The Iron Age 1943-10-28: Vol 152 Iss 18

quality thanks prod: office, OCTOBER 28, 1943 STEEL PLATES FLANGED AND DISHED at) 4 | | aN ct 3 j ‘ 71 § q Soldiers reduce their luggage mini- mum. Like Whiting Victory Cranes, they carry only what needed for utility. hasten production Victory Cranes, Whiting uses rapid, efficient building methods. Non-essential features that might require extra labor are omitted. Delays due material shortages are avoided using parts most readily obtainable. These construction practices for Whiting Victory Cranes are never made the expense Whiting standards quality. Every Whiting Victory Crane meets the same exacting engineering re- quirements that all Whiting cranes have met for nearly sixty years. Every Victory Crane guaranteed the job for which built. Whiting Corporation, 15601 Lathrop Avenue, Harvey, QUIET-RUNNING OVERHEAD TRAVELING CRANES Offices Chicago, Cincinnati, Detroit, Los Angeles, New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, and Washington, Agents other principal cities. Canadian Subsidiary: Corporation (Canada) Toronto, Ontario. THE IRON AGE, published every Thursday the CHILTON CO. (INC.). Entered second class matter November 1932, the Post Office Philadelphia under act March 1879. yearly North America and South America, Foreign $15. Vol. 152, No. 18. — 4 y) | \N q Ne Sin ost Office at VAN DEVENTER President and BAUR Vice-President General Manager Editorial and Advertising Offices East 42nd St., New York 17, Johnson, Market Research Production Baur, Typography and Hayes, Regional Business Managers OBER New York 100 East 42nd St. ROBERT BLAIR Gleveland Guardian Bidg. HERMAN Chilton Bidg. PEIRCE LEWIS Detroit Woodward Ave. LEONARD New York 100 East 42nd Pittsburgh 428 Park Chica 1134 Otis REN Hart ford Conm Box RAYMOND KAY Los Angeles 2420 Cheremoya Ave. Owned and Published CHILTON COMPANY Executive Offices Chestnut and Sts., Philadelphia Pa., U.S.A. OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS MUSSELMAN, HILDRETH GEORGE GRIFFITHS TERHUNE VAN DEVENTER BAUR Vice-President Vice-President Vice-President Vice-President Vice-President WILLIAM BARBER, Treasurer JOHN BLAIR MOFFETT, Secretary THOMAS KANE JULIAN CHASE BUZBY HARRY DUFFY CHARLES Member, Audit Bureau Circulations Member, every Thu rsday. the Industrial Arts Index. lished Associated Business Pub- Subscription America, South America and $8; Foreign, $15 year, Single Copy, Annual Number, fe] Vol. 152, No. The IRON AGE Editorial Time’s Wastin’ Technical Articles Metal Congress Annual Meeting the American Welding Society Screw Machine Steels Tables Casting Die Wedges for Light Metal New Developments Austenitic Manganese Steel for Exhaust Valves Features News Front Assembly Line Washington West Coast Fatigue Cracks Dear Editor News and Markets Comptroller General Holds Edge Washington Impact Taxes Steel Analyzed Treasury Believes Tax Refunds Sufficient Rebound Flat Rolled Products Seen Personals and Obituaries Machine Tool News Non-Ferrous Metals News Non-Ferrous Metals Prices; Scrap Prices. Iron and Steel Scrap News and Prices Finished Iron and Steel Prices. Steel and Warehouse Prices. Stainless Steel, Tool Steel Semi-Finished Iron and Steel Prices Pig Iron Ore and Coke Prices. Ferroalloy Prices Index Advertisers. October 28, 1943 102 103 107 140 142 144 145 146 148 151 152 153 153 156 157 158 — 7 DIE LIFE AND PUNCH LIFE MILLION FIRTHITE Lamination Dies have blanked, one grinding, more pieces than alloy tool- steel die punched its entire “life.” (On this operation good steel die produces about million pieces.) This Firthite Die has produced, with only few honings, over ten million pieces and may good for many more. Firthite Dies retain their original much longer than any steel dies. They clean and free—reduce burring, distortion, dimpling, and buckling. Firthite Dies resist chipping breaking, even case miscut. They are superior for notching well blanking. Firthite Engineer will gladly give you details. MILLION ROTOR LAMINATIONS PRODUCED WITH STEEL DIE AND PUNCH STEEL COMPANY Offices: McKEESPORT, PA. NEW YORK HARTFORD PHILADELPHIA CLEVELAND DAYTON DETROIT LOS ANGELES IRON ESTABLISHED ° 28, 1943 VAN DEVENTER President and BAUR and General DIX Manager, Reader Service Editor.........F. OLIVER Editors MacDONALD BARMASEL Editorial Assistants SCHIEN WILLIAMS BUTTERS News and Technical CAMPBELL Pittsburgh 428 Park POST Chicago Otis Washington National Press Bidg. DONALD BROWNE EUGENE HARDY Washington National Press Bidg. 1016 Guardian BRAMS Detroit 7310 Woodward OSGOOD MURDOCK San 1355 Market St. Editorial Correspondents ROBERT Cincinnati PENLEY Buffalo FRAZAR Boston HUGH SHARP Milwaukee SANDERSON Toronto, Ont. RAYMOND KAY Los Angeles JOHN McCUNE ROY EDMONDS JAMES DOUGLAS Seattle Wastin Commussion pointed iy Sty, Set See That not considered nice say told you so," but for the life cannot see why took nine months for our price and rationing authorities recognize that the chap who. shovels five ten tons material per day needs more calories than the guy who twiddles pencil. Well, better late than never. 4 - creased ration to, j {2 ity ‘Wey Wen, © it be Inland Steel Completes Fifty Years Service Founded 1893 Eight men gathered around table Chicago the afternoon October 30, 1893—fifty years ago. They were men who saw and un- derstood the needs the rapidly growing Prairie Empire. They had come together found the Inland Steel Company, pur- chase dismantled rolling mill, place operation during peri- war panic and business stag- nation. After months effort the mill was started and the first year 5,600 tons were rolled into many useful forms for steel-hungry industry and agriculture. Years passed—some peace and plenty, others war depression. Steadily the little company forged ahead the quality and the ac- ceptance ofits products. Land soon was acquired Indiana Harbor, where Inland constructed its first open hearth furnaces and rolling mills. Expansion continued blast furnaces, coke ovens, continuous mills, ore mines, coal mines, lime- stone quarry, fleet freighters, thoroughly equipped metallurgi- cal laboratory until Inland Steel Company was full control es- sential basic materials and ity all its many steel products. Production tons annually. Then