The Iron Age 1943-10-14: Vol 152 Iss 16

aty CTOBER 14, 1943 OCT 1843 bearings wil fabrication—melting, rolling, forging, heat ind, treating, machining. This knowledge cannot gained few weeks ailable months; requires years actual experience the making the steel and the making the bearings. ive will Thus there can substitute for the combined experi- manufacturers. That why Timken Roll Neck Bearings S.A.E. Steel (with higher nickel content) ean made Chrome-Nickel Steel have unapproached many years, the steel being produced our record performance and endurance many own steel plant. the world’s largest and most important rolling mills. originally adopted this steel for roll neck The Timken Roller Bearing Company, Canton, Ohio. ings because, research and testing our laboratories had proved the best steel for this purpose. However, order take full advantage its desir- able characteristics, know the steel intimately every phase its manufacture and if | PATRIOTIC PLAN NOW FOR THE POSTWAR ERA Warner Swasey offers you practical help postwar planning. hove corps engineers who are skilled all machine operations involved production preci- sion parts made metal. They are helping many plants improve methods and machines for greater production. They will continue so, but their services are also available management interested plan- ning now for the future. Write Warner Swasey, Cleveland Ohio. ARNER SWASEY field men have kept contact with hundreds manufacturers throughout this war period. production engineers they are offering their experience help shops that converted war and the hundreds new plants that were built exclusively for war purposes. one large aircraft plant, they recommended changes machining sequences that produced volume ten turret lathes equal that twenty turret lathes working under former method. plant they advised different model machine than the ones being used for the same operation the prime contractor; resulted greater production—and lower cost per piece. another war plant (one the world’s largest) group Warner Swasey engineers worked for weeks, planning machines and layout for the entire metal turning department. Many manufacturers, looking ahead, know transition from war peacetime production must accomplished quickly they are maintain employment. They realize that postwar competition will keen—that only the most modern machines, techniques, and methods will keep them front the struggle for domestic and foreign markets. Planning for postwar can done now without impairing all-out production necessary win the war. The war’s end will bring new challenges—and American industry must prepared accept them. Turret Lathes IT YADNITD SWASE’ WITH A WARNER k DOWADOESA SWASE CAN TURN BETTER, FASTER, FOR LESS... intain —that new them. ASE Y VAN DEVENTER President and Editor BAUR Vice-President General Manager Editorial and Advertising Offices 106 East 42nd St., New York 17, USA Johnson, Market Research Baur, Typography and Business Managers New York New York 100 East 42nd St. 100 East 42nd Pittsburgh 1016 Guardian Bidg. 428 Park Bidg. Chicago Chilton Bidg. 1134 Otis PEIRCE LEWIS WARREN RAYMOND KAY Los Angeles 2420 Cheremoya Ave. Owned Published CHILTON COMPANY Executive Offices Chestnut and Séth Sts., Philadelphia 39, Pa., U.S.A. OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS MUSSELMAN, HILDRETH Vice-President GEORGE GRIFFITHS Vice-President TERHUNE Vice-President VAN DEVENTER Vice-President BAUR Vice-President WILLIAM BARBER, Treasurer JOHN BLAIR MOFFETT, Secretary CHASE THOMAS KANE HARRY DUFFY CHARLES Member, Audit Bureau Circulations Member, Business every Thursday. Subscription Price North America, South America and Possessions, $8; Foreign, year. Single Copy, cents. Number, IRON AGE Vol. 152, No. Editorial More Muscle—Less Fat. ° ° Metal Congress Preview Preview Metal Congress Correlated Technical Program, ASM, AWS, AIME, List Exhibitors Technical Articles How Estimate Hardening Depth Bars Alloy Steel Specifications Hardness Testing With Barcol Impressor Special Addition Agent Supercooled Welding Electrodes Features News Front Assembly Line Washington Fatigue Cracks Dear Editor News and Markets Asserts Can Save Four Billion Steel Center Every State Urged Senator.......... Gray Iron Founders Hear Claim More Steel September Ingot Output Sets 30-Day Mark............. Loss Coal Output 10,000 Tons Per Day Cited Personals and Obituaries Non-Ferrous Metals News and Developments Non-Ferrous Metals Prices; Scrap Prices Iron and Steel Scrap News and Prices Comparison Prices Year Finished Iron and Steel Steel and Warehouse Prices Stainless Steel, Tool Steel Semi-Finished Iron and Steel Prices Pig Iron Ore and Coke Prices Ferroalloy Prices Index Advertisers October 14, 1943 295 — ° ° ° oses. 122 182 184 186 190 191 192 193 193 196 197 198 You can SEE the advantages Cc 4 ol limi Clean air only whirled upw tank below. through ices, thor ective Ventilation Visibility Adaptable ANY PLANT ANY product may be, the precisely for each specific They will cooperate the entire painting production a | ‘ anetructian af é all wre bap me gis water sprays, projected ougn wasn ni rrom air and ers nes, Rust 2s, Hydro-Filter Spray Booths, Ovens All Types, Filtered Air Supply Dust Many Other Units Special Production Complete Finishing fic ESTABLISHED Oct. 14, 1943 VAN DEVENTER President and Editor BAUR and General Manager ° DIX Monager, Reader Service News, Markets Editor...D. JAMES Technical Editor......... OLIVER Editors PHAIR MacDONALD BARMASEL BUTZNER Editorial Assistants SCHIEN WILLIAMS BUTTERS Regional News and Technical Editors CAMPBELL Pittsburgh 428 Park POST Chicago 1134 Otis Bidg. Washington National Press Bidg. BROWNE Washington Press Bidg. LLOYD Cleveland 1016 Guardian Bidg. BRAMS Detroit 7310 Woodward Ave. OSGOOD MURDOCK San Francisco 1355 Market St. Editorial Correspondents ROBERT Cincinnati PENLEY Buffalo FRAZAR Boston HUGH SHARP SANDERSON Toronto, Ont. RAYMOND KAY Los Angeles JOHN McCUNE ROY EDMONDS JAMES DOUGLAS Seattle More Muscle—Less Fat HIS the “Metal Congress Number” The Iron Age. Some you first glance may not recognize such for not customarily has been. believe that the duty publications well soldiers war time take off fat and put muscle. was for