The Iron Age 1943-09-16: Vol 152 Iss 12

5 q we Bee with three stars, SEPTEM | nr > | } ourin From One the Mestc for VICTORY from the Production Lines behind the Firing Lines [FOR] Citation for Men War Industry Putting Movable Backstop the Jig Solved this Problem Bosset, turret lathe operator the Canadian Vickers, Ltd., Canada, was against second operation job that presented difficulties small threaded piece had held threaded adapter for taper ream ing the bore. The pressure the reamer tightened the work pied against the bottom the jig that was impossible screw out the after reaming. ADJUSTABLE TOOL SOCKET HEAD PIECE Operator Bosset licked the problem developing simple fixture with movable backstop. After reaming the piece, socket wrend inserted through the bore, moves the backstop away from the relieve the pressure, and permit the finished piece easily removed Warner Swasey for Pin has been sent operato Bosset recognition his initiative and ingenuity. His idea and hundred other practical ideas which come Warner Swasey are published “Blue shop bulletin sent free the homes over 70,000 lathe operators. Make sure your operators are the mailing will bring them helpful ideas and inspiration that can lead increas production your plant. Write Warner Swasey, Cleveland, You CAN TURN BETTER, FOR LESS... WITH WARNER SWASEY BOLT (4 SOCKET SCREW SEY ficulties ream pied holding piece, lished East 42nd St., New York 17, VAN DEVENTER President and Editor BAUR Vice-President General Manager Editorial and Advertising Offices Johnson, Market Research Typography and Layout. ° ° ° Regional Business Managers New York New York 100 East 42nd St. 100 East 42nd ROBERT BLAIR FITZGERALD Guardian Bidg. 428 Park Chilton Bidg. 1134 Otis PEIRCE LEWIS WARREN RAYMOND KAY Los Angeles 2420 Cheremoya Ave. ° ° Owned and Published CHILTON COMPANY Executive Offices Chestnut and Philadelphia 39, Pa., U.S.A. OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS MUSSELMAN, President JOS. HILDRETH Vice-President GRIFFITHS Vice-President EVERIT TERHUNE Vice-President VAN DEVENTER Vice-President BAUR Vice-President WILLIAM BARBER, Treasurer JOHN BLAIR MOFFETT, Secretary JULIAN CHASE THOMAS KANE HARRY DUFFY CHARLES HEALE Member, Audit Bureau Associated Business every Thursday. Subscription North America, South America and ° ° ° ° ° Vol. 152, No. Week The IRON AGE Editorial Modern Porch Climbing Technical Articles Screw Machine Steels What Executives Should Know About Purchasing Control Put Carbide Applications Hands Specialists Leaf Spring Landing Gear Accepted Intake Pipe Formed from Strip Inspection Time Reduced Aircraft Parts Cemented Carbide Burring Tools Production and Control Small War Plant New Equipment—Motors and Controllers Features News Front Assembly Line Washington West Coast Fatigue Cracks Dear Editor News and Markets War Production Pattern Kept its Course Coal Output Affected “Jitters” Miners. 10,000 Machine Tools Available for Transfer Steel Ingot Stockpiling Advocated Brazil, “Drowsing Giant,” Awakens. Unions Bitter Over Buffalo Labor Priority Plan Personals and Obituaries Machine Tool News Non-Ferrous Metals News and Developments Non-Ferrous Metals Prices; Scrap Prices Iron and Steel Scrap News and Prices Comparison Prices Year Finished Iron and Steel Prices Steel and Warehouse Prices Stainless Steel, Tool Steel Prices Semi-Finished Iron and Steel Prices Pig Iron Prices Ore and Coke Prices Ferroalloy Prices Index Advertisers September 16, 1943 q 3 7 101 101 104 | 150 152 154 155 156 158 159 ° 160 161 161 164 165 166 For ALL These and John Barnes Machine Any machine tool that carries the nameplate, The that John Barnes machines are mounted bases Welded steel plate construc- utilized fabricate these bases—assuring quality matched with quality. YOUR machine base requirements—or any part product that may practically fabricated from steel plate—will supplied with the same acting workmanship. Blueprints will figured promptly. STEEL BASES IRON ESTABLISHED 1655 VAN DEVENTER President and Editor BAUR Vice-President and General Manager DIX Reader Service ° ° Managing Editor....... LIPPERT News, Markets Editor...D. JAMES Technical Editor......... OLIVER ° ° Associate Editors MacDONALD BARMASEL Editorial Assistants SCHIEN WILLIAMS BUTTERS Regional News and Technical Editors CAMPBELL Pittsburgh 428 Park Bidg. PHAIR Chicago 1134 Bidg. MOFFETT Washington National Press BROWNE Washington National Press Bidg. LLOYD Cleveland 1016 Guardian BRAMS Detroit 7310 Woodward Ave. OSGOOD MURDOCK San Francisco 1355 Market St. Editorial Correspondents ROBERT Cincinnati PENLEY Buffalo FRAZAR Boston HUGH SHARP Milwaukee SANDERSON Toronto, Ont. RAYMOND KAY Los Angeles JOHN McCUNE Birmingham ROY Louis JAMES DOUGLAS eartle Modern Porch Climbing JONES was old fashioned manufacturer. lived the good old days when rose any other name would smell sweet and when pretty name could not camouflage skunk cabbage. Jim paid his taxes those days the nail, probably grumbling about them people always have but paying them neverthe- less. And saying, after paying them: “Thank God, that’s over.” One day, one Jim’s important customers paid his account. was sizeable one for those times, amounting over $10,000. Honest Jim took the money home with him that night, for was cash trans- action and the banks were closed. stuck half the money bureau drawer and put the other half under his pillow. happened that Percy the Porch Climber had followed Jim home, attracted the unusual bulge his pants’ pocket. Percy could sense money another man’s jeans further even than Mussolini could smell mixture Italian garlic and French perfume. That night, when honest Jim was sleeping the sleep the just, Percy climbed his porch and the half the roll that was the bureau drawer. was sad blow Jim. had not intended spend the money himself. the contrary, was going buy more machinery and material with and put more people work his community where people needed work order live. Somehow, when hear and read about “renegotiation,” can’t help but think Jim. And also the poor people his community who suffered because his loss. And cannot help but wonder, also, the vast improvement that has taken place semantics, the use words. Today our experts can make skunk cabbage