came World War Almost over night Inland, with modern mills and thousands skilled steelmakers, turned pro- vide the steel defend our coun- try —to win against aggression. Today, fifty years after its found- ing, Inland sending its entire output men who fight. When peace comes Inland again will send steel men who build. INLAND STEEL COMPANY South Dearborn Street Chicago Illinois Cincinnati 48—THE IRON AGE, October 28, 1943 New York ( and hand vari impl tion Agen the pamp resp year them plan: nore sorb rele; 25, | from tons arour News Front Very soon the tin plate order, will tightened further, force quantities cans from hot dip bodies and electrolytic ends, electrolytic bodies and chemically treated ends. Meanwhile: Canada has just eased restrictions, and will again permit tin canning mincemeat, pork and beans, spaghetti, and number other items, all cut out the American market, except special appeal. About 45,000,000 more cans per year will Canada from take care this new load. Canada's action dictated keep women war plants easing the load home meal preparation. Likely WPB will recognize the necessity for can makers accumulate larger inventories electrolytic and chemically treated plate, both require enameling and baking one more times. Baking equipment limited and couldn't possibly handle peak packing loads, which sometimes pile dramatically because weather variations. The War Food Administration making stringent demands for farm machinery and and also for tinplate for the 1944 food pack, with the demand higher, When the Italian battleship Roma was reported sunk German dive bombers, tion enthusiasts, commentators, etc., etc., all rushed again point out that aircraft this time really polished off capital ship with bombs. Now the German News Agency admits the sinking was carried out Practically none the Regia Aeronautica (Italian Air Force) has come over the Allies. Most Italian airmen are fanatic Fascists, and like Goering, Mussolini pampered his “most pure and beloved with better pay, quick promotions and resplendent uniforms. Furthermore, Italian airmen have use for Badoglio, who for years tried curtail their privileges and incorporate them into the army. Ships leaving Stockholm, Sweden, are given "electrical massage" passing them through high-voltage field demagnetization station. Similar stations are planned for the southern and western coasts that country. While complete the great mass steel ship not practicable, the "massage", together with the conventional cable outside the hull, said protect avessel adequately against magnetic mines. The approximate value surplus inventory held one West Coast airframe facturer, who now attempting dispose it, runs into eight figures. This more than Southern California industry plus all Pacific Navy establishments can sorb under present priority ratings, and only prologue coming material four other big airframe producers, half dozen smaller ones, the Navy, Waritime Commission, and Army. Contrary original plans, the Kaiser Fontana blast furnace require 25,000 tons scrap per month, sizable quantities shipped rail from far Portland, Ore., 1200 miles away. National Lead Co. will offering the industry slightly than year from now, source the alloy being the ore from the recently re-opened MacIntyre property Essex County, Entry into the ferro-vanadium field not war baby, but will continued after the war. With Weirton Steel Co. switching continuous mill the rolling some 25,000 tons brass monthly, number cartridge case (machine gun) manufacturers are shifting from steel cases back brass. casualties all fronts since Pearl Harbor have been 105,205, which are deaths. the same period, industrial accidents claimed 80,000 dead, injured. Fortress crew members not only wear armored vests protection against but have been strewing the vests around the floor, the bombadier's greenhouse, Consequently, large armored blankets will soon made available for throwing around Fortress crew experience dictates. The British far have shown little enthusiasm for this type supplementary personnel armor. item q ] q } | q | | | { f GROSSMANN, director research, Chicago dis- trict, Steel was elected president the American Society for Metals for the coming year. Chicago Metallurgists last week debated whether developments arising from the exigencies war would suf- ficiently adhesive form bond with the nation’s post-war economy and came the conclusion that many would stick. Sessions and displays the 25th National Metal Congress and Exposition drew about 10,000 technicians and operators Amer- ican and Canadian metal working in- dustries, eager find better and more rapid methods win the battles war production and, possible, get ful future. The war, course, brought into sharp focus currently pressing prob- lems, but those for the most part have been solved and those attendance were anxious see what believed lie ahead. The mighty accomplish- ments American industry the past three years have been accom- panied new and complex problems, free interchange ideas which has been one the outstanding charac- teristics the organizations partici- pating the Metal Show. These organizations, the American Society for Metals; the American Institute Mining and Metallurgical Engi- neers’ Iron and Steel and Institute Metals divisions; the American Weld- 50—THE IRON AGE, October 28, 1943 Post-War Effects The effects the metallurgical and neering developments post-war production and markets came for close study the 25th National Metal Congress and Exposition. ing Society; and the Wire Association, have all been the instruments through which such information could chan- neled those requiring it. The tech- nical programs and discussions were planned, and have been for the past two years, disseminate much such information and “know how” possible, The display sections the Metal Show, from the exhibitors’ standpoint, were well handled spite almost insurmountable obstacles. was clear- evident that exhibiting equipment the display rooms the Palmer House was extremely unsatisfactory, but credit due manufacturers hav- ing displays for the manner which they handled bad situation. Limit- what could shown, exhibitors concentrated distributing sales and technical literature their