this reason that announced our first issue Janu- ary this year that for the duration the Iron Age would publish more “special numbers” the advertising sense. That view the necessity conserving paper, which critical material, would neither solicit nor accept extra business for such issues, profit- able such may have been the past. may interest you know, and certainly want you know, that The Iron Age has not only lived the paper restrictions imposed upon all publications the War Production Board Jan. but has ex- ceeded these required savings. And believe have done this with- out detracting the least from our service either readers adver- believe implicity that service readers publications such ours determines advertising value. Such service war time lies helping our readers fulfill their obligations their country and the cause increasing production and decreasing waste. The profit angle, which important peace time, entirely secondary now. Both for you and for us. Industrial publications serving the war industries societies such the American Society for Metals comprise the “intelli- gence section” production. important for producers have the correct and latest information with which plan their strategy for our generals staff and field. Thus, our first obligation keep our readers exceptionally well posted both the constantly occurring developments techniques and the equally constantly occurring changes administrative regulations. This have done the best our ability. The second obligation use whatever material the way paper that remains best serving our regular advertisers. This the same principle followed every manufacturer connection with what- ever material may obtain over and above that required for war material production. The several million pages paper that are saving refusing capitalize fully the earning power this issue will devoted the needs our regular customers—our readers and advertisers. | & | | { des: Y | § 4 — Only four operations are necessary form diameter in. deep cylinder that part shell container used the U.S. Navy. the first operation 18-in., 19-gage, blank, cut from Inland deep drawing sheets, formed into cylinder in. diameter in. deep. The sec- ond operation reduces the diameter in. and increases the depth in. the third operation 7-in. 8%-in. cyl- inder placed bottom end over the lower die. The upper die, pressing against St. Milwaukee Detroit St. Paul Here 7-in. cylinders are turned inside out and reduced to-6 in. diameter. 17" Steel Cylinders- St. Louis Drawn from Inland the bottom the 7-in. cylinder, forces into the lower die, turning the cylinder inside out while reducing the diameter in. and increasing the 12% in. the final operation cylinder placed over the upper die which forces through aring die, drawing the cylinder final size, diameter in. deep. These cylinder forming operations, like many other difficult war jobs, are proof the uniformity and high quality Inland flat rolled steel products—products that are being used 100% for Victory. Chicago Illinois Kansas City Cincinnati New York re INLAND STEEL COMPANY Front 1943 The military truck program, anticipating destruction European railroads, calls for capacity trucks assemblies well into six figures. last full civilian truck production year, only 14,458 trucks were produced Phosphate coating steel prior electroplating with silver has been found result great improvement adhesion. Most the phosphate coating appears during the first stages plating. The principle involved will likely applicable other metals. recently worked out diagram method enables prediction the dimensions square bars, 1:2 flat bars, and the thickness plates which will have desired center hardness for predetermined severity quench. the same method, metallurgists can predict the diameter round bars having desired hardness any point. Aluminum, brass, copper, steel and plastics can all hardness tested with the Barcol impressor, quick lightweight shop instrument. Newly developed practical instrument, its principles were first published 1857. Tests indicate refrigeration will bring tremendous production increases aircraft spot welding. 5000 welds can made without dressing electrodes. And: Aircraft tests with negative angle milling show production rises great 450, 2000 and 3000 per cent. Critical figure for losses mission for several years has been assumed per cent. per cent two years ago represented the charge about tons bombs for the loss one machine and seven highly trained men from every ten aircraft sent out. But, today, per cent loss means for every one machine and its crew seven lost, about tons bombs are dropped. But: Allied losses the German bombing run are mounting considerably, and are far more severe than the civilian These losses are leading the Germans that the Allied air offensive must slacken, basing the their own experience over Britain. But they make the mistake ignoring the great Allied aircraft production and enormous crew training The German bombing run shattering crew nerves. English crews make Continental bombing tours, then take 6-month rest, then more tours, then those surviving are permanently removed from combat. U.S. aviators make tours, then those surviving are returned the U.S., their air fighting over. few Englishmen have asked kept and have completed many 200 bombing tours. Some captured Germans have made high The Germans are throwing everything into the defense the homeland. Bombers run into high 500 fighters, which maintain their attack over distance several hundred miles, land and and resume their attacks the returning bombers. Luftflotten the Russian front have been stripped strengthen homeland defense. All types planes are thrown in, the commonest mixture being Focke- Wulf 190s and Messerschmitt 109s, but 88s, 110s and 210s are often seen the company the single-seaters. Dornier 217s, medium bombers, have been used night fighters. Germany frantically searching for answer night bombing. flares were used light the attackers. Relative failure this led them revert intense anti-aircraft barrage. Then the failure this led trying the flares again. Apparently Germany has highly developed facilities for radiolocation television aid defense. Some time ago Siemens, Lorenz, Telefunken, Albert