The Iron Age 1944-04-06: Vol 153 Iss 3

non-ferrous ant ation the St. Louis, for equipped This Aetna-Standar mill has been oper the Lewin Mathes something three with Timken Tapered Roller Bearings the gear drives and roll necks, thrust block. These beari the main ngs have borne the are still going strong—an come. antly Bearings contribute import the speed, endurance, low main- life all kinds and long tenanc quipment throu mill steel ability “3 19” diameter mill built adial, thrust and carry parts hold moving alignment. Bearings hold all rec- and low bearing applied any eliminate friction; combined loads; correct and constan Timken Roll Neck ords for tonnage rolle cost per ton. They can RING ROLLER BEA OHIO THE TIMKEN CANTON COMP TIMKEN REG. U. S- pat. TAPERED ROLLER BEARINGS v piercing Engi- pped with Timken ings. - g “=f 4 ‘a each new develop- ment the production steel there has come increasing demand for Cleveland Worm Gear Drives throughout the Mill. typical application shown above—with three Cleveland Double Reduction Units the electrode hoists 25-ton Electric Furnace. Only moving parts are required obtain ratio 630:1 this compact, fully-enclosed Drive with outboard bearing. The simplicity, rugged strength and reliable performance Cleveland Units qualify them for the punishing demands Pushers, Feeders, Transfers, Tables and other important Mill equipment. Trustworthy Cleveland Worm Gearing merits your confidence. Today always— specify Clevelands for your new equip- ment. experienced Cleveland Representative will glad help you. The Cleveland Worm Gear Company, 3252 East 80th Street, Cleveland Ohio. Affiliate: The Farval Corporation, Central- ized Systems Lubrication CANADA: Peacock Brothers Limited THE IRON AGE, published every Thursday the CHILTON CO. (INC.). Entered second class matter November 1932, the Post 1879. yearly North America and South America, Foreign $15. Philadelphia under act March Vol. No. = i SPEED VAN DEVENTER BAUR General Editorial and Advertising Offices 100 East St., New York N.Y., Business Managers New York New York 100 East 42nd St. East 42nd ROBERT BLAIR FITZGERALD 1016 Guardian Park Bidg. Chicago Chilton Bidg. 1134 Otis PEIRCE LEWIS WARR 7310 Woodward Ave. Box RAYMOND KAY Los Angeles 2420 Cheremoya Ave. ° ° ° Owned and Published CHILTON COMPANY (Incorporated) Executive Offices Chestnut and Sts. Philadelphia 39, Pa., U.S.A. OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS MUSSELMAN, President JOS. HILDRETH Vice-President GEORGE GRIFFITHS EVERIT TERHUNE Vice-President VAN DEVENTER Vice-President WILLIAM BARBER, Treasurer JOHN BLAIR MOFFETT, Secretary JULIAN CHASE THOMAS KANE HARRY DUFFY CHARLES ° ° Member, Audit Bureau Member, Business Papers ° ° lished every Thursday. Subscription Price North America, South America and Potsessions, $8: Foreign, $15 year. Single Copy, cents. t q — The IRON AGE Vol. 153, No. April 1944 Editorial Tool Improvement and Machine Tool Obsolesence Technical Articles Hardening 8745 Steel Under Three Plans Porous Chromium Plating Diesel Cylinder Liners Iron-Silicon Alloys Diamond Turning Micro-Inch Finish Mass Production Fine Pitch Gears Abrasive Belts Recoated Cellophane Bags for Aircraft Rivets Tool Engineers Meet Philadelphia New Equipment Features News Front Assembly Line Washington West Coast Personals and Obituaries Fatigue Cracks Dear Editor This Industrial Week News and Markets Machine Tool News Non-Ferrous Metals News and Developments Non-Ferrous Metals Prices; Scrap Prices Iron and Steel Scrap News and Prices Comparison Prices Year Finished Iron and Steel Prices Steel and Warehouse Prices Semi-Finished and Tool Steel Prices Steel Pipe and Tubing Prices Wire Products Prices Pig Iron and Coke Prices Railroad Material and Stainless Steel Prices Ferroalloy Prices Index Advertisers 150 152 153 154 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 165 241 ° ° ° q 4 4 = Intricate Shapes Quickly Cut Flame Short Cuts and Economies Developed ... Time Saved Many manufacturers are revolutionizing their prod- specifications estimate any job you have hand. ucts, saving time and effecting many economies touch with the nearest Ryerson plant. using strong rolled steel, flame-cut exact size and Joseph Ryerson Son, plants shape. matter how intricate, Ryerson flame- at: Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Louis, Cincinnati, Detroit, Cleveland, Buffalo, Boston, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, cutting equipment produces neat accurate work— and hundreds thousands identical pieces are turned out quickly. Whenever you need flame-cutting service, call Ryerson. You'll get immediate action—prompt de- livery. there any question, will review your Jersey City. : AGE ESTABLISHED April 1944 VAN DEVENTER President and Editor BAUR and General ° DIX Reader Service ° ° ° Managing Editor...... LIPPERT News, Markets Editor...D. JAMES Technical Editor........ OLIVER ° ° ° Associate Editors WINTERS LLOYD BARMASEL Editorial Assistants SCHIEN WILLIAMS BUTTERS Regional News and Technical Editors CAMPBELL Pittsburgh 428 Park POST Chicago 1134 Otis Bldg. MOFFETT DONALD BROWNE EUGENE HARDY National Press Bidg. MacDONALD Cleveland 1016 Guardian Bidg. BRAMS Detroit 2 7310 Woodward Ave. OSGOOD MURDOCK Son Francisco 1355 Market Editorial Correspondents ROBERT PENLEY Buffalo FRAZAR Boston HUGH SHARP Milwaukee SANDERSON Toronto, Ont. RAYMOND KAY Los Angeles JOHN McCUNE Birmingham ROY EDMONDS St. Louis JAMES DOUGLAS Seattle Tool Improvement and Machine Tool Obsolesence ACHINE tool builders general are more optimistic about their postwar prospects than they were few months ago. Those them who are not should reflect upon the fact that developments cut- ting tools may very well create greater obsolescence existing machine tools than will wear and tear. Which reminds story. tool engineer had dream. dreamt that had been turned into machine tool but that instead being insensate mechanism had all the human senses, and was always hungry for square meal chips. this dream began, our friend, the animated machine tool, was having trouble with his teeth. They could not bite off enough chips satisfy the requirements his robust body. ambled the dentist who also was tool engineer. “Those carbon steel teeth yours