products and having attendance technical experts such products that visi- tors might get direct and accurate answers operating technical questions. The technical meetings the four organizations well the War Pro- duction, Conservation and Post-War Planning meetings the ASM, the whole, broke attendance records. Many the papers dealt with practical every-day operating practices, with discussions attentively followed those attendance. The 18th annual Edward Mille Campbell Memorial Lecture the American Society for Metals was de- livered this year Dr. Mathew- son, professor metallurgy, Yale University. Dr. Mathewson’s paper, “Strain Hardening and Recrystalliza- was outstanding from the point offering the theoretical metal- lurgist new fields for investigations into stress and strains the crystal structures metals. His review past work this subject was ally thorough. His tions this field and conclusions that reached will likely lead renewed vigor interest the subject and may lead the development new tool the hands the metallurgist the constant endeavor explore more thoroughly strain factors and their potentialities metals. Because Dr. Mathewson was required leave the convention immediately, the Ed- ward Mille Campbell Memorial Lecture Certificate was presented him ASM president, French, the conclusion his paper. ASM Banquet The president the American So- ciety for Metals for the coming year will Mareus Grossmann, director research, Chicago district, Car- negie-Illinois Steel Corp. While the office not without considerable responsibility, the election Dr. Grossmann was the ASM’s way expressing its appreciation for Dr. Grossmann’s contributions the ciety and for achievements the field metallur- gical research. Dr. Kent Horn, research metallurgist the Aluminum Co. America, land, Dr. Grossmann president the ASM. previous years, the presenta- tion awards for outstanding work the metals industries was one men of d wor deve Vice won was Hen best year sear Co., meet were eral hoe, Nev: proe Kais nia, chief post- tor Ele scie and the features the ASM banquet. French, retiring president, pre- sided over the award ceremonies. Two newly created ASM medals were presented for the first time this year, both for achievements the metal- lurgical field. The gold medal, award- Dr. Zay Jeffries, technical direc- tor the Lamp Division General Electric Co., was awarded for out- standing metallurgical knowledge and great versatility the application science the metal industry. The ASM medal for the advance- ment research was awarded Roy Hunt, president Aluminum Co. America. This award was estab- lished for honoring executive industrial organization the metal working field who has consistently sponsored metallurgical research development. Charles Herty, Jr., assistant Vice-President, Bethlehem Steel Co., won the Albert Sauveur award, but was not present receive it. The Henry Marion Howe Medal for the best paper published during the past year the ASM transactions was awarded Shadburn Marshall re- search metallurgist, Remington Arms Co., Bridgeport. AIME Meetings The A.I.M.E. combined its regional and annual fall meetings, with the regional program being held Oct. and the annual national portion the program extending from Oct. to20. Principal interest the regional meetings was directed four papers magnesium production. The Pid- geon process was discussed Sebastian the WPB; Basic Mag- nesium operations Nevada were described Russell, gen- eral superintendent, and Dono- hoe, assistant superintendent the Nevada operations; and the Hansgirg reducing magnesium, use the United States only the Kaiser Permanente plant Califor- nia, was described Dungan, chief process manager. Present and uses magnesium and the market potentialities for this metal sion after they were outlined Frank Breyer, Singmaster Breyer, New York. The board directors awarded the 1944 Anthony Lucas Gold Medal Charles Millikan, chief petroleum engineer Amerada Petroleum Corp., Tulsa, Okla., for his outstanding contribu- tions engineering the develop- ment and production petroleum. Mr. Millikan the sixth winner this award, the first having been made Edgar Pew, vice-president Sun Oil Co., 1937. The William Lawrence Saunders Gold Medal for distinguished achievement mining was awarded George Harrington, president the Chicago, Wilmington, and Franklin Coal Co., Chicago. Mr. Harrington the 14th recipient this award which was established 1927. One the high points the Insti- tute Metals division program was symposium the practical aspects diffusion, covering wide variety problems and results recent studies. Gas metal diffusion metal fabricating processes, de-gassing metals, diffusion relation changes microstructure, and diffusion Alclad 24ST sheet, indium plating and chromizing were studied. addition, session physical metal- lurgy dealt with such phases metal- lography with the electron microscope, the structure alloys oxidized elevated temperatures, and the rupture copper temperatures around 400 deg. conjunction with the regional program, the Iron and Steel division presented sessions refractories and the economics the new western steel plants. Jointly with the Institute Metals division, symposium co- hesive strength was conducted. An- other symposium, deep drawing, and four papers rounded out the program. The annual Fall dinner the In- stitute Metals and the Iron and Steel division were combined this year with the Regional Meeting dinner, with William Stout, president the Stout Research division Consolidat- a 4 FRENCH, director al- loy steel and iron develop- ment International Nickel Co., the retiring president the American Society for Metals. ° ° Corp. principal speak- er. Graham, director metal- lurgy and research, Jones Laughlin Steel Corp., and chairman the and Steel Division; Cyrus Smith, chairman the Institute Metals division; and St. John, chair- man the Chicago session, also dressed A.I.M.E. members and dinner guests. Welding Society David Arnott, chief surveyor the American Bureau Shipping, New York, was elected president the American Welding Society for the coming year the society’s 24th an- nual meeting. Mr. Arnott, who has been active the society since its early days, particularly its techni- cal activities