Patin and other radio and electrical concerns advertised persistently for technicians skilled these trades, but the resort flares suggests that the progress made has not been enough. efficient radiolocation set similar apparatus would allow fighter attack the dark. = 4 7 4 q are q ITH less fanfare and glamour but considerably more prep- aration from the standpoint study technical developments and technological changes the metal- working industries during the past year, the 25th National Metal Con- gress and Exposition will get under way Chicago Oct. for five- day conference. The activities metal manufacturers the war pro- gram, order with the times, will covered the technical organ- izations participating the Metal Congress, with meetings geared di- rectly the war production effort and post-war planning. These or- ganizations which are cooperating with the American Society for Metals the Metal Congress—the American Institute ining and eMtallurgical Engineers, the American Welding So- ciety, and the Wire Association—have scheduled speakers who can and will GROSSMAN, director re- search for Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Chicago. President-elect American Society for Metals. 58—THE IRON AGE, October 14, 1943 aid disseminating information value manufacturers what are hoped the closing months the war. One the highlights the Chi- cago Metal Congress will the Amer- ican Society for Metals series practical sessions war production, conservation, and post-war planning the metal-working fields. These meetings will conducted about 200 men outstanding for their work the various phases covered the meetings. The clinics will deal with the pressing problems war produc- tion and conservation today and the place metal will fill the economy tomorrow. Such groups are expected provide central clear- ing house for the practical solution such problems. These meetings will all held the afternoon and evening sessions conducted A.S.M. Each planned affair, and discussions will kept purely technical and educational channels. The meetings will include discussions the following subjects: Advanced metal quenching practices including armor and armor pierc- ing shot; sampling and analysis Boron steels; non-destructive inspec- tion tests, including appraisal sur- face finishes and X-ray and Magna- flux inspection purchase steel the basis ex- pected performance; special alloy ad- ditives steel production; foundry metallurgy; and powdered metallurgy. Also, steelmaking methods will come meetings metal surface hardening. innovation this year’s Metal Show the A.S.M. “Victory Hour.” Each day the convention, except Wednesday, M., the A.S.M. will conduct 30-min. meeting addressed leaders business and labor and representatives the Army and Navy. meeting will devoted each these phases, with the thought being bring attendants closer realization the problems and performances management, labor, and the Armed Services. War and About technical papers will presented the A.S.M. technical meetings the Palmer House the morning meetings. There will three meetings conducted simultaneously each morning except Wednesday with three papers read each meeting. Heavier emphasis was placed this year research, witnessed the pro- portionately greater number papers that will presented representa- tives private and university re- search organizations and technolo- gists from government arsenals. The Iron and Steel and the Institute Metals Division the American Instittue Mining and Metallurgical Engineers will, usual, hold their fall meeting connection with the Na- tional Metal Congress and This meeting begins Oct. 16, lasting through Oct. 20, with meetings sched- uled for each these days and field trip through some Illinois coal mining operations Sunday, Oct. 17. tory problems the production man covered from both ferrous and non-ferrous metal standpoints, and there are two papers scheduled the theory deep drawing. From the FRENCH, has charge Alloy Steel and Iron Develop- ment, International Nickel Co. President the American So- ciety for Metals. — éd 2 — tes pre ing iron and steel producers’ angle, de- scription and the economics the two new western steel plants will hold great deal interest. These meet- ings, Tuesday, will delve deeply into management’s considerations the Kaiser Plant Fontana, Calif., and the Columbia Steel Co. plant Geneva, Utah. Among the other technical meetings that will conducted the A.I.M.E. will meetings physical metal- lurgy and the electron microscope; symposiums deep drawing; the practical aspects diffusion; co- hesive strength, and copper and copper-rich alloys. Also, three four papers hardenability and jominy tests well symposium seg- regation steel will interesting plant metallurgical staffs. The American Weding Society will present nearly technical papers simultaneous sessions every morning and afternoon during the week the Metal Show. These topics are major importance and will include sessions on: cutting, railroad welding, metal weldability, education, resistance weld- ing, welded tubing, flame hardening DR. MATHEWSON, Profes- sor Metallurgy, Yale Univer- sity. will deliver this year’s Edward Mille Campbell Me- morial Lecture. With initial war production problems out the way and pro- duction techniques and controls well established, the 25th National Metal Congress and Exposition will attempt give industry peep around the corner tomorrow the post-war manufacturing world. and hard facing, ship welding, re- search welding, aircraft, non-fer- rous welding and brazing, piping and distribution systems, inspection and training, repair and maintenance, pro- duction, and welding pressure ves- sels. Developments welding during the past year have been numerous because the emphasis for speed construction and fabrication brought the war. Many these new developments and techniques will come for discussion the meetings the American Welding Society. Welded construction railroad ap- plications will covered four pa- pers, while investigations the weld- ability various types steel and the evaluation weldability will covered five papers read technologists from various university laboratories, the Naval Research Lab- oratory, and Battelle Insti- tute. The interest ship