have seen their best days,” said the dentist. fitted his patient out with fine set high speed chewers which, incidentally, had just come the market. For short time all went well and the meals were sumptuous, but after month aches and pains developed our subject’s body. His joints were rattling and his teeth chattering. this time went MD, the letters standing for machine designer. The said, “My friend, your teeth are too powerful for your body.” fixed our friend with larger spindle, bigger motor, chrome nickle gears and shafts and increased range feeds and speeds. All went well again for little while but after time the animated machine tool found that even his high speed uppers and lowers could not bite off enough chips satisfy his invigorated body. took another trip the dentist. have here the latest and best chewers the market,” said the dentist and proceeded fit our friend with carbide tipped dentures. ahead now and chew your head off you want to,” told his patient. Grand chewing was had for time, but again trouble developed the body members. They couldn’t handle the hearty meals that were merely duck soup for the new teeth. our friend went again the and told him give him the works. When got off the operating table had hydraulic feed, flame hardened ways, push button control and motor big hen house. Fortunately for and thus enabling this tale terminate, the tool engineer woke just the cycle was about repeat. And his remarks awakening were: wonder who heck going win this race.” Some are wondering about that, too! 4 in ‘ — ‘ 4 wae” The press stamps landing mat sections out heavy gage Inland sheets. The much-needed scrap goes back the steel mills. Finished landing mat sections are cleaned, painted, bundled, and shipped fighting fronts. ) g § Fighter planes and bombers range deeper into enemy territory when air bases are constructed quickly behind advancing troops. Steel landing mat sections, many million square feet which have been made from Inland sheets, help gain the strategic advantage this important air support. Laying these interlocking sections, desert sand tropic mud, men can build landing strip, 1,500 ft. long 150 ft. wide, the record time hours. Large bombers need 5,000 ft. long 150 ft. wide, requiring 750,000 sq. ft. Dearborn St. Milwaukee Detroit St. Paul St. Louis landing mat sections. The remarkable speed with which air bases are built with steel mats assures our fighting men maxi- mum air protection the shortest pos- sible time. Production landing mat sections only one the many war-time uses for Inland’s entire sheet output. Among others are: blitz cans, shell cases, bomb racks, pontoons, ammunition boxes, and parts for airplanes, trucks, jeeps, ete. While producing maximum capacity for Victory, are also preparing supply steel for the needs America peace. Chicago Illinois Kansas City Cincinnati New York | cook requ rail the INLAND STEEL COM RSARY and News APRIL 1944 The drive against complacency concerning scrap supplies received additional Barringer, who warned that while carbon steel scrap consumption purchased scrap stocks are declining. Also discussing the scrap situation was Carl Ilgenfritz, Republic Steel orp's. director purchases, who pointed out that while steel mills were hungry No. heavy melting scrap, there very little that the steel industry can will about absorbing excesses less desirable grades. Government cooperation removing unnecessary regulations, adopting sound easures for contract cancellation and disposal surplus war goods and enacting ound tax legislation essential for postwar prosperity, Tom Girdler says. Majority disputes handled the Conciliation Service involve pay rates, hours work and vacations. During the past year, 3119 cases the iron pteel industry were referred this service. 9502 contracts ended the War Department brought claims whatever. Actual cash settlement totaled about per cent the claim value and received less than one-fifth the settle- money paid. Railroad construction and expansion plans are going ahead Chile with the planning spend about $10 million the United States for materials equipment. The papers are giving quite play Reynolds Metals Co. new aluminum alloys and R303, crediting them with possibilities pushing Steel out the picture for everything from aircraft lawn mowers. The two Reynolds alloys apparently have tensile strength the order per sq. in. and elongation percent. The alloy has good and stable the condition; being easily formed into many shops for miscellaneous fabrication, and requires only oven about 350 deg. attain maximum properties. The alloy apparently has 14S core with 61S coating each side. The 14S alloy percent copper, some Si, and Mn) used quite interesting but lately has not been used extensively. Other new high strength alloys are some the Aluminum Co. alloys, which second artificial aging attain 80,000 per sq. in. tensile with some percent elongation. Chile completes its steel expansion program, one-half its own steel requirements will met domestic output. The Latin-American country plans invest $20 million the enterprise. Operation the plant with annual capacity 100,000 tons finished steel expected begin the summer 1946. During 1943, railroads received over one and half million tons new steel For 1944, ODT has asked for 2,200,000 tons allocated. 80-in. butt-flash welder built Taylor Winfield Corp. will weld low carbon steel strip ranging from about 0.075 in. minimum thickness 0.187 in. maximum and from in. wide. solve the problem strip alinement, this welder equipped with two torches which trim the ends the strip that they are exactly British steamship lines have made application operate airlines after the war. The average age some 65,000 women employees Douglas Aircraft years. average 350 airplanes was built each working day February. Flash Gordon the contrary: Raymond, vice-president Douglas, says that the largest postwar transport plane required for general transoceanic will weigh about 150,000 have four engines and will carry approxi- 100 passengers and 20,000 lb. freight. will cruise 250 and fly 20,000 ft. | \ — 4 \ The experiments reported herein indicate that 8745 steel hardens lower temperature than might expected. Also, the correlation between the Rockwell