The Iron Age 1940-10-24: Vol 146 Iss 17

Automotive Hypoid Gear and Pinion 11/39 Teeth, Offset Gear P., 114” Face Width Rough-cut gear teeth No. Gear Rougher gears per hour per machine Finish-cut gear teeth No. Single-Cycle Finisher gears per hour per machine Rough-cut pinion teeth No. Pinion Rougher pinions per hour per machine Finish-cut pinion teeth No. Hypoid pinions per hour per pair Note pieces per hour based hypoid pair lef quality better than ever before. cut your spiral bevel and hypoid gears and cheaper, modernize with new Gleasons. Send today for our production estimate your job. j ear Machinery for Over five OCTOBER 24, 1940 VOL. 146 NO. VAN DEVENTER President and Editor BAUR Vice-President and General Manager Washington Editors Asc Resident District Editors Editorial DEARING Editorial Political Mechanization Technical Articles How Big Job National Defense? Specifications for Carbide Tools Flame Hardening Standardization Gear Makers Convention Shell Making Symposium Tool Engineers’ Convention General Plant Equipment Feature Reports the Assembly Line Washington News News and Market Reports News Industry Machine Tool Activity Personals Non-Ferrous Metal Market Obituaries Scrap Market and Prices Metal Working Activity Construction Steel Comparison Prices Iron and Steel Prices Summary the Week Ferroalloys, Pig Iron Prices The Industrial Pace Warehouse Prices District Market Reports Sales Possibilities Fatigue Cracks Free Industrial Literature Products Advertised Index Advertisers Copyright, 1940, Chilton Owned and Published by CHILTON COMPANY (Incorporeted) Advertising Stoff Editorial and Executive Offices OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS A MAN t oF 103 ef fachine T Associots Ass ine Robert F. B 4 Ered 49 FRAZAR CHARLES POST VAN DEVENTER Boston Son Francis 3 BAUR Pres HUGH SHARP JOHN C. McCUNE M ber, Ass ted Bus ss Po Wy AM A BARBER T- , . SANDERSON ROY EDMOND States and Possessions. CHASE THOMAS KANE | Nework. N. J vabie Address ronage, N -at Ryerson | ers ayers ND HEA ANALYSIS A\ fieo HEAT ANALYSIS CARBURIZING D S AND ATA SHEE MEAT ANALYSIS -- C8 § - CARBURIZING CHARACTERsT; OF THis Hear VERY shipment alloy steel covering exact chemical grain cleanliness rating and hardening char- acteristics. With the data sheet before you, you know what steel you are getting. secure best heat treatment results and you save time because form high quality. They are carefully warehoused. you not have test. accurately cut your specifications, and shipped Ryerson stocks also include wide range stainless. the dot from ten convenient stocks over 10,000 heat- and corrosion-resisting steels, sheets and tubing sizes, kinds and shapes. all closely controlled chemical content. Many highly specialized steel requirements can supplied notice! Submit your next steel problem the nearest son plant. you the 1940-41 Ryerson stock list and data book, send for today. will quickly Ryerson Steel-Service geared particularly become your guide quality steel and fast steel needs defense indus- tries. All Ryerson prod- Joseph Ryerson Son, Inc., Chicago, Milwaukee, ucts St. Louis. Detroit, Cleveland, Buffalo, selected for Boston, Philadelphia. Jersey City. | | al | | | | | | | | | . 7 } } | } | | | | | | ] | CERTIFIED | 22—THE IRON AGE, October 24, 1940 OCT. 24, 1940 ESTABLISHED 1855 Political Mechanization began our armament program you heard great deal about the evils mechanization. was favorite subject for the New Dealers use arraying workers against employers and casting suspicion and distrust upon the American system private enterprise. not hear the machine thus criticised today. fact, hear big and little industrialists criticised Washington for not turning more and more them out faster and faster. neither these completely opposite situations, however, have heard anything said about political mechanization! Political mechanization has nothing with the political organi- zation which necessary step electing new President. The poli- tical machine does not start getting steam until the President elected and has taken office. During the first four years party power gets steam slowly. During the second four years, the boys who have gathered around the have learned how manipulate the gadgets, and the speed and power the political machine become greatly multiplied. greatly multiplied that the contender who must make his way against seriously handicapped, matter how able may how unable the man power. That was the reason for establishing third precedent For this machine were given another four years adding legislative and administrative gadgets and taking patronage passengers, would become invincible juggernaut, steam roller that would crush the life out Democracy. makes difference which what party may power. Elect the same man President for three terms and you will never vote elect another President. You may through the motions voting for him, the Germans did for Hitler, but your vote elect him nor will keep him from being elected. The machine will take care keeping him power spite the present New Deal machine with its horde political