welding high, and six papers two sessions ship welding cover planning, pre- fabrication, control, and welding tech- niques welded ship construction. Likewise, welding aircraft con- struction important present be- cause the demands the armed services for greater aircraft produc- tion. Eleven papers covering welding steel and non-ferrous metals used aircraft construction will present- ed. the session welding inspec- tion, qualification, and training symposium applicable methods inspection for are welding will cover shipbuilding, structural welding, weld- ing pressure vessels and piping, aircraft, and machinery. Training welding operators will also dis- cussed these meetings. The Wire Association will feature the Mordica Memorial Lecture which will delivered this year Elder, special research engineer American Wire Co. The topic Mr. Elder’s lecture will “The Wire Drawing Die.” With growing shortages base metals, every industry has had turn the use substitutes. paper the use lead base coatings substitute for wire galvanizing will discussed technical meet- ing the Wire Association. Other technical papers the Wire Asso- ciation will deal with hydrogen em- brittlement spring steels, glass insulations, the applications syn- thetic compounds wire extrusion, electrical paper insulations, and other phases commercial and electrical applications wire. The displays the National Metal Congress and Exposition will some- what restricted the showing lighter equipment, since the display rooms will located the seventh, eighth, and ninth floors the Palmer House. About 175 manufacturers have reserved space exhibit their equip- ment. DR. KENT VAN HORN, re- search metallurgist Aluminum Co. America, Cleveland. Vice president-elect the American Society for Metals. THE IRON AGE, October be the vith pro- pers § y nta- re- tute ican heir Na- hed- field ning man § and and the the So- Monday, Oct. 9:00 A.M. Quenching and Hardenability Hollow Zener, Watertown Arsenal, A.S.M., Palmer House. X-ray Study Brasses Formed the Interdiffusion Copper and Zine Deposited Glass Vaporization, Coleman, Yeagley, and Davey, Pennsylvania State College, A.S.M., Palmer House. The Microhardness Tester Metallur- gical Tool, Constance Brodie, General Electric Co., A.S.M., Palmer House. Regional Meeting Refractory Prob- lems from the Production Stand- point—Refractory Ferrous Metal Production, Hotel Sher- man. Theory Deep Drawing, two papers ar- ranged Karl Fetters, Iron and Steel Division, Hotel Sherman. Physical Metallurgy and Electron Micro- scope, A.I.M.E., Institute Metals Division, Hotel Sherman. 9:30 A.M. Presentation Medals and Prizes; The Adams Lecture, A.W.S., Hotel Morri- 9:45 A.M. Rates Cooling Blocks and Cylinders, macher, Carpenter Steel Co., A.S.M., Palmer House. Dimensional Changes Tube Sinking, Baldwin, Jr., and Howald, Chase Brass Cop- per Co., A.S.M., Palmer House. Parker, General Electric Co., Palmer House. Regional Meeting Refractory Problems from the Production Stand- point—Refractory Problems Non- Ferrous Metal Production, Hotel Sherman. 10:30 A.M. Alexander, Henry Disston Sons, Inc., Palmer House. Metallographic Study the Decompo- sition Austenite Manganese Steels, John Russell, Republic Steel Corp.. and Francis McGuire, Uni- Kentucky, A.S.M., Palmer ouse, preparation the foundry Hendy Ma- chine Co., Torrington, Conn. Photo By Ritchie Correlated Technical Program 25th National Metal Congress Flow and Rupture Metals, Zener and Hollomon, Water- town Arsenal, A.S.M., Palmer House. Meeting Refractory Problems from the Stand- point—Meeting the Hotel Directors’ Meeting Wire Association, LaSalle Hotel. 11:30 A.S.M. Victory Hour. Talk repre- sentative labor. 12:00 Noon Joint Luncheon Hotel Sher- man. 12:30 P.M. Directors’ Luncheon—Program tee and Speakers, W.A., LaSalle Hotel. 2:00 P.M. War Production, Conservation, and Post War Planning Meetings, A.S.M., Pal- mer House. Advanced Quenching Practices, in- cluding discussion armor and armor piercing shot. Sampling and Analysis Boron Steels. Description and Economics Kaiser Steel Plant Fontana, Cal., A.I.M.E. Regional and Iron and Steel Division, Hotel Sherman. Symposium Deep Drawing, Iron and Steel Division, Hotel Symposium Practical Aspects Dif- fusion, arranged Anderson, Institute Metals Division, Hotel Sherman. Flame Cutting Heavy Sections and Large Benyo, Bethlehem Steel A.W.S. Session Cutting, Hotel Morrison. The Welded Locomotive Boiler, Young, University Illinois, A.W.S. Railroad Session, Hotel Morrison. Investigations Lehigh, Gilbert Doan, Lehigh University, A.W.S. Weld- ability Session, Hotel Morrison. 2:30 P.M. Designing for Government Pur- poses, Paul Mueller, Revere Cop- and Brass Co., W.A., LaSalle Ho- tel. 2:45 P.M. Welding and Cutting Steel Mills, Morgan, American Rolling Co., A.W.S. Session Cutting, Hotel Morrison. Robert Moran, Missouri Pacific Rail- road, A.W.S. Railroad Session, Hotel Morrison. Investigations Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Wendell Hess, Rensse- laer Weldability Session, Hotel Morrison. 3:00 P.M. Description and Economics Columbia Steel Co. Plant Geneva, Utah, Regional and Iron and Steel Division, Hotel Sherman. Jackson and Luthér, Naval search Laboratory, A.W.S. Weldability Session, Hotel Morrison. 3:30 P.M. Electronic Control Gas-Cutting Ma- chines, McComb, General Elec- tric Co., A.W.S. Session Cutting, Ho- tel Morrison. Railroad Shop Welding and Cutting, Kenefic, Air Reduction Sales Co., A.W.S. Railroad Session, Hotel Morri- son, Weld Bead Hardness Tests Plain Car- bon, Nickel, and Steels, Oscar Harder and Voldrich, Battelle Memorial Institute, W.S. Weldability Session, Hotel Mor- rison. Factory, W.A., LaSalle Ho- tel. 4:00 P.M. General Meeting Board Directors, A.I.M.E., Hotel Sherman. 