostelries the big city. outstanding prize fights were scheduled, nor were there any other headline events like World’s Series. With clubs also filled capacity was forced make shift and sleep office. friend, the hotel man, said that was inexplicable him. The previous week room could easily obtained any dozen first rate New York hotels. cannot imagine conditions abroad being much worse than this. any rate this will good training for the time that you read this editorial (if you do) shall either the bottom the Atlantic somewhere the United Kingdom tour investigation British war industries their peak. should most interesting visit, espe- cially since invitation the British Ministry Information, and hope able describe you, via cable, some the highlights what our British industrial cousins have done keep the mills and factories going while within minutes’ flying range the enemy. But come back the hotel situation New York. This influx visitors must mean something. Certainly most them are not here just pleasure bent, for the vacation season over, and traveling today indeed not altogether pleasurable- inclined think, and hope true, that most them are here, believing that the end the war Europe just around the corner—a nearer corner let think than the one that prosperity hid behind some years ago—and that they have come here make concrete plans for postwar business and employment. not misunderstand mean that the postwar business head- quarters going the East. found during the past few days that Chicago, Detroit and other cities are experiencing similar influx. And the West Coast probably having the same experience. However, things apparently are letting Washington. was able get hotel reservations there last week first shot out the box. It’s hopeful sign that activities are moving back where they belong. Ag) é 2 is | HELP WITH WAR Special Steel for Every Purpose Inland research and product development have more than kept pace with demands for better flat rolled steel products. They have consistently anticipated manufacturers’ needs —giving them infinite variety steels that fully meet the requirements modern design and manufacturing methods. There are Inland hot rolled sheets and strip, and cold rolled sheets and strip, that can easily formed, deep drawn, spun, welded, and beautifully finished—steels that make stronger, more durable and more attractive products. Inland specialists are ready help you select the right steel for war products and for products you plan make after the war. They are highly skilled the making spe- cial steels for every particular purpose. They are thoroughly grounded shop methods, and -in consumer needs and desires. You are invited take advantage their services. PARTIAL LIST INLAND FLAT ROLLED PRODUCTS Hot rolled strip Hot rolled sheets Deoxidized sheets Pickled sheets Electrical sheets Blued Stovepipe stock Cold rolled strip Cold rolled sheets Enameling sheets Galvanized sheets Commercial coating Tite coated Form-cote sheets Extra heavy coated Paint-Tite sheets Zinc alloy sheets Copper alloy steel sheets Tin plate, hot dipped and electrolytic Manufacturing terne plate Tin mill black plate Bars Floor Plate Piling Plates Rails Reinforcing Bars Sheets Strip Structurals Tin Plate Track Accessories INLAND STEEL COMPANY Dearborn St., Chicago Ill. Sales Offices: Cincinnati Detroit Kansas City Milwaukee ore lin | News FRONT September 1944 During the first seven months, $4,743,000 worth war contracts have been the War Department while settlements with contractors for the same period covered contracts with total face value $4,362,000,000. July 31, 4600 the 27,344 terminated contracts remained unsettled with more than 3500 held because contractors had not filed their claims. Contract terminations are now running well ahead new business placed the Pittsburgh Ordnance District. Dollar value awards has dropped from $41,000,000 March $7,000,000 August, with July $6,000,000 the low point. Since 1939 the larger steel companies have taken over about per cent the barrel and drum business, representing tons sheet steel consumption. Only about 64,500 tons the business still relatively independent hands. What wanted postwar civilian airplane has just been the subject vey Aircooled Motors Corp. Surprisingly, per cent the returns came from ‘those not connected with the aviation industry, and only per cent the returns came from women. The postwar civilian pilot wants land plane (not amphibian) and prefers low-wing monoplane, cruising speed 125 150 miles per hr., and range 500 miles. Metal wing covering and fuselage are the popular choice. bid has been put for the Los postwar air line the School Aeronautics which will merged with the Pacific Air lines. The trip will cost only $128.25. Current reluctance eastern paper processors pay ceiling prices for scrap paper indication that the intensity scrap paper drives will soon slacken east Chicago. for fats and greases also will soon ease. Kaiser's Fontana blast furnace being bedevilled the high sulphur Vulcan ore. The furnace now requires per cent lime burden, and emergency shipments limestone 6000 tons monthly- have been negotiated with the Steel Corp. Utah. Negotiations between Kaiser and Riverside Iron Steel Co., which controls the Eagle Mountain Iron Chief ore, are still desultory and mutually picious. Kaiser chief executives are now Washington for postwar plant operation ences with Jesse Jones. The B-29 Superfortress has not yet been used over Germany. from recently dropped Allied flyers over Europe, the employment Superfortresses there may expected soon. The German air force not quite the "goner" that newspaper