hardness and microstructures general interest and shows that hardness values alone cannot taken indication complete hardening. the method hardening defi- nite part industry, and the main object the determination the proper hardening temperature and the length time required. Other considerations which integral parts the hardening operation are also included. The practice many indus- tries, which are not equipped de- termine the critical temperatures steel, look for this information handbooks catalogs. For proper hardening, the low alloy industrial steels must heated above the Ac, range above the temperature range which the steel undergoes trans- formation and the carbides into solution for complete hardening and good physical properties. geneous austenitic structure de- sired with possibly few undissolved purpose preventing grain growth and coarse grains over considerable temperature range alloy With the steels there very little published information the critical temperature. The Ac, point complete transformation slow heating reprinted from two sources Table From these tables which are fairly good agreement would assumed that the critical temperature slow heating for 8745 steel with carbon close 0.45 would approxi- mately 1430 deg. All commercial hardening furnaces heat much 42—THE IRON AGE, April 1944 the furnaces used for determining critical temperatures. Therefore, less time allowed any given temperature for complete trans- formation and solution the alloying faster rate than elements the austenite the prac- tical hardening operation. Actually the complete transformation occurs higher temperature practice than the published critical temperatures would indicate. Looking this different light, the hardening temper- atures used are set above the tabu- ° ° DONALD RODA and FRANK BRAUTIGAM Metallurgy Department, National Postal Meter Co., Inc., Rochester, lated critical temperatures the reaction. The part under consideration the operating slide which shown Fig. along with the Carbine indicate its size. was hard- ened neutral salt which the fastest heating mediums. general practice with low alloy steels (except tool steels) heat the part temperature approximately deg. above the Ac, point all types commercial hardening fur- The time heat suit the heating rates the ferent furnaces. For materials low side the carbon range 8745 steel this would give hardening tem- perature 1525 deg. and for terial the high side hardening temperature 1495 deg. The question arose whether hardening temperature should 1500 deg. 1525 deg. Since 8745 ° views the operating slides are shown along with the Carbine which component part, indicate the size the slide. | | tem] the test that the cept Hov only pos: speed ine The steels nately all fur- justed 8745 ma- dening the 1500 8745 learn > new steel, experiments were con- ducted determine what the factor safety would for both hardening temperature and heating time using the lower figure 1500 deg. The analysis the material used this test was made one the leading analytical chemists Cleveland, and that the material falls tween the analysis given for the two commercial heats used determining the critical temperatures 1420 deg. and 1450 deg. for all elements, ex- cept nickel which slightly higher. However, this amount nickel would only tend depress the Ac, point few degrees. order determine the lowest possible hardening temperature and shortest possible hardening time, test pieces were hardened 1500 deg. the neutral salt for min. and lower and lower temperatures until the microstructure and Rockwell hard- indicated failure harden. Parts were also hardened holding the tem- perature constant 1500 deg. and varying the time from sec. hr., and the microstructure and hardness values obtained both cases are Although the expectation would very little from such test, the unusual results obtained re- veal how worthwhile little experi- 2—The operating slides are hardened fixtures electrically heated salt bath with automatic temperature control, shown here. mental work can the heat treat department. Even the common every day things need checking and recheck- ing. For sure the sun shines, heat treating practices are alive and subject many variations. Obvi- ously the heat treating experiments should well guided. The operating slides are hardened the electrically heated salt bath shown Fig. The test pieces were also hardened the same furnace and thermocouple was inserted the front end the salt bath give the temperature the salt sep- arate Foxboro indicator point where the pieces were actually being hardened. second thermocouple was placed next this thermocouple check the indicator with Leeds Northrup portable testing Pyrometer during each test. Although this type furnace noted for uniform tem- perature throughout the bath, due precautions were taken insure that the temperature the furnace, recorded the automatic tempera- ture control and indicated the spe- cial testing instruments, never rose above the temperatures shown the following figures. During the 8-min. heating period the temperature did fluctuate slightly but never rose above the The pieces were all quenched exactly the temperatures given. The tem- perature this furnace has been checked representatives both Brown Instrument Co. and Leeds Northrup Co. and found accu- rate. This all new equipment and the temperatures indicated are ex- act possible determine tem- peratures 1400 deg. 1500 deg. The operating slide which the part under consideration shown Fig. along with Carbine 30M1 needless say, that all parts this gun are highly stressed and must satisfactorily heat treated for the ex- endurance life. will noted that the slide made two sec- tions, smaller section representing the arm which operates the bolt and heavier section where the piston hits the slide drive backward per- form the functions the carbine. For this test, pieces repre- senting section the same size the arm were used, which approxi- mately in. thick in. wide. These parts were heated the salt bath next the test thermocouple for the times indicated and quenched oil. The automatic temperature control was augmented hand con- trol obtain the temperatures de- sired which were observed and re- corded previously discussed. Hard- ness values