technicians and hangers on, Willkie apparently getting ready send the scrap heap Nov. Help him it. need hand made President for this country, not machine made one : | | | » i} } | | | / / | | shovel enclosed with Inland Hot Rolled Sheets. long has been since you have looked for keep pace with engineering ‘sign and consumer preference? Many ading turers, now cus- tomers Inland, are kee ping buying habits abreast every move made their they find profitable. case point the shovel cab, shown above. This cab now enclosed with Inland Hot Rolled Sheets. These sheets, rolled Inland continuous mills, are true gauge, have excellent forming SHEETS STRIP TIN PLATE BARS THERE PROFIT Selecting the Right Stee qualities smooth, flat surface. They meet every requirement workability and finish. This change Inland Hot Rolled Sheets good ex- co-ordinating engineering con- sumer preference and buying The most effective way check buying habits call Inland engineer. finds ways im- prove your finished products, reduce the cost manufacture, you gain his efforts. His ices are yours without obligation. PLATES FLOOR PLATES STRUCTURALS PILING RAILS TRACK ACCESSORIES REINFORCING BARS | j | ij | | ij | | | | - | | | | = high time the people the United States awoke real ization the size and duration national defense program sufficient guarantee the protection United States and the American con who assume that appropriating billions have care this problem are indulging day the first place, money does not mean defense until been turned into supplies, equipment and the second place, appropriations thus vill cover only fraction the cost many, ted only relatively amount ree Ther tie ti mf i Of pe we ack understanding the total siz CHARLES STILWELL the job and the methods President, Warner Swasey must emploved achieve the Cleveland desired result the shortest iod time these critics the present pic ture gave any real consideration the matter, would see once that today lies not hasty and pensive production handful guns and planes, but carefu for enormous mass production ginning 1941 and increasing, for several years thereafter. tion. Private freedom, initiative and ow1 } ership—the right tree speech the all the rights which this making refrigerators, ave cut out for ourselves—a method vhich any business Before planning toward the future men the active army and reserves uction al | have often heard it said that “" kes uc an, paredness production, the over five years Germany has lone nothing but prepare for war. nothing ten men behind the lines back Vor over five years the activities man the With Ger- defense production difficult and German citizen have been total population only 85,000. plant making trucks ‘ 4 nented for war preparedness. certainly every woman instance. cannot simply shift over five vears en- child the making tan tire and industrial facilities and factory, have lew a | i i competitiol paredness, cannot play around mower ot cetens n a basis compa \ il run mt t least thre States tiie tactorn t lact yen | plovees of this count | i} | | ‘ In the | t World War private u : dustry picke up at carried the loa var \nd today mdu must pick and the d—but this time the load 1 ) nfinitely gvreate than invthing that even during the last wat pacity of meaustry to iccept and fu | ig | 7 THE IRON October 24, 1940—25 tion. may involve quite different equipment and facilities. Possibly only small share existing facilities can adapted the new product. only safe method start the beginning plant undertaking defense production on a volume basis must through exactly the same steps would the case that plant ven tured into maximum production new peace time product. These steps are well defined past experience. are, the main, follow: Complete the drawings and design the product made. Make sample this product and test out see whether works satisfac- torily. plant for volume production the prod- uct. This means selecting, buying and in- stalling the necessary machine tools, gages, cutting tools, and other equip- ment. Establish sources materials and as- semble and train sufficient men for con- tinuous production. (5) Then start and continue operations volume basis accordance with defi nite, predetermined specifications, work- ing three shifts order achieve the maximum production from equipment and facilities. Phat the only way which can be done. ourse if we wait to be short tgvhted and push too hard au results wediatel\ ; \ company asked te rdinate COSTS, build tanks, for instance. few immediately custom-built basis. The cost ould be excessive. But this same company concen trated getting prod ictive facilities and equipment ready for long-tern job, planned, and with tions defined in rdivanece, it could then, out tanks the lowest cost and the greatest yssible speed. - : would mean output all the time being. But for the “long pull” would mean the largest possible output the least possible time. Production Division the Na- tional Defense Commission understands this picture. why they have been centering their efforts upon planning and With the cooperation the the one hand and the