The Iron Age 1941-10-30: Vol 148 Iss 18

2277 3314 2277 2277 3314 2277 Buildin PANY { 4 4 3 q r-89 7427 = Does your overhead crane screech and growl? does, you may expect excessive wear, expensive repairs, and numerous shut- downs. noisy crane expensive crane. That’s why special care has been taken Whiting cranes assure quiet, smooth- running operation all vital points. For example, roller bearings reduce friction, herringbone gears efficiently transmit power, flexible couplings eliminate vibration and binding, tapered-tread drive wheels keep the bridge square, and rotating axle bearings add many years service life cranes. Capacities range from one 400 tons. Whiting electric hoists from tons. Whiting Corporation, 15601 Lathrop Ave., Harvey, Ill. Builders quality cranes for over years. t RHEAD TRAVELING CRANE HERRINGBONE GEARS REDUCE NOISE AND WEAR WHITING CRANES Herringbone gears are long wearing. They transmit power quietly and efficiently and outlast ordinary spur gears least two one. They are used the hoist, bridge, and trol- ley every Whit- ing traveling / ESN a ‘ SEND FOR Write Traveling Crane Specification NOISE OCTOBER 30, 1941 VOL. 148, NO. VAN DEVENTER President and Editor BAUR Vice-President and General Manager ° ° Managing Editor, LIPPERT News Markets Editor, ROWAN Machine Tool Editor, OLIVER Associate Editors Art Editor, WINTERS Editorial Assistants Washington Editors MOFFETT JAMES ELLIS Resident District Editors CAMPBELL HERMAN KLEIN Pittsburgh Chicago Cleveland Detroit CHARLES POST San Francisco Editorial Correspondents DEARING ROBERT McINTOSH Buffalo Cincinnati FRAZAR RAYMOND KAY Boston Los Angeles HUGH SHARP JOHN McCUNE Milwaukee Birmingham SANDERSON ROY EDMONDS Toronto, Ontario St. Louis Newark, Seattle ° ° ° DIX, Manager Reader Service ° ° ° Advertising Staff Emerson Findley Robert Blair Union Cleveland Herman, Chilton Bldg., Philadelphia Hottenstein, 1012 Otis Bldg., Chicago Leonard, 100 East 42nd New York Peirce Lewis, 7310 Woodward Ave., Detroit Ober, 100 East 42nd New York Don Harner, 1595 Pacific Avenue, Long Beach, Cal. Johnson, Market Research Mgr. Hayes, Production Manager. Baur, Typography and Layout. ° ° Member, Audit Bureau Circulations Member, Associated Business Papers Indexed the Industrial Arts Index. Pub- lished every Thursday. Subscription Price United States and Possessions, Mexico, Cuba, $6.00: Canada, $8.50; Foreign, $12.00 year. Single copy, cents. Owned and Published CHILTON COMPANY (Incorporated) Executive Editorial and Office Advertising Offices Chestnut and East 42nd St. Philadelphia, Pa. New York, U.S.A. OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS MUSSELMAN, President JOS. HILDRETH, Vice-President SEORGE GRIFFITHS, Vice-President EVERIT TERHUNE, Vice-President VAN DEVENTER, Vice-President BAUR, Vice-President WILLIAM BARBER, Treasurer JOHN BLAIR MOFFETT, Secretary JULIAN CHASE, THOMAS KANE, HARRY DUFFY CHARLES HEALE Editorial Skyscraper Scheduling Technical Articles Report, M.I.T. Powder Metallurgy Conference Report Twenty-Third Metal Congress: Exposition Highlights, Activities Meetings Speed National Defense Structure, Formation Rate Pearlite Reviews New Welding Developments. Studies Light Metal Technology Gear Makers Examine Developments Features Assembly Line Washington The West Coast Fatigue Cracks News and Markets This Industrial Week News Industry Government Awards Personals and Obituaries Construction Steel Machine Tool Activity Non-Ferrous Metals Scrap Markets Iron and Steel Scrap Prices. Comparison Prices Finished Steel Prices Warehouse Prices Sales Possibilities Products Advertised Index Advertisers Copyright, 1941, Chilton Company | i ACTION ANOTHER REASON FOR LONGER CONTACT LIFE WITH THE WESTINGHOUSE “DE-ION” MOTOR WATCHMAN Quick-break opening contacts manual across- the-line starter essential prevent dangerous arcing and burning contacts. Not well recognized the fact that quick-make action also important factor long contact life. contacts meet slowly, they start carry full starting current before full contact pressure reached. They may together but not latched, and then allowed open, causing burning. The Motor Watchman has both posi- tive quick-make and quick-break action doubly safeguard contacts against burning. Together with Arc Quenchers, Bi-Metal overload protection and interlocking covers, Westinghouse Starters offer longer life and lower maintenance costs with complete safety. will pay you investigate. Write Westing- house Electric Manufacturing Company, East Pittsburgh, Pa., Dept. 7-N. DEAD CENTER “TEASING” CONTACTS Motor Watchman toggle operating mechanism and movable contacts. When leverage passes center, spring tension gives the quick-make quick-break action. Contacts cannot held dead center position, 26—THE IRON AGE, October 30, | ~ RON AGE OCTOBER 30, 1941 ° ESTABLISHED 1855 Skyscraper Scheduling CHEDULING mighty important part modern management big enterprises. not see how could get along without it. Take the scheduling, for example, the delivery materials skyscraper building under construction big city. Each day, materials for that particular work arrive the job, are perhaps delivered during the night before. Somebody has figure that out and the fellows who have know their business. They have know just how much and what kind structural shapes will needed each day and how much cement and lumber and brick. And operations are scheduled too. Foundation completed such and such date, first floor structural Sept. 20th floor Nov. 10, heating and plumbing Dec. 14. That scheduling. And works three ways. First, enables build- ing completed amazingly short time; second, enables the ma- terial suppliers serve many other customers while the building going up, and third, keeps the city streets open Just suppose, for example, that all the structural steel, cement, bricks and other materials were ordered lump and all them dumped the streets before the foundation was dug. What mess that would be! Every large industrial construction undertaking has adopt scheduling. didn't, get things done. they were done, they would too costly and too late. Suppose, for example, General Motors ordered all its steel for normal year’s car production lump, without scheduling deliveries. Two million