reports seem indicate. The Luftwaffe still has formidable fighter force the West Europe composed not less than 1750 excellent craft and crews imbued with the fighting spirit. The Luftwaffe Command has decided that the day has not yet arrived for the ditch fight for the Fatherland. record "kills" more vividly, color films are now being used the motion picture cameras American fighter aircraft. Lt. Count Einsiedel, formerly the Udet Fighter Group (Udet was killed testing jet fighter), and now prisoner war Russia, has spoken about Germany's jet fighter over the Russian "Free German" radio with the openness characteristic German prisoners Russia. The Count stated that the German jet fighter superior ordinary airplanes Speed and rate climb, and light that can sail like glider with the propulsion switched off. The fighter armed with single rocket The Count pointed out that production jet fighters far behind schedule. the autumn 1942 the Richthofen Jagdegeschwader expected have squadrons jet fighters action, whereas was year later before the first models saw action. | ( P 4 é é q a Packaging For Postwar overseas shipping experi- ences manufacturers and the Army Ordnance Department during this war have brought very likely end some of. the former packaging practices exporters. Gone are the balmy days when special handling export shipments substi- tuted for proper packaging and prob- ably gone also are the days when ma- rine insurance payments made for the inadequacies packages. general, postwar packages must relatively inexpensive and yet com- pletely capable protecting the con- Packaging for export will sharply influenced shipping experience gained during this war. Packages will similar but less expensive and somewhat less complex. Conclusions are arrived about the methods packaging which will required for metal products, the place packaging establishing postwar markets, and descriptions are given the materials and methods € Expor | ‘ which will retained the postwar era. tents under semi-severe shipping and Where draw regard learned great part from the Ord- nance Department’s experiences under storage conditions. the line extreme conditions. Stoddard Solvent Cleaning Cleaned pressure Spray, min. Cleaned 1.5 min. immersion Second only the economi.: limits packaging will the influence likely exerted upon postwar package design the regulations marine insurance companies. likely that marine insurance com- pan aga tific lan str Cleaning Cleaned 30-lb. pressure Spray Cleaned Three-phase Vapor degreaser pla les lea liv 52—THE IRON AGE, September 1944 | q 4 panies will set strict packaging specifications controlling the degree corrosion protection, protection’ against physical damage, loss iden- tification and other factors entering into insurance claims shippers. The marine packaging standards are likely similar those required in- land commercial shippers except more stringent due the differences handling. third factor influencing postwar package design will the value placed substantial export volume. The economic advantages will felt sales potential and greater competitiveness against other less far-sighted exporters. lease packaging has taught many for- eign importers the value proper packaging. The export firm which de- livers the goods intact will certainly have the edge any other exporter using poorer methods. The most prominent trend that Cleaning Cleaned 1.5 min. water Cleaned 1.5 min. immersion (Dry) immersion per the future commercial packages will conform somewhat wartime Ord- nance There, however, will modified: First, accommodate the much less severe ° ° DONALD MAC DONALD ° shipping and storage practices peacetime commerce and second, bring costs packaging within com- mercially feasible levels. Postwar packages, while expected less complicated and expensive than mili- tary overseas packages, will im- proved over prewar designs better packaging materials, improved clean- ing methods and the packaging mechanization learned war. The less expensive Methanol packages, even though high quality maintained, springs from the suc- cess the production packaging methods developed during the war many contractors. Mechanization has lowered packaging costs and man hours that substantial part war- time packaging could maintained ‘after the war without in- packaging costs appreciably above prewar levels. not un- likely that even for much domestic consumption present overseas packs adopted offset bin and shelf spoil- age. so, the combined volume domestic and foreign packaging might make vastly improved packag- ing methods economical for all output. The postwar period certain see greater precaution taken deliver the goods perfect condition, pro- tect them against damage during storage display prior sale, indelibly identify parts whole as- IG. Results experiments con- ducted the Frigi- daire Division Gen- eral Motors Corp. determine the value various cleaning tech- niques the removal fingerprints from metal surfaces. THE IRON AGE, September | | | nce var 18 ° ° ° Pers } q semblies and provide greater visi- bility the produet under all condi- tions. Individual cartonizing parts may lose ground after the war, due in- roads such materials ethylcellu- lose stripping compounds which will eliminate the necessity for individual cartons many cases pertaining steel metal parts, small tools and gadgets. Bagging cellophane and other transparent types material should grow favor except where parts bagged have irregular surfaces which could cut through and break the package and the corrosion seal otherwise offers. Other plastics many kinds will find places the packaging field but primarily