various branches industry the other, have been endeavoring equipment will needed, and what quantity. They have studying where and how and equipment can best made, bearing mind the nature, extent tion present industrial plants and facilities. are trying hasten the determination actual specifica tions detense unless producers cannot tell just what equip ment and facilities are going exactly the sort work which must done today order results tomorrow. Meanwhile, through the Production has been given over-all picture insofar possible, may prepare itself for what come. experience the machine tool industry is, believe, typical respect. has not vet been possible give the industry definite schedules just what machine tools will cannot done until specifications and quantities for various types defense equipment have been determined. But the same time, through the Produc- tion Division the Commission, the tool industry has been give general estimates what will quired it, and gearing accord ingly. Machine tool production plants has already doubled over yea ago and the output and The dustry confident that the tim final specifications for defense produ tion have been and production schedules set up, machine tools required will read for installation, pacity are daily. mind this only one countless examples the fact that the United States not need mentation insure national not for moment agree with theory that totalitarian government insures absolute solidarity the contrary, such government seems international confes forth public proof that the citizens country which embraces will force. the United States takes threat force insure coopera- tion, But insure cooperation does require decisive action upon the part the administrative and legislative branches government trusted with the formulation laws. rulings and regulations which form the premises upon which our defense held that have had inexcusable lays. billions were appropriated, plans and programs were pending definition and clarification the basis upon which could put work. Months were spent trying arrive the equi fern for proa | | il | | j j 1} i j | | | | ‘ 4 some conclusions how much Once production started you can't profit industry should allowed, and change specifications without wrecking haggling over the question amor production. Materials and equipment Businesses were expected planned for one set specifications take enormous contracts which can't switched overnight meet terms could not written because no- new set. The result would months body knew yet what the terms were delay and billions wasted going was not until October, 1940—a whole year after war had broken out bill was passed giving concrete Therefore must not hasty roduction peace time the Army and Navy for tak- has been sac ing due time for the detailed plannin . r Ve iv likewise and designing the hundreds tion amortization terms and profits thousands—of taxes, thereby enabling industries en- \nd when specifications fer \luch must national defense production proceed basis facts instead was just this sort playing volume production. automobil will tics with national defense that delayed plant, for preparation for resources long the defense production turning out new model often takes existing foll land—just this sort that made sham- practically whole vear. this method. And involves ] bles the defense must give the idea cing extent our normal pro delays ing defense production any duction the devices which lite which are due the fact that specifi- volume today. are this thing made more cations and amounts various items for long pull—and what counts have not yet been determined are not the output today, but the planning far different nature. must borne and preparation which will mind that designs tanks, planes the greatest possible output tomorrow are ~ ind guns which only few months ago \nd this output, repeat, must work harder over the next few > were considered the last word mod than most now realiz have work longer hours ern warfare have today, the light the program develops, will ind certainly will have develop Euro ean develo ments, become obso- rect ever one of us versonalls ind and maintain a working morale whicl lete. directly. will not something that will keep top quibble about smali matters make Just what should build today? “they” are doing—it must, whole program. mistakes can will all play part the whole, comparison with made—for upon today’s designs and probably will called upon mak rest the world, have specifications will based the mass some sacrifices help carry our shat comfortable time come. doubtful that the “nited fale cal “ve g a ir h ands “We must not too hasty criticize the Army and Navy for taking due time for the defense equipment. When specifications are de- termined, takes time—many months— for company tool for volume production.” tional News Photos § and at the same time ‘ peace time products. country taced vith 1 rmament on the modern scale | Nal ll to ado thts kor months +! face t! it situ | = | | Madison, HERE comes when users tools will contemplate definitely decide make some all their own