relating ship welding, has delivered number papers and was the author the society’s first edition Welding Handbook. The Miller Medal was awarded Mr. Arnott 1941 for conspicuous con- tributions the art and science marine welding. His activities with the Bureau Shipping for the past years have gone far earning for welding the standing that now has. The appli- welding marine construc- THE IRON AGE, October 28, — q 4 tal- ons stal iga- that wed and and ause eave Ed- orial q So- year Car- the 4 Dr. inary the Cleve- work one HADBURN MARSHALL, research en- gineer Remington Arms Bridgeport, Conn. was awarded the Henry Marion Howe medal the ASM. JEFFRIES, technical director the lamp department General Electric Co. was the winner the new ASM Gold Medal Award. HUNT, president the Alu- minum Co. America, Pittsburgh. was awarded the new ASM medal for Advancement Research. tion was gradual evolution until 1927 full classification for all-welded vessels was made possible the Bureau Shipping. Mr. Arnott suc- ceeds Klaus Hansen, consulting en- gineer, Harnischfeger Corp., Milwau- kee, AWS president. vice-president Wilcox Co., Barberton, Ohio, was named first vice-president the AWS. His interest welding dates back 1907 when experi- mented with repairing steel castings with carbon are. His investigations caustic embrittlement prior World War led radical revisions the boiler water treatment the Navy and extensive research the effects sodium sulphate this field. was active establishing the American Society Mechanic Engineers Boiler Code and gaining acceptance the Navy welded pressure vessels. Combustion Engineering Co., Inc., New York, was elected 2nd vice-presi- dent the Welding Society. addi- tion being member the society and its executive committee, Mr. Weigel member the A.S.M.E. Boiler Code Committee, various other technical organizations, and for the past two years has served chair- man the AWS publications commit- tee. American Welding Society directors large elected were: Pierce, assistant general manager, New 52—THE IRON AGE, October 28, 1943 York Shipbuilding Corp., Camden, J.; Seabloom, supervision en- gineer, research and development lab- oratories, Crane Co., Chicago; King, material engineer, Standard Oil Co. California, San Francisco; and Deppeler, chief engineer, Metals and Thermit Corp., New York. District vice-presidents chosen the AWS included Fyke, Stand- ard Oil Development Co., Elizabeth, J.; Jennings, Westinghouse Electric Mfg. Co., East Pittsburgh; Sieger, S-M-S Corp., Detroit; Chapman, Hedges-Walsh-Weid- ner division, Combustion Engineering Co., Chattanooga, Tenn.; and Gowing, Hobart Bros., Los Angeles. Dr. David Jacobus, past presi- dent the AWS and one the real “deans” the welding industry, was the recipient this year’s Samuel Wylie Miller Memorial Award for his outstanding contributions period many years the art and seience welding. Dr. Jacobus, now retired, gained reknown connection with his work chairman the executive committee the Boiler Code Committee. Now nearly years old, has actively followed the de- velopments welding and was instru- mental bringing liberal rules dealing with welded pressure vessels, that there now limita- tion the use welding for any thickness size pressure vessels providing the welding properly done and meets required tests. Long affiliated with Babcock Wil- cox Co., cooperated tests made berton, Ohio, fusion welded vessels under intermittent pressures. These tests demonstrated the dependability properly made fusion welds and established the working stresses which HARLES HERTY, JR., assistant the vice president, Bethlehem Steel Co. Mr. Herty was the recipient the Albert Achievement Award, ASM. Sauveur col tes the ml ry HANSEN, consulting engi- neer, Harnischfeger Corp., Milwau- kee, was president the American Welding Society during the past year. ¥ E HARTER, vice president Bab- cock Wilcox Co., Barberton, Ohio, was elected vice president the Amer- ican Welding Society. Shipping, New York, was elected president the American Welding Society. could safely used. After these tests, the Navy issued specifications for fusion welded drums, including the requirement that the main seams X-rayed, and the Boiler Code Com- mittee published tions for fusion welded drums shells power boilers. 4 al ENT VAN HORN, research metal- lurgist Aluminum Co. America, leveland, was elected vice president the ASM for 1943-44. accepting the Miller award, Dr. Jacobus mentioned that Mr. Miller was the class 1887 Stevens Institute Technology and Dr. Jacobus was one mentioned Mr. Miller’s work preparing Air Pressure Tank Safety orders which were adopted the A.S.M.E. its first edition Un- fired Pressure Vessel Code. The Lincoln Gold Medal Award presented annually the American Welding Society was awarded this year jointly Drs. Gilvert Doan, Robert Stout, and John Frye, all whom are associated with Lehigh University. The award was made these men for their develop- ment the so-called Lehigh System predicting ductility weldments. For outstanding papers presented welding during the past year, three Resistance Welder Manufacturers As- sociation prizes were presented AWS. Hess, assistant profes- sor metallurgical engineering and head the welding laboratory Rensselaer Institute was the recipient one these awards for his outstanding contributions welding both the form technical papers presented before the society and for the work has done weld- ing research. Richard Della-Vedowa, Lockheed Aircraft Corp., Burbank, Calif., and Mabel Rockwell, Lockheed Aircraft Corp., were also recipients Resis- tance Welder Manufacturers Associa- tion prizes this year. Wire Association Flint Elder, special research en- gineer American Steel Wire Co., Cleveland, delivered the Wire Asso- ciation’s Mordica Memorial Lecture this year, his paper being entitled: “The Wire Drawing Die.” The tech- nical sessions the Wire Association this year fell generally into two clas- sifications, the first being wire drawing problems from the mill stand- point and the other being the use substitute materials covering wire. Two papers worthy note the former class were those John Aiken, Jones Laughlin Steel Corp., and Rodman Tatnall, Wickwire Spencer Steel Co. Mr. Aiken’s paper dealt with drawing practices the manufacture wire for steel wire rope, and Mr. Tatnall’s paper con- cerned brittleness resulting from hy- drogen spring steels. The matter substitute materials place those formerly used but now government critical lists for covering wire was discussed some length. Lead base coatings sub- stitute for zinc, vinyl resins for wire and cable cover- ing, electrical insulating tapes, and coating wire with synthetic compounds extrusion, were the subjects the several papers presented that were devoted this phase wire produc- tion. THE IRON AGE, October 28, gh. | j on ade sels and hich 4 q int Steel 4 the ward, Cc 4 Dr. MATHEWSON 1943 Edward Mille Campbell Memorial Lecturer. Dr. Mathew- son professor Metallurgy Yale University and the Campbell Lecturer. 