4:15 P.M. Machine Cutting for Assembly Line rication, Adams, Delco Prod- ucts Division, General Motors Corp., (CONTINUED PAGE 166A) THE IRON AGE, October 7 7 { cm Photo ton, Conn. ing ARDENING gear with Fellows flame hardener the plant Hendy Machine Co., Torri 62—THE IRON AGE, October 14, 1943 a | | Exhibitors the Metal Congress (All Exhibits 7th, 8th and 9th Floors Palmer House) Acme Tool Co., New York. Room 802. Agfa Ansco Corp., Binghamton, Room 714. Ajax Electric Co., Inc., Philadelphia. Room 801. Alien Property Custodian, Chicago. Room 724. Alloy Casting Co., Champaign, Room 787. Alox Corp., Niagara Falls, Room 742. Aluminum Co. America, Pitts- burgh. Rooms 705 and 731. American Allsafe Co., Buffalo. Room 814. American Brass Co., Waterbury, Conn. Rooms 836 and 838. American Car Foundry Co., New York, Room 859. American Chain Cable Co., Bridge- port, Conn. Room 729. American Gas Furnace Co., Elizabeth, Room 882. American Machine Metals, East Moline, Ill. Room 848. American Machinist, New York. Room 785. American Magnesium Corp., Cleve- land. Rooms 705 and 731. American Society for Metals, Cleve- land. Rooms 942W and 944W. American Transportation Co., Chicago. Room 712. Ampco Metal, Inc., Milwaukee. Room 846W. Anderson Oil Co., Portland, Conn. Room 749. Andresen, Inc., Pittsburgh. Room 967W. Atlas Publishing New York. Room 965W. Automotive Aviation Industries, Philadelphia. Room 977W. Baldwin Southwark Div., Philadel- phia. Room 828. Barrett-Cravens Co., Chicago. 803. Bastian Blessing Co., Chicago. Room 830. Room Bausch Lomb Optical Co., Rochester, Room 706. Berco Mfg. Co., Chicago. Room 903. Brickseal Refractory Co., Hoboken, Room 942. Brush Development Co., Cleveland. Room 843. Buehler, Chicago. Room 905W. Bell Gossett, Chicago. Room 788. Blue Book, Chicago. Room 878. By-Products Co., Coatesville, Pa. Room 732. Andrew Campbell Div., Bridgeport, Conn. Room 729. Canadian Radium Uranium Corp., New York. Room 717. Central Scientific Co., Chicago. Room 775. Chicago Flexible Shaft Co., Chicago. Room 761. Chicago Steel Foundry Co., Chicago. Room 727. Cities Service Oil New York. Room 807. Coffing Hoist Co., Danville, Room 943. Commerce Pattern Foundry Ma- chine Co., Detroit. Room 912. Conco Engineering Works, Mendota, Ill. Room 708. Conkey Co., Mendota, Room 708. Continental Industrial Engineers, Chi- cago. Room 905. Crown Rheostat Supply Chi- cago. Room 806. Continental Machines, Inc., Minnea- polis. Rooms 833 and 834. The Chilton Co., Philadelphia. 825. Daily Metal Reporter, Room 965W. Deepfreeze Div., North Chicago, Room 782. Sanno Son, Inc., Phoenix- ville, Pa. Room 777. Room 809. Diversey Corp., Chicago. Room 818. Dravo Corp., Pittsburgh. Room 960. The Drever Co., Philadelphia. 760. Bois Plastic Products, Inc., Buf- falo. Room 814. Allen DuMont Labs., Inc., Passaic, Rooms 841 and 842. Do-All Midwest Co., Chicago. Rooms 833 and 834. Dietert Co., Detroit. Room 879. Room New York. Room Eastman Kodak Rochester, Room 849. Engis Equipment €o., Chicago. Room 979W. Erickson Steel Co., Cleveland. Room 830. Eutectic Welding Alloys, Inc., New York. Room 711. Federal Telephone Radio Corp., Federal Products Corp., Providence, Room 815. Federal Refractories Corp., Ohio. Room 855. Firth Sterling Steel Co., McKeesport, Pa. Rooms 831 and 832. Gaertner Scientific Room 916. General Alloys Co., South Boston, Mass. Rooms 701 and 702. General Electric X-Ray Corp., Chi- cago. Room 728. Girdler Corp., Louisville, Ky. 733. Globe Machine Stamping Co., Cleve- land. Room 719. Claud Gordon Co., Chicago. 703. Gray-Mills Co., Chicago. Rooms 863- and 980W. Research Co., Detroit. 802. Handy Harman, New York. Room 744, Harnischfeger Milwaukee. Room 813. Harper Co., Chicago. Room 887. Heat Treating Forging, Pittsburgh. Room 969W. Hevi-Duty Electric Co., Milwaukee. Room 759. Hild Floor Machine Co., Chicago. Room 958. Hitchcock Publishing Co., Chicago. Room 878. Holden Co., New Haven, Conn. Room 762. Holliday Co., Hammond, Ind. Room 959. Houghton Co., Philadelphia. Room 901W. Illinois Testing Labs., Inc., Chicago. Room 757. Independent Pneumatic Tool Co., Chicago. Room 726. Indium Corp. America, New York. Room 835. Induction Heating Corp., New York. Room 860. (Continued Page 170) Akron, Corp., Chicago. Room Room Room THE IRON AGE, October | the demand for accur- ately controlled properties and for economy the use alloy steels, much progress has been made toward prediction response hardening. The accompanying dia- grams are presented one method making such prediction possible from the results Jominy end quench hardenability The diagrams are similar that given Asimow, Craig, and Gross- for the relation Jominy depth (distance from the quenched end) and ideal critical diameter (that size bar that will contain per cent martensite the center when hard- ened with ideal infinitely fast quench). These relations have been extended the accompanying dia- grams the use Russell’s’ con- stants for the cooling round bars include different rates cooling, graduated positions from center surface, and addition, the conver- sion from round bars squares, flats, Rockwell Hardness 1/2 Distance From Quenched End 1-1/2 64—THE IRON AGE, October 14, 1943 How Estimate ° and plates. With these charts, the severity quench known, pos- sible estimate directly from Jominy test data the hardness expected various positions round bars and the center square bars, 1:2 flat bars, and plates. If, addition Jominy hardenability data, the cross- sectional hardness has been deter- mined quenched bar the same steel, the severity with which the bar was quenched may estimated. Round Bars The degree hardening that attained during quenching given point har dependent not only the inherent hardenability charac- teristics the steel and the severity the quench, but also the actual cooling rate resulting from the sever- ity quench, bar size, bar shape, and position within the bar. poses mathematical treatment, the severity quench evaluated the ability the quenching medium LEFT hardenability steel sample. RIGHT 2—Cross-sec- tional hardness steel sample. ° JOHN LAMONT Research Union Carbide Carbon Research Lab- oratories, Inc., Niagara Falls, ° lower the surface temperature the bar. assumed that the tempera- ture gradient within the bar con- trolled the surface temperature. Thus the greatest conceivable sever- ity quench when the surface cooled instantaneously the temper- ature the quenching medium. Les- ser severity quench and larger sections lead less rapid reduction surface temperature and less steep temperature gradients between sur- face and center. These relations have been calcu- estimate the time required for any position round bar, square, flat, perature during quenching. The exact temperature intermediate between that the