were obtained and the TABLE Critical Temperatures and Chemical Analysis Acs, 8739 0.41 0.86 0.31 0.46 0.47 0.26 1450 Metal Progress 8749 0.54 0.83 0.015) 0.23 0.46 0.52 0.27 1420 Metal Progress January 8744 1430 Republic Steel 8749 1410 Corp., July 1943 8745 0.84 0.023) 0.29 0.58 0.50 0.26 Material used this experiment, December 1943 THE IRON AGE, April 1944—43 ° ° ° ; | 2 3 F 4 parts were then drawn 775 deg. for hrs. commercial drawing furnace and the hardness values were again taken along with the micro- structures. These hardness values quenched and after drawing are given Table II, and the microstructures are shown Figs. and all which were taken the same section each test piece. Tests were made deg. intervals from 1370 deg. 1430 deg. F., and the Figs. and are representative the results obtained. cate that the 8745 steel hard- ened all the way down 1370 deg. However, the microstructure reveals considerable free ferrite this tem- perature. 1400 deg. the free ferrite has almost disappeared and 1410 deg. there indication free ferrite, and the Rockwell hard- ness has increased the values 44—THE IRON AGE, April 1944 3—Hardened and drawn structures obtained hardening NE8745 steei 1500 deg. and holding the salt bath for the times indicated. Oil quenched and tempered 775 deg. for hr. ° ° ° the completely hardened steel. How- ver, the microstructure little fuzzy this temperature. From 1420 deg. 1600 deg. there change When the temperature the salt bath was held constant 1500 deg. and the heating time varied from few seconds one hour, greater hardness was obtained. Again the Rockwell hardness would in- dicate complete hardening after one minute the salt bath although the microstructures reveal that least min. are required before the re- sultant hardness and microstructure similar that obtained longer times. These microstructures shown Fig. start with the normalized and annealed structure Rockwell C16. Fifteen sec. the salt bath further annealed thi piece shown the lower value and made slight change the structure. sec. the hard ness began rise and mixture hardened and annealed structures revealed. After sec. there was siderable free ferrite left the ened structure and min. ferrite had completely although here again the structure was little fuzzy. tained with times varying from hr. the salt bath. Instead having narrow ‘ pected hardening the slides 1500 deg. F., the results Fig. show large safety approximately deg. The mation the time required for ing shown Fig. also reveals pra deg tha tin all sli the pre pre th: lak sec. ture res fast heating rate salt baths and practical margin safety when using min. heat hardening the oper- ating slides. Therefore the final heat treatment specifications read like this: Heat neutral salt bath 1500 deg. for min. heat, and not less than min. nor more than min. total time the bath. desired keep the heating time the called neutral salts minimum, due the decarburizing and steel heating characteristics all the potassium chloride, sodium chloride mixtures with without rec- Oxides the bath make them slightly decarburizing and the acid forming tendency the salt etches the steel away like mild pickling process. More information about the these potent materials that sometimes necessary use may obtained from the Pont laboratories. explanation the these salt combinations 4—Hardened and drawn structures obtained hardening 8745 steel the salt bath the temperatures in- dicated, oil quenching and drawing 775 deg. for hr. Time salt bath min. ° ° ° outside the scope this paper, even were known what they were. The writers are confined the use these salts which few different brands have been tried and one thing certain: That piece steel kept them long enough, such the fixtures for hard- ening the parts, the steel will grad- ually disappear. also desirable keep the hard- ening temperature low possible consistent with good hardening, this decreases the tendency towards decarburization and Although grain growth not seri- ous with alloy steels, all the way 1600 deg. and even higher, there point using would temperature high 1600 deg. for only leads increased operating troubles and less desirable physical properties. would not advisable this time use hardening tem- perature below 1500 deg. for 8745 steel. the actual hardening operation the parts are hung hooks, shown Fig. The furnace loaded with five racks and the temperature the salt drops. The time for recovery the temperature the salt bath 1500 deg. longer than the time required bring the parts the temperature the salt. Therefore, soon the bath reaches 1500 deg. 5-min. heating period al- lowed for obtaining uniform aus- tenitic structure. The parts are then removed from the salt bath, drained for few seconds remove the ex- cess salt and the operator turns vigorously oil quench the parts tank opposite the furnace. THE IRON AGE, April 1410°F 1550°F 1600°F erating ctor als - | obtain uniform hardness both the light arm and the heavy section the body the slide, was found necessary agitate the slide vigor- ously back and forth sideways the quenching oil. This agitation was more important obtaining uniform hardness than the type oil used. Even with the new fast quench oils the same agitation required. However, for these small parts was found that the more expensive fast quenching oils were not required. The oil use for hardening this part and for the determinations this test paraffin base oil with Saybolt vis- 106.0 sec. 100 deg. and flash point 375 deg. This type oil commonly used for quenching and for many other pur- poses, however, the two types available advisable use the paraffin base rather than the mineral base oil, for higher flash point obtained with the paraffin base oil which desirable quality quench- ing operations. The quenching tank fitted with recirculation system and cooling unit maintain the oil the optimum operating tempera- ture with heavy use. The operating slides then washed hot alkaline solution and drawn forced convection temper- ing furnace 775 deg. for hr. heat Rockwell C43. insure the quality these important parts they are inspected 100 per cent the Rockwell hardness tester both the arm and the heavy section the body see that they are within the limits Rockwell C40 45. Obviously