will expected offer strength, trans- parency, and corrosion protection high order acceptable for the protection highly finished com- plex steel parts mechanisms. Plywood has already played great part the packaging program and expected continue its position. Its great resistance heavy shock due its cross grain and low mois- ture content, resulting from its method manufacture, recommends highly. Toxic treatment the wood and adhesive before assembly into plywood and after being cut size has removed plywood’s main dis- advantage, namely that its resinous adhesive bond attracted insects tropical climates. Hermetically sealed metal cans ap- pear hold extremely promising future postwar. Vacuum packed cans are expected widely used package for delicate electrical and optical equipment and similar items difficult protect other methods. One the most enlightening facts learned from wartime experience with packaging has been that not process which begins after the prod- uct has been finished. Packaging, ac- cording the new view the sub- ject, starts early the process— right the production line. The early stages packaging the production line translate prod- uct cleanliness. This the first essen- tial adequate rust prevention and corrosion control metallic products. The human fingerprint, for instance, under rust preventives, has probably caused more corrosion damage this war than any other single cause. Probably the outstanding lesson that has been learned wartime packers finished steel products assemblies for overseas shipment has been the value chemically clean surfaces. This lesson has taken 54—THE IRON AGE, September 1944 ‘be watched carefully such magnitude that now trans- lated mean that cleanliness must not only observed but must begin with the first finishing operation and follow every step the way down the production line. Hence, packaging for the modern producer becoming continuous process paralleling produc- tion and ending only after all opera- tions are complete. Fingerprint Corrosion The common fingerprint has been the worst corrosion provocator, but any contaminant under corrosion preventive any step the manu- facture can the seat violent corrosion under certain conditions. Simple cleaning methods have been developed accomplish this cleanli- ness low cost. Again should reiterated that cleaning for true corrosion prevention should follow every handling metal product where fingermarking can occur and temporary rust pre- ventive should protect all surfaces during processing avoid atmos- corrosion. has been learned that most mar- keted cleaning materials processes will clean specified but many them not remove fingerprints the same time. This error calcu- lation has cost many parts both process and after shipment. Special fingerprint removers used after clean- ing will complete the job, however, and assure uncontaminated surface ready for rust-proofing. Some tem- porary rust preventives are combina- tion agents which remove fingerprints well acting rust inhibitors. Standard Oil Co.’s Rust Ban 392 with per cent water typical example this type although number others are offered the market. Almost any good emulsion cleaner will also the fingerprint removing job but the possibility trapping water from the emulsion blind holes complex shapes always hazard using this type material. Blowing dry with moisture controlled compressed air whirling, tumbling spinning the part dry will gener- ally overcome this disadvantage. False bottoms and conical bottoms must also potential moisture traps. The water contents cleaning solvents such methanol must also thoroughly eliminated from the part drying spinning. Water displacing protective coatings also act displace water blind holes. Few any cleaners will satisfac- torily perform both operations. Such claims are made for certain combina- tion fingerprint removers and porary rust preventives. However, the contamination these compounds with dirt from the cleaning action rapidly lowers their rust preventive efficiency and has caused recommenda- tion prior cleaning operation. Perhaps the simplest and most eco- nomical method from the standpoint equipment requirements the fol- lowing: Subject the part submer- sion, and scrubbing insoluble con- taminants are present the surface, recommended solvent such Stoddard solvent. Follow this im- mersion any good fingerprint re- which methanol with per cent water. This method particularly recommended where special cleaning equipment has not already been in- stalled the process can carried side-by-side tanks two safety con- tainers work bench parts are small, thus making possible clean- ing department the side every machine the end every produc- ion line. Following cleaning and fin- gerprint removal, ment with temporary rust preven- tive should used provide protec- tion for the now thoroughly cleaned surface. caution noted here that aqueous fingerprint re- mover used, dry compressed air the use water displacing pre- servative necessary. second method, where equipment available, the use soluble oil washer followed compressed air drying. Here, for utmost safety, the use combination fingerprint re- mover and temporary preservative recommended. Vapor degreasers any number stages will accomplish the cleaning process satisfactorily but will not re- move fingerprints. Here again, the cleaning process should followed the use good fingerprint remover, blowing the part dry and applying protective coating temporary na- ture. alternative method permits the use vapor degreaser plus combined fingerprint remover and temporary corrosion preventive. Not favored for highly finished parts, but acceptable under