1920 Edward DeMille Camp- bell, professor chemistry and director the chemical laboratory the University Mich- igan, became charter member the Detroit Chapter the American So- ciety for Steel Treating. April, 1921, was elected honorary mem- bership, being the fourth person receive this distinction. died September 18, 1925. December 1925, the American Society for Steel Treating, seeking commemorate his achievements, established the Campbell Lecture. The first Campbell lecture was given Chi- cago year ago Dr. William Minot Guertler Charlottenberg, Ger- many,” and Dr. Zay Jeffries, 1927, concluded this paragraph edging the privilege presenting the second lecture. Last year’s lecture Professor John Chipman seventeenth the series. have chosen the subject strain hardening and recrystallization for this lecture because own think- ing lies the root the extra- ordinary versatility our common metals and alloys. Whatever them mill shop practice pro- vokes response the form strain; certain disturbance and re- adjustment the atoms within their 54—THE IRON AGE, October 28, 1943 ¥ j Y structural frame crystallinity. Much known about crystal struc- ture, slip systems, macroscopic move- ments the material bulk, empir- ical microstructures, rates change from one observed state another, size precipitated fragmented particles produced heat treatment plastic deformation and there enormous accumulation data strength properties related speci- fied conditions treatments, X-ray evaluations lattice changes, such line displacement broadening, but general understanding changes the pattern atomic interplay which must responsible for the major effects, and these are indeed miracles transformation. seem ac- cept with feeble imagination the fact that metal may doubled strength merely changing its mated the thought which has gone into this bottomless pit because lead- ers our science and technology have been constrained express opinions, reaching all the way from Tammann’s bold assumption “an unknown change the atoms” through in- terlude slip interference (Jeffries) reconstructed Taylor into form interference one system crys- tal faults with the propagation an- other set, the more generalized assumption that strain-hardening hardening resistance slip due some strained configuration the atomic arrangement, not necessarily restricted imperfect lattice. The confusion all this readily appears when seek look into the working possibilities unfamiliar metals such the hexagonal metal, beryllium, which would invaluable had enovgh and could make behave plastically. al- leged that small amounts ductile beryllium have been prepared sub- limation, but metal far commer- cially available cannot cold worked. MATHEWSON Yale University what process considering its hypothetical structural faults the change which might take place its atoms, its capability assume “ductile” configuration strain its crystal structure can form opinion concerning its inherent brit- tleness ductility. short, the purpose this paper prevailing scientific opinion, em- phasize certain divergent attitudes mind and point out the need for further study various obscure fea- tures crystal plasticity. careful examination the early history investigations concerning the plastic behavior metal crystals and the discovery slip-bands was made Dr. Mathewson. His investi- gations went back the work Ewing and Rosenhain, years ago, through the latest work done strainhardening and recrystallization. The strong and weak points the various theories were presented. Mod- ern geometrical correlations between extension, change orientation, shear stress and strain the operations slip and twinning were discussed some length, with analyses the individual investigations these phases the author. Concepts slip-interference and analysis the Taylor theory fault propaga- tion lead recent work done Dr. Mathewson and conclusions from his investigations.—Ed. The simple process utilizing the elastic shear strain energy many spacings block strain intermediate spacing through the potential barrier opposing slip lacks the realization unbalanced shears competent force the rearrangement. Thus, Fig. every spacing the elastically strained parallelogram (originally rectangular) held Axis © ’ co les the the ter dec | ma cre yie ove int cer in and balance the neighboring spacings. slip the central spacing carried one quarter the distance through the identity period (one- eighth each side the median plane) the position maximum shear stress, Fig. (the usual dia- gram representing shear strain single spacing), will reached. There now the impossible condition the shear, somewhat less than the original shear, bal- ancing the large shear, designated that is, considering the sum shears both sides the median plane, shear stress somewhat below, Fig. opposed the maximum shear stress, This not complete outline the situation because addition the elastic shear strain shown, other components strain (example, ex- tension) must encountered and the decreasing shear the block spacing during the suggested rearrangement may expected yield contraction the atoms approach their normal unstrained positions, while creasing shear the central spacing yields expansion the atoms move over one another. Whether not this introduces possibility realizing any rearrangement this character, certainly could not originate the perfectly homogeneous structure the original parallelogram. little re- Axis rotation (112) Abstract—1943 Campbell Memorial Lecture