quench and the quenching medium that critical the hard- ening steel not known accurate- ly, but Asimow, Craig, and Gross- have determined the time re- quired for positions along Jominy Distance From Center In. spec the med used ing usin valu and The ture, ness fluen tion, the such Spec 6 | | Jo Depth Bars 2.0 radius (R) the bar. fractional distance and zero specimen cool half the temperature difference between the quenching temperature the bar and the temperature the quenching medium. For convenience, therefore, the time has been used constructing the accompany- ing charts from constants using thermal diffusivity coefficient 0.009 sq. in. per sec. The severity value used Grossmann, Asimow, and instead Russell’s The depth hardening, which may measured terms microstruc- ture, more conveniently hard- ness, expressed the radio the radius (r) unhardened core the the center and 1.0 the surface the bar. fluenced markedly rate agita- tion, composition, viscosity, the quenching medium well such things scale the surface. order, therefore, apply the data The diagrams this article enable one predict from the results Jominy end quench hardenability test: The severity quench—if, addition the Jominy test data, the cross-sec- tional hardness distribution known single bar the same steel quenched under the desired quenching conditions; (2) the diameter round bars having desired hardness any point be- tween the center and surface for predetermined severity quench; (3) the cross-sectional hardness distribution round bar given size for predetermined severity quench; the dimension square bars, 1:2 flat bars and the thickness plates having desired hardness the center for predetermined sever- ity quench; and (5) the hardness the center square bars, 1:2 flat bars and plate for predetermined severity quench. derived from the Jominy test bar other published methods such actual quenching conditions, the se- that Post, Greene, and Fenster- verity quench for given quench- ing condition should determined. The great differences quenching severities that can obtained with the same medium are shown Gross- mann and See Table Severity quench may estab- lished direct measurement cool- ing rate, but more convenient measure function the depth which bar steel hardens. This bars different sizes shown Grossmann, Asimow, and and 7.0 1-1/2 Distance From Water- Cooled End 3.0 ABOVE 3—Hardening end quenched Jominy hardenability bar specimen for fractional distance, corresponding per cent from the center. RIGHT FIs. 4—Location end quenched Jominy hardenability corresponding the center round bars. Round Bars that Queneau and that The method outlined here based the hardness data the steel obtained from the Jominy hardenability test, and from cross-sectional hardness data one bar hardened partially the center. order establish relation be- tween cooling rate (severity quench, bar size, bar shape, and posi- tion the bar) and hardenability, cooling rate when applied the same steel will produce the same hardness o Severity Quench Value —_ N Distance From Water- Cooled THE IRON AGE, October 14, n- ° ° ° re. ion ur- | ible lat, em- 2.0 ard- 5 5.0 =0.0 0.5 0.35 regardless bar size, position the bar, the quenching medium used. That is, specific “half-temperature” time will always produce the same hardness the same steel the position the bar which that “half-temperature” time attained. With this assumption, Figs. can used for the estimation severity quench from Jominy hard- enability data and from survey the cross sectional hardness quenched bar the same steel. For example, assume that steel has Jominy hardenability similar that illustrated Fig. and has the cross-sectional hardness shown Fig. after quenching in. diameter round bar. Then, selecting some con- venient hardness, say Rockwell will seen from Figs. and that Rockwell occurs depth in. from the water cooled end TABLE Severity Quench with Medium Air Oil Water Brine Condition Medium 0.02 0.3 2.2 1.0 Moderate Strong mo- tion medium 0.6-0.8 3.0-6.0 7.5 Strong current me- The fastest quench which the surface temperature the quenched bar lowered that the quenching medium has been designated ideal quench. The severity the Jominy bar and also occurs distance in. from the center fractional distance 0.5; that is, 0.5. Fig. diagram which shows hardening for fractional distance (also shown Fig. 9), the point which the line indicative in. the Jominy bar intersects the line representative in. diameter bar indicates quenching Once the value for severity quench has been established one steel for given quenching condition, this value remains the same long the quenching conditions re- main constant. is, therefore, pos- sible use this value order estimate the depth hardening another section another steel pro- vided the quenching conditions are unchanged. should noted that selection the size bar which determine cross-sectional hardness lishing severity quench values can estimated roughly reference 8.0 7.0 5.0 6.0 2.0 1/2 1-1/2 1/2 1-1/2 Distance From Water-Cooled End Distance From Cooled End In. 5—Location end quenched Jominy hardenability end quenched Jominy hardenability specimen corresponding per cent from the center round bars. specimen corresponding per cent from the center round bars. 8.0 5.0 7.0 2.0 =x 07 Ca 02 0.2 oO 1.0 Round Bars Round Bars Distance From Water- Cooled End Distance From Water- Cooled 7—Location end quenched Jominy hardenability 8—Location end quenched Jominy hardenability specimen corresponding per cent from the center round bars. IRON AGE, October 1943 specimen corresponding per cent from the center round bars. the frac abov For est abili for coole from abou this ence that Severity of Quench Grossmann’s H Vatue ity ter Severity of Quench Grossmann’s H Vatue 0.2 5.0 2.0 0.2 a Distance From Water-Cooled ABOVE 9—Location end quenched Jominy hardenability specimen corresponding per cent from the center round bars. BELOW end quenched Jominy hardenability specimen corresponding per cent from the center round bars. 100 5.0 8.0 7.0 1.0 Severity Quench Grossmann’s H Value Bar Diameter - In. 1 1-1/2 istance From Water- Cooled In. IG. end quenched Jominy hardenability specimen corresponding per cent from the center round bars. Severity Quench Grossmann’s