tools, that is, purchase carbide tips blanks and then manufacture the desired sizes and styles shanks which the car- bide blanks are brazed. There are few good reasons why consumer should make his own car- Carbide blanks not cost much complete tools; therefore inventory burdens are less where necessary carry stock tools for replacements. Then, too the actual machining tool shanks will found cause perceptible increase manufacturing expense. routed through the tool room where labor, equipment, overhead, are already established, the intrusion carbide tool shanks should great amount disruption regular pro- duction activities. The manufacturing expense there, whether tool shanks are made not. And those orders for tool shanks the gaps” very nicely. bide tools. cause no Convenience and instant service are also enjoyed the consumer who makes his own carbide tools. Often times the tooling machine will call for special tool that would pro- 28—THE IRON AGE, October 24, 1940 GAYLORD for Carbide Tools THOMPSON Wis. duce the best results. desired shape and size carbide blank can ordered once and the time the shank completed, the blank will available for brazing. Carbide blanks kept stock will also found suitable for special tools. new and lower price lists cutting tools may alter the above pic- ture somewhat. Rough blanks corre- sponding styles Nos. and men- tioned later the author are now stock item.—Ed. Blanks may broken use while the shank still good condition. Here where considerable saving effected maintenance carbide remove the broken portions the car- bide blank and braze new blank the shank. Very likely the broken por- tion the carbide that removed from the shank can used smaller tools. These broken portions should stored proper receptacles that identify the grade the carbide and the manufacturer that there will the future. The technic brazing carbide blanks shanks thoroughly and liberally explained and booklets published carbide mai that dwelling that subject this facturers there need However, there are worth considering that enter into construction carbide tools most important one manufacturing specifications. purchased from the carbide turer, the problem tool control not intricate when the tools made the consumer himself. The consumer can purchase the complete carbide tool ground and ready for use, the milled and brazed condition and the grinding when the consumer tools, must present specifications the shop that they can proceed intelligently with the construction the tool shanks. shank must stamped with the identification the grade carbide that brazed Own and special care exercised that cihe grade carbide does not get mis- placed brazed the wrong shank. Specifications that would prove sat- isfactory where complete tools are pur- chased from the carbide manufacturer would hardly prove adequate for use the consumer making his If, however, the consumer will making his own carbide tools addition purchasing some stand- styles complete from the should decide upon form specification that would for both procedures. satisfactory Before any definite decision can made the type form speci- fication used the manufactur- ing consideration must given the variety styles tools that will form the basis carbide tool construction. which apeared article carbide tools the May issue THE reproduced here illustrate style sheet showing different stvles carbide tools practically per cent the standard tools most any shop can gen- erated. This style sheet refers only tools that are “in the that have been completed point grinding, such the commer- cial milled and brazed tools. They are carried stock that way—like rough Note also that each tool has its own each vertical column. Notice the sec- ond column from the left. These num- hers which identify shank sizes the adjoining column the left, are used conjunction with the stvle number denote the | | | | | | | i [402 403 502 503 [TOOL NojTRAYITOOL No | | | - | ~ | | “ot + + + + + + + + + > | “ - — + + + + + > + + + — | | i= | | | | | | | | | a Bat. =| | = | | | | | + + + 4 al | | | | + w STYLE No. SHANK SIZE sheet for carbide tipped tools the rough prior finish grinding. The number- ing system shown the key all shown for tool style No. 01. Thus, shank size and when affixed any style num- ber such No. 01, the complete num- ber would 101, meaning that the style tool has No. size shank. This same principle follows through with all the styles and sizes. these numbers apply only the rough tool, the numbers could very appropriately termed pattern numbers. Any variation the length the shanks the tools can identified specifical- the number, like 101A, 101B, ete. The number shown the column size the tool shank. AMOUNT ORDERED STOCK SIZE + = Mm! OL ole -|-|- ead | —+ tion the tool stock very important have style sheet and identify types and styles tools number order avoid tly duplications tools the shop numbers were applied promiscuous- not long before the first tools will have been forgotten their styles. cult locate them their drawings the specific number not known. the other hand, when the layout man assigns group tools