flection however makes appear highly improbable that all parts the crystal can carry exactly the same strain, owing the practical cer- tainty dimensional irregularities atomic scale, crudely illustrated with great exaggeration Fig. 1b. Such structure would yield first the spacing possessing the smallest number atoms and the greatest shear strain. Its location Fig. the dotted median line, but this diagram attempt has been made show the assumed small vari- ations shear strain. therefore, compelling basis, apart Diagram possible funda- mental rotations crystallites. RIGHT cal elastic origin slip. LEFT (a) from the assumption internal faults, for localized incidence slip, perhaps continuing through many identity periods, before changing another site. this connection, Treuting and Brick their examinations lightly strained brass crystal, observed shear the order 700 atom diam- eters per active micrographically re- solved slip plane and “the evidence that once this shear has occurred fur- ther slip occurs the next block spacing about 2000 atoms away.” Bar- rett high magnifications obtained with the electron microscope observed Shear Stress THE IRON AGE, October 28, = ts er m- ea- rly ing Vas | sti- the Lod- the (c) 3—Schematic pole figure for the plane showing the rotation crystallites with reference normal posi- tion slip plane strained crystal. sharply differentiated lines observed slip had confined itself one pair planes. Fig. cannot construed ad- mit premature incidence slip the small shear stress, Fig. constituting minute fraction, say 1/1000th the maximum shear stress, representing the theoretical poten- tial peak the barrier opposing slip.* Parenthetically, should noted that order make these relation- ships visible the various diagrams Fig. greatly exaggerated value very close the origin, observed elastic shears are the order one hundredth one thousandth instead nearly one sixteenth spacing shown here. the contrary, structure such the one shown Fig. were strained accordance with the re- quirements the uppermost sine curve Fig. might expected yield along the dotted path value stress only little below the neously strained structure; which the general order magnitude the shear modulus, viz., ac- cording Orowan. However, mechanism slip dif- ferent from the one corresponding the upper sine curve Fig. has already been suggested plausible basis for the nucleation the twins which grow out the confused pat- tern deformational markings most cold worked face centered cubic metals annealing. This reso- lution the macroscopic slip move- ment, according the conventional plan shear indicated the long arrows Fig. 1d, into movements, 56—THE IRON AGE, October 28, 1943 Specimen Shear 0.39 Specimen Shear 0.27 4—Stereographic projections with constructions giving orientation new aluminum crystals (open triangles) from orientations original strained crystals (black triangles). slip plane; slip direction; pole specimen axis; first axis rotation; and second axis rotation. twinning and, return the original structure. assumed that much lower stress requirement associated with these movements except the very early stage the displacement. Fig. the hypothetical stress strain curves corresponding these move- ments are projected from their true locations deg. clockwise and deg. counter-clockwise, respectively, into the plane containing the previously relationship during slip. These projected curves lie the bottom the left hand half Fig. While detail near the origin can shown this scale, the underlying assumption made that the close packed strings atoms are load carrying fibers which elastically strained the rational slip directions, denoted the long arrows Fig. 1d, through certain finite displacement before the stress ‘equirement for movement the atoms deg. out line highest stress concentration realized. From this (yield) point onwards the stress requirement for these new movements considered only small frac- tion the stress requirement for continuation the original rectilinear movement over the walls the low- potential valleys, and the result plastic shear, jump, the new direction. If, owing variations electronic structure, the twin-position not stable point 0-potential, some inter- mediate curve shear strain may realized shown. This also curve and corre- sponds hypothetical path de- creased resistance denoted the curved arrow Fig. 1d. Inherent this construction the necessity for kind rota- tion from the one accompanying the simple shear the preceding dia- grams (rotation around axis the slip plane perpendicular the slip direction). shown Fig. 1d, atom strings pulling against one an- other the directions the long arrows separate laterally while mov- ing forward and this exerts com- plication stress the spacing which may expected yield not only translation some direction between the conventional slip and twinning directions but also rota- tion around its own polar axis. other words the weakness spac- ing which manifest the com- monly recognized process slip may also manifest itself weakness, apart from true shear. There are two groups experi- mental studies that lend support this theory. First, the work Collins, whieh came under own observation the Hammond Laboratory, while di- rected primarily the study rota- tions the Taylor sense large number aluminum crystals dif- ferent orientations. That spread diffraction spots from the slip plane corresponding different settings the crystal around axis the slip plane either normal parallel the slip direction, gave evidence some other form dis- tortion. The situation outlined the simple sketch Fig. Here, the shading represents the slip direction and the observed change orienta- tion the slip plane (111) from its horizontal position indicated are either boundary described around the designated axis rota- tion [112]. Change orientation reo “ro sho figu tal, tati abo nor dire late tati or tion rota own rota plar wou pole men tion tion Spree mum was tatio Ham ially hum this direc axis this corre cent perce The the lov vel cor lit rot vis: Serve tion but “neg the dia- the an- long mov- com- not and rota- spac- com- may tional which ion rota- large dif- the fferent axis nal gave dis- ined ere, the irection rom its rota- rotation the slip