more tons would lot take out the market one time and would leave great many smaller customers short. And not know where they would put after they got it. think that part the trouble are having with shortages, par- ticularly steel, that priorities are being used, least have been very largely, substitute for the detailed scheduling defense order re- quirements. Priorities have been used more less blanket orders. scheduled our defense orders, far steel requirements are concerned, would find enough capacity left over keep our non- defense industries from starving the midst sufficiency. And then perhaps would not face the anomalous situation seeing “recent shipments British advertised for sale the United States when our own bicycle makers cannot get the steel and nickel make a | | ° | | } SHEETS One Press Stroke Forms This Difficult Draw STRIP TIN PLATE RAILS One stroke the press draws the steel in. deep. BARS PLATES FLOOR PLATE TRACK ACCESSORIES wrinkle mars the surface this tapered deep drawn part. The draw, made one stroke, in. deep the crown. The taper in. from in. one end in. the opposite end. The cold rolled deep drawing stock gauges 0.048 in. first rotary trimmed oval blank, measuring in. in. then preformed the contour the lower die. Before each stroke the press the upper side the blank and the metal holddown are coated with draw- ing compound. The punch drives down in. When kicked out the press, each part per- fectly formed without the least sign wrinkle the shoulder the narrow flashing. Breakage? The record less than three out one thousand draws. These parts are made Inland Cold Rolled Deep Drawing Steel. Although formed in. wide one end, and in. wide the opposite end, there wrinkling the narrower end. REINFORCING BARS STRUCTURALS PILING The blank first formed the contour the lower die. lurgy conference the Mas- sachusetts Institute Technology, Sept. and 26, under the direction Professor John Wulff the Department Metal- lurgy, was highly informative affair, there being formal pa- pers. The papers revealed specific information and detailed data manufacturing and processing methods and new applications the field powder metallurgy. This year’s papers were par- ticularly high standard. The aim the meeting was exchange ideas freely and report prog- ress the art during the last year. Koehring Moraine Prod- ucts Co. aptly summarized the goal powder metallurgy the pro- duction something better than the material turned out ordinary methods the same reduced costs. The conference was divided into two sections, each covering one day. The first day was devoted en- tirely problems connected with the powder metallurgy iron and steel, while the second day papers refractory metals and general academic presented. This report deals with both parts the meeting. After welcoming speech John Wulff, which pointed out that today technical rather than —Second conference develops specific information and detailed data manufacturing and processing methods and new applications. financial problems for the industrial development work this new field, the meeting was turned over the first chair- man, Frances Clark Western Union. Allen, Detroit Editor Steel gave brief and general paper “Iron Powder.” The great decrease Swedish sponge iron imports has called for close sur- vey the iron powder potential- ities the United States. Today’s trend was described away from the ore raw material and towards the use iron oxides the basic material. this connec- tion oxidized scrap, scale, pickling residues by-products iron oxide originating sulphur production were mentioned. the latter case sulphur and iron oxide are obtained chlorine treatment pyrites. particular advantage this process the fact that hy- product thus facilitating greatly the production iron powder. Carbonaceous agents, either solid gaseous, were suggested re- ducing media. Seven methods making iron powder were men- tioned, namely: (1) Horizontal furnace for reduc- tion scale. (2) Vertical retort furnace with external heating. (3) Vertical retort furnace with internal heating. (4) Low-temperature reduction pressure vessels. (5) Carbonyl powder production. (6) Electrolytic ferrous waste starting material. (7) Converter method coupled with deoxidizing anneal. selecting the right method the tonnage market competition with the blast furnace must consid- ered. specific interest method No. applied East Texas ores. reduction temperature 1400 deg. per sq. in. pressure employed agent. Fuel costs have been found one-quarter and plant invest- ment one-eighth the correspond- ing cost for blast furnace opera- tion. During the discussion pow- der characteristics the question purity, shape and malleability were THE IRON AGE, October 30, | ° ° ° ° 4 LING especially emphasized. Today’s iron powders were divided into four classes purety, namely: (1) 99+ per cent material, with ap- plications the bearing field and for precipitation parts. rotating machine; this must very ductile. two-plunger operation was found necessary. first the density was only reached the head and arm, while the joint remained weak. introducing less powder into the arm section the die and controlling the positon two plung- ers, the density could equalled throughout the entire cross-section. Two pressing and two heat treating operations were found necessary. (2) per cent material for machine parts general. (3) per cent material for parts requiring little control. (4) per cent and less for ap- plications where impurities are de- sired. connection with the purity the price factor must considered. Price ranges per lb. finished iron powder was mentioned. The problems particle shape and malleability and hardness are close- connected with raw material and production methods. this connection, new process was mentioned* wherein low car- *Steel, May 26, 1941, bon, high phosphorous steel turn- ings the type SAE X1112 are crushed swing hammer coarse flakes then compacted tons per sq. in. pressure, sintered 1875 deg. and immediately hot pressed water cooled dies. The material then annealed, and cold coined. This process used for 3-in. diameter lock sleeve ring ball bearing holder for the Chevrolet motor, previously made from cast iron. The new material has strength six times that