sound like rose they can keep the customers far enough away from getting its old fashioned smell. one yet has succeeded changing that. Times have changed since honest Jim was laid rest the family plot. Today, manufacturer who thinks has earned certain profit because has fulfilled “honest God” contract cannot even hide half the money safely under his mattress, let alone the bank. For the “renegotiators” are sure get him, whether watches out not. the bank under the bed all one them. Renegotiation not going hurt the modern Jims today nearly much going hurt the people who will look them for employment after the war. the machine tool industry and other machinery industries, for example, likely put labor Govern- ment WPA for years come. Having “gone through the mill” machinist the machine tool industry, think can safely say that labor that industry, and others would rather have its future the hands the Jim Joneses this country than the hands the Jesse Joneses. ° ° | | from Howard Coonley Points Out Critical Situation Howard Director Conservation Division, War Production Board, stresses the critical cutting tool shortage situation letter all industry. Here what says— cutting tool situation now acute...that the War Production Board has launched intensive campaign es- tablish definite tool care policies many plants possible." Conservation cutting tools sound practice, good business—at any time. Today vital importance conserve tools order meet full demands for war production. Cutting tool control and usage methods established under peacetime conditions should reviewed— stepped wartime requirements. Help increase war output, help bring Victory conserving cut- ting are weapons. treat right.” Milwaukee Detroit St. Paul St. Louis Kansas City Cincinnati New York 50—THE IRON AGE, September 16, 1943 ctr at th mr INLAND STEEL COMPANY News The Laramie, Wyo., sponge iron plant, approved just one year ago and scheduled for initial operation summer, still lacks considerable essential equipment. All items have come slowly from WPB, where sponge iron, far the war con- cerned, regarded myth". Plenty talk will run over the dam but substantial changes the negotiation Act will made result present hearings before the House Ways and Means Committee. The principal proposed amendments shape follows: Renegotiation before instead after taxes: because 1942 Revenue Act's carrybacks losses and excess profits credits, which means will 1946 even 1947 before present actual taxes are known. These factors have sur- prised some Committee members and are giving pause all concerned. Renegotiation formula: NAM already has declared against because inequities arising from varying turnover rates. Government doesn't want either. Allowance for post-war reserve funds: Not likely because would add cost for every reserve, and any case considered the tax bill bailiwick. Renegotiation upward hardship cases: Nobody plugging very hard. Exemption companies whose earnings after taxes don't exceed peacetime rates: Improbable because the view would release such companies from the otherwise universal heavier tax burden. Incidentally, the English system profits control particularly drastic. Allowed per cent the company's own, working capital (ruling out bonds held, etc.) plus performance lagniappe per cent annual capital turnover. Performance profit government capital turnover that rate. Breath The German government has notified the Swedish stone industry halt quarrying granite ordered for postwar victory monuments. The pinnacles aircraft design are the successively improved fighters, for use that most difficult theatre all, the French- German Front. Only two British (Typhoon, Spitfire) and two American (Thunderbolt, Mustang) can stand that pace. The specially Spitfire with Merlin engine, and improved Mustang with Rolls Royce engine, both liquid cooled, are comparatively light-weight, powered, and simple line, and are probably the best. The Typhoon (liquid cooled) and Thunderbolt (air cooled) are heavy, with 2000+ hp., and both still have number operational bugs. The fastest aircraft the world operational squadrons, probably the British Mosquito, not fighter but twin-engine light bomber. The Mosquito's speed comes not from its wooden construction, but entirely from its shape, likely the most beautiful anything the air. The Mosquito not made just ordinary plywood, bent over mold. Rather complicated structure, having inner skin thin wood, middle stiffening Balsa wood, and outer skin thin wood strips built over mold, two halves like lobster shell, and joined together after interior wiring, etc. has been put in. Exceptional manufacturing skill required line-up this sandwich with the various fittings, such engine bearers, undercarriage tackle, Fighter decline usually follows this fighter over France- Germany; second, use over third, fighter bomber the Mediterranean theatre; fourth and last, fighter against the Japanese. Generally speaking, fighter does not come the performance ofa Single fuselage. The two twin-tail operational types are the Lightning (American) and Focke-Wulf (German). The Focke-Wulf longer being built but few are still service, but the Lightning performing very well, primarily the Mediterranean area. The British are almost ready spring brand new fighter exceptional performance, and the U.S. likewise has several equally phenomenal fighters well the way for the Battle for Germany. — q 7 7 7 4 4 | 7 Screw Machine Steels current shortage alloy- ing elements has forced re- view the application alloy steel. has been found result this analysis that alloy steel being specified where plain carbon and the manganese alloys screw ma- chine steels could used with satis- factory results. must pointed out, that the mainly higher sulphur content means improving machinability, not have the all-round mechanical strength alloy and plain carbon steels. The sulphur present inclusion, and decreases the trans- verse strength the material. Fig. illustrates the location the sulphide inclusions slowly cooled low carbon steel. The effect the sulphur con- tent reducing transverse strength steel shown Figs. and The American Iron and Steel Institute’s 1942 list Basic Open Hearth Sulphurized Carbon and Acid Bessemer Sulphurized