planes around their polar axis similarly repre- lower right around the axis [111], with reference observations vertical surface plane (112), normal the slip plane. course, some condition fragmentation crystal- lite formation different amounts rotation different parts (blocks lamellal) the crystal must en- visaged connection with this sketch. general summary the observed reorientation the slip plane the “rotated” strained crystallites shown the form schematic pole figure referred the normal position the slip plane the strained crys- tal, reproduced from Collins’ disser- tation, Fig. The figure shows poles the slip plane (111) spread prin- cipally the direction the [110] pole would caused rotation about axis [112] the slip plane normal the slip direction, together with small spread poles lateral directions* Collins observes that this lateral spread would caused ro- tation about the slip direction [110] nature. Obviously, the slip tion were changed continuously rotation the slip plane about its own axis (II Fig. the primary rotation about axis the slip plane normal the slip direction would produce lateral spread poles, observed these experi- ments. major rotation the direc- tion the original unstrained orienta- tion and addition small “negative” rotation opposite direction Spread towards Fig. (3) was ob- served. The major “positive” rota- tion increased with the amount shear but relationship between the small mum, deg.) and the amount shear was apparent. direct test the hypothetical ro- tation around the vertical axis Fig. Hammond Laboratory utilizing spec- ially selected single crystal alumi- num made the strain-anneal tech- nique. The straining process was ex- pected proceed simplest form this crystal because slip plane and direction were equally inclined the axis (33%-34 deg.). After straining, this angle was found 31% deg, cent and shear 0.13 operation the appropriate slip system. The elongation served 2-in. gage length was 10. The X-ray beam was incident surface plane, carefully prepared abrasion and etching, approximately parallel (112) shown the right Fig. and normal the axis rotation [111] the plane. Expo- sures were made with the angle incidence beam specimen altered steps one degree the vicinity the normal for second order diffraction from the desired (112) plane, using copper target. Diffrac- tion maxima were found 66, 67, and deg., indicating rotation deg. (112) planes the “crystal- lites” about axis normal both the slip plane and slip direction. Finally, the “Taylor rotation” about axis the (111) plane normal the slip direction was checked this crystal examining surface plane cut parallel the operative slip plane. Diffraction maxima over angular spread deg. were also found this test. The other group experimental results which view can ex- plained only terms some form complex slipping, with associated complexity strain, concerns the origin nuclei recrystallization after plastic strain and the orienta- tion the new crystals. There abundant literature concerning tural conditions established the various processes cold working, which must carried far along give recognizable effects this sort, and the associated recrystallization structure. Although certain relationships, in- cluding often similarity between the “cold-worked” and “recrystallization” textures have been noted, strained elements the former gave rise the crystals composing the lat- ter, good comparison between strained crystallites and recrystallized grains can made because the unknown combination operative slip systems and the incapacity X-ray techniques reveal their definition the textural pattern the extreme orientations minute amounts the “fragmented” crystal- lites. The earliest studies recrystal- lization (for example, Mathewson and Phillips) made clear that the new crystals grow out the most severely strained regions the matrix, revealed the etch-markings severely deformed structures and there have been recent attempts find the nuclei recrystallized alumi- num the severe “local distortions” crystallite rotations around axis the slip plane normal the slip direction, following the analogy ‘guide rollers’ operating between the slip planes, associated with the Taylor theory. Barrett reviews this situation with care and finds clear predomi- nance the orientations that would predicted the Taylor theory the texture single crystal aluminum compressed about per cent. “While fragments were found distributed throughout range deg. from the mean orientation, the spread was not the directions re- quired the theory.” view the uncertain complexity the deformation when carried be- yond its very early stages, would seem most fruitful search for the nuclei recrystallization axially strained single wholly within the range operation single slip system. important observation made Van Arkel and 5—Stereographic projections with constructions giving orientations new brass crystals (open triangles) from orientation original strained crystal (black triangles}. slip plane; SD, slip direction; specimen axis; first axis rotation; and second axis rotation. Percentage elongation strained crystal, 3.75; shear 0.074. Crystal THE IRON AGE, October 28, q q q q | q q q | ° ° ° q q q q q q q 4 q 7 Van Amstel that the growth crystal into its surroundings ceases given even slight amount plastic strain seems demonstrate that nuclei originating (by common strained parts crystal must have lost their strain before they started grow. This has been interpreted various ways. may imagined that they form spontaneously the strained structure much crystal- lization nuclei form liquids. pre- fer the interpretation that they are fragments crystallites finite condition strain which the effec- tive temperature recrystallization are unloaded from within and begin new existence their reoriented state strain-free, growing crystals. not difficult visualize frag- mented areas slip planes held various stages elastic shear strain between the macroscopic blocks with which associate the term, block slip. While complete picture internal unloading mechanism can given, know that the strain dis- appears annealing and may presumed that these strained crystal- lites tend rotate simple me- chanical model elastically sheared blocks would