with such accurate control all the operating slides are found within the specified limits. The question might arise about the values the physical properties other than the Rockwell hardness for the steel tested this experiment. This has been well covered excellent report “Mechanical Properties E., and Other Hardening TABLE Hardness Values Quenched and Drawn Temperature Increasing Time Hardening 1370 401, 1380 1400 421, 1410 1420 1475 1500 1525 1550 1600 Time constant min. Metal Progress, May, 1943. Thou- sands tests are reported this valuable statistical paper which shows that all physical properties for all heat treated steels are the same for any given hardness that the Rockwell hardness may used guide the other properties. This, course, assumes that the steels are properly heat treated and that they will respond the heat treatment the section used, and that the past history heat treatment such that the final structure will not include such gross contingencies malprac- tice coarse grains, banding, undue segregation, etc. the side dif- ferences physical properties steels there another excellent work the form booklet published Carnegie Steel Co., division Steel Corp., entitled “Carnegie Controlled Carbon Steels.” This was published 1933 and tells the great variations mechanical properties that may obtained the same grade steel. These variations are well known all steel users. They can con- trolled revealed the Carnegie Salt Bath |As Drawn Before Sec. Sec. Sec. Min. Min. 421, Min. Min. Min. Temperature constant 1500 deg. booklet. More important than any- thing else for obtaining good physi- cals the final heat treatment, in- cluding the normalizing, annealing, hardening and drawing. The scope this paper has been confined the hardening operation although other three operations are performed the writers’ plant. Very often the normalizing annealing done the steel mill and only the hardening and drawing are performed the manufacturer. obtain physical properties con- sistent with those reported Mr. Paten for any given Rockwell hard- ness, the hardening operation must accurately controlled whether performed the steel mill the company making the parts. hoped that the information given this paper will not used in- dication error the determination the critical temperatures for 8745 steel, but guide show how check the quality and racy that very important operation, the final heat treatment finished part, and reveal the value and sat- isfaction obtained from successful ex- perimentation one’s own work. High Pressure Water Treatment for Scale Removal latest and most effective me- chanical method removing scale before and during the rolling and forging steel discussed Wallquist Jernkontorets Anna- ler. Water pressure between 1029 and 1470 lb. per sq. in. directed through rectangular nozzle inclined angle the surface the moving billet bar. Centrifugal reciprocating pumps supply the water. Most modern plants, the author re- ports, have one more three-cylinder 46—THE IRON AGE, April 1944 pumps conjunction with com- pressed air accumulator. The degree cleanness achieved can measured the weight re- maining scale per sq. ft. surface, the percentage initial scale removed. When ingots 0.10 carbon steel were rolled down thin sheets, the high pressure water treatment re- duced the scale from about 4.6 about 1.12 lb. per in. For improving the surface the rolling stainless steel and hollow drill steel, this water jet treatment excellent. the rolling wire, the degree reduction great, and this itself causes good mechanical clean- ing. But the rolling strip, the degree mechanical cleaning not very high that the water jet treat- ment should valuable. The efficiency cold strip was found considerably increased high pressure water cleaning equip- ment this removed most the sharp oxide and slag inclusions. | ‘ WwW cc ni al 0 n u 0 ( 1 picture the condition which the iron and steel indus- try the United States finds itself two years after Pearl Harbor and three years after aid was first given the enemies aggression, cloudier than has ever been the past. Despite great satisfaction with well sustained productivity and de- spite feeling that victory will surely come, not this year then soon the next, apparent that both labor and management are worrying about the day settlement. They are wor- ried because jobs must found for the 500,000 now employed and for an- other 100,000 who will return nor- mal life. For over two years the in- dustry has been living and working under emergency variation the great social experiment certain other countries state planning their activities. quite certain, therefore, that not the least the both management and worker this one, “shall state planning discarded retained? What has done and what will When the decision was made 1941 whether not expand the iron and steel producing facilities the nation and whether not Govern- ment money would used for this expansion, the guardians invested private capital wrote minority re- port. They opposed the expansion. They were loyal the high ideals private enterprise their opposition. They stated over and over again that the existing steel and iron producers would and could produce enough for any foreseen war demand careful control civilian demand could devised and administered. them this was big and very unpalatable “if,” since opened the door some sort socialistic state control pro- duction and distribution. the reader should turn back the files the Proceedings the American Iron and Steel Institute for the years 1940 and 1941, would read that the leading industrialists, Now that American industry has operated under State Plan- ning for several years war emergency, might interest examine some the details State Planning practiced Russia, Germany and Japan. This article contains some first-hand information. The author was engineer Russian steel plants the years 1931 1936, and later was technical advisor the iron and steel section the Heavy Industrial Development Corp Manchoukuo. ° the guardians the dollar,” were against the intrusion the “social dollar” into their industry investors, but never against the in- stitution some sort Federal con- trol production and distribution for the duration the war emergency. The men gathered