Carbon Steels has impressive number these steels, listed Table would appear that this list could reduced. The Society Auotomo- tive Engineers 1942 Handbook lists, under bessemer, 1111, 1112, 1113, and, under open hearth, 1115, 1117 and 4 1118 only. The 1112 and 1113 are the old 1112 and X1112; and 1115, 1117 and 1118 are the familiar 1115, X1314 and X1315. The uncertainty the behavior bessemer steel for carburizing and hardening would rule out the besse- mer series for Bessemer steels are, however, hard- ened cyaniding, but replace- ment for alloy steels recommended. the basic open hearth ized carbon steels there are three steels which could C1115, C1117 and C1118. comparing the sulphurized car- bon for that matter the plain car- bon steels with alloy steels, the ques- tion their relative hardenability primary consideration. Except later noted, sulphurized plain carbon steels must water quenched produce satisfac- tory hardness. The use this cool- ing medium sets internal stresses which often result cracking would not the parts. Alloy steels can oil quenched which results cooling rates and, therefore, less in- ternal stress formation and yet pro- duces the same hardness values. The comparative hardenability the machine steels and alloy and plain carbon the condition illustrated Fig. The test which best suited show the differences hardenability for grades lower hardenability obtained total quench water in. round about in. long. The specimens are usually normalized 1650 deg. prior quenching. quenching temperature 1650 deg. most likely produce uniform hardness. The test would some ex- tent parallel conditions obtained the core case hardened part. between the steels can obtained noting the hardness definite for example 135 deg. per sec. 1300 deg. which the cooling rate half way between the center and the quenched. cooling rate, Rockwell Hardness After Cooling the Rate 135 Deg. Per Sec. Steel (From A-4620. promote maximum machinabil- » the left cross-section pho- tomicrograph sulfide inclusions ferrite; dinal section. Enlarged i 52—THE IRON AGE, September 16, 1943 Alloy Steel Substitutes ity, machine steels are usually made with low silicon content. This JAMESON Works Metallurgist, International Harvester Co. this, the first section two-part article, the author appraises the possibilities carburizing grades screw machine hardenability concerned and often substituting for alloy steels heat treated parts. Consid- bility far soundness macrostructure ity concerned. would preferable erable comparative detail included hardenability and impact water insist more less complete tests The degree deoxidation. The deoxida- tion should not obtained adding ex- life chromium, even though C1022 has the The effect grain size harden disadvantage being fine grained. ability very marked. For the pur- Assuming that aluminum This low C1115 illustrating this fine grained ased for deoxidation, the steel will due its state incomplete deoxida- C1118 selected. will noted the normally have coarse grain size. tion evidenced its low silicon despite the man- watel coarse grain structure developed content and the coarse grain These points, far they relate Reverting the remarks low Carburization hardenability, are well brought silicon content and deoxidation, when Where the steel highly Fig. The hardenability the manganese content over per oxidized condition, the rate carbon Rate C1115 well below that cent, higher silicon not neces- penetration reduced. This fine Sec. although has practically the sarily criterion the degree de- size also shows reduced speed amounts the elements which pro- oxidation, for there sufficient man- carbon penetration. Figs. and 2—Longitudinal and transverse tensile test results car- bon and sulphur-manganese steels. The heat treatments, indi- cated number, are: water quenched 1450 deg. F.; (2) water quenched 1600 deg. F.; water quenched 1650 deg. F., 1450 deg. Analyses steels used, which and transverse impact test results were treated test bar size, are: (A) carbon steel, con- carbon steel containing 0.20, 0.52, 0.027, nabil- taining 0.20, 0.52, 0.027, 0.014, 0.21; (B) sulphur- 0.21; and (B) sulphur-manganese steel containing 0.20, manganese steel, containing 0.20, 1.18, 0.100, 0.016, 0.21. 1.18, 0.100, 0.016 and carburized 1700 deg. for case depth 0.040 0.050 in. PERCENT TRANSVERSE LONGITUDINAL ENERGY ABSORBED PERCENT TRANSVERSE LONGITUDINAL 100 CARBURIZED SPECIMEN POINT TENSILE STRENGTH 1450 THE IRON AGE, September 16, 1943—53 ° ° ° ° 787 > | = | bed ROCKWELL HARONESS RMALIZED WATER FROM c-1022 A-4620 4—Hardenability curves for sulphurized bon and alloy steels. HYPER HYPO _ — penetration seven steels, carburized 1680 deg. for hr. and slowly cooled per cent borium carbonate energized compound. 54—THE IRON AGE, September 1943 40g CARBURIZED FOR BARIUM CONTAINING COM- POUND. ——- 2 2 .80 a a y ec 50 1G. 5—Carbon penetration curves for carbon, sulphurized car- bon and alloy steels. COOLING PER SEC < 50k seam == 7890 (2 14 161820 24 STANCE FROM WATER tooreo “END OF STANDARD BAR SIXTEENTHS INCH .05 | COARSE COARSE 17 .02 FINE hardenability low carbon, sulphurized carbon and alloy steels, carburized 1680 deg. for hr. and quenched oil reheated 1480 deg. and end quenched water. Carburized end-quench tests based J-55 value. WUMBER OF TESTS wv “ \ / | AL. Sack L ROX 3° SPECIMEN .30 005 020 025 030 035 .040 045 ret “os “04 FINE A-4027 28 -78).014/.014 5.23 8 010 030 .060 070 CASE DEPTH (INCHES) 5 ANBANOOD .59 car- B20 24 100 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION MAX. 4 8—Frequency distribution curve for heats 9—Frequency distribution curve for heats 1115, coarse grained, carburized 1700 deg. for hr. 1117, coarse grained, carburized 1700 deg. for hr. and quenched oil, reheated 1480 deg. and end quenched water. show the carbon penetration obtained the screw machine steels C1115, C1117 and C1118 1700 deg. for hr. and slowly cool- ing. figures, especially Fig. the effect incomplete de- oxidation can noted. There are two heats C1115, the second heat contained only 0.01 per cent silicon and the austenitic grain size test (McQuaid-Ehn) showed slight ab- normality the formation the carbide network inasmuch there was some discontinuity the net- work. This heat showed reduced rate compared with 0.058 in. for the more normal heat. This not perhaps practical importance but interest- ing from experimental view point. Grain size also has some effect carbon penetration, comparing C1117 and C1118 Fig. which shows 0.052 in. for C1118 fine grained and 0.064 in. for C1117 coarse grained, despite the higher manganese con- tent C1118. Manganese known element which promotes more rapid carbon penetration. the case the remarks regard- ing the effects deoxidation the C1115, that sulphur may have the effect reducing the rate carbon penetration. has been established that sulphur has the slightly depressing effect hardenability. on should not inferred that the writer basing his remarks the effect deoxidation, grain size, the data given Figs. and but has merely used these data framework for the discussion his observation over period years. The measurements Fig. were obtained micro- examination 100 diameters after etching per cent nital. water. The hypereutectoid zone when com- pared with the carbon determination chart (Fig. extends about 0.85 per cent carbon and the hypereutectoid plus the eutectoid zone about 0.65 per cent carbon, that is, the ap- pearance the first free ferrite. comparison the two methods de- termining case depth shown Table II. included because there has always been lack agreement TABLE List Low Carbon Sulphurized Steels Chemical Composition Limits, Per Cent and quenched oil, reheated 1480 deg. and end quenched Carbon Manganese Phosphorus Sulphur 0.60 0.90 0.09 0.13 0.10 0.15 0.13 0.60 0.90 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.23 0.08 0.13 0.60 0.90 0.09 0.13 0.24 0.33 0.13 0.60 0.90 0.045 0.08 0.13 0.13 0.60 0.90 0.045 0.10 0.15 0.10 0.16 1.00 1.30 0.045 0.08 0.13 0.10 0.16 1.00 1.30 0.045 0.24 0.33 0.70 1.00 0.045 0.10 0.15 0.14 0.20 1.00 1.30 0.045 0.08 0.13 0.14 0.20 1.30 1.60 0.045 0.08 0.13 0.23 0.70 1.00 0.045 0.08 0.13 THE IRON AGE, September 16, BRRES = 1.20 10 90 18 70 urized hr. nched PERCENT TOTAL ELONGATION QUENCHING IG. 10—Tensile properties 1115 steel, water quenched 0.525- in. test bar size; heated indicated temperatures, held min. heat quenched water tempered 325 deg. F.; contains 0.18, 0.86, 0.14, 0.08; austenitic grain size 1700 deg. ROCKWELL PERCENT TOTAL ELONGATION ENT REDUCTION 1500 1600 1650 QUENCHING in. test bar size; heated indicated temperatures, held min. heat and quenched water; tempered 325 deg. F.; contains 0.20, 1.12, 0.10, 0.03; austenitic grain size 1700 deg. 145 TABLE Effect Temperature the Hardenability Carburized Screw Machine Steels | Chemical Composition Quenching Temperature, 0.10 0.09 0.13 0.02 | 56—THE IRON AGE, September 16, 1943 among engineers and metallurgists both the methods measuring depth and what should considered effective case. the instance carbon steel, carbon content 0.65 per cent would probably the limit the effect case far wearing quality concerned. Hardenability, Carburized The hardenability plain carbon, the three screw machine steels and four alloy steels, are shown Fig. the presence higher carbon content obtained carburizing, the effects deoxidation, silicon content, are not evident; however, grain size still has important effect hardenability. This can noted comparing C1117 coarse grain with C1118 fine grain Fig. The fine grained C1118 steel has lower hardenability even though ‘its man- ganese higher. Due the relatively greater variation practice making screw machine steels there considerable spread hardenability. Figs. and are frequency curves for carburized specimens C1115 and steels. The hardenability the carburized condition these two steels can improved increas- ing the reheating temperature shown Table III. practice this is, however, out the question for coarse grained because the greater enlarged grain size encoun- tered and therefore decreased im- pact value. Tensile Properties Tensile properties C1115, C1117 and steels %-in. sections will reflect the relative hardenability these steels for where condition “complete hardening” was attained there should little difference tensile properties, assuming the same content the steels. condition “complete harden- would one which the com- plete in. section (outside center) consisted uniform martensite. has been shown Grossmann and others that there certain maxi- mum hardness which can obtained from carbon content which also means certain maximum tensile strength. For content 0.20 per cent this hardness Rockwell which would represent tensile strength 240,000 per sq. in. actual tice quenching 0.20 per cent car- bon steel %-in. section from 1500 deg. F., the highest aver- age hardness reading about Rockwell This hardness would represent tensile strength about PERCENT TOTAL ELONGATION IN 2 « ee | a a sts ing the pon bly far on, and bon the ted ain wer an- the the ead 115 lity this for the im- ions tion ined the den- ter) and ined tent num this hich car- ould bout PERCENT TOTAL ELONGATION IN 2 1450 heat and quenched water tempered 325 deg. F.; contains 0.17, 1.37, 0.17, 0.05; austenitic grain size 1700 deg. 190,000 lb. per sq. in: will noted from Fig. that this condition 200000 80000 140000 100000 1600 1650 0.525 in. test bar size; heated indicated temperatures, held min. 13—Comparative tensile properties five steels, water quenched from 1500 deg. and tempered 325 deg. 0.525 in. test bors. grinding allowances and fine grained steel will have sistant requirements. higher impact values than coarse hardening” only attained A3120, C1022 and C1117. The tensile properties obtained from quenching 0.525 in. test bar sec- tions water are illustrated Figs. 10, and 12. They are compared with plain carbon and alloy steel Fig. The break the line above the base line the yield strength and the break the line below the base line shows the elongation value. Carburized Impact Tests The impact test, which not general use, consists carburizing and hardening specimen the dimensions shown Fig. grinding the surfaces and breaking im- pact testing machine. This test has certain practical value for parts such gears are subjected occa- sional impact loads they may fail the same manner they the impact testing machine. practice, impact strength can lowering the hardness the carburized case. This illustrated for NE8620 steel Fig. 14. re- duction the case depth also in- creases the values obtained im- testing (Fig. 15). not pos- sible many instances, however, take advantage the increased im- pact properties lighter case depth lower case hardness due difficult compare steels with grained steel and lower core hard- widely different characteristics such will give higher impact values. C1115 and C1118, C1115 with When these variables are combined alloy steel. The reason for this one another the results not type addition the variables Fig. comparison carbon case depth and hardness, grain carbon and alloy steel. (fracture) and core hardness have this figure certain marked effect. ean drawn: TABLE Carburizing Case Depth Measurements Microscopic Examination and Carbon Determination Chart Steel Symbol and Depth Penetration, In. Method Carbon Determination 0.023 0.026 0.023 0.026 0.019 0.014 0.022 | Hyper- 0.85 percent eutectoid Diameters Carbon Hyper- 0.037 0.037 0.033 0.038 0.032 0.027 0.036 Eutectoid Diameter THE IRON AGE, September 16, w 7 | 70 65 > bat @ z 45> ° 2 io] < 40m FRACTURED GRAIN SIZE 8-9 30 25 300 400 600 TEMPERING TEMPERATURE 14—Effect case hardness the impact value carburized 8620 steel (containing 0.20, 0.30, 0.58, 0.46, 0.23) carburized 1700 deg. and hr. and quenched oil reheated 1525 deg. quenched oil and tempered the indicated ENERGY ABSORBED (FT.LBS) PERCENTAGE CROSS- SECTION AREA CASED 100 030 040 .060 .070 080 .100 CASE DEPTH effect case depth the impact strength car- burized specimens, carburized 1680 deg. 1700 deg. and quenched oil, reheated 1520 deg. and quenched oil, tempered 325 deg. Steel used 2317 containing 0.16, 0.55, 0.21 and 3.42; austenitic grain size 1700 deg. austenitic grain size 1700 deg. ENERGY ABSO CORE FRACTUREO GS. 45 CASE 048 CASE DEPTH IN. The values for coarse steel are very low. The values for C1115 coarse grained steel are higher than those for C1117. This can explained the fact that the core hardness the C1115 much lower. The values for C1118 are higher than for C1115 and C1117. This can accounted for the marked differ- ence fractured grain size the conclusion, can stated that the best possibilities lie the use grained 58—THE IRON AGE, September 16, 1943 CHEMICAL .048 .053 047 steel. This steel, made with fine grain size although not possessing the free machining qualities coarse grained C1117 steel and when the low side the analysis range value, produces tougher and hardened part. also has bette: machining properties than carbon steel and smaller diameters, 3/16 in. and under, can oil quenched over Rockwell hardness. impact values five carbon, sulphurized car- bon and alloy steels, carburized 1700 deg. and quenched oil, reheated 1500 deg. and quenched water, except for 4720 which was oil quenched. should decided that impact strength not important con- sideration, coarse grained C1118 will have hardenability comparable with some the lower hardenability alloy steels such the molybdenum series. which means that oil hardening can installment this two-part article, ap- pearing next week, the author appraises the possibilities medium carbon screw machine steels substitutes for alloy steels for heat treated parts. a \ 4720 | 22 | .56/ .28 of leg. hed aining npact con- will with alloy can ion. le, ap- alloy What Executives Should Know About URING the present emergency supplies has assumed great im- portance among the various business functions. Almost every firm, regard- less size, has one more expe- diters order speed the flow materials into the plant. But the coordination the receipt mate- rials and the records necessary de- termine the status any production any desired time are phases the purchasing problem often neglected. Even normal periods the control purchasing highly desirable. The ultimate goal work toward pur- chasing control have all items the plant the day needed for pro- duction and not day sooner; items not needed for some time should not hand (if perfect control were possible). perfect control were attainable, the minimum working capital would needed, minimum warehouse space required, minimum insurance ventory necessary, and minimum clerical effort needed check and keep track surplus stock. But per- fect control over purchasing not possible even normal times, and the temptation the present emergency take all the materials avail- able because the fear they cannot obtained when needed. But some sort purchasing highly desirable even under pres- ent conditions. Where one product only being produced and the materials and parts necessary are few, purchas- ing control relatively simple. But the products increase number and special design, and where the parts involved are many, the control purchasing becomes very complex. See “Production Control—How Keep Delivery Promises,” Mr. Caldwell, Tue Tron April and 25, 1940. Purchasing ontrol Careful control purchasing, always important, now vital maximum production reached. The method here- the author enables the purchasing department keep, with- out furbelows, quick and accurate tabs all items and con- centrate expediting energy where needed. EUGENE CALDWELL Consulting Management Engineer, Portland, Oregon Items are often neglected and their delay and absence not discovered until the production order ready assemble. Many times nothing could done about the recalcitrant item anyway, but there excuse for not having proper records which will bring the item prominence soon known that will not schedule. There are various types pro- duction boards the market de- signed chart complicated produc- tion control problems and purchasing control problems. These boards have numerous holes punched them into which pegs with various numbers, let- ters, colors can inserted. The days, weeks, months other period into which the production may di- vided. The pins may attached strings tape which rolls spring action, equivalent draw- ing line the chart. After investigating stallations these boards has been difficult for the writer find case where simple Gantt chart drawn sheet paper printed for the particular application would not serve the purpose much better. appears that many installations such boards have been made because they are somewhat spectacular appearance, intriguing the user. The biggest objection these boards the opinion the writer the room they take up. Wall space considerable volume must sup- plied cumbersome cases revolv- ing stands. Moreover the clerk who keeps the information up-to-date must stand all day. many boards must supplied there are pro- duction orders process the plant any one time. these production orders process one time run 200, then the installation cost the system can easily run $20,000, and course boards with horizontal lines equal the maximum number parts one production order must provided. Contrasted this, charts drawn paper separate sheet for each pro- duction order) can filed folder loose leaf book, requiring almost negligible space. They can worked desk. One the advantages claimed for the production boards that they can changed easily accommodate sit- uations that not come out planned. This advantage fairly equal, the writer’s opinion, the THE IRON AGE, September ° ° ° 7 ° ° ° { re T- ri- es. ar- lly change pencil, the which one ord reserved com- fter the comple- board taken new order charts which eserved thing design- chart deter- time for the order. group ion or- have the now should time 2en the infor- the all ils are ready with Then ird time the ndard and mpar- tually happens each order with what should happen the or- der into the shop first For example, suppose fair aver- age time from the day the engineer- ing department releases information the day all materials for that order arrive the shop, four months. Also suppose analysis past or- indicates all purchase orders should placed within three days, all orders acknowledged days after that, delivery promised days after that, patterns completed days later, items entered foundry seven days later, castings completed days later, all raw materials the shop three months after the original date, and all purchased parts (such an- tifriction bearings) the plant four months after the original date. These dates, course, are only examples and have adjusted the aver- age case works out. Also there are probably other events dates watched the progress securing the materials. printed fit the individual plant’s ease, fastened the bill material for the particular production order. vertical line provided the chart for each day; for example, four months correct, there will 120 vertical lines. Three vertical lines from the beginning, there should printed heavy line indicating the date orders should placed. the example above represented the aver- age order, the forms would all printed with heavy lines the third, thirteenth, twenty-third, thirty-sev- enth, forty-fourth, sixty-fifth, nine- tieth, and one hundred and twentieth days. The actual dates would left blank the printed charts, filled pen pencil when the engineering information released the chart starts). The chart illustrated herewith suggested example. The solid black lines indicate ones that are printed, and the sheded lines (with Benday indicate those filled in, per- haps pencil, for the particular pro- duction order involved. This chart really Gantt chart, developed engineer, Henry Gantt, during the first World War. each the itenis the prodne- tion order, represented horizontal ders lines, arrives the status called for one the heavy vertical lines, horizontal pencil line drawn across the vertical line, regardless whether the event actually took place that date. Actual dates when the events took place are shown the chart various code symbols. For example the acknowledgment the order might actually have been re- ceived the twelfth whereas the heavy black vertical line the ninth. Consequently the example given, the horizontal pencil line will drawn the heavy black printed vertical line the ninth and the sym- bol for acknowledgment received shown the twelfth, three days later than planned. other words, the actual time the milepost reached, line drawn across the chart the date when should reached. line drawn until the actual event has taken place. The length these horizontal pencil lines shows instantly the status each item the production order, and the shorter the line, the less has pro- gressed, indicating the necessity pushing the short-line items. The charts should printed light green ink that the printing will subordinated the pencil ink marks placed it. Also the hori- zontal lines should exactly three lines the inch six lines the inch depending upon whether single double spacing used typing the bills material lists, which are intended pasted the left hand margin the chart. purchase orders are placed, the purchase order number should re- corded the column provided. placing the purchase order has been held up, the reason should shown code the column, “Delays.” For expediting the orders, tickler call-up file should established. This file has folder for each day the month and each month the year. Each morning the clerk pulls out the folder for that day and deliv- ers its papers the desks involved. purchase orders are issued, the expediting copy the order should placed the tickler file for days advance. All acknowledgments the orders are accumulated until the expediting copies appear the deck for checking. Those that are not ac- knowledged that time are followed and placed the tickler file for five days more. Those that have been acknowledged and for which satisfactory shipping date has been given are sent the production order file. Those that have unsatisfactory shipping dates are placed red, danger, folder. These are the orders the expediter works on, his file uncluttered with or- ders that are progressing satisfactor- ily. information received that previous shipping promise going kept, the expediting copy must replaced the red folder. desired, list production or- ders that are going delayed from the original scheduled date, the unsatisfactory shipping date some parts not bettered, can typed weekly from the orders the red folder. Similarly, list pro- duction orders can typed weekly, showing those which all materials have been received, well ac- companying list production orders which all promised delivery dates parts are now satisfactory for pres- ent assembly schedule. This infor- mation, course, would obtained from the Gantt charts. This purchasing scheduling ties definitely with the charting ing programs for the production con- trol department, and 100 per cent job purchasing control cannot. accomplished until known whether machine tool going available when the raw materials arrive. investigation purchasing op- erations usually discloses that the matter inventory control should looked into. “That say, items See “What the Executive Should Know About Inventory Control” Mr. Cald- well, Aug. and 18. 1938, and “How Cost Increases Profits,” also Mr. Caldwell, Tron June 27, 1940 sufficiently popular should not pur- chased for each production order but should bought larger quantities, taking into account discounts, econ- omical manufacturing quantities, pro- tection against obsolescence, etc. Al- most every purchasing agent collects few items from number produc- tion orders and purchases them all together, but usually this only productions coming through about the same time. THE IRON AGE, September 16, ° ° ° Put Carbide Applications years ago survey* in- dustry showed that that time about per cent all machining operations were being per- formed with cemented carbides. To- day carbide tools are being used for approximately half all metal ma- chined industry, and the per- centage still increasing. This development has not only meant revolution tooling prac- tice but has also had important effect the amount attention paid management the sub- ject “tooling” general. Just war production requirements are con- verting our thousands plants precision shops—using highly ac- curate gages for virtually the first time—so the introduction mass with new problems from the stand- point tool supervision and appli- cation. Perhaps the most important single problem has been the necessity pro- viding knowledge needed facilitate the adaption earbide tools specific manufactur- ing problems and facilities any given plant. The necessity lies the nature carbide tools them- selves. While there particular mystery with respect such tools, anyone who has had considerable ex- perience with them can recite offhand many instances where carbide tools have apparently failed have given but mediocre results—not because the tools themselves but because insufficient experience the part the man responsible for the tool and the job was supposed do. The mere decision management use carbide tools will not necessarily result vastly increasing plant out- put. The ultimate economy out- put and quality product can achieved only the design and selec- tion carbide tools, their application and care, are the direct respon- sibility personnel who know not only what but also what not do. Industry has had unlearn more about what thought knew *A.S.M.E. Report Sub-Committee Metal Cutting Dec. 1933. 62—THE IRON AGE, September 16, 1943 ° ° ° BEARDSLEE Vice-President Charge Sales, Carboloy Co., Inc. ° ° ° about tools general than has had learn about carbides. Specialists Needed Today there are hundreds real men” industry, but dreds—if not thousands—of are still handicapped shortage the necessary carbide-experienced su- pervisory personnel. The manner which this problem has been solved industrial organ- izations has taken many forms. Much has depended the individual plant—its size, the nature its prod- ucts and the organization its manu- facturing supervisory personnel. general, course, the responsi- bility for providing the necessary carbide-experience any given plant rests with the tool supervisor his equivalent. many cases the prac- tice followed has been for the tool supervisor secure carbide-trained specialist have one more his men trained know carbides. some the larger plants, the carbide man actually whole department— taking complete responsibility for the fabrication, selection, application and maintenance carbide tools. While the usual practice put carbide men under the direction the tool supervisor, there have been some cases where management has set the carbide man inde- pendent specialist the plant. such capacity works hand hand the tool supervisor, taking the complete responsibility for carbides and thus relieving the tool supervisor the detail work incident carrying out effective carbide tooling pro- gram. This type arrangement seems favored industrial or- ganizations where completely new tooling plant involved. The Jobs Irrespective the organizational setup, however, the relative success carbide tooling program depends large extent the capabilities the individual individuals whom assigned the responsibility seeing through. The carbide man able take responsibility not only the design and maintenance carbide tools but also their use his plant. should not only able supervise grinding and manufacture such tools his plant but also act consultant for fore- men and for set-up men applying tools job. will found working with tool design departments, with time study and methods departments. able take the job training factory manpower the design, brazing, op- eration and grinding carbide tools. can instruct foremen and assistant foremen the principles involved the use carbide tools—what do, and what not do. helps establish correct speeds, feeds, depths cut and therefore production carbide tooled machines. Even the requisitioning carbide tools may come under your carbide man, when also becomes his respon- sibility see that adequate but not superfluous stocks carbide tools and tips are carried. carbide training and experience be- comes particularly valuable the tool supervisor. His carbide man generally has made his business know what available the way mass produced standard carbide tools, blanks, how and what extent these will fit his own plant’s tooling requirements. Thus can not only get tools the job faster but able reduce tool cost and tool inventories the prac- tical minimum. Experience has dem- onstrated time and again the advan- tage concentrating coordinating these responsibilities single in- dividual. many plant tool supervisor the addition effectively functioning carbide man carbide department has brought new and more impor- tant relationship his own manage- ment, giving tool supervision “posi- tion turn acti then carl stoc dict car’ den a Hands tion authority” highly useful turn the carbide man his varied activities—not only the tools themselves but also the training plant manpower with regard carbides. carbide man, should under- stood, need not position dictate arbitrarily the use carbide tools. The right kind man does his job best practical demonstration the fact that knows what doing. knows where and how carbide tools can help his job sell that idea. Plant Tool Standards good carbide man can far to- day helping make his plant self- sufficient complete cutting tools. One step this direction the setting line plant too! stand- ards. the average plant, rela- tively small number sizes and types carbide tools will cover nearly three- quarters the plant’s requirements. Most these usually will found fall within the range carbide tool suppliers’ standard tools. Minor modifications these standard tools —usually quickly obtained grind- ing standard special shapes—ac- count for perhaps another per cent. setting plant standards the man can follow several pro- cedures. The decision which most suitable will depend study his own plant’s requirements. Fre- quently the final result combina- tion the following: Plant standard tools selected ‘rom the mass-produced standard tools readily available from carbide tool manufactur- ers and suitable for use “as is.” Here stock tools are fitted many jobs possible. Plant standard tools produced sim- ply regrinding special shapes from standard carbide shanks and blanks. The small balance special tools which cannot secured grinding Standard tools special shapes can either obtained from the manufacturer the tool producers fur- special tools tipped with carbides. Many also can produced the plant —again using standard tips from stock wherever possible reduce speed delivery. Brazing carbide tips presents difficulty the average plant. The provision simple torch equipment about the only Most effective use carbide tools can obtained the tool supervisor has his staff man who thoroughly familiar with such applications. The selection and training such “carbide discussed the author. additional item required. The pre- liminary milling recess the steel shank accommodate the car- bide tip simple operation that can done the milling equipment usually readily available the aver- age plant tool room, while grinding equipment has provided anyway take care tool maintenance. Surprisingly enough the job find- ing man capable these varied duties not difficult sounds. There usually any plant, some man with broad shop experience who has the necessary initiative and per- sonal characteristics become ef- fective carbide man. many plants someone the tool supervisor’s staff has the desired qualifications. Good material for carbide man also found among the experienced set- men foremen their assistants. Tool supervisors usually know where they can lay their hands man with the necessary qualifications. point remember that isn’t necessary that carbide man have great deal past experience with carbides start. Far more impor- with people. should natural leader and able command the re- spect the people with whom and for whom working. His ability exercise the necessary authority carry out sound program will de- pend largely that one factor. should have analytical type mind, but mind which open suggestions matter from where they come—from inside the plant from without. should willing try anything reasonable once, and enter his new job without precon- ceived ideas. THE IRON AGE, September 16, es ce ir nt s Ss. n S. e oe the final analysis, carbide man will learn more from actually work- ing his job than can any other way. The main thing, has been found, supply such man with thorough grounding the funda- mentals carbide help industry from this stand- point, there was organized about three years ago the Carboloy plant one-week training course for carbide men. not elementary course since previous shop experience requisite, but predicated the theory that the average man selected may have either little knowledge with regard carbide tools. The course also designed act “refresher” for the man who has had experience with carbide tool practice. Men from plants using carbides at- tending this course frequently find that such minor things, for example, slight change the dressing grinding wheels, the method applying the torch when brazing tips; solve heretofore mystifying problems poor carbide tool performance. Such things might seem rela- tively minor but they can spell the difference whether carbide program given plant wil! thor- oughly successful not. From this standpoint, should pointed out that, general, ideal high speed tool practice good carbide tool practice, and vice versa but that many the things you can “get away with” with high speed steel tools will reduce the efficiency even cause the failure carbide tool. The Carboloy course therefore more insurance course against doing the wrong thing than anything else. one week good shop man can acquire all the fundamentals will have keep mind. For proper appreciation both the limitations and advantages carbides, will have learned how carbides are pro- duced; the basic fundamentals cor- rect carbide tool design, including re- quirements tool posts and hold- permissible overhang, use shims, determination speeds and feeds, use coolants, etc.; brazing various types tools; theory and practice correct grinding for car- bide tools; the fundamentals chip breakers—frequently vital cutting steels with carbides—and determina- tion tool style and size, grade carbide, tip proportions and tool shape and angles. Close 1000 men have already been trained this school. further aid, series six silent slide films have been developed for training purposes. These are strictly non-commercial and available not only trainees the school but also industry general. They are designed useful tools for the carbide man himself training men his own plant his return. Sev- eral hundred these films are al- ready use war industries. ers, Putting the Man Work Among the most successful operation putting carbide man work after his training period that giving him rather free hand for while. Usually encouraged pick out few simple applications and put carbide tools work them —preferably using the readily avail- able strictly standard tools. the outset often takes care tool grinding, any necessary brazing, himself. starts keeping records feeds, speeds and tool life opera- tions which c