removing the tension load. If, the simplest atomic model, the elastic shear had been less than halfway through identity period the rotation would towards the original unstrained configuration and had been more than halfway, reverse the shearing force the rotation would away from the in- itial orientation. wide angular spread orienta- tions might result from such process but the slip plane reference these nuclei would lie wholly zone determined [112] the axis rota- tion the case [110] slip the generally accepted sense. Collins and Mathewson have shown the orientations two aluminum crystals obtained annealing single crystal tension test pieces, designated and R3, after straining shears 0.39 and 0.27, respectively, the operating slip system. These are re- produced Fig. neither instance could the orientation the new grains related that the original crys- tal any single rotation. Obviously, simple way derive the orientation one these new from that its progenitor would find axis rotation the original slip plane which would transfer this slip plane its new location and then adjust the positions all other rotated poles their 58—THE IRON AGE, October 28, 1943 observed final positions rotation, this time around the pole the relocated slip plane. These opera- tions are indicated the arrows Fig. similar treatment the two re- crystallized grains obtained Treut- ing (Yale Dissertation 1942) from single crystal alpha brass annealed hr. 1562 deg. after straining tension average shear over 6—Stereographic projection the orientation deformed brass single and the five crystal new grains formed Solid triangles are poles original strained crystal (after shear 0.25); open mark- ings are poles new crystals; the pole the stress axis; and the original slip direction and plane. 5-in. gage length 0.074 given Fig. spite the generality this process, which obviously can produce any desired reorientation, physical basis apparent the assumption previously discussed that slip between blocks, actuated strain the conventional [110] slip direction throughout the block spacings, can pursue curved path minimum re- sistance, resulting complex strain, chiefly characterized rotation around variable axis the slip plane combined with rotation around the pole the slip plane. Various orientations arise from the different positions strain held rium the block structure and the consequent diversity orientations assumed the crystallites when their strain released annealing. this composite picture plastic deformation seems extravagant its non-conform- ity the generally accepted idea simple translation crystallagraphic- ally significant directions, must also admitted that some hitherto un- announced complexity deformation needed clarify the devious rela- tionship between recrystallized grains and the strained crystals from which they originate. this latter connec- tion, Barrett this section) has given many examples unpre- dictable orientations the recrystal- lization aluminum after extensive compression and have reproduced dissertation, projection combining lized grains with the orientation the original crystal after the com- paratively small amount which produced tensile elongation less than per cent. The octa- poles shown not exhibit any easily specified characteristics ori- entation. Perhaps the near-random- ness this distribution influenced the condition that the axis the crystal had reached position corre- sponding double slipping (which was actually observed the speci- men) and near the center the projection that stress inhomogenities might easily bring additional, closely adjacent, systems into play. Crystal No. can traced twin- ning the second slip plane, whose pole the filled triangle the upper left-hand quadrant, performing the simple rotations corresponding the assumed condition strain original nucleus, such rotation about deg. around axis the slip plane bringing this pole the nearby position numbered, lowed the usual twin-rotations (180 deg. around the pole the ning plane) the other octahedra poles, after their rotation around the first axis, and finally rotation some deg. these three poles around the first. all poles numbered, into tions shown. Crystal No. also twinned, but this case with reference the filled triangle the lower left hand quadrant which would not normally operate slip plane stretching single crystal with its axis the designated position, The condition double-slipping not well enough understood relation the present interpretation slip its simplest form permit any evaluation this abnormality, which may indeed due some unknown conditon crystal unsymmetrical application stress. Crystals and may obviously derived from the original crystal the double rotations ously described. fro leg the nov phy tha tan ope abil tilit zon gro othe tute ana wid tilit ber test test Stea prac tain heat well heat la- ins ich ec- yn) tal- sive ced tal- om- rain tion any ori- need the peci- the osely twin- vhose the the its tation the the fol- ations hedral ion brings 2d, but the hand etching the enough present implest this due may original pre- ANY technical papers sented the 24th annual meeting the American Welding Society relate basic studies the hardenability steel the heat affected zone fusion welded structures. Approaches being made from half dozen directions col- lege and industrial research groups Basic Welding Research Greatly Extends Range are surprisingly close agreement and now possible predict the ductility welded joint resulting from given welding procedure. Other papers dealt with more prac- tical problems welding aircraft, shipbuilding, railroads plants. number the more sig- nificant reports are abstracted here. eldability Related Ductility Heat Zone portant failures ships during the past year, some basic studies are now being undertaken relating the physical and metallurgical phenomena that occur are welding. impor- tant series papers this subject opened the meeting the American Welding Society Monday after- noon, all them discussing weld- ability steel related the duc- tility the metal the heat affected Two separate approaches have been made the problem, one group Lehigh University and the other Rensselaer Polytechnic Insti- tute and remarkable how closely these two reports