cast iron, substantially harder and shows wear whatso- ever. Ferrous powder metallurgy may have profound influence the present state conversion Unit- time wartime production. For example, brake cylinders 30—THE IRON AGE, October 30, tons automobiles, formerly made aluminum, could readily de- veloped from iron powders. summarizing the advantages and disadvantages, bright future was predicted for iron and steel parts close tolerances, for pre- lubricated parts, for parts with im- proved resistance wear, for parts complicated shapes where ma- chining costs can_be saved, and for alloy steels special characteris- tics not obtainable orthodox methods. However, certain restrictions sizes and shapes the briquetted parts, the relatively high costs tools and equipment and the fact that universal iron powder exists which would useful and satisfac- tory for all cases with specific appli- together with the big prob- lem production tons voluminous matter, such pow- dered iron, must not disregarded. The successful solution these last problems alone will bring the ex- 1G. 2—A steel part, the desired tolerance being 0.005 in. which could reached repressing the part twice after sintering. pected boom powder metallurgy iron and steel. Included the discussion this paper were questions price, qual- ity, production methods and specific properties. The permeability and Q-value iron for the radio indus- try was mentioned particularly. Hall Co.), Schumacher (Bell Tele- phone Co.) and Claus (Bound Brooks Bearing Co.) emphasized shape and insulation particles and the influence different types impurities. Lenel (Mo- raine Products) mentioned the ex- treme desirability obtaining iron powder which malleability during pressing with tendency deform during sin- tering. The discussion was con- cluded statements advanced Wulff, McNally, and Pratt connection nomena, such sur- face tension, diffusion, and contact areas function different particle shape and size distribution. John Wulff presented brief pa- per new method making parts stainless steel powder. Extensive research study the thermodynamics and physical chemistry the chromi- vinced him that diffusion rates pure chromium and nickel are too low importance for indus- trial powder metaliurgical purposes. For this reason, the development stainless steel parts from virgin metal powders was outruled, and experiments were made with sub- stantially austenitic alloy powder obtained from stainless steel scrap. Scrap the form grindings, turnings stampings was subject- heat treatment temperatures be- tween 500 deg. and 800 deg. During this treatment impurities and carbides are precipitated the grain boundaries. After cooling, these grain boundary regions can corroded provided that the dif- ferential the potential between the boundary areas and the crystals sufficient. corrosion treatment the heat-treated scrap solu- tion per cent copper sulphate plus per cent sulphuric acid re- moves the network and yields stainless steel powder consisting substantially single crystal par- ticles high ductility. The rate corrosion controlled the thick- 1G. 3—In this bronze part difficul- ties were encountered with com- pressibilty and flow powder. The usual compression ratio approxi- mately did not apply this case, and the flow powder caused shear effects and non-uniformity density. Attempts cold form the bevel dur- ing repressing failed. This problem was solved using the right type powder. ness the scrap, and the particle size the resulting powder con- trolled the grain size the initial material and not influenced the precipitation treatment. The cooling rate also important factor the control the particle size. Size distribution can a q t 4 | | | size pa- der, eful and con- too ses, lent and sub- rap. ngs, tion be- ties the ing, can dif- tals lent olu- re- ing par- ticle con- the The tant con- trolled selecting the proper scrap material, and powders may ob- tained with little per cent 325 mesh may pass through 325 mesh sieve. Ap- parent the powder range between 2.9 and 3.6 gm. per cu.cm. The stainless steel powder thus obtained can easily com- pressed and sintered. Densities are obtained after pressing tons per sq. in. After sintering 1250 deg. compacts have tensile 4—Disk shaped piece has foui different thicknesses, the center be- ing 0.030 in. The tolerances are very close, with maximum variation only 0.002 in. permissible. the begin- ning per cent shrinkage occurred during sintering, there being the same time expansion the thin center section. Also, this thin cen- ter part was extremely difficult press, frequent facturing being en- countered until powder greatest uniformity particle size distribution was used. Flow powder did harm this case. strength 40,000 per sq. in. and per cent elongation while compacts the same powder sin- tered 1375 deg. yield tensile strength 62,000 per sq. in. per cent elongation. The latter figures are remarkable magni- tude for sintered metal. How- ever, such peak values can only obtained proper atmosphere used during the sintering opera- tion. Hydrogen has been found most suitable but must care- fully cleaned and dried. Besides the customary drying and lyzing the hydrogen, the intro- duction special getters the hydrogen train next the charge the sintering furnace recommended. Titanium hydride was emphasized but during the dis- cussion the use metallic caleium chips was also suggested. conclusion some extraordinary properties such sintered stain- less steel were mentioned. Com- pacts were completely densified reducing them per cent under 400 lb. forging hammer after sinter- ing 1250 deg. This material yielded 80,000 per sq. in. tensile strength and per cent elonga- tion. Another proof the amazing ductility this stainless steel was offered the statement that ordi- nary steel strip when coated with the stainless steel powder means spraying gun and then heat treated, endured 165-deg. bend steel coat. the discussion, the corrosion resistance the raw material was explained further. Various corrod- ing agents were discussed, but was agreed that sulphur-containing agents were most suitable. this connection, Professor Wulff stated that his process not only adap- table for stainless steel but also for number other materials. example