were machine set-up, needs only BELOW IG. 2—Tool detail blank printed from zinc cut and perforated for filing ring binder. The blank shown for tool style No. 01. STYLE TOOL CATALOG NO. ~ THE IRON AGE, October 24, 1940—29 ied wo © Q | MATERIAL page through the style record that particular tool pick the one that suitable. none available, can create new tool explained later. Assuming that the tools are shown the style sheet Fig. are adopted the basis from which all standard carbide tools will generated, the question then arises, how will detail inanufacturing data the shop pre- sented? The shanks must machined. Proper sizes carbide blanks and their respective grades must desig- nated. And then comes the grinding dimensions with its multitude an- gles, clearances, and radii. Will there new number assigned tool for each change the finished con- struction? Positively! draw- ing furnished for each individual Certainly! This sounds like lot “board work” but simple and easy. Referring again Fig. note that only the “business end” the ferent styles carbide tools are shown. Now look Figs. and showing typical detail drawings few the tools. Similar sketch blanks would made for all styles tools used. These drawings are not made individually but are prints from zine plates. other words, master drawing made each style tool. plates are made and the desired quantity the drawings each style tool printed good bond paper suitable for filing three-ring note book, preferably in. Dimen- sions are omitted the prints but space provided for them. illustrates how the drawing Fig. looks when dimension figures are posted together with other infor- mation provided the form, suming that the layout man desires style tool such No. shown Fig. will refer his record tool numbers, which merely list numerical sequence, and appropriate the next open number which will say happens 27. effort need made attach any significance code the number the finished tool. The numbers are applied straight numerical sequence regardless the style type tool. But, when the drawings are filed the loose-leaf ring-book which kept the office, they are filed according style num- ber, which the case Fig. 801. The reason for this filing procedure that the layout man will know the type style tool de- sires when making set-up; therefore, more convenient for him refer the specific file group draw- ings constituting that particular style 30—THE IRON AGE, October 24, 1940 NAME BLANK SIZE BLANK CATALOG NO. MANUFACTURER STYLES 03-04 ano STOCK SIZE SHANK NO. TOOL STYLE NO. BLANK GRADE TOOL CATALOG NO. MATERIAL 3—The same tool detail blank serves for carbide tool styles Nos. 03, and 05. tool. finds tool available satisfactory for his particular need, proceeds issue new tool num- ber and fill the necessary dimen- sions and other data the spaces pro- vided the standard printed sketches. carbon copy the drawing could made and attached the shop completion and the carbide blank tip stock. the other hand, blueprints can made and sent along with the shop order. Whether blueprints carbon copies are made tool drawings, copy should available for the grinding room for permanent file. This file not divided indexed according styles tools but the drawings are filed straight numerical sequence according the tool number. The man who grinds the carbide tools not interested the style divisions the When gets tool grind, notes the tool number then turns the page the file loose leaf book that has the same number. This page will show the angle speci- fications which the tool ground, the grinding department foreman finds that carbide tool damaged that tip needs replacement, turns the tool page number the file book and from this page drawing obtains the size, grade, and catalog number the carbide blank that specified for this type 7 ~ / 4 A / it AMOUNT ORDERED UE 7 f Fi NAME BLANK CATALOG NO. STYLE NO. BLANK GRADE STOCK SIZE SHANK ! NO. /609 AMQUNT 4—Except for the size the carbide blank, which may vary for different applications, the tool details, such rake and clearance angles, are fixed for style tools the three shank sizes shown. This steel cutting tool, with chip curler incorporated the carbide blank. tool. this blank from stock. the blank not stock, the prevailing method routine purchasing then used. shown Fig. also available, the rough otherwise, from the car- bide manufacturer, the catalog number the tool and the name the manu- facturer inserted the spaces pro- vided the top the form. Thus there cross index two sources tool supply. will noticed Fig. that two angle dimensions are given where they involve clearances. The small angle dimension, namely deg., refers the clearance the carbide. The 10-deg. angle refers the clearance the steel shank. The reason for this avoid much possible the grinding steel soft silicon wheels and the filling diamond wheels with steel particles when grinding the carbide. The tool shown Fig. has di- mensions and specifications character- istic carbide tool for cutting cast iron. The top backrake deg., while satisfactory for cast iron, not needed tool used for cutting steel. The chip curler