H Value Bar Diameter - In. 172 1 11/2 2 Distance From Water- Cooled End - In. IG. end quenched Jominy hardenability specimen corresponding per cent from the center round bars. the Jominy curve, the fractional distance curves and the above table quenching severities. For example, suppose that the great- est change the slope the harden- ability curve convenient location for selection hardness value) occurs about in. from the water cooled end, and agitated oil quench from the table that values from about 0.6 0.8 are obtained with this type quench. Then refer- that with this type quench, round bar about in. would harden fractional distance the same degree would the Jominy bar depth in. smaller sized bar might harden too deeply and much larger bar would uneconomical. Depth Hardening predict the degree hardening expected specific locations quenched round bars. Because the obtaining complete hardening through the entire bar, the position Fig. has been shown somewhat larger scale than the other diagrams. optimum mechan- ical properties are developed steel, probable that for cer- tain severity quench bar should not used, the diameter which larger than that which will harden the center maximum hardness represented the “shoulder” (about 9/16 in. the diagram Fig. the Jominy hardenability For example, suppose that steel with the THE IRON AGE, October 14, he 8.0 10.0 one 6.0 3.0 2.0 nine can 100 0.70 10 = enter hardenability characteristics shown oil quenched with quenching sever- Fig. will seen that maximum properties could expected bars whose diameters not exceed in. have high surface hardness and relatively soft core, particularly applications which high surface loading occurs. This would indicate complete hardening some fractional depth between surface and center the bar. For purposes economy selecting steel for such applica- 2151 Bar Diameter - in Distance From Water- Cooled End -In which maximum hardness main- tained Jominy depth 9/16 in., then reference Fig. for r fractional distance 0.7 can estimated that severity quench value about 1.7 would re- quired. According the table given above, this rate cooling could obtained agitating the bar while quenching water. The hardness expected the core, depths greater than 0.6 in. from the surface this water quenched in. diameter bar may estimated from Figs. From Fig. will seen that the Jominy Severity Quench Grossmann’s Value Bar Diameter - In. 13—Location end quenched Jominy hardenability specimen corresponding 90. per cent from the center round bars. mate whether steel will harden the required depth below the surface without undue hardening center. This may done through the shown the relation between Jominy depth and bar size that will harden tween center and surface. For -in- stance, assume service requirements are such require complete hard- ening depth 0.6 in. below the surface in. diameter bar. This would mean that the steel would have fully harder fractional Tr surface. the steel has Jominy hardenability curve similar that shown the diagram Fig. IRON AGE, October 14, 1943 1007 Distance From Water-Cooled End conversion other shapes. Since the time cooling related the sur- face and volume the shape being quenched, the constants applicable round bars cannot applied such shapes square bars, flat bars, plates. However, Russell’ has derived constants for plates and indicated method deriving similar constants for square bars and various sizes flat bars. The relation the Jominy hardenability test the center square bars, 1:2 flats, and plates are shown Figs. 15, and 17. With dict from the results Jominy tests the degree hardening ex- Severity Quench Grossmann’s H Vatue -In 14—Location end quenched Jominy hardenability specimen corresponding the surface round bars. depth in. corresponds the center in. rd. bar hardened This Jominy depth the diagram Fig. then indicates center hard- ness the bar about Rockwell From this may estimated that depths greater than 0.6 in. from the surface, the hardness would decrease from about Rockwell the center. The exact hardness for intermediate locations may derived similarly from Figs. 10. Square and Flat Bars, Plates Although number investigators have the relation between the Jominy test and round bars, rela- tively little has been published pected the center these shapes when hardened with quenching sever and 0.35 (still oil). Although the relations are not given the gree completeness shown charts for round -bars, tion sufficient estimate roughly extent hardening may from these diagrams. Relation Round Bars some instances when hardenability data are not the size some shape that harden the same degree another shape when quenched same manner. Without some q wi Thickness - In. Round Bars 0.35 ar 3.0 wel que the ing uch ived ants niny are ith pre- tests Severity of Quench Grossmann’s H Vatue rs. shapes sever the the the oc 6.0 | =< | | Still Se i Water ” } SQUARE BARS 1 1-1/2 2 Distance From Water- Cooled End - In 15—Location end quenched Jominy hardenability specimen corresponding the center square bars. would accomplished only trial and error. However, using the rela- tions previously discussed for hard- enability, bar size, position bar and severity quench, was possible establish the direct relation for the center square bars, 1:2 flat bars, plates and round bars for hardening (infinite quench), (still wa- ter), and 0.35 (still oil), given Figs. 18, and 20. With these diagrams possible estimate the size bar that will harden the center the same de- gree that another shape known size when quenched with one the illustrated quenching severities. For instance, in. rd. bar will harden Rockwell the center after hardening with quenching severity 0.35, then, refer- ence Fig. 20, in. square, 11/16 in. thick 1:2 flat bar, in. plate will harden Rock- well the center after being quenched similar manner. will 17—Location end quenched Jominy hardenability specimen corresponding the center plates. Thickness - In. 112 noted the diagrams that the degree hardening expected square bars approaches that round bar, while the degree hard- ening 1:2 flat bars approaches that plates. will also noted that the ratio shapes becomes less pronounced the severity quench becomes great- er, that cannot assumed