together New York for those meetings were con- scious the enormous task ahead and spoke responsible men. Ten years experience with great depression now ending because their world was going war had given all men feeling that all was not well with the “free enterprise” way life. The national psychology the moment was adverse the leaders indus- try. Opposed them was very per- suasive group “social vestors” plus the Army, Navy and Maritime procurement boards. The military urgency limited considera- tion the question. vain did the industrialists show that they had plowed over $2,000,000,000 back into their properties during the depression years thus enabling production 7,000,000 tons steel March, 1941, expansion measure that had been called “expansion the point eco- nomic weakness” the Temporary Economic Council few years back. was have been expected, Washington chose expand the iron and steel industry and ration steel civilians. The Office Production Management became the State Plan- ning Board for the industry. About four different kinds cooks were soon found stirring the kettles expansion O.P.M.—politicians, ° industrialists, social planners and the armed forces. Roughly speaking, the procurement experts dictated how much what would needed, the social planners evolved the proper socialistic procedure for getting and the politicians and the industrial- ists slugged out the location the new plants and facilities. was necessary have Congress appropriate the money was wise plan spend where would please the most powerful groups Congress. Thus came pass that the matter location was more less decided the politician and not the engineers economists the industrialists. result prac- ticing State Planning, the country has had three years tremendous pro- duction iron and steel. Hundreds millions dollars worth addi- tional plant capacity has been built. Some the new plants have not even been put into operation after they were completed. Right today, the steel industry still producing and Plan. natural think the Soviet Union when State Planning sub- ject for discussion. began there and has probably functioned better there than elsewhere. Along about 1929 became the principal bureau that very bureaucratic nation. For the first ten years succeeding the revo- lution developed slowly inept hands, but when given over the brilliant organizing genius Valerian Mezhlauk went town, growing great impor- THE IRON AGE, April 1944—47 ny- in- ng, the the 1ed the ing the Mr. rd- ust the in- ion cu- hed the his an- the not at- vas the tance, with branches every factory and plant any kind whatsoever, that not one article was made, sold transported unless planned the previous year this State Planning Board. Every coercive agency government was employed insure compliance with the plan. Deliberate evasion the plan’s requirements was considered counter revolution- ary act punishable death. Failure manager fulfill his plan was cause for removal from office. Eleven years after the began liv- ing under this rigid planned scheme state preparedness wage land and air war the most mammoth seale all history. Plants Were Man Killers Russia’s iron and steel industry 1927 was capable producing about seven million tons steel annually from number antiquated plants scattered here and there, mostly the Urals and Donets regions. These plants were man killers, having been laid out use labor rather than ma- chinery wherever possible. Some had been built Germans, English and one the Black Sea French-Belgian concern. There were some that had been built and oper- ated the Government for the army. rule the foreign concessionnaires had imported their own management staffs, employing the Russian born and trained engineers very minor capacities. Hence when world war and the revolution were over with and the Soviets found them- selves with steel business their hands they did not have too many highly qualified supervisors and did not trust those that they had. keeping with their intention give over the industries the workers the set-up should have been fine, but they soon found out that the worker could not alone. they devel- oped three cornered scheme man- agement with the engineers sitting one corner, the trades unions the other and the Communist Party the third. When things went wrong, and they seldom went right, the secret police would move and clamp the engineers into jail for sabo- tage. 1928 practically the entire engineering and technical fraternity was jailed, mass tried and convicted sabotage. They were then put back work under the watchful eye the political police and given chance prove, five years’ hard work without error, that they were good citizens the Socialist State. This was the set-up when the First 48—THE IRON AGE, April 1944 Five Year Plan was unfolded. That plan was the result the collective effort the finest foreign brains working with the best scientific and technical minds Russia, whether out bail not. The power and drive was furnished the Com- munist Party. About two years were required formulate this plan. Cer- tain broad directives were laid down Stalin and his “Polit Bureau.” They were, (1) all projected enter- prises must have the correct assem- bly materials, the finest and latest machinery, and given the proper processes that all ways the best conditions (2) these enterprises must such that would gear with the imme- diate plans for the national defense; (3) the building Socialism de- pended upon industrialization, these plants must dispersed all corners the Union aid industrializing the backward peoples; (4) this First Five Year Plan must base for all future planning; (5) while the projects built under the first plan would use import machinery this plan must provide means home manufacture the machinery required thereafter. Various Plans Ridiculed With characteristic Russians accepted the volved, and before the First Five Year was three years old they super-imposed the Second Five Year Plan upon it, and another three years topped that with the Third Five Year Plan. This caused much scoffing home and abroad. However, subse- quent events have proved the wisdom these moves, for 1941 when Adolph pulled the end all his the Soviet had pretty well balanced iron and steel industry capable