could take care that. Fig. shows filled-in printed sketch style No. tool. The blank form can used for either right-hand left-hand tool noted. This for cutting steel; there- fore line representing chip curler drawn along the cutting edge ground the point, the chip curler chart showing the angle and dimen- sions chip curlers under the subject “Chip Curlers for Carbide Tools.” Now, having method which specifications can given the shop make carbide tools and also en- able these specifications serve equal- well where tools are would interesting know just which these tools are have the heaviest demand. would valuable know which tools have the highest mortality. This information helps establish proper stock balances. When manufacturing order is- sued for making carbide tools, the order for the tools only the brazed condition, spite the fact that the drawings give dimensions for complete tools. When the tools are completed the rough, they are put into rough stock and recorded under the tool style number which may any the numbers shown the style sheet Fig. shown Fig. No. 801. The shop order does not call for the tools under the finished tool number but under the tool style number. This practically the same stock order. Later, when finished tools are desired, requisition slip made out triplicate, the form which shown Fig. The orig- inal goes the rough stock clerk deliver the tools the grinding room. The stock clerk keeps the requisition file divided according styles tools. The duplicate copy the requisition goes the foreman the grinding room who has the tools ground designated his copy the drawing bearing the number the tool noted the requisition. When the tools have been ground, they are delivered the tool crib, to- gether with the duplicate copy the requisition. The tool crib attendant signs the duplicate requisition re- ceipt and forwards the inventory clerk some other clerk who might assigned the duties keeping these records. After time, these du- plicate and receipted requisitions can grouped according styles tools and analyzed. Thus complete and au- thentic information carbide tool turnover available for any desired action that might taken. The numbering carbide tools straight numerical sequence func- tion that distinctly separate from the application style very simple and convenient THE IRON AGE, October 24, ANK Ov pove Tool style method for the tool crib attendant file the tools away. Trays drawers need only numbered sequence, with reservations course suffi- cient space for the storing later tools. Thus there are files draw- ings indexed the tool number the page number, and the trays the tool crib numbered and indexed like- wise. This promotes better universal understanding tool control, expe- dites service the tool crib window IRON AGE, October 24, 1940 NAME Grooving _BLANK CATALOG and eliminates the possibility trans- position the case where long numbers are tied with alphabetical prefixes. The short numbers are more convenient when being posted lay- outs. They not crowd the drawings. Questions may asked. Will not the issuing drawings, printed otherwise, eventually build bulky, cumbersome file tool drawings the numerical volume which would have tendency create errors and du- plications? not this method expen- sive and time absorbing—involving lot clerical BELOW iG. 5—This what the tool detail blank form shown Fig. looks like when has been filled out with dimensional data for specific application. TOOLNO. TOOL BLANK GRADE 44-A MANUFACTURER CATALOG NO. STYLE REMARKS MATERIAL STOCK SIZE SHANK DATE AMOUNT ORDERED \ “ L.H. ATERIAL 1095 : i 6° | | actual operation and control over 4000 tools, less than 200 drawings were required cover the specifica- tions these tools. Having the styles tools foundation from which finished tools are evolved, surprising how few different types tools are really needed and how many different operations can performed one type tool. Especially was this found true with the styles every set-up involved the use these two tools, the only differences being the radii the cutting points. Then too, the fact must not overlooked that the stock tools almost doubled the necessity having dif- ferent grades carbides for cutting cast iron and steel. But even with this handicap the number drawings that will found necessary will very small comparison the advantages gained. requires only few minutes post the dimension figures printed standard drawing. There actual drawing made. Most car hide tools are valuable. worth CARBIDE TOOLS REQUISITION Style No. Grade 44a For Oper. Send Received Received Tool Am’t. Date Date finished tools are desired, requisition slip such this made out triplicate. the printed form, costing less than plus about min. labor time tor the posting dimension figures, have record tools which cost from $35 each? Not only that, but there not initial specification cost when replacement orders are Junior Motors Blackened for Protection INIATURE gasoline motors, Philadelphia, are subject considerable handling the retail stores with the result that soon appear on_ the polished surface. The motors are also