that there fixed ratio between two shapes unless the severity quench the same. Although these charts are based constants developed from sound rea- soning, their theoretical character should remembered and estima- tions derived from them should considered first approximations. limited number experiments have been made check the order their accuracy, but extended trials have not been carried out. Some practical limitations may expected. For ex- ample, the accuracy the charts questionable for very small sections. large sections the actual center Section Size fo 22 2s Still 035 Stu S FLAT BARS 1 1-1/2 2 1/2 Distance From Water- Cooled End - in IG. end quenched Jominy hardenability specimen corresponding the center flat bars. hardness often somewhat higher than that the adjacent material and might higher than shown the charts. There has been some suggestion that the effective value changes slightly with different sized bars and different compositions. This might expected cases when there the coefficient thermal diffusivity affected alloy content. also considered doubtful whether practically possible produce the very thin hardened skin that theo- retically possible shallow harden- ing steels. Although the applicability the charts must qualified, anticipated that they will permit estimation depth hardening with useful order accuracy. Bibliography 1W. Jominy and Boegehold, Test for Carburizing Steels,” Trans. A.S.M., 1938, 26, pages 574-606. 18—Relation round bar diameter bar plate thickness for ideal quench Bar Diameter THE IRON AGE, October 12.0 6.0 1:2 Flats 10.0 035 | oc q 12.0 | 10.0 Section Section Value 1.0 2.0 (Still Water) Value 0.35 (Still Bar Diameter Bar Diameter In. 19—Relation round bar diameter bar plate 20—Relation round bar diameter bar plate thickness for quenching still water thickness for quenching still oil 0.35). Jominy, “Hardenability Tests,” Publication, “Hardenability Low Alloy Steels,” 1939, pages 66-87. “Methods Determining Hardenabil- ity,” Handbook, 1943, pages 314- 324. Grossmann, “Correlation Between Jominy and Quenched Round Bars,” Trans., 1941, 36-49, pages 283-292. Russell, “Some Mathematical ‘Considerations the Heating and Cool- ing Steel,” Special Report No. 14, 1936, pages 149-187. Grossmann, Asimow, and Urban, “Hardenability, Its Rela- tion Quenching, and Some Quantita- tive Data,” A.S.M. Publication, “Harden- ability Alloy Steels,” 1939, pges 124- 190. Grossmann and Asimow, “Hardenability and Iron April 25, 1940, pages 25-29, and May 1940, pages 39-45. Fenstermacher, Shal- low Hardening Steels,” .A.S.M. 1942, 30, pages 1202-1247. “Hardenability and Its Designation, The Hardenability Line,” Publication, Collapsible Collar Saves Molding Time SE.of collapsible collar pattern reported saving considerable molding time and cost the Ford Motor Co. Canada, Ltd., Wind- sor, Canada. This device, illustrated RIGHT here, called “snake” Ford foundrymen. Conventional molding methods would have required the ad- ditional time and labor additional coring three part flask. The “snake” and the casting are collar shown the casting (arrow) produced use the collapsible loose pattern shown the left. Note the hinge arrangement. ABOVE 2—This view shows the collapsible collar pat- tern (arrow) the mold. The joint which caught the wire tool permit winding the collar inward directly below the arrow head the impression the left. IRON AGE, October 14, 1943 of. Steels,” 1939, pages 237-249. Boegehold, “Use Hardenabil- ity Tests for Selection and Specification Automotive Steels,” Trans., 1941, 36-49, pages 266-276. Janitzky and Baeyertz, “The Marked Similarity Tensile Properties Several Heat-treated Steels,” Metals Handbook, 1939 Edition, pages 515-518. Patton, “Mechanical Properties N.E., S.A.E., and Other Hardened Metal Progress, 1943, 43, No. pages 726-733. shown Fig. This octagonal fit- ting, which hinged seven cor- ners and fitted with simple catch the eighth joint. The hinges are arranged permit the collar wind inward. use, this loose collar placed over the pattern and rammed into the mold, shown Fig. wire tool with hook the end then engaged the catch the eighth corner and the “snake” moved winding inward. This duces its diameter and permits easy removal from the drag. Sin all dir effec fore, 12.0 loy star met! man wou duce a j row form F Tt Based Pet Analysis ° ° GRESWOLD VAN DYKE, Manager Special Steel Department, Joseph Ryerson Son, Inc., Alloy Steel Specifications Jominy hardenability test sample being quenched. Since performance the final measurement the value alloy steel, why not market alloy steel the basis the most direct measurement performance now available industry— hardenability—instead the present indirect method chemical analysis? The logic such change, well its advantages, are discussed this article. many years, steel users have been endeavoring specify al- loy steels ever narrowing analysis ranges. Steel producers have con- stantly improved their manufacturing methods effort meet this de- mand. all probability, however, would very difficult operate, commercially sound basis, and pro- duce composition ranges more nar- row than those use today. The performance steel the main governed its analysis. Per- formance may defined including machinability, response heat treat- ment, required physicals, and other characteristics. Uniformity formance desirable characteristic any industrial product. Thus, the specifying close analysis control has its objective the procurement steel which will uniform per- formance. The control steel performance the analysis method difficult, since all elements entering into the compo- sition steel have plus minus its performance and, there- fore, such control involves the manip- ulation all these elements the steel maker. many standard steel analysis specifications some elements are con- trolled top limits, such phos- phorous and sulphur. Other elements are controlled both top and bottom limits, such carbon, manganese, silicon, nickel, chrome, molybdenum, etc. This means that the steel maker’s first consideration produce steel which within the chemical limits. Under such condition cannot also restricted performance spec- ification because the purchaser the steel has taken upon himself the re- sponsibility pe