producing about 21,000,000 tons steel. Those foreign engineers, such the writer, who served Russia during part this industrialization believes that State Planning was largely responsible for the success, difficult see how any order could otherwise have been secured from the chaos that bogged the nation down for years after the revolution. Most the foreign engineers know great deal the experiment State Planning Germany under the dictatorship the Nazi Party, where the Soviet technique was super-im- posed upon that initiated Rathenau desperate effort get Germany ready for another war. Its spirit and mechanics reek such chauvanism and military urgency that they are abhorrent foreign engineers. How- ever, this also was another whirl State Planning that should have some interest the United States. Still another similar program was initiated those well known imitators, the Japanese. This latter had the unique- ness attempted land where privilge was very firmly intrenched. Necessarily State Plan- ning collided with what goes for private enterprise thereabouts. And this fact important citizens these United States. Japanese State Planning This Japanese attempt State Planning was staged the conquered territory Manchoukuo where Henry called Emperor and the Kwantung Army Boss. Prior conquest 1932, Manchuria was region special interest and favorite field investment for the “Five Families” Japan, who con- trolled between them most the banking, trading and manufacturing the Japanese Empire. The army had long resented the strangle-hold this system had the economy the nation. socially conscious group younger officers the Kwantung section the army had been most active trying loosen the grip these families. After taking over Manchuria they set about the crea- tion brand new sort socialistic state under the dictatorship the Army. The brighest trusters the Japanese Empire, such men lishi, Kiishi, Hoshino and Yoshino, all top-flight politico-econo- mists and all prominent govern- ment circles Tokyo, got their fingers the pie. The Army agreed furnish the driving energy and over- all direction. Next came the question money. The Mitsuis, the Mit- the Yasudas, the Sumitomas and the Okuras had the money and they were not having some State Planning their money, thank you. From 1932 1937 the story the rise and fall Japanese Cabinets the story the attempts the Army get not only enough money for themselves and the Navy from the Government but for this socializing scheme also. Fortunately for the planners, the Five-Family gang, being cautious and clever, had generally rigged their Manchurian enterprises that case fire, theft international cations the good old Imperial Treas- ury Japan would foot the bill. Their big racket Manchuria this respect was the famous South Man- churia Railway. This was great jur the not gre the pla pos all col ket ing thé ba the po of pe op it: till ted the ue- ere nly an- for ate red the vas the the ing oup LOST stic the uch and ver- tion Mit- mas and you. the rmy for the the and heir ipli- eas- bill. this {an- reat territorial and jurisdictional rights straight through the heart Manchuria from Port venture with broad Arthur the Amur River. There was not much Manchuria that did not belong the S.M.R. owned the great steel and iron plant Anshan, the mammoth colliery and oil shale plant Fushun, the magnesite de- posits Tashi-chao, and all harbor and terminal rights the country. operated big hotels, mar- keted soy beans and engaged farm- ing big way. Whenever the busy little brown men the Army had driven the Chinese guerillas back from region the S.M.R. was first the field with surveyors and geol- ogists. China Invasion Opposed This was finally the honey tree that furnished the sweetening for the State Planners. They cut down 1937, stripped limbs, leaves and bark, and piled all neatly with the label, “Assets the Government Manchoukuo the State Planned Heavy Industrial Development Cor- poration.” Now they had their plans and some money, but not management. For this they went Japan and per- suaded Yoshisuke Aikawa, the head the Nissan Industries—a big mer- ger about everything the Em- pire not under Five-Family control— toss the assets his enterprises into the pool for guarantee ten per cent per annum and take charge executing the plans the plan- ners. Aikawa was quite opposed the invasion China 1937. His statement policy this time was, “If the Army knew all that have done try bring end this silly war China they would cut off head. have seen three wars. They have the same after history. First, have great business activity. Then, have prolonged depression. have plans all made now turn the hose our national energy, which present China, into Manchuria, where shall build and not destroy.” note certain dissimilarity the con- ditions attendant these various forays into State Planning. The Soviet Union had abroad for necessary money state for its purchase. United States, possessing practically all the world’s money, also possessed the best machine build- ing industry. Manchoukuo had get practically every bolt and nut from able without her borders and had money cold storage that was use- ful foreign exchange. order get this money was necessary find buyers with gold for the 3,000,- 000 tons soy beans and the hairs, hides, bristles and sausage casings that made the export business the territory. Normally the soy bean went Germany and the balance the This exporting and the im- porting the stuff purchased with the export money had long been the hands the Five-Families. They never relinquished this business and had the pressure constantly ap- plied. Foreign engineers saw these plan- ners and their Army directors squirm from plan plan the years 1938, 1939, 1940, and 1941. Also seen was the decline each year the produc- tion coal, iron ore, iron and steel. Also seen was the gradual addition some plant facilities which had been ordered the companies ex- istence prior beginning plan- ning, but increase production therefore. Many little companies, all stemming from the big one, were created the planners. All them were seen back the parent for more working capital and finally the papa company had Tokyo 1941 for recapitalization. Conditions Not Bettered The dismal failure the Man- choukuon