subject dampness stocks, during shipment and while display. \ll this results stock which looks shop worn, old and uninviting the prospective purchaser. eliminate the objection all inders are now given black coating. The operation shown the accom- panying photograph, where the oper- ator lifting tray the tiny ders from the bath—note color, compared with the basket untreated cylinders the foreground. The bath made six parts water seven parts Jetal salts weight. This solution kept tem- perature 285 deg. gas burn- er. The cylinders are placed tray shown, pieces the tray and the tray lowered into the bath where allowed remain for min. The tray salts, rinsed hot water, then dipped into soluble oil 250 deg. F., re- move any moisture and coat the parts with very fine film the oil. The parts may now handled much desired without fear damaging the surface. Motors which have been service for some time have been ex- amined and found about per- fect finish when they left the plant. THE IRON AGE, October 24, 1940—33 ~ lame this extensive and very informa- tive research, series tests which have produced data that give accu- rate reproduction results, uniform penetration hardness, and uniform structures will considered. Last week the characteristics three types iron were described; also given was the effect various heat treatment the microstructure and hardness each material. Herein, the second section this five-part article, the operating conditions for the flame hardening chromium-molybdenum cast iron the progressive method described. this part the discussion series experiments which produced standardized operating conditions for developing hard case 3/32 in. 5/32 in. deep flat surfaces chromium-molybdenum cast iron will considered. These experiments were conducted with Airco equipment the type previously described. the experiments considered herein were made the progressive harden- ing method; that is, the part 1The chromium content vary accord- ing the section the volved. For castings average section the chromium range should 0.10 0.20 per cent. 34—THE IRON AGE, October 24, 1940 Hardenin Standardization HARTLEY Metallurgist, LeBlond Machine Tool Co., Cincinnati hardened remained stationary, and the torch flame was moved over the work uniform rate lineal travel. The specimens used for these tests were the same general design shown Fig. They were made with widths varying from in. and were in. long. The allowable analysis range for these sample parts was follows: Total carbon ...... 2.90 3.20 per cent per cent Combined carbon ... 0.60 0.85 per cent 1.70 2.10 per cent Manganese 0.95 per cent Molybdenum 0.35 0.45 per cent Chromium 0.30 per cent’ The preliminary tests made ar- riving some basic set operating conditions were conducted the man- ner quite frequently followed. The tip cone the flame was set 1/16 in. in. above the surface the specimen, and attempt was made obtain satisfactory operating condi- tions adjusting the gas flow and rate lineal travel. Fractures hardened specimens were made and conditions adjusted until the desired penetration was obtained. When all conditions were very accurately set, fairly satisfactory results could ob- tained test specimens. However, when production parts were run was found very difficult produce consist- ent results. some cases the surface the iron would tend burn, and other instances the hardness would not uniform. There was also very appreciable variation the depth hard case produced. Although least 150 basic tests were made flat surfaces at- tempt arrive suitable set operating conditions, was found ab- solutely impossible produce uniform results with the tip cone the flame set close the work. the course making these 150 tests the rate lineal travel was adjusted between in, per min, and in. per factory depth penetration could obtained any the speeds used | | | 5 ° ° | | \ - i x - > } | | 1S, ~ > F | IG. 5—Design specimens used for the tests. J adjusting the volume gas flow. However, was found impossible duplicate results regardless the rate lineal travel gas pressure used. The tests conducted the slower rate lineal travel proved less from the standpoint surface burn ing, but otherwise there was great improvement. study the microstructure the iron furnace hardened and flame hardened showed that the flame hard ened structures were very inferior hardening. The photomicrograph Type iron, Fig. (Oct. issue), showed uniform pearlitic matrix the base iron, and the fine acicular hardened structure produced under wide range hardening temperatures Photomicrograph, Fig. shows very coarse structure produced when the same iron was flame hardened under improper operating conditions tabu- lated. may observed from Fig. that large areas retained austenite RIGHT microstructure ob- tained when cast iron flame hard- ened under improper conditions. (Above) Hardening conditions: rate travel in. per min.; tip cone flame in. above surface; other conditions adjusted produce hard case. (Below) Hardening conditions: rate travel in. per min.; tip cone flame 1/16 in. above work; other con- ditions adjusted produce in. hard