proper conditions, the use alkaline im- mersion cleaning alkaline electro- cleaning. This process removes all contaminants from the surfaces but may leave deposit alkaline salts which can draw water through the rust preventive applied over them and cause corrosion. typical example complete pro- duction line cleaning engineered its utmost found the Frigidaire Di- vision General Motors Corp., Day- ton goi ref da: | ton, where the simplest the fore- going methods handles most the cleaning every stage operation. Fortunately, since the manufacture refrigeration machinery requires ut- most cleanliness, this plant had Stod- dard solvent piped all over the plant during prewar production. the end every production line and beside nearly every machine can seen the red color the cleaning tanks. Dual tanks, one containing Stoddard sol- vent and the other methanol, serve printed part can stand for about week without rusting and inspection without the disadvantage pro- tective film can accommodated. The routine these rooms clean the parts thoroughly solvent bath and dry, give final inspection, clean again solvent, apply finger- print remover and water displacing temporary corrosion preventive prior assembly. Assembly done with the protection gloves. excessive importance appears type final corrosion preventive re- quired. far the simplest type pack- age and the cheapest the Army Ordnance Method pack which de- signed permit ready access water vapor form the preserved product, relying upon the corrosion preventive entirely for pro- tection. This method adaptable basic parts such bars, heavy forg- ings, castings and other semi-rough parts which practical coat with IG. 2—Ethyl cellulose strip coatings present possibly greatest possibilities postwar protector finished steel parts. Above use connection with the Ordnance Method pack. Translucency, which may later developed into transparency, may offer good visibility the part plus present protection. The coating cleanly strips from the part like banana peel after being slit with sharp instrument. Ordnance Department photo. clean and remove fingerprints after every handling. temporary rust preventive nearby receptacle serves protect the part route the next operation. Suitable fire pre- cautions and fume exhausts have solved the fire and toxicity hazards normally presented these fluids. Many final inspections highly fin- ished, high accuracy parts require in- spection without any trace film coating any type the sur- faces. clean part thoroughly naturally subjects the part almost immediate attack corrosion. solve this condition, Frigidaire, which now engaged making high pre- cision ordnance and aircraft parts, has develeoped air conditioned inspec- tion rooms where temperature al- ways about deg. and relative hu- midity about per cent. this con- trolled atmosphere even attached the dangers finger- prints, should remembered that fingerprints even though applied over some rust preventives can cause rust. example this would where cleaned and temporarily rust further handling and later was again put through cleaning bath but not fingerprint remover. The solvent would remove all the protective coating but not the fingerprint. Conse- quently, any protective coating ap- plied later would merely cover the fin- source water absorption create rust. Selection the Package The selection the type pack- aging required specific types products should discussed first, this regulates great extent the substantial abrasion and deforma- tion resistant coating. This form packaging seldom adaptable finer parts and further limited use those instances where some adequate means removing this heavy coating available the des- tination. Wrapping over this coating proved greaseproof paper, plus pack- ing waterproof paper lined box for the physical protection required. The selection coating this instance requires combination good physical properties withstand both abrasion and deformation plus water-resisting qualities. must have hard wax-like consistency when set, eliminate squeezing-out under the weight the product ship- ment. must also have high melt- ing point and heavy viscosity, the for- obviate melting tempera- THE IRON AGE, September the tion tive on. fol- ner- ace, im- Te- air the re- ing the na- and hed per im- all but the and its Di- tures encountered ships’ holds ana the latter assure heavy coatings upon dipping. This method, while not adaptable many the finer fin- ished steel products, many advan- tages the shipment rough semi-finished The Method pack the cheapest type protective packaging where adverse shipping conditions exist. Its greatest disadvantage that the coating requires cleaning facilities the destination thereby somewhat lim- iting its application. postwar shipping, most destinations will some method cleaning available. This contrary the case during this war, thus making the method widely adaptable providing suits the product. Two recommended Army Ordnance specification coatings ing all requirements for the Method pack are USA 282-C and AXS 673. For finer finished products which require greater physical protection well protection against the attacks corrosion, the Method I-A package the Army Ordnance Department 56—THE IRON AGE, September 1944 recommended. This type pack especially adaptable parts as- semblies which can dip-coated otherwise completely proofed. This package excludes ex- terior conditions but does not exclude the moisture from the air within the package itself. Hence, the rust pre- ventive the surface the part it- self must protection against mois- ture vapor regardless relative hu- midity the inner air. LEFT 3—A typical ex- ample the Ord- nance Department's Method pack with conforming wrap greaseproof material. The part itself coated with rust preventive, wrapped, dipped special wax and sup- ported waterproof paper lined box. Post- war customers other shores are learning appreciate this type packaging. Ordnance Department photo. RIGHT ample bad pack- aging procedure which some prewar pack- aging practice. Foreign importers have learned that this damage not necessary and will look better arrival condi- tions key “where Signal Corps. photo. The most common I-A method con- sists dipping parts such gears, small tools, cutters, reamers, etc., into bath light oil preservative such USA 2-120, AXS 674, the light grease preservative USA 2-84 The choice between types generally made with consideration for the re- moval facilities the receiving end. Over this surface protection con- forming wrapping grease and water-proof material placed and the whole dipped special wax form the water-tight seal. This ex- cludes outside climatic conditions but relies upon the surface protection 4—A typical ex- the light grease oil for resistance the air and moisture within the sealed package. The units product may then individually cartoned packed numbers larger box without individual cartons. adaptation the method, de- pending upon the size and shape the product, permits the use bag- ging placing envelopes which are not necessarily conforming the shape the item. Few the grease- proof and water-resistant wrapping materials offer translucency now but this advantage being widely sought. Certain grades cellophane are per- mitted present for Method I-A packs, however, which provide vis- ibility the contents. Synthetics such Pliofilm and Saran, both highly transparent, are present reserved for Method packs, since they pro- vide barrier against moisture vapor also, but expected that some modification them their improved supply after the war will recommend them many who wish enclose lucent bags wraps. third method protection for the Method I-A pack which will dis- cussed greater length later the use ethyl cellulose strip coat com- pounds. Products which will permit dipping into this material obtain thick, rubbery coating which once seal vide can the tior wat out div eac | r seals away outside moisture and pro- vides considerable physical protection. translucent and peels from the product easily after being slit with sharp tool knife. This coating can used with without under- coat preservative and eliminates the wrapping and wax sealing opera- tions with grease and water-resistant wrappers. With the Method I-A package the outer protection may consist in- dividual carton, bag overwrap for each product set products, and packed water-proof paper lined wooden box built ordnance specifi- cations. For greater detail ordnance specifications cartoning and boxing should consulted. general, should remembered that the outer containers are water-resistant but not waterproof, the individual product this pack singly pro- tected against moisture. The two greatest advantages this type package consist easy ac- cessibility the product without ex- tensive cleaning equipment the destination and against all weather and shipping haz- ards except water within the package. The Method I-A pack has been very successful trop- ical climates and under many other adverse wartime shipping conditions and will surely find modification peacetime shipping. and cheaper wrapping and preserving ma- terials still the development stages may bring costs this package far below present ones. The most precise package this war the Method pack the Army Ordnance specifications which has been successfully utilized for the safe shipment precision instru- ments including electrical equipment, fire control instruments, optical equip- ment and other materials which will not withstand moisture under any con- ditions. This refinement the Method I-A pack which, addition excluding the effects outside at- mosphere, also removes the moisture from the air within the package means desiccant. especially suited equipment which cannot dip-coated coated any way. this package the method apply protective coat- ing wherever possible and rely upon the desiccant remove the inner moisture degree about per cent R.H., thus causing relatively inactive inner atmosphere. The outer wrappings the pack must this Case constitute moisture-vapor bar- rier which will not only exclude water but also its vapor. Saran tubing, transparent plastic re- sembling cellophane, has been found have one the lowest moisture- vapor transmission rates any mate- rial known. Pliofilm, rubber base transparent material also widely used the Air Corps moisture- vapor barrier. Many these mate- rials can heat sealed form air and vapor-tight barrier while others are sealed about the part with water- proof adhesives and other means. The most commonly used desiccant these packages silica gel. The Method package not war baby, contrary much opinion. was originated the Export Di- vision General Motors Corp. and 5—Typical pack- aging advancement dur- ing this war this Method pack containing elec- tric generator. The trans- parent bag forms mois- ture vapor barrier and bags silica gel absorb sealed-in moisture. Pack- ages like this deliver the most fragile and sensitive equipment under toughest wartime tions. Photo, courtesy For- est Products Laboratory. was use for the export shipment Chevrolet motors early 1937. Nor was the experimentation with moisture vapor barriers packaging war product. Davison Chemical Corp. Baltimore was experimenting several years before the war with this type wrapping material. Still better materials this type perhaps developing out wartime experi- ence are anticipated for postwar use. Boxing for wartime shipping has become complex science built upon pure experience. Wood specified all cases now for the outer container except where steel asphalt lami- nated fiber permissible. The paper box for export has been discarded due its poor resistance water and humidity. number proved de- signs and material, construction, and bracing specifications have been de- veloped. Rather than attempt out- line the scope these the reader advised consult the Army specification 100-14A (U. Navy specification 16a.) This covers the subject adequately and might mentioned that nearly 100 per cent all shipments going out boxes built strictly these specifications have been received good condition all war fronts.. This alone recom- mends the thoroughness and ade- quacy these specifications both now and the postwar era. packaging that identification. Regardless the condition part when received, the identity lost sequently, behooves the packer make certain that identification thoroughly done the protective packaging itself. The Army has re- quested that all advertising material eliminated from boxes permit complete shipping address and re- peated identification. This hazard re- mains even peacetime shipping. important trend, especially metal products, the utilization electrically etched numbers which indelibly mark the case the transparent type protec- tive coating helpful that vision through the coating the part num- ber possible. The use water and grease resistant materials and inks for identification parts appears provide the necessary essentials for “protected” identification. This factor shipping offers great hazards and advantages after the war dur- ing and should part post- war packaging considerations. The most pronounced trend cor- THE IRON AGE, September 21, 1944—57 le >< 3 > 1e q ily > 1S- m- a rosion protective materials which will enter into postwar packaging the movement toward tough transparent materials that offer combined visibil- ity, moisture-vapor protection, abra- sion and deformation protection. the three, visibility appears have somewhat the lead importance but not necessarily because the beauty the product. “Eye appeal” will, however, important factor the choice such packaging mate- rial, particularly for shelf goods. The impending demand for the com- bination these three characteristics corrosion protective materials has been important factor the broad acceptance cellulose stripping compounds. Many these already marketed offer certain degree transparency, air excluding cover- ing for highly finished surfaces, de- gree abrasion and deformation re- sistance not encountered most ma- terials like characteristics and ease removal. The visibility the lucency present com- pounds has not been acclaimed much for its opportunity for eye ap- peal for the possibility identi- fication parts through the coating without removing it. Visibility for display purposes has been secondary consideration but will play equal bigger part giving the product acceptance after the war. might safely predicted that prices cellulose compounds are suitably reduced mass production after the war, will become the most widely used corrosion protective ma- terial all for packaging ferrous metal parts and perhaps also assem- cellulose still swaddling clothes from the development stand- point for packaging. has many lim- itations, most which may ex- pected overcome soon, but which control the breadth its applica- tion packaging this time. does offer fair degree trans- lucency under present formulations and even greater transparency ex- pected soon. Regardless this devel- opment, full acceptance cannot granted even this score present, because while great transparency can achieved, way has been found eliminate its blushing clouding when submerged for long periods subjected high humidity and cer- tain other conditions. This, the re- searchers say, can overcome but the method has not yet been satisfac- tarily established. long cloud- ing factor the use cellu- lose for the purpose permitting visual identification parts numbers, IRON AGE, September 21, 1944 perhaps etched the part itself, not feasible. Likewise, its use pro- vide display appeal would similarly altered. Clarity, however, not the chief limitation these stripping com- pounds. They cannot stripped from any and all shapes objects. This limits their use comparatively sim- ple shapes without many irregulari- ties, undercuts blind openings. Complex assemblies cannot coated for the same reason. outstanding example troublesome yet very practical appearing application ethyl cellulose compounds for pro- tecting ball bearing assemblies. The strip coat will not strip after having entrenched itself and around the bearings. Several attacks this problem are being followed and early results are expected. The results using ethyl cellulose stripping compounds, however, have been very successful where successful all. Reports from various users in- dicate that from per cent sav- ings labor are being recorded its favor compared with former protective measures. Greatest effort ethyl cellulose researchers currently being ex- pended upon two goals, namely, overcome its blushing and achieve greater elongation stretch facili- tate stripping from more complex shapes. Its present elongation ap- proximately per cent, factor lim- iting its utility, partly caused the limited amount cellulose per- mitted the compound. Merely in- creasing the proportion the ethyl cellulose will improve elongation fac- tor but other measures are also being considered means attaining better elongation lower cost. elongation factor per cent now being sought which would permit the use the stripping compound highly complex surfaces and assem- While ethyl cellulose appears have great postwar applicability, there still the chance that some newer development may supersede and offer more the desirable prop- erties which have been initiated ethyl cellulose. goal being sought similar coating which can sprayed instead dipped. this plus the other advantages ethyl cellulose can developed single compound, another new winner has been found. Contrary this possi- bility, many chemical firms have banked heavily upon the success ethyl cellulose compounds and there are now more formulators com- pound than there are users. The com- bined efforts these investors may keep cellulose the lead. One certain field for the stripping compounds which would not par- ticularly affected any other similar development that protecting cut- ting tools. Makers drills, reamers, milling cutters, small gears, files and many other metal tools and parts with either fine cutting cut edges are just beginning realize the import this type coating. There seems little question that most progressive makers such parts will turn 100 per cent strip coat some type the near future. singular advantage which will recommend strip coats kinds for postwar export easy removability. The export cus- tomer who has the contrast getting messily packed parts which have especially cleaned after receipt from one supplier while another sends parts which can stored shelf bin just received and made ready for use with more than jack- knife equipment will certainly reg- ister vote favor the latter. Wood Boxing Methods Some the most conclusive pack- aging lessons the war were learned the Ordnance Department deal- ing with wooden boxes and dunnage for hundreds kinds shipments. These lessons, while again needing modification, according the geog- raphy export markets and the ship- ping conditions encountered later, should applied rather liter- ally postwar boxing for export. packaging machine tools and other types machine assemblies, ventilation requisite, particularly lating, however, screen should ap- plied over ventilation holes hinder entrance insects, etc. The ventila- tion has proved helpful reducing condensation within the boxes, prob- lem great importance the high humidity areas. all types heavy crates and boxes, butt-joined lumber recom- mended for strength and economy, lesson which would easily carried over into postwar boxing. The old question whether metal strap crates not has been somewhat answered evidence that beneficial strengthening boxes and crates during war shipping. Both flat band and wire strapping have given good results. Interior bracing, according ord- nance specifications, has proved well worth continuing and the practice end-grain nailing has demned damaging ultimate strength joints. fla fla : Ww TTEMPTS produce concave flange plain form block usually results break. This due two factors: One, the rub- ber flowing across the edge the form block stretches the flange side- ways and two, the rubber bending the edge the flange first rather than starting the bend near the radius the form block, see Fig. (a). An- other failure forming concave flanges plain form blocks that the flange left irregular due the flattening the bulge, see Fig. (b). done this stock employing dam. The retainer block concentrates the pressure the radius and starts the bend this point that split- ting will not occur the edge. The stretching tendency also re- duced because smaller amount rubber displaced into the dam, see Fig. 21. Straight and concave flanges require different de- signs dams. For concave flanges, pressure necessary the bottom the flange stretch the metal. wide shallow dam will increase this pressure but still prevent pulling and reduce overbending the edge. Good results were obtained using tangular dam in. deep and in. wide. The initial failure take place producing the concave flange bulge over the radius the form block. This condition may elim- inated using harder rubber using solid punch. sharp concave RUBBER FORMS BULGE PROCESS FORMING CROSS SECTION CONCAVE FLANGE 20—Two causes failure forming con- cave flanges plain form blocks. Designing Rubber Pre the second and concluding part the article, applications rubber press for forming concave, convex and reverse flanges, and some new difficult shapes are described. Cer- tain drawing operations sheet aluminum hitherto considered beyond the capacity the hydropress are also described. The data are from Eastern Aircraft Division, General Motors Corp., Linden, New Jersey. flange may produced rotating punch, see Fig. 22. Controlling Wrinkles When convex flange formed form block, matter how large the radius may be, wrinkles will form because there not sufficient pressure from the rubber shrink the metal. order remove these wrinkles, hand work necessary shrink the metal enough form smooth flange. This done placing the formed shape that which the part was pressed and shrinking the metal hand hammering. This method hand forming not advisable because extreme accuracy well duplication parts cannot obtained and should used only when slight deformation takes place. cases where the num- ber pieces required are large, better use machine known shrink press, which combines both shrinking and hammering action that the metal drawn away from the wrinkles and the same time hammered. Even this method will not FLANGE LEFT IRREGULAR DUE FLATTENING BULGE CONCAVE dam obtain accurate parts and should used only when there slight wrin- kle part. better method obtain controlled accurate flanges rib sections design indentations the form block into which the excess metal forced the flange made, see Fig. 23. This known the controlled wrinkle method and necessary that the indentations the form block shall carefully designed that they will not only come the right place, but that they will pro- vide the space for the ex- cess metal without introducing stretching action that will cause distortion some other point the flange. Another method producing con- vex flange stretching metal over the radius the form block. Excess metal the bottom edge the flange rests dam. the forming pro- ceeds the rubber grips the metal and drags the flange down. Fig. shows the action that takes place this method. Only thin soft stock can formed this way. Usually the flange REDUCES PULLING AND BENDING utilized avoid splitting concave flanging. THE IRON AGE, September 1944—59 ilar ers, and vith are ype will eipt nds for ned eal- age nts. ling hip- ter- and lies, arly nti- ap- ider rob- and om- ried ord- does not come out flat and trimming operation required trim the bot- tom the flange. the leading edge ribs, when the radius sharp, wrinkles are formed almost always the wrong direction. Rubber does not draw the flange exactly the center the indendations the form block, thus requiring hand work reform the part. Fem Using Pre-form Blocks extra operation may added FIG. which will eliminate practically all TOP PLATE | hand work the leading edge ribs, The pre-form block will perform shrink wrinkles inward the exact center the indentation. (See 25.) The creases should located fall the center the creases the final form block. The creases should not come the bend line. The undercut form block explained previously used get more accu- rate shrink wrinkles the flange. The higher pressure concentration the bottom the flange draws the metal tight against the form block. Shrink wrinkles that require still more pressure concentration the thicker metal being formed should have form block with undercut and dam, see Fig. 26. three stage form block having form block together with the part from these tools, are shown Fig. 27. 22—Eliminating the bulge over the radius the form block the use punch. Tackling the Reverse Flange Many sheet metal flanges bent opposite directions. For convenience, they will divided into three classes: Reverse, opposed and offset. Reverse flanges may produced the two methods shown Fig. 28. . pa a wrin in : case plain block. (Bottom) using block with and will most jobs. minimum shrink wrinkles, the outside surface will smooth and the wrinkles TOP PART RUBBER STRETCHES METAL STRETCHED PART TRIMMED AFTER FORMING 4 4 CROSS SECTION CONVEX FLANGE 24—Another method for producing convex flange thin stock have the rubber stretch the metal. 60—THE IRON AGE, September 1944 cle lik a « or ple q T fir be clearance in. between the second radius and the platen must observed. This design acts like the conventional dam except standing edge, the press platen acting the retainer block. Increas- ing the overhang will bend tighter radius because higher pressure con- centration produced the edge. The reverse flange may in. wide more necessary. This type form block should kept apart from other form blocks the press. The reverse flange may not form com- pletely there anything put strain the rubber near the under- cut. Two form blocks are necessary for narrow reverse flange when the first flange width that un- dercut block will fail due pressure drop the vertical side too great overall height. Opposed Flanges Parts having opposed flanges may produced the three methods shown Fig. 29. The part may formed two form blocks, shown After flanges are formed one direction, the part inverted and these flanges are protected sup- porting blocks while the part com- pleted. dam may used pro- duce narrow flanges either opera- tion reverse flange may pro- duced the second operation. The method shown produces part one operation and should em- ployed where possible for that reason. difficult produce corners where wide flange bent each direction because the punch must leveled allow rubber bend the downward flange. The punch cannot leveled and also support the upward flange. Rubber used bend the upward SHORT REVERSE LANGE RIGHT Pre-form blocks used start inward wrinkles. PART PLACED FORM BLOCK RIGHT 26—Undercut and dam combin- ation for higher pressures. LONG REVERSE FLANGE BLOCK STARTS WRINKLES INWARD ABOVE 27—Part made from three- stage form block having pre- forming block. ° ° ° LEFT 28—Two methods for produc- ing the reverse flange. flange, Fig This design adapted from the double pad rubber presses being used England.* *Machinery (England), 59:29-32, Oct. durometer rubber plug forced into the die pad soft gum rub- ber which the assembly rests. The taper the lower die holds the edge THE IRON AGE, September ng | en PREFORMED led bs. rm : ig. ore the uld 1um vex ber OPPOSED FLANGE TWO OPERATIONS SECTION OPPOSED FLANGE ONE OPERATION LEFT HAND PART RIGHT HAND, PART GuM RUBBER © HARONESS RUBBER OPPOSED FLANGE ONE OPERATION 29—Three methods for producing the opposed type flange. OFFSET TWO FORM BLOCKS = FIRST OPERATION SECOND OPERATION FLANGE AND OFFSET ARE DEFORMED THIS DESIGN MAIN SHEET HELD FLAT WHILE SMALL OFFSET FORMED 30—Producing the offset type flange. - 3 METAL COMPRESSED HERE METAL STRETCHED joggle requires simultaneous compres- sion and stretching the metal. 62—THE IRON AGE, September 21, 1944 ABOVE 32—Rotating punch for produc- ing the joggle. ° ° ° BELOW 33—Punch for producing joggle edge. CAM SURFACE section the plug friction the plug will return the lower die the press open