mentioned the possibility corroding grain boun- daries Armco iron am- monium persulphate dipping proc- ess. The resulting iron powder uniform particle size and globular particle shape, resembling the characteristics iron. 5—This steel composition part used for wear resistant purpose. Wear resistance this material was found superior that stand- ard material, although other physical properties probably were lower. However, the price such prod- uct would excess carbonyl. Another item discussed was the machinability the sintered stain- less steel case semi-finished parts are produced. The metal has free machining properties due the presence large number min- ute pores the sintered stainless steel which tend break the chips. The question diffusion rates sintered and mixed powder com- pacts was also discussed. ing and sintering experiments vacuum with mixed powders car- ried out here and abroad were mentioned, but the commercial ap- mained doubtful. » Seelig, Powder Metal- lurgy, Inc., then presented most interesting paper the pressing technique “Dense Powder Metal- lurgy Parts.” The term “dense” was used the author distin- guish from porous parts made the bearing automobile industries for self-lubri- cating purposes. While such parts display much per cent porosity volume, parts described Mr. Seelig have average over- all density approximately per cent and may considered “tech- dense. The paper was chiefly concerned with mechanical problems con- nection with molding parts rather complicated shapes, but values for the final properties these parts were given. The in- formation advanced this paper may considered continuation article published the same author the December 1940 issue Metals and Alloys. The press- ing considerable number parts more less complicated contours was discussed trated sketches projected screen. See Figs. herein. some basic prin- ciples pressing were briefly men- tioned. The author has been suc- cessful developing dies and work- ing out pressing methods adaptable for 200-ton hydraulic press for the manufacture relatively dense parts very complicated shapes. This achievement represents con- siderable progress the advance- ment the art powder metal- lurgy general, since until now such intricate pressed metal parts were only thought possible with 6—Eccentric part, where the problem powder filling into the die was found very difficult. The pressing was carried out means special core, in. long, the core being guided both punches. The main difficulties were due the fact that taper was permissible. porous metal parts lubricating bearing type. During the discussion, which was led Professor Forrest and Moraine and Langhammer Amplex, the questions wear and ductility the powder compacts, well the question limita- THE IRON AGE, October 30, AA “ 0.030 { \ \ / | atl Weight increase during steam treatment. Initial briquetting pressure tons per sq. in. Sintering cycle 2000 deg. steam Increase weight, per cent Time steam treatment, minutes tions dimensions and durability were debated. was agreed that powder products general show superior wear resistance com- pared with cast wrought metals. The importance the commonly known lack ductility metal powder parts was minimized Professor Forrest, who claimed that ductility metals only safety device which has function the design fails. the other hand, ideal design would not require ductility the metal. This statement, course, was hotly de- bated powder metallurgists and mechanical engineers alike. How- ever, was agreed that revamp- ing the design many machine parts simpler contours would facilitate the use power metal parts much greater extent. Finally, the question production and reject rates and, although Mr. Seelig claimed that reject rates were normal, became evident | treating tempera- ture 1075 deg. rates his case were very low, probably only the order few thousand pieces. For this reason, questions die wear and replace- ment remained unsolved during the discussion. The afternoon session, under the chairmanship Mr. Schumacher, Telephone Co., covered three papers concerned with the process- ing iron powders. Lenel, Moraine Products, presented paper new method manufacturing extremely hard and wear resisting, self-lubricating iron parts used for guides saw blades, rollers, for drawers furnaces and refrigerators vanes Diesel fuel pumps. The method described Dr. Lenel in- volves steam treatment porous sintered iron iron-carbon parts. Such parts are produced much the same manner the oil pump gear process. After sintering the parts 2000 deg. they are en- closed chamber and subjected 8—Compres- sion test sin- tered and steam treated compacts. Strain-stress dia- grams taken with ment. Strain compression, per cent IRON AGE, October 30, steady flow steam. The con- tainer placed the furnace and kept for hr. 1075 deg. result this treatment the walls each cavity little channel are transformed from iron into oxide layers. During the treatment oxide layers which adhere tightly the particles and assume the form corrosion protective skins are also formed. After the formation these skins they quickly become im- pervious further attack the water vapor the reaction rate skeleton magnetic iron oxide generated throughout the iron iron-graphite powder compact. The amount iron oxide formed may the case 98-2 iron-graphite combination, the ture shows mixture ferrite and pearlite interrupted occasional inclusions bulk cemen- tite graphite and interwoven throughout the entire cross-section network cavities and oxide streaks. certain regions oxide could seen adjacent pearlite areas giving evidence that the heat treating temperature employed little reaction took place between the carbon and the oxygen. conclusion brief summary the properties this material was given, and some the test results are shown Figs. and herein. sq. in. the molding pressure im- proved the density from 5.1 6.6, decreased the porosity measured the percentage absorption from 5.75 2.11 and decreased the gain weight due the oxidation from 12.1 1.6 per cent. Hard- ness tests carried out the same new material showed rise for the straight sintered metal from Rock- well for the low pressed ma- terial Rockwell for the high pressed material. the other hand, steam