case. Both views 500 diameters; etched General arrangement the test set-up. THE IRON AGE. October 24, 1940—35 | | = Height torch above IG. 8—Effect torch height the temperature chromium-molybdenum cast iron 0.125 in. 0.375 in. below the surface. The torch was operated under the following conditions: Mixer No. 10; gas pressure Ib. per sq. in.; tip in.; number flames 13; speed in. per min. very similar structures. The fact that the surface hardness was not uniform combined with the fact that the struc tures showed appreciable amount cated that regardless the operating conditions employed obtain 3/32 in. 5/32 in. hard case, the was overheated sufficient amount produce very coarse structure. addition the fact that very un- results were produced these operating condi tions, surfaces were frequently melted such extent that they could not ground satisfactory finish. This condition resulted, for any reason, the tip cone the flame came closer the surface the work than the pre-determined distance. slight variations were usually caused one two factors which could not readily controlled. small carbon particle tip might frequently cause single flame momentarily slightly longer than the other flames from the same tip. minor fluctua- tion such this would frequently sufficient start the melting action. \fter the melting had started could only stopped raising the tip are present and microscopic cracks are numerous. The Rockwell hardness these specimens was 51, but the sclerescope hardness varied from 80. These results definitely show that the surface both tests bars was Distance | Lineal Distance Torch from Thermocouples TABLE Relative Temperature, Deg. F., Given Point Torch Approaches hardened effective surface tempera- Approaching Past tures in excess of 1700 deg. Torch product flame hardened under iti initely have inferior wearing proper- 145 162 188 222 231 320 655 Tip size in. 145 162 183 218 222 320 621 940 should noted that the rate 140 158 183 213 226 311 651 944 No. flames =13 lineal travel used one specimens from which the photomicro- graphs were taken was in. per min., whereas was only in. per min, the other specimens. ous specimens were examined which had been hardened speeds and they were found have 205 209 213 266 599 1109 163 188 220 227 296 612 *Acetylene Ib. 145 179 213 222 239 329 Rate lineal 145 162 200 213 218 244 533 Average 145 170 207 218 229 287 555 Quench =none travel per min. 157 166 183 209 209 244 599 1074 *Note—Oxygen pressure adjusted produce neutral flame. the sur- 149 166 196 200 209 222 512 1075 use present commercial instruments. However, the microstructures flame Average 153 170 200 205 209 237 548 hardened parts can compared those produced quenching the same material from known temperatures. When flame hardened and furnace hardened specimen have identical microstructures the tem- -_ perature from which the furnace hard- Average ened specimen was quenched the effective temperature the flame hardened specimens. For example flame hardened specimen has microstructure to a furnace hardened specimen the same material which was quenched from 1550 deg. The effec- tive temperature from which the flame hardened surface was quenched said Average 36—THE IRON AGE, October 24, 1940 1028 1046 981 981 981 1100 | | 4 | | | | «- | | i : | | | | | | | 9—Test speci- mens used de- termine variation depth penetration with torch tip from work surface. Specimen above and 327 below. FINISH END TIP TORCH 0.5625 ABOVE WORK ABOVE WORK allow slight amount cooling. Due the very delicate operating condi- tions was quite difficult re-posi- tion the tip obtain re- sults after was moved. second factor which caused the tween the cone the flame and the work vary occurred longer than in. were hardened. This variation was caused the expansion the surface which the heat was applied. This expansion was resisted the cold base metal and resulted which caused the work come closer the tip the middle was approached. (This characteristic will more thoroughly considered under the heading distortion). results could not attributed the operator, be- cause all tests were conducted under very close supervision and all setups were made with the utmost precision. was decided that the idea oper- ating the torch that the cone the flame was within 1/16 in. the surface was basically incorrect. definitely establish the soundness this theory two series tests were made blocks the proportions shown Fig. The photograph shown Fig. illustrates the general arrangement the test set-up. series tests was run deter mine the relative amount heat specimen given point the torch These experiments were conducted with the distance between the tip the torch and the work surface varied from 0.4 in. 1.00 in. conducting these tests all other conditions were kept constant. quenching medium was not used because the objective was obtain relative results, and the use quench would have intro- duced another series variables. The thermocouple was set beneath the sur- face that would only effected the temperature rise due con- duction and the flames would not pinge directly it. The results, tