The Iron Age 1943-02-25: Vol 151 Iss 8

25, 1943 keep ‘em rolling, flying, fighting! From training camp combat service, our fighting forces depend upon millions ball bearings help them their jobs faster and get there “fustest with the the trucks, tanks, guns, and ships. and the instruments and accessories vital them are vast quantities ball carrying loads ranging from many tons more than the flick fly’s wing. Without anti-friction bearings there could tained action our mobile mechanized equipment because ease precise functioning and freedom from wear depend them utterly. New Departure, Division General Motors Corporation, Bristol, Conn. THE AGE, published every HESE ‘‘cailing cards’’ will one day announce our arrival Hitler’s door-step. Meanwhile, these projectiles are being heat-treated with the help these Hoskins Alloy-502 Fixtures that are light but strong. The fixture about ft. weighs and carries projectiles that are in. dia. in. long. The picture shows how these are mounted two Alloy-502 the 35-15 type and also available rolled rod. you resistant alloy, maybe can take care Hoskins Manufacturing Company, Detroit, Michigan. HEA TREATING FURNACES HEATING ELEMENT ALLOYS THERMOCOUPLE AND LEAD WIRE PYROMETERS WELDING WIRE HEAT RESISTANT CASTINGS ENAMELING FIXTURES SPARK PLUG ELECTRODE WIRE SPECIAL NICKEL PROTECTION TUBES Thursday the CHILTON CO. (INC.) Philadelphia under act March 1879. vearly North lize ~ Entered second class matter November 1932, the Post Office America and South America, Foreign $15. Vol. 151, No. 5 for ROMIUM Office FEBRUARY 25, 1943 VOL. NO. VAN DEVENTER President and Editor BAUR Vice-President and General Manager News Markets Editor, ROWAN Technical Editor, OLIVER Associate News Editor, JAMES Associate Editors Art Editor, WINTERS Editorial Assistants M. M. SCHIEN G. B. WILLIAMS Resident District Editors Washington Pittsburgh Washington Chicago Cleveland Detroit OSGOOD MURDOCK San Francisco Editorial Correspondents Buffalo FRAZAR RAYMOND KAY Boston Los Angeles HUGH SHARP Milwaukee SANDERSON Toronto, Ontario BACON Seattle JOHN McCUNE Birmingham ROY EDMONDS St. Louis ° ° DIX, Manager, Reader Service Advertising Staff Robert Blair, 621 Union Cleveland Herman, Chilton Bldg., Philadelphia Hottenstein, 1012 Otis Bldg., Chicago Raymond Kay, 2420 Cheremoya Ave., Los Angeles, Cal. Leonard, 100 East 42nd New York Peirce Lewis, 7310 Woodward Ave., Detroit 100 East 42nd New York obdinson Fitzgerald 428 Park Pittsburgh Johnson, Market Research Mar Hayes, Production Manager. Baur, Typography and Layout ° ° ° Member, Audit Bureau Circulations Member, Associated Business Papers Indexed the Industrial Arts Index. Pub lished every Thursday. Price North America, South America and Possessions, Foreign, year. Single Copy, cents, Annual Number, ° ° Owned and Published COMPANY Executive Editorial and Offices Advertising Offices Chestnut and Séth Sts. East 42nd St. Philadelphia, Pa. New York, OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS MUSSELMAN, President JOS. HILDRETH, GEORGE GRIFFITHS, EVERIT TERHUNE, VAN DEVENTER, Vice-President BAUR, Vice-President WILLIAM BARBER, Treasurer JOHN BLAIR MOFFETT, Secretary JULIAN CHASE, THOMAS KANE, HARRY DUFFY CHARLES HEALE Vice-President Vice-President Vice-President This Week in... IRON Editorial Technical Articles Reclaiming Cutting from the Air Coated Abrasive Gadgets Speed Finishing Standard Bending Roll Helps Salvage Electric Cable Plasticized Wood for Aircraft Holds Annual Convention Features Assembly Line Washington West Coast Fatigue Cracks Dear Editor News and Markets This Industrial Week News Industry Personals and Obituaries Non-Ferrous Metals Scrap Markets Iron and Steel Scrap Prices Comparison Finished Steel Prices Index Advertisers | | ° ° 128 130 134 183 Assurance Jominy End-Quench Hardenability Testing Ryerson Lab. All Alloy Steels are tested before they are accepted for stock and tests are conducted assure accuracy sults. This data passed with each shipment. Alloys Ryerson Stocks Write for New Booklet New Technical data including heat treat- ment response—is available (National Emergency Steels. Ryerson tests all Steels stock. This test information with each shipment that particular Steel. Thus, users choose which the lean-alloy steels will best replace the steels high alloy content previously used. Jominy End-Quench Hardenability Tests, standard for Steels, are quick, reliable determining heat treatment re- sponse. How this test made, the results obtained, and how interpret hardenability terms tensile strength, yield point, elon- gation, and reduction area, are clearly told recent Ryerson publication Steels. Copies are write your nearby Ryerson plant. Representative stocks Steels are avail- able Ryerson for prompt shipment. Turn- over rapid; withdrawals are heavy, but new stocks are constantly being received. Ryerson engineers and metallurgists will gladly answer any question you may have and help you get started with Steels. JOSEPH RYERSON SON, INC. CHICAGO MILWAUKEE ST.LOUIS BUFFALO BOSTON PHILADELPHIA JERSEY CITY | New, complete, authoritative! Com- piled Ryerson. you are adapt- copy, ask for one today! | 7 Testing are tested and check racy customers ° ° FEBRUARY 25, 1943 ° ESTABLISHED 1855 Dont Tell the Boss "Go But Preserve the Privilege ONTINUING the thought the common interest capital and labor preserving rather restoring the fullest possible exercise free- dom individual choice and action after the war, let’s think about the privileges quitting one job and getting another. Until one loses that privilege, does not and cannot realize what great one is. The right quit the obverse job security, which hear much. not hear much about the right quit and look for job elsewhere, which equally important, not more so. One the best examples job security and fact total social security that the life term convict. assured clothing, shelter and medical attention for the rest his unnatural life. assured steady job and wages. The wages, course, are not anything get excited about, but they never are when the state assumes the role the paymaster either soldiers, civil service employees prisoners. Unfortunately thinking about things today, have separate the war situation which upon from the post-war situation which approaching us. And the two situations are entirely different, should be. One may have and probably will have relinquish his right quit his right hold given job under war conditions. His employer not the man who makes his payroll; his one supreme boss govern- ment. cannot tell that boss “go hell.” the pre-war days, man working for General Motors, General Electric, Ford any other private enterprise did not consider himself government employee. did not like his boss the conditions under which worked could quit his job. And depending the nature his work, there were anywhere from ten ten thousand other places look for one. Labor will relinquish its right quit choose during the emer- gency war. certain that will fight preserve that right after the war. And wants that will have begin now fight alongside employers keep things from being done now under the excuse war that will inexorably drive after the war into socialistic state with one boss, strikes and quits. succeeding editorials will try explore the common ground which capital and labor can stand shoulder shoulder preserve their common heritage individual freedom. | * | | | | | | | | } } | | ° ° ° | | | | | . | yer | | | | — | } wes ve | } Critical Alloys Lost Forever you not segregate scrap the source. Each handling increases the difficulties reclaiming valuable war metals. Every scrap program should include careful segregation alloy scrap gets into charge carbon steel, and identification methods that will conserve critical not only are alloys lost, but the heat may alloying elements and metals. The most effective way rejected. segregate scrap the source—at the machines Mix scrap should collected separate containers, and each class alloyed iron and steel scrap should Non-ferrous scrap, mixed iron and steel scrap, not only wastes critical non-ferrous metals, but may cause the rejection steel heats. There are many reasons why scrap segregation vital importance America’s war effort: kept separate that their alloying contents can returned service. uantities alloys are needed for the produc- tion tanks, guns, planes, etc. Help steelmakers— help our fighting men, segregating and identifying every pound scrap you produce. Most war equipment requires the use alloys, many which are scarce. Segregated and identified scrap can used for making alloy steels the Check your scrap segregation methods to- same similar analysis. day—improve them possible. ww Wg vs RS NY ARM 7 the ice box becoming literal fact the metal industry today researchers probe more deeply into the potentialities the treatment metals subzero temperatures. This renewed interest bringing many new and intriguing possibilities into view and already suggests that cold treatment phase steel process- ing will loom importantly future. Broadly speaking, this interest subzero temperatures along two approaches. One the theoretical investigation the effect tem- peratures of, say —100 deg. and metal ductility, hardness, change volume, or, use all in- clusive phrase, the stabilization the metal. The second aspect cold treatment the use the shrinking effect low temperatures metal for the purpose provid- ing temperature differentials, without resorting high temperatures, for giving close fits between two mating parts assembling. with this latter development that this article primarily con- cerned since this use that ap- pears have chief application the immediate problem producing war materials. Another use cold, that pre- venting hardening certain an- nealed aluminum parts such rivets, accepted practice today but gen- erally does not involve temperatures low the other applications discussed here and not cent production development. Probably the chief stirring interest the possibilities putting cold work metal processing has been the recent de- velopment industrial refrigerating ice from the frying pan in- Cold Treatment Metals PHAIR Western Editor, THe The use subzero temperatures for producing the temperature differentials required for precision shrink fits finding increased application war industry. This article discusses the processing cycles for such operations practiced various plants using chanical units place dry ice. also touches upon the use cold for stabilizing gage metal and describes some the equipment available for producing subzero temperatures. units which make possible the main- tenance temperatures down —120 deg. for long periods with very close control. Cold used the past for such operations the “stabilization” gages, but such activities have revolved around the use dry ice. Quite aside from some the objectionable features handling dry ice, difficult achieve and hold within minor limits low, the natural temperature dry ice. has obviously against greater interest the sub- ject. Too, the modern industrial cold treating units make available tem- peratures below that dry ice and with the added advantage close control. From laboratory viewpoint, treatment has been something stepchild, possibly because there ap- peared more fertile areas other fields investigation. There have, however, been several notable, stabs direction. But most these investigations have involved the use dry ice liquid nitrogen achieve the low temperatures, there has been natural obstacle the direct use knowledge fabri- cating processes. number outstanding plants reveals lack uniformity practice, likely due the fact that the pressure war demands often prevents the experimentation which many plants would like undertake establish basic facts. most cases, the trial and error method has been used establish routine which will give the required shrinkage for fitting operations. Once been achieved, the procedure been stabilized that point. This lack uniformity makes establish base from which new user low temperatures may proceed establish for his product. hoped, however, that publication material will spur discussion the subject and this turn should aid developing better understanding the basic principals involved. The data shrink fits presented this article have been accumulated from .machine tool and aircraft manufacturing plants. noted that there little ground the practice the various plants, except possibly broad agreement temperature. Practically involved noted specifically that the use subzero temperatures for shrink fits was still the experimental stage and much research will necessary before full utilization this process will realized. The advantages shrinking for fit, rather than expanding THE IRON AGE, February 25, 1943—37 4 | - - 7 ik a 3 ay 1. | I | ¢ means elevated temperaures, ap- pear several number. One that felt that there less possi- bility altering the characteristics the metal cooling than heat- ing. Secondly, there appears less possibility distortion parts with varied section size chilling than heating. Another factor the greater ease handling chilled parts compared with heated parts making fits small well large parts. Where large tolerances are required, the necessary tempera- ture differential can achieved with- out resorting excessively high tem- peratures chilling one section and slightly heating the other. Rate Shrinkage While obvious that the rate shrinkage dependent upon mass and also upon the specific characteris- tics the metal involved, the data given Table indicate the relative 38—THE IRON AGE, February 25, 1943 machine tool shaft being placed which will shrink about permit fitting bearing it. degree shrinkage 2-in. ring six common metals. These data were supplied the Deepfreeze Division Motor Products Corp. not cer- tain whether shrinkage rates sizes cther than that covered Table will directly proportional differences size, but probably safe assume that the rate for other sizes roughly proportional. Shrinkfit applications volve the chilling the inserted part only, although some practices call for heating the female part slightly and chilling the mating section. most cases, possible insert the male part hand, with tight fit resulting soon the part has re- turned room temperature. one make use chilling and press fit, having been found that the chilling one part made possible use greatly reduced press pressures, compared with straight press fit 2—Dowel pins, spline pins, coun- terweight bushings and center section end plugs are fitted into these aircraft chilling. Arrows point some these parts. without chilling. This, obviously, re- duces the chances scoring dis- tortion the fitting operation. Immediately following the pro- cedure adopted aircraft plant for fitting both aluminum aluminum and aluminum steel. each case one part, the female part, heated between 300 and 450 deg. F., while the male chilled between —35 —40 deg. The tabulation be- low gives the minimum and maximum shrink fit the parts, the type metals involved and the basic size. A.—Alumimum alloy liner, shrink fit, 0.005 minimum, 0.007 maximum, into aluminum alloy body. size 2.285 (0.75 in. long). B.—Nitri-cast iron liner fitted into aluminum alloy body. Shrink fit 0.003 in. minimum, 0.005 maximum. Basic size 3.407 in. (4.0 in. long). C.—Nickel cast iron aluminum alloy body. Shrink fit 0.004 in. minimum, 0.006 in. maximum. Basic size 1.822 in. (1.75 in. long). D.—Bronze bushing into mag- nesium body. Shrink fit 0.0015 minimum, 0.002 in. maximum. Basic size in. (2% in. long). E.—Aluminum alloy core into steel liner. Shrink fit 0.0035 in. minimum, 0.008 in. maximum. Basic size 3.062 in. (2.75 in. long). iron liner into aluminum alloy body. Shrink fit 0.004 in. minimum, 0.006 in. maximum. Basic size 3.002 in. (2.75 in. long.) G.—Steel bearing sleeve into aluminum alloy body. Shrink fit 0.004 in. minimum, 0.006 in. maximum. Basic size 1.565 (1.5 in. long). H.—Steel liner into magnesium body. Shrink fit 0.002 in. minimum, 0.006 in. maximum. Basic 3.440 in. (4.0 in. long). I.—Steel bushing into aluminum alloy body. Shrink fit 0.003 in. minimum, 0.005 in. maximum. size 0.468 in. (0.625 in. long). Another aircraft plant which in- serts steel and brass liners and bush- ing aluminum crankcase sections and cylinder heads, reports that its practice always chill the inserts deg. and heat the aluminum parts 300 400 deg. The in- serts are chilled for two three hours insure uniform temperature conditions. This plant also reports that inserts bushing heat treated articulated rod chilling only the bushing and using light press fit. One aircraft manufacturer, report- ing its experience with chilling equip- ment, pointed out that its practice had been evolved trial and error ‘ 2S = | num. sium mum, Basic bush- its nserts in- three rature eports heat illing light equip- ractice error and while this gave fairly satis- factory operation, more intensive re- search, when time was not short, might well result higher efficiency the operation. This company shrinking steel liner into steel flywheel air- craft engine starter. The liner put into cold chamber with normal plant. Doors are outside diameter 2.996 in. and foot shrunk 2.995 in. This shrinkage —40 deg. F., with one immersion. While the liner the cooling unit, the steel flywheel heated 400 deg. for hr., resulting expansion about 0.002 in. the inside diameter, giving total clear- ance for the two parts 0.003 in. The parts are fitted together arbor press obtain alinement the parts when pressed. Very little pressure required for this purpose. Before chilling was adopted, much heavier press was required and the fit was not satisfactory bly now using chilling treatment and methods. This light press. company uses the flywheel when the two parts have returned room temperature, the steel liner knurled the out- side diameter before chilling. unit, Fig. rivet holding unit Ford aircraft pounding the bearings necessa- during assem- portable chilling makes possible bring the unit which Machine tool plants are also mak- the job. ing use this equipment for shrink company producing crankshafts deg. for hr., after which they fits. One mid-western shop shrinks for aircraft engines employs cold are immediately assembled into the 2-in. spindle for fitting into bearing. for fitting dowel pins, spline pins, crankshaft and permitted return This in. spindle, shown Fig. counterweight bushings and center room temperature. effective shrunk from 0.001 0.0015 in. section end plugs. These parts are this type fit that the center section min. —50 deg. This plant also subjected temperature —25 end plug, after has expanded Annealing furnace Water quench Alcohol rinse Rivets heated water 80°F 850°F makes use this equipment for shrinking steel sleeve type bearing used cast iron housing. This bearing turned 0.0005 in. oversize, then shrunk about 0.001 in., the exact figure depending the mass the bearing, and inserted into the bear- ing housing. When the bearing re- gains room temperature, accurate, tight fit results. Aside from the lack need handling dry ice, the ad- vantages this practice are listed saving time assembling the unit and absence out roundness and misalinement caused excessive chilling unit ° ° 4—Flow sheet alumi- num rivet processing. ° ° ° storage unit line THE IRON AGE, February 25, 1943—39 an Aopper Santocel Cascade chilling unit which will give temperatures down deg. room temperature, fits snugly enough The diameter the parts treated form oil tight seal. this company are: Dowel pins, The cooling chamber the chilling 0.375 in.; spline pins, 0.187 in.; bush- unit used this company filled ings, 2.1875 in.; and end plugs in. with alcohol-base liquid. The tray The shrinkage these parts based which the parts are placed 0.000006 in. per degree per inch wood and holds the parts over the size. These parts are shown liquid. The liquid time touches Fig. The dowel pins are small the parts. The company reports that pins the radius the throw, has never had part crack this treatment. directly behind the There are two shaft and are 6—Cutaway sketch showing construction Deepfreeze unit which will give tem- peratures down —50 deg. Cover. tee valve ring Feed /ine unit Bulb clamp Cold line Insulating base dowe/ 40—THE IRON AGE, February 25, 1943 the same plane and radius the throw the oil holes which seen the illustration. addition chilling for precision fits, interesting case reported wherein low temperatures are em- ployed for inserting non-precision bearing cuts position. These cups are chilled placing them solu- tion per cent kerosene and which brought down —40 —50 deg. This treatment re- sults shrinkage from 0.002, 0.003 in. the diameter. This allows inserting the cups hand, which, claimed, faster this job than machine pressing driving and ends the possibility strains de- veloping driving the cups Seasoning stabilizing gages and mandrels cold treatment has been rather common practice for some time many plants. The purpose such treatment, which the past has largely involved the use dry ice, insure dimensional stability the product or, express another way, prevent excessive expansion the gages due minor variations ambient temperature. Several gage makers have recently installed mechanical units and some are experimenting with temperatures somewhat below that available with dry ice, although most stabilizing treatments present are the range —25 —50 deg this stabilizing practice, shrink fittings, there appears lack fundamental information and consequently there good bit variance practice between various shops. However, least one direction extensive experiments are being undertaken and some very useful basic data should available the next six months. Gage Seasoning One authority gage seasoning re- ports the following dry ice procedure* “The gages are heated about 300 deg. and Aging Tools and Gages, Feb. 1942, 278. allowed cool room temperature. After cooling, they are packed dry ice (which will cool them about —105 deg. F.). This cycle repeated times, allowing the gages return room temperature each time between the dry ice and the 300 deg. treatment.” “Users this the report states, have definite rules how long the parts should exposed the dry ice, but the sections increase size, the time ie j ‘ ° ° ° | ° ° re- 002, This and, this ving de- and been some has ice, other nsion ‘ating below hough resent deg nation least iments very ailable re- then and erature. dry about rages ach time deg. report ite rules time exposure accordingly. five hours seem the average time exposure for medium sized parts.” This lack agreement among dry ice users was also reflected the writer’s efforts arrive something approaching standard practice with mechanical cold producing equipment. One plant reported using cycles, alternating between —40 deg. and 200 deg. F., while another plant uses four cycles between —25 deg. and temperature. Still third plant advises that single treatment deg. F., held for several hours, and then returned room tem- perature, usually One manufacturer has adopted the following practice. The gages are ground after hardening and then placed chilling unit for about hr. They are then removed and finished lapped size. variation this practice an- other plant grind the part within 0.002 in. finish size, then chill for hr. —40 deg. F., then returned deg. or, about room temperature, and finish ground and lapped size. Another gage maker advises temper 300 deg. F., chilling least —70 deg. and then back room temperature, after which the piece finished ground and lapped. Another plant recommends treat- ment hr. —50 deg. fol- lowed finishing grinding. interesting comment from plant making gages, mandrels and similar tools stock, drill rod 1.10 and also from material running 0.50 1.50 and 2.25 The seasoning cycle used this plant follows: Harden and quench; draw 350 deg. F., for one hr. (for small sections); come back room temperature; place chilling unit —45 deg. lower for hr.; back room tem- perature; then place boiling water for hr., then bring back room temperature. Repeat for two more cyeles, beginning with the chilling treatment. The company’s experience with this treatment that arbors and mandrels, subjected this seasoning show considerably less runout than parts have not been treated. treatment reported here cannot ac- counted for differences size composition the material treated. Probably the best analysis the situation the assertion one firm that they “are using by-guess and God methods now. These are work- horizontal unit cu. ft. ca- pacity for tempera- tures down —75 deg. ing out well and they haven’t time all about.” Another firm reported that they had only heard about the method this year and were making use the manufacturer’s recom- mendations, pending the outcome some small scale experiments that were currently being undertaken. The use low temperatures for retarding the aging, hardening aluminum, such rivets 17S-T 24S-T alloy, well known in- dustry. such alloys are held room temperature they will gradually harden, lose shear strength come very difficult drive. The Aluminum Co. America ported that rivets stored deg. immediately after quenching remain soft enough for driving for about hr., while stored —50 deg. F., the rivets remain soft enough for driving for two weeks more. The Ford Motor Co. recently ran number tests determine how long such rivets could held under plant conditions. Rivets 17S-T alloy, in. size were stored Hold unit which combines hot bath and cold bath down —70 deg. chine. mechanical chilling unit for days. examination the rivets after this time showed that while there was some hardening, was possible drive the rivets. The chilling cabinets used for the tests were similar the rivets and other aluminum stock,* detailed description the tech- nique cold storing aluminum sheets contained the article “Unique Air- Construction Methods,” THe June 25, 1942, 33. which the temperature maintained within the range —10 deg. The Willow Run bomber -plant the Ford Motor Co., where the han- dling such material prob- lem, has developed highly effective procedure for storing such alloys the required temperature. view the increase interest this sub- ject, might well review de- tail the Ford setup, which deals ex- clusively with 17S-T rivets. major storage depot for rivets, known rivet crib, setup ? 4 THE IRON AGE, February 25, A 4 ° sion olu- — 5 : ad “= 3 ° ° : ° ° ° the center the cold-heading and heat treating departments. After the rivets are headed, they are delivered these special storage units. These units are rated 1600 lb. capacity and are fed three-ton compressors built integral with the box. Each unit divided into nine compart- ments, each compartment containing sliding trays. These boxes are constructed that when the outer door opened, does not affect the temperature the trays. Each tray has room for four con- tainers which the rivets are kept. These containers are tubular shape, in. diameter in. long, cadmium plated and will fit any coid unit tray the plant. Deliveries are made from the crib the smaller boxes along the as- sembly lines scooter which cooled dry ice. very little in- crease temperature reported dur- ing this transfer. The assembly lines are equipped with small cold units, five which are cu. ft. capacity (See Fig. and the rest ft. The cu. ft. units measure 4x3x10 ft. and have compres- sors. They are built with two chambers, each with its own door which can raised lowered pneumatic control operated foot. The smaller boxes measure 22x33x45 in. and are also opened mechanically foot pedal. They are also equipped with com- pressors. All the boxes are capable main- taining temperature —45 deg. However, the main storage crib maintained —20 deg. F., while the floor units are standardized eventually expand this setup 100 small units and fleet scooters. Each small container marked with type rivet and date. The rivets are removed from the con- time just before driving. flow chart showing processing aluminum Inc., shown Fig. This com- _pany’s automatic dispenser makes use small fiber and metal container in. O.D. in. high. Tool Steel Hardening addition the practical appli- cations listed previously this arti- cle, there another rather intriguing angle cold treatment metal which still definitely the laboratory stage. This the treating tool steels with the aim improving their physical characteristics operating 42—THE IRON AGE, February 25, 1943 9—A Revco special rivet holding cabinet for holding rivets cans cartridges —40 deg. temperatures. result work done Gordon and Cohen low temperature treatment 18-4-1 steel, appears that one the advantages suitable cold treatment such steel reduction loss hard- ness operating heat. When tool steel heats due friction from the cutting operation, looses some its original hardness. With proper cold treatment, appears that this loss can considerably reduced. Paper Gordon and Morris Cohen, entitled “Transformation Re- tained Austenite High Speed Steel Subatmospheric ASM 1941 preprint. This paper contains excellent discussion the basic metal- lurgical aspects cold treatment and must reading for anyone interested this subject. While the work done Gordon and Cohen involved temperatures low —310 deg. F., below the range commercially available re- frigerating equipment, they point out that from practical viewpoint not necessary resort tempera- tures low —310 deg. achieve transforma- tion (or stabilizaticn) hardened high speed steel. that that transformation stops below —150 deg. fact, only small amount occurs below —100 deg. F., temperature readily obtained with several industrial types refrigera- tion now available. interesting conclusion drawn Morris and Cohen that “subzero hardening and tempering 18-4-1 high speed steel will produce com- binations hardness, strength and ductility unattainable ordinary understood that this work going carried farther, with particular reference gage steel stabilization, noted, most the present applica- tions cold are the range temperatures above the maximum at- tainable dry ice, there are several factors which make mechanical chill- ing equipment more efficient for cold applications compared with dry ice. One important factor closer control over temperatures possible with the mechanical units. One maker chilling units claims able control the temperature within deg. There also the fac- tor greater ease handling mechanical unit, against dry ice. Many types portable units are available which need only plugged into power source operated. also claimed that mechanical unit, operating under comparable conditions, will provide the required cold much more economically than dry ice. There are number manufac- turers mechanical chilling equip- ment the field currently, including several large household mercial refrigerator makers who are somewhat coy toward admitting they have made industrial low tempera- ture applications. The Deepfreeze Division Motor Products Corp., North Chicago, are marketing two types cold equipment. One Santocel chilling unit which will give temperatures down —120 deg. This illustrated Fig. This unit has double walled cold chamber, with in. inside diameter and in. deep, giving capacity 58% gal. 74/5 cu. ft. insulated with in. Santocel insulation and has two open type, silent water cooled piston type compressors. Deepfreeze also produces Santocel chilling unit, Fig. which gives tem- peratures from —40 —50 deg. This unit has capacity gal. ft. has one com- pressor. The heat absorbing capacity TABLE Rate Shrinkage Approximate Shrinkage 2-in. Ring Cylinder Inserts With the Parts Being Tool steel 0.0022 in. Phosphorus bronze in. Aluminum bronze in. 0.0036 in. Aluminum 0.0043 in. Magnesium 0.0045 in. | ° ° | | era- otor cold give This in. gal. with has nead, sors. tem- deg. com- the Cascade unit equal 196 lb. dry ice —120 deg. F., limited —90 deg. F., per hr. under similar operating conditions. this unit there very little difference be- tween the temperature frigerant and the storage area—less than deg. This said reduce condensation and frost. Another manufacturer the Kold- Hold Mfg. Co., Lansing, Mich. This company produces units vertical and horizontal models ranging from are available temperature —45, —60, —75 and —90 deg. This company reports that electric energy consumption these units will average between and $10 per month, depending upon size. Kold-Hold horizontal unit ft. capacity shown Fig. This machine made two types, deg. and —90 deg., and and cu. ft. These units are en- tirely self-contained and require recharging refilling. The Kold-Hold model illustrated Fig. combines both hot and cold chambers one unit, possible heat parts one chamber and transferring them the cold chamber without loss time. The entirely self-contained and gives temperatures, the respective baths, 200 deg. and down —70 deg. F., with sensitivity con- trollable deg. Agitators assure thorough distribution the heat and cold. Inc., Adrian, Mich., reports its equipment will give temperatures lown —50 deg. and lower. Its standard heavy duty Fig. are available capacities and ft. The company also makes light portable cabinet with capacity eu. ft. LOADING DOOR RIVET CARTRIDGES 10—A Revco selective auto- matic rivet dispenser which dispenses per minute cooled —30 deg. with eight type size selections. SERVICE DOOR Reveo recently introduced the se- lective automatic shown Fig. 10. this unit rivets are stored cartridges holding about lb. rivets. These containers have metal bottoms and waxed interiors and exteriors and may reused. Use these cartridges prevents moisture from getting the rivets, eliminates spillage and prevents mixing aged rivets. The operator dials the desired type size rivet, presses button and receives cartridge rivets cooled —30 deg. The unit has eight storage columns, Reclaiming Cutting Oil from IGH speed machine tools like automatics must flooded with cooling oil, sometimes rate gal. per min. Much the oil pouring fast-spinning tool whipped into fine spray, and the hot chips and tool paints may even turn the oil smoke. With row after row these machines screw machine departments the air with spray and smoke. The oil-laden air drawn upwards toward the ex- haust-air intake but the way condenses lighting fixtures, bus ducts, electrical insulation, walls and other surfaces. Even the oil mist caught the air-conditioning IGH voltage plate assembly for Precipitron installation. This type unit, de- signed primarily for removing dust and dirt from the air electrostatic precipitation, has been applied successfully recovering cutting fumes end vapor around automatic screw machines. INDEX TASS FOR 8 COLUMN MAGAZINE INDEX DIAL KNOBS STARTER BUTTON FOR AUTOMATIC DISPENSING RED SIGNAL LAMP (FLASHES AT 0° F) DELIVERY CHUTE FOR RIVET storage and delivery eight different types sizes rivets. stave off irate sales managers, should stressed here that the notes these industrial units apply standard models only and all com- panies have produced custom built units differing from those described here. fact, probably most the units being sold today are modifi- cations standard designs fit specific production problems. Some the specialties which these com- panies have turned out include blood plasma freezing units and stratosphere units for testing aircraft parts. the Air system, the harm done before the oil reaches the intake ducts. remove the vaporized oil the indi- vidual machine. With Precipitron electrostatic separator, built into the machine tool itself, trial installa- tion one machine, Westinghouse engineers filtered gal. cut- ting oil out the air one day. Vis- ibility improved, building mainte- nance greatly reduced, and the life power and light cables and con- trols lengthened the Precipitron installation. The air more health- ful and worthwhile saving real- ized cutting oil, critical material. THE IRON AGE, February 1943—43 res ice. are ° ° i ical ible red han fac- ling om- are at Being 022 in. 032 in. 032 in. 036 in. 043 in. 045 in. 44—THE IRON AGE, February 25, HERE need the pres- less essential industries will able ent time re-state the neces- secure least some part their sity for conserving oxyacety- needed replacements. What needed lene welding and cutting apparatus now are ways and means planning obtain the utmost life and pro- apparatus maintenance and control ductivity from them. organized basis. users having the This article describes number ratings are actively promoting con- such systems, applied oxyacety- servation, that the comparatively lene welding and cutting apparatus. x UPPER LEFT card index contains complete case history each piece oxyacetylene welding and cutting apparatus. ABOVE are not haphazard, this careful checking flame balance cut- ting tip indicates. LEFT 3—After inspection, apparatw stored bins for issuance shop personnel. record kept any repairs made. 4 PROCEDURE systems were developed sev- eral shipyards, where the large quan- tities apparatus use necessitated problem. However, they are appli- either directly with partial modification steel mills, which are likewise heavy users oxyacetylene equipment. not the intention suggest these maintenance and con- trol programs superior those now use many mills, but more the light “borrowing idea” where this feasible. general these systems encom- pass the following main purposes: Keeping all apparatus efficient op- erating condition; preventing min- imizing loss equipment; keeping history each piece appara- tus; and maintaining constant check location both equipment and operators. seen that other benefits are forthcoming by- products such program. The core the apparatus mainte- nance system the card index file shown Fig. Every torch, regula- tor other piece equipment has its card this file, bearing all iden- tifying data and complete history made upon it. The most important feature this system that inspec- % A Seer ee eve cee ees FORREST WALDO Applied Engineering Department, Air Reduction Sales Co., New York For Gas Welding and Cutting Apparatus The useful life vital oxyacetylene welding and cutting appa- ratus may substantially extended and its productivity main- tained high level through the use carefully planned mainte- nance and control systems such are described this article. Prac- tices are taken from West Coast shipyards. tions figure more prominently than repairs. other words, all appara- tus subject periodic inspection reasonable intervals, regardless whether has shown definite need last inspection each piece ap- paratus, provides check not only such equipment regularly returned the storeroom, but also equipment which permanently for repair. Such regular overhauling installed elsewhere the serves two purposes: maintains yard, which may circulate about higher level the working areas without being ciency, and frequently forestalls returned stores. actual breakdowns and major repairs. Inspection means more than cur- The card index, showing the date once-over. 291 621 (287) 342 317 RIGHT 5—This corner the ap- paratus check out board the store- room. represents equipment. 504 (44) LEFT 4—Cutting tips are kept or- derly rack prevent damage seat- ing surfaces flame orifices, thus pro- moting long life and high efficiency. THE IRON AGE, February 25, ° ° GEN. TORCH BEVEL TIPS 663) ¥ 7 ¥ ~ ix 6—Thumbtacks this board represent locations portable oxyacetylene mani- folds ship ways and outfitting docks shipyard men are experienced operators the equipment passing through their hands, and addition they have knowledge the inner workings that equipment. Where practicable, inspections include actual operating tests. the case torch tips, for example, the tips regularly cleaned and checked for flame adjust- ment, shown Fig. Oxygen and acetylene regulators are inspected for leaky seats, thus avoiding regulator creep. Whenever anything more than minor adjustments are made, the na- ture the repairs entered the file card, which thus bears complete case history that particular equipment. Inspected apparatus ready for issu- ance shop personnel stored separate bins compartments. One such storage rack shown Fig. Cutting tips receive special care, since mishandling may easily impair their efficiency. These are filed ac- cording size special board, drilled with rows holes receive the tips, illustrated Fig. Similar racks are provided for weld- ing tips, both for the sake order- liness and avoid battering the seat- ing ends. Maintenance and control hand hand again the issuance the apparatus. Reference Fig. shows how this done. The apparatus 46—THE IRON AGE, February 25, 1943 check-out panel has rows small hooks, each representing particular equipment. Labels the top this board identify each type torch, tip, radiagraph, etc. When worker receives his tools from the storeroom metal tag bearing his number hung the appropriate hook. then held responsible for the return these tools, and is, course, aware this fact. This system simple, rapid and involves paper work. The amount time required keeping this transitory record negligible. Another aspect the system em- ployed one yard almost exclu- sively shipyard problem, but readily adaptable one form an- other other industries well. This visual chart showing glance the locations and distribution port- able oxyacetylene manifolds around the yards. Fig. shows this panel, with thumbtacks used represent manifold gas outlets. This chart, to- gether with the man-location chart means ascertaining where work being done, the workmen engaged that work, and the equipment use those points. This ously serves other purposes well emergency, for example, where welding job must done hurry, the shop superintendent can deter- mine moment, which crew withdraw for such work. final aspect the control pro- gram worthy description, though concerns gas consumption records rather than apparatus maintenance. This wall chart which are plotted monthly figures oxygen and acetylene consumption, both 7—This man-location chart provides simple means ascertaining where every welder and cutting operator working the yards. = el, ise igh rds consumption figures are kept for oxygen, acetylene and carbide. Upper chart shows cylinder consumption; lower chart shows pipeline consumption. the latter case, gases are distributed pipe from central point. Big cylinders trailer trucks are the distributing stations. are gen oth pipeline and cylinder supply, together with carbide demand. These figures provide ready means coniparing the relationship between gases sup- plied the pipeline distributing sys- tem and the quantities obtained from Also, since the relationship between oxygen and quirements should remain fairly con- stant particular shop, these rec- ords enable monthly checking this balance. One the main essentials such apparatus inspection, maintenance and control systems that, once in- stalled, they should adhered to, and not allowed lapse. Accordingly the program should simple enough maintained without excessive expenditure time. That the fore- going systems satisfy this require- ment quite evident. More impor- tant, course, the fact that these systems are extremely effective keeping oxyacetylene welding and cutting apparatus peak operating condition, with the two-fold result that their useful life extended and their productivity during that life maintained high level. ETTING workers take proper care their machines being facilitated this handy nameplate which being supplied the Cleveland Duplex Machinery Co., Inc. plants were finding, particularly the night shifts, that workers were neglecting oil their machines regularly and often left the machines littered with chips when the day shift man took over. The tag reminder clean for the other fellow. Many THE IRON AGE, February 25, 1943—47 x ery f PART CLEVELA UPLEX MACHINERY 1 Coated Abrasive Gadgets ONVERSION war work finds industrial plants manufac- turing products entirely different from anything they had ever made before, and consequently employing many machines, tools that had never been important their previous production. Notable among the products find new uses are coated abrasives, particularly the aircraft industry. meet these new and varied demands for abrasives speed difficult little finishing jobs, the Behr-Manning Corp., Troy, Y., has developed and per- fected many made Metalite cloth fitted portable power tools drill presses. tool that has made definite place for itself industry the Spiraband which may mounted high speed flexible shaft portable air electric tool. This consists abrasive cloth with plain cloth in- terlining wound expanding rubber drum. The Spiraband firmly held tightening nut which expands the rubber core pressing together from both ends. The shafts spindles range from in. and accommodate Spirabands from in. diameter. The width face dimensions range from in. Such tool can used for finishing drawing forming dies small Spiraband tool being used trim the edges slot casting. 48—THE IRON AGE, February 25, 1943 used the manufacture metal parts for airplanes; edges and finishing concave areas where radii are short; removing tool marks from and polishing recesses aircraft engines, such intake exhaust chambers engine bodies, operations that are hard get with other Fig. shows small Spiraband wheel use. the same construction Spiraband, but larger size the Spirabelt, Fig. consisting three pieces—a rubber core, supported steel interliner, and two 3/16 in. steel side plates turned down fit exactly the ground-in side the rubber core. When the assembly mounted shaft, the plates lock themselves into place that the sides are flush without projection any point. operation, the steel inter- liner prevents the rubber core from flaring out, resulting greater sand- ing precision. Widths range from in. Where other types ex- 1G. 2—The Spirabelt cloth backed abrasive belt mounted rubber ring which expanded against the belt means two steel disks. This type wheel can operated speeds 5500 ft. per min. panding wheels may operated safely moderate speeds only, this wheel will operate smoothly and efficiently 6000 r.p.m. more. polishing operations, Spirapoints are excellent mounted points, since they will re- move any chatter marks left the harder surface the mounted wheels points. This “gadget” consists strips abrasive spirally wound variety shapes and sizes standard grit numbers, Fig. particularly adaptable finishing and polishing concave areas and for getting into orifices. Their ability break down 3—A group Spirapoints. These are small abrasive cloth gadgets pre- pared winding narrow strip the form spiral. automatically renews their cutting faces and their cone shape offers good cutting angle. Fig. shows typical application. Long narrow strips abrasive cloth spirally wound the form cord have been found useful smoothing out rough corners holes which have been drilled. Drawn taut and position for use, Fig. takes the form round abrasive and shapes itself the job being done. Spiracords may also wound pencil mandrel and used polish the walls deep holes, Fig. eye slot cut the end the mandrel receive the abrasive strip. excellent tool for burring and & & ers a ws a rasive taut ind on polish the strip. and Speed. polishing small holes may made threading small strip abrasive cloth through spindle which has eye similar darning needle, Fig. When the spindle rotated speed 15,000 20,000 r.p.m. centrifugal will the abrasive strip extended until forced into the hole, causing fold itself. After has passed through the hole will flare out, that when pulled out the hole will perform the same burring action both edges the hole. Should required that polishing done parallel the axis instead right angles it, this can done with oscillating machine. such cases, the mandrel must have two eyes slots, spaced that both ends the cord may secured after being tightly wound around it. For burring larger holes, abrasive disks should used, mounted small portable air electric grinders motor. These slotted disks, Fig. are cut fold like umbrella when forced into hole high speed and assume their original shape they emerge. Thus two these disks are mounted back back, and passed completely through hole and back again, they will burr and put radius 4—Application Spirapoint abrasive wheel the channel aircraft engine connecting rod. Finishing Operations Today under wartime production conditions finishing operations small metal parts have been multiplied thousands. The desire for speed and efficiency performing these operations has brought about the development many gadgets made coated abrasive cloth, some which are described herein. ° both edges the opening and polish the inside one operation. For work blind hole, single disk mounted the mandrel, grit side toward the work. Straight slotted disks are available with o.d. in. for holes from in. For larger holes from in. proportionally larger disks are available. Selection grits depends upon the kind metal and the finish required. RIGHT 5—The edges small holes can burred pull- ing spirally wound narrow abrasive cord back and forth through the hole. The mushroom sanding pad, consists flexible rubber disk mounted steel spindle which goes into the chuck head driving shaft. Molded Metalite abrasive disks in. diameter are attached this pad with cement, one application which sufficient for the mounting several disks. The design and flexibility these pads make them ideal for shap- ing, grinding and polishing low areas BELOW thin strip abrasive cloth can wound spirally mandrel which chucked portable air electric tool. THE IRON AGE, February 25, art I e- rs, t ° ; 0 wn 7—Small diameter holes can burred threading small slip coated abrasive through the eye needle. The needle pushed and out the hole and the burring action takes place when force flings the cloth end outward. ABOVE 1G. 8—Holes from diameter can burred around the edges with slotted abrasive disks such those shown. The disks fold like umbrella when forced into the hole high speed. 9—For finishing fla