treated material dis- played hardness values the neigh- borhood Rockwell 100, more less independent the initial molding pressure. Tensile strength values were found somewhat below values obtained with straight sintered material, namely for 22,- 000 Ib. per sq. in. for steam treated sponge iron versus 28,000 per sq. in. for sintered metal. For iron-graphite combination based decarburized, finely ‘arbon alloy, the corresponding ten- sile values were given 41,000 per sq. in. for the steam treated material and 46,000 lb. per sq. in. ~ | | 150 | con- and are xide xide the also im- the rate The may hite ruc- nen- ven tion xide xide rlite the was ‘ein. per im- 6.6, ired tion the tion ard- ame the ock- ma- her dis- igh- nore itial vhat ight 99 ated per ron- ten- ated the sintered metal. Under com- pression, the steam treated material showed yield point approxi- mately 80,000 per sq. in. com- parison with sintered metal with yield point about 40,000 Ib. per sq. in. The general behavior under steam was found the same for all kinds iron. was recommend- make use the porosity filling the pores with oil after steam treatment. offer great protection against cor- rosion and wear. The corrosion resistance this new material fact considerably better than While the latter showed rust after few days storage, moist atmosphere, the metal showed rust after months storing under similar conditions. The behavior the material under shock, its heat conductivity and flow under friction and its creep char- acteristics were questioned during the discussion. However, these properties were considered minor importance view the excellent rigidity and hardness the ma- terial. Koehring, Moraine Prod- ucts delivered the next paper “Hot Forging Powder the introduction, Mr. Koehring described three pro- cesses for making iron and steel parts from powders, namely: (1) Cold pressing, sintering, sizing (2) Cold prepressing, hot pressing heated dies, annealing. (3) Cold pressing, sintering, imme- diately followed hot cooled dies, annealing. The selection the procedure de- pends questions economy well the physical properties de- sired for the final product. While the process under (1) facilitates high production rate, the material turned out shows low strength and ductility characteristics. the other hand, the processes mentioned under (2) and (3) necessitate much lower production rates but yield materials considerably improved strength and other physical prop- erties. The author described the proce- dure and results some labora- tory scale experiments according method Five types raw material were used, namely: (1) Steel turnings the type used the process described earlier Allen. (2) Decarburized steel 100 mesh. (3) Same material mixed with 0.6 per cent graphite powder. (4) Iron powder obtained duction mill scale—100 mesh. (5) Same material but mixed with 0.6 per cent graphite powder. Compacts were heated 2000 deg. Globar furnace for hr. protective atmosphere powder— (3) were best. The relatively low values obtained for metal made from the reduced iron oxide were somewhat surprising. Goetzel, American Elec- tro Metal Co., delivered the final paper the afternoon session “Hot-pressing Iron Powders.” This paper may considered continuation Mr. Koehring’s paper, covering method No. Mr. Koehring’s contribution. The 400 600 800 1400 Temperature, deg. +Co 1.0 vated temperatures. 0.2 200 ° ° 1.0 elevated tempera- tures. 200 hydrogen was used for the pure iron powder, while the iron-carbon combinations were heated closed box filled with carbon. The microstructure the forged material disclosed decarburization approximately per cent all iron-carbon compositions. The fol- 400 600 800 Temperature, paper was essentially review information given article pub- lished THE IRON AGE, Sept. 1941. the discussion the last two papers, questions production rate and possible applications for such high strength iron parts were de- lowing table gives some final phy- bated. Mr. Koehring made the en- sical properties Tensile Yield Strength, Point, tion Rockwell Lb. Per Lb. Per Area, Material Density Sq. In. Sq. In. Per Cent Per Cent Hardness 1 7.79 54,400 38,100 11 13 59 to 74 2 7.32 55,200 37,800 14 13 61 to 68 For the experiments forging die was used that gave sufficient pressure result high density. Sponge iron did not give good performance with this technique. close tolerances were desired, the cold pressing method was used be- cause better control, otherwise hot pressing was employed. conclusion the author observed that for porous product with close tolerances material (1) performed best while for optimum strength characteristics, materials (2) and couraging statement that 400 600 pieces per hr. could produced forging with the possibility still increasing the production rate. the other hand, was agreed that production rates the case hot pressing must lower, this case the time factor cannot neglected. explanation was given for the peculiar fact that the experiments hot pressed iron, the Swedish sponge compacts showed distinctly greater resistance THE IRON AGE, October 30, | | | | | compression elevated tempera- tures compared with the basically purer electrolytic hydrogen re- duced iron. The reason for the lack plastic deformability high temperatures may seen the presence large amount film- like impurities the Swedish iron which interfere with the flowing tendency the metal proper. The question the die wear during hot- pressing and forging was also dis- cussed. reliable figures could given the authors but was mentioned that with the proper selection die material, especially the case water-cooled forging dies, the lifetime the dies may come close that cold-press dies. Dense iron parts complicated shapes requiring close tolerances and ordinarily much machining were given the main application for hot worked iron powder parts the future. The morning session the sec- ond conference day was under the chairmanship John Wulff and was concerned with papers high theoretical standard. Wretblad, Fagersta Steel Works, Sweden, presented excel- lent paper the “Mechanism Sintering.” offered very ex- plicit definition sintering “‘the process which solid bodies become bonded atomic sup- positions concerning temperature, pressure, phase changes and the like are made. ideal case for complete sintering two surfaces visualized which the original boundary loses its identity and be- comes not grain boundary but just another crystal plane. The conclu- sion drawn that fundamentally, neither pressure nor temperature essential effect sintering. Crys- tallization phenomena such re- crystallization, grain growth well shrinkage are traced diffusion rather then surface tension chemical reactions. the following discussion, general review present-day con- ceptions sintering was led Professor Wulff Professor Cohen M.I.T., Professor Emmet Johns Hopkins Univer- sity, and supported others. The question the effects molding pressure, sintering temperature and time were thoroughly reviewed and reference was made earlier pa- pers Trzebiatowski Poland sintering experiments and Eberhardt Vienna studies porous and colloidal means electron microscope. 34—THE IRON AGE, October 30, Finally the question cracks compacts was raised and discussed Kelley General Electric con- nection with design general. Emmet then presented paper “Adsorption Isotherms Fine Powders.” The ferred investigations carried out connection with catalysts porous iron. The principle the new method adsorption gases such nitro- gen argon metal powers. The method applicable particles microns smaller. lower limit has been found yet. The method especially adaptable for powders with particles which crystallites the order one micron and smaller are grouped three-dimensional chess-board fash- ion. particular advantage the method is, that can applied without destroying the catalyst powder. simple glass apparatus was used. Non-absorbent helium was first filled into the measuring tube. Nitrogen was then introduced which was absorbed the powder. The adsorption isotherms obtained differentiation for dif- ferent pressures employed. The method was successfully ap- plied various types carbon, and nickel oxide and iron and copper catalysts. addition, some experiments were made with tung- sten powder average particle size one micron. The preparation sample prior its introduction the sampling tube simple. the sample non-oxidizing evacuation 110 deg. remove moisture suf- ficient. the sample metallic, oxide films should removed hydrogen reduction, and the sample must then evacuated remove gases. gas, such oxygen used absorbent, then, natural- ly, oxide films must removed be- fore testing. The application the method general only for material having particles smaller than microns diameter. However, the ap- paratus connected with McLeod gage, particles larger than mi- crons can also measured suc- cessfully. However, the method restricted porous particles and cannot used for solid particles since that case only the surface area can determined. But, means differentiation the re- sults obtained this method and ordinary methods particle size determination, measure particle porosity could obtained. During the discussion, questions uniformity particle size and the applicability metal powder mixtures were raised and was indicated that this method only good material close particle size range used, only average particle size range can obtained otherwise. Rhines, Carnegie Insti- tute Technology, next read the- oretical paper “Homogeniza- tion Sintered Alloys.” The diffusion laws the copper-nickel solid solution system were investigated, and mixed pow- ders obtained from the Metals Dis- integrating Co. were used the basic material. The powders were pressed tons per sq. in. approximately per cent density and sintered various tempera- tures, mostly around 1000 deg. Different ratios copper-nickel, varying from 90-10 10-90 Cu-Ni were tested, and rates homogen- ization such materials were established. This same paper was presented detail the A.S.M. Metal Congress, Philadelphia. Professor Rhines presented some equations make theories easily understandable the audi- ence. proved that all Cu-Ni alloys will pass the same sequence concentration changes. The shape diffusion curves characteristic the alloy. points brought out during the dis- cussion was Professor Rhines’ state- ment that the rate diffusion and homogenization such powdered alloy compacts may only slightly effected the presence cavities inclusions, and that impurities may only retard the rate they appear films surrounding powder particles. The author expressed the belief that possible retarding influence the rate consolida- tion and alloying the cavities and impurities metal powder com- pacts may greatly exaggerated the present conceptions the mechanism sintering. the afternoon session, four papers refractory metals were presented under the chairmanship Fred Peters, Metals and Alloys. burn’s paper “Compound Contact Blackburn the American Electro Metal Corp. Some problems con- —— | | | q | | | | \ | | | | | | | | | | | | j | | | nected with electric contacts had overcome and the authors de- scribed their experiments. One these problems was the deteriora- tion the contacts heat devel- oped under constant carrying high current through arcing caused the switching operation. Contacts which have been operated for some time show transfer material from one part another. This caused electric sparking. was possible under certain con- ditions find contacts interrupting circuits without arcing. The crit- ical current permits the circuit interrupted without producing electric The critical circuit depends great extent upon the material, surface condition and tem- perature the contacts. For in- stance, electric will formed between silver contacts only one-quarter great that needed between tungsten contacts. was found that the physical requirements conductivity were quite great. loys general did not make good contact material. However, this was overcome employing pow- dered metals. The contacts thus produced showed satisfactory per- formance. The powder metallurgy method tends combine the good conductivity group with the other character- istics the tungsten-molybdenum group. The latter material pressed into the desired shape and sintered giving body the proper dimensions. The pores spongy form are then filled with melted silver copper capillary attraction. Another method the pressing and presintering tung- sten and silver low tempera- ture. Afterwards the material shaped into its final form. Finally give the material the desired properties. Photomicropictures were shown Mo-Ag, W-Cu, W-Ag and W-Cu- alloys various compositions suitable contact materials for oil circuit breakers. The sintering took place below and above the melt- ing point the binder. Density important quality the com- pacts. dependent upon the initial pressing and sintering op- eration. Annealing after forging changed the density intentionally. Good contacts also require high hardness values. Tensile strength great importance for con- tacts and varying the Cu-Ni con- tents the material controlled the strength. The heat treatment changes the conductivity. good contact must have tendency stick, weld, burn pit. must have permanency shape and ease brazing the contact bodies. The discussion was led Dr. Hensel Mallory who mentioned that contact metals had been de- veloped with tungsten carbide the basic material. this metal, material transfer was kept minimum and found only the metal was used with D.C. current. discussion the term “critical current” followed, and definition could agreed upon. Rogers, the Callite Tungsten Corp., gave brief review IG. ness cemented carbides. 0.00) “Effect Particle Size the Microstructure Cemented Tung- sten explained that during the carburization process the outside particles may car- burized while pure tungsten can still found the center the specimens. that case, more car- bon was needed. Cobalt was used cementing agent. Tungsten carbide coarser grain had more film matrix around the particles. Finer pieces had correspondingly thinner matrix. The particle size importance for the reaction rate. The paper generally repre- sented little news, except for some excellent photomicrographs tung- sten carbide powder particles taken under electron microscope 14,000 diameters magnifications; 325 mesh size was used for the single crystal pictures. Highest strength resulted finest particle size powders. However, physical tests were made. The discussion referred mostly the preparation the photo- micrographs shown and diffusion 0.002 0.003 rates and particle size effects. Engle, the Carboloy Co., then presented paper “Some Physical and Chemical Properties Carbides after Final Sintering.” This paper constituted one the most comprehensive surveys the refractory metal field. Values given represent the scope decades work and experience the au- thor. Besides the presentation some well prepared photomicro- graphs, huge amount actual data physical properties was given. Cemented tungsten car- bides, cemented double carbides containing tungsten and titanium tantalum carbide were investi- gated. The data thus represented WC-Co 0.006 Flexibility ratio were too manifold reviewed herein. The highlights the paper were some remarks concerning corrosion resistance and some detailed infor- mation about the new Carboloy extrusion process. Demonstrated the presentation actual speci- mens, remarkable progress must have been made this special field. Tubings cemented tungsten car- bides approximately in. out- side diameter and 1/16 in. wall thickness and in. in. long were shown, together with tung- sten carbide rods and wires which were twisted into spiral forms. This makes probably one the strong- est spiral springs imaginable, espe- cially considering figures such 1,000,000 per sq. in. compres- sive strength and 100,000,000 Ib. per sq. in. for modulus elasticity. See Figs. herein. Among great number known applications for the tungsten car- bide materials three were espe- cially emphasized, namely, Jewell (CONTINUED PAGE 100) THE IRON AGE, October 30, 1941—35 ily ti- is- 2000 WC-Co 400 tic is- te- ‘ed tly ies ies ler yur tro such the 23rd National Metal Congress and Exhibi- tion held last week Philadelphia could even part tell the dra- matic dislocation now torturing the elaborate exposition, metal industry. just months the whole complex framework American competitive industry has passed out sight while the infant armament industry year ago spurted giant stature that now dominates the entire industry. This growth has been attended with all the natural aches and pains that accompany such unnatural de- velopment. the solution these new problems the Metal Congress was well dedicated. cursory examination last week’s exposition showed the many exhibitors and visiting engineers going through the conventional mo- tions past years, with the notable difference that they were concerned not with problems producing milk cans silverware, but with turn- ing out guns, shells, tanks and the other equipage modern warfare. That the engineers and plant executives found their visit the Congress profitable was evidenced the heavy attendance all the 36—THE IRON AGE, October 30, meetings and the exhibits. This interest was especially strong the daily Defense Forums where overflow crowds taxed the the meeting rooms. The need for speed the mobili- zation industry for arms produc- tion was stressed William Shirer, news commentator the Columbia Broadcasting System and former Berlin correspondent, who spoke the annual dinner the American Society for Metals Thursday evening the Benjamin Franklin Hotel. Shirer predicted that Russia would not defeated this winter, even though the Red Army should backed against the Ural Mountains. The final outcome the war and its duration, however. will determined the speed and efficiency with which America’s industrial strength can added. Shirer addressed one the largest banquets the history the A.S.M., one which over 1100 persons crowded the capacity the metals for outstanding achievement, feature the annual dinner, found six metallurgists honored for their work. A.S.M. Bradley Stoughton (left) talks over retiring ASM president Dr. Harder and William Shirer, radio commentator who spoke the society's annual banquet. medal went James Gill, chief metallurgist Vanadium Alloys Steel Co., Latrobe, Pa., and past president A.S.M. The Henry Marion Howe medal was awarded jointly Marcus Grossman, director research, Chicago district, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp.; Morris Asimow, metal- lurgist Central Products Co., Los Angeles; and Urban, research supervisor, South Works, Carnegie- Illinois Steel