State Planners better conditions cannot charged entirely obstruction private enterprise nor the ineptness the planners. The world war blockade Germany plus the embargo export machinery Japan forced Man- choukuo depend entirely upon Japanese industry for the machines needed. this time China was bleeding the Japanese Empire white. Over and above these obstacles there was glaring fallacy the concep- tion this undertaking. The Jap Asia simply could not think terms creating wealth. lost himself planning take away wealth. Not one Jap the millions that swarmed over Asia from 1932 1941 ever entertained sincere de- sire make the 30,000,000 Manchu people useful the use the useful things that might found among them. Each and every one those little brown men, whether worked the planning bureaus Hsing- king, the counting houses the Five-Families, concentrated getting something quickly out all for himself and getting back The legend “The the homeland. Golden Kimona” explains the failure the Japanese there and elsewhere. According it, young man from the paddy fields one time ventured into foreign land. amassed great riches and one day returned his native village. bought golden kimona and sat thereafter resplendent among his elders. Poor Japanese Policy 1933 these conquerors Man- churia had set themselves down wise men good intent and had dedi- cated their future the creation wealth Manchuria the ways that wealth created, they might possibly have justified their intrusion. In- stead they deliberately set out “kill the goose that laid the golden egg.” None their plans ever called for the the Manchu people, tall, slender likable and capable people, the industrializa- tion their own country. Rather, each planned enterprise staffed with imported Japanese down the common labor categories. Com- mon labor would done the Manchu who would get the same pay, the same working hours and the same living conditions had the past been given coolie labor. The Manchu would have none it. either stayed his farm else ran away through the Great Wall into China. Common labor un-mechanized land is, the mass, the most im- portant item the cost sheet and the greatest factor production. Since the Manchu did not collaborate with the planners they had bring hordes coolies from the apparently inexhaustible reservoir manpower Shantung Province. These people lived nothing and sent their wages back the home folks. This con- stant drain the exportable funds Manchoukuo plus the cost what little machinery was being imported upset the Yen badly the occu- pied zones China that law was passed prohibiting these remittances. The coolies “he also runaway,” and the state planners were short both men and machines. The two new blast furnaces Honkeiko, Penshishu was known when the Chinese owned it, lay idle 1941 because lacked machinery mine the coal nearby. The four new blast furnaces Anshan were muddling along per cent capacity because labor could not found mine the coal the completed mines Peipao and Tung-piento, shovel the ore into the cars the benches Taikozan. Neither Honkeiko nor Anshan had (CONTINUED PAGE 148) THE IRON AGE, April 1944—49 assure smooth finishes corners and edges the liners avoid the chromium plating, corners the ends the barrels and various ports are ground slight radii. Cylinder lines mounted and anodes are positioned verti- cally through them The fixture design such that the liners are held firmly and the anodes are positioned meet the plating needs the liner. LECTROPLATING, fined largely the decorative arts, has emerged essen- tial war industry through what known the Van der Horst process for applying porous chromium that engine cylinder life has been in- creased from 400 2000 per cent. Unlike decorative chromium plating automobile bumpers, head- lights, and the like, which requires some 0.00002 in. thickness, the Van der Horst process applying porous chromium the cylinder liners diesel engines for Navy submarines, destroyer escorts and similar craft, builds the material 0.010 0.030 in. the diameter, depending cylinder size. further contrast ordinary elec- troplating results, the finish porous chromium has microscopic pores, cupying any specified range within per cent the entire plated area. The importance these pores that they fill with oil from the crankease the engine and retain it, covering the cylinder surface with protective film lubricant. Cylinder liners processed have not only extremely hard surface but, reason their tiny oil reservoirs, are cating. The production sequence which eylinder liners for the Navy’s diesel engines are Porus-Krome processed the Cleveland plant the Van der Horst Corp. America begins with the method receiving inspec- tion. The liner castings arrival are stored for hours bring them room temperature. Each liner die-stamped with serial number and tagged. The tag provides for permanent and individ- ual record the condition which each liner was received and the result each phase the subsequent proc- ess. After visual inspection for flaws and defects, the liners are classified according inside micrometer read- ings. Although plating can done contour, the Van der Horst plant set quantity production basis, which necessitates rejection all line sis, all 4 . liners which “mike out” more than in. out round and taper. Next step handling the liners smooth the edges the intake port openings with pneumatically abrasive tool give them chromium port edges, allowing taper out thickness over the radius the edge and protects the base metal this point from corro- sive combustion acids. interesting phenomenon elec- deposited any rough edge sharp point the surface being plated. The current tends stray such point from the area immediately adjacent it, the result that chromium stacked minute structure that avoid this result that port edges the liner castings The liner ports themselves are then painted seal them from the cur- Plating cylinder wails with thick layer hard chromium, applied process that leaves the plated surface porous condition, has increased cylinder life much 2000 per cent. RIGHT 4—In plating, the electrolyte constantly agitated distribution and uni- formity the plate, plating time. inders, mounted the fixtures, are given chromic acid etch, prior plat- ing