Corp. Marsh, president Hoskins Mfg. Co., Detroit, was Albert Sauveur Achievement Medal. Robert Mehl, director the metals research laboratory and head the department metal- lurgy the Carnegie Institute Technology, the Edward Mille Campbell memo- rial lecture certificate. The Campbell Memorial Lecture, which published this issue page 45, fully lived the high standards established previous lecturers. Dr. Mehl received his Ph.D. from Princeton University 1924 where served Proctor fellow chemistry. His academic experience also includes term head the department chemistry Juniata College and national research fellow Harvard. From — F : A 2 ee ° | | ect ft) tor Dominates Metal Congress 1927 1932 was superintendent the division physical metal- lurgy, Naval Research Laboratory, and then assistant director, research laboratories, American Rolling Mill Co. has been Carnegie Insti- tute Technology since 1932. Earlier the week, the society’s annual business meeting, the following new officers were elected for 1942: President, Brad- ley Stoughton, professor metal- lurgy, Lehigh president, Herbert French, charge alloy steel and iron de- velopment, International Nickel Co.; treasurer, Francis Foley, superintendent research, Mid- vale Co. New trustees chosen the meeting were metallurgical engineer Molybdenum Corp. America, and Kent Van Horn, research metallurgist, Alumi- num Co. America. The Metal Congress attacked de- fense production problems three fronts and, judging from the gen- eral comments, succeeded admir- ably. The three phases the at- tack were, first, that greater efficiency esses, secondly, that countering shortages substitution, and thirdly, having military and de- fense agency experts address the meetings and thus aiding the engi- neers, metallurgists and manage- ment executives present better understand the scope the defense program. The daily which are reported elsewhere this issue, covered such subjects al- loy steels and castings, shell produc- tion, copper and its alloys, the light metals, bearings and the inspection metals. High officers the Army, Navy and Ordnance depart- ments turned out view the ex- hibits and attend the meetings large numbers. Interest the meetings the American Welding Society centered largely upon research questions, the practical problems the welding methods the de- program also came for con- siderable attention. This was par- ticularly true the use butt welding for aircraft work. tendance the welding sessions set new record with more than 1500 persons registered during the week. recognition the national emergency and the fine work its officers have been doing, the weld- ing society reelected three its three top ranking officers. Glen Jenks, Ordnance Depart- ment, Washington, continues president the society; Klaus Hansen, consulting engineer, Har- nischfeger Corp., Milwaukee, first vice-president, and David Arnott, chief surveyor the American Bureau Shipping, second vice-president. Mr. Arnott was also the recipient the Samuel Wylie Miller memorial medal the society this year. new treasurer was elected the person Fraser, director technical ser- vice, mill products division, Inter- national Nickel Co., New York. Miss Kelly continues sec- retary the society. Newly elected district vice-presi- dents were: For New York and New England, Edward Fish, chief engineer boiler division, Hart- ford Steam Boiler Inspection Insurance Co.; Middle Eastern, Bissell, Bureau Ships, Navy Department, Washington; Middle Western, Leslie McPhee, supervisor welding, Whiting Corp., Harvey, Ill.; Southern, Hall, engineer steel plate con- struction, Kansas City Structural Steel Co.; Pacific Coast, JENNINGS, Westinghouse, and chairman the board awards the American Welding Society (extreme left) shown with Col. Jenks, president the A.W.S., presenting the Lincoln gold medal Dr. Aborn (center), staff mem- ber the research laboratory the Steel Corp., Kearny, the right Mr. Aborn David Arnott, vice-president and chief surveyor the American Bureau Shipping, New York, the recipient the Samuel Wylie Miller memorial medal. the extreme right Dr. Jacobus, member the A.W.S. board awards. THE IRON AGE, October 30, | | é ist ch, O1S ; al- 40S ‘ch = Ward, associate professor me- chanical engineering, University California. New directors large are: Fred Plummer, chief research engineer, Hammond Works, Warren, Pa.; LeTourneau, president, LeTourneau, Inc., Peoria, Frank Bolte, process standards engineer, Boeing craft Co., Seattle, Wash., and Roger Clark works engineering labora- tory, General Electric Co., Schenec- tady. The regular fall meeting the two metal divisions the Ameri- can Institute Mining and Metal- lurgical Engineers—the Institute Metals and the Iron and Steel Division—held conjunction with the metal congress, was also ex- ceptionally well attended. The institute’s annual fall dinner was held Tuesday with Charles Herty, Jr., chairman the Iron and Steel Division presiding, and Donald Cramption, chairman the Institute Metals Division re- sponding. Bradfield, Jr., American Car Foundry Co., pre- sented illustrated talk “Building Combat Tanks for the Army.” One the interesting features the institute’s technical meetings MONG the recipients A.S.M. medals standing metallurgy were Gill, Marsh, Grossman and Asimow. was the informal round-table dis- cussion order-disorder phenom- ena led Dr. William Shockley, Telephone Laboratories, New York. large number the papers read the technical sessions was devoted the technology the light metals, magnesium, alumi- num and their alloys. Several these papers are abstracted else- where this issue. the course his discussion, Dr. Shockley explained, has been shown for number alloy sys- tems that the atoms tend under favorable circumstances arrange themselves those orderly patterns structures. has further been ob- served that many the properties such alloys depend upon the de- gree order prevailing them: for example, the resistance room temperature may GILL changed factor three con- trolling the degree order. “The foundations the theory order disorder transformations have now been confirmed their general aspects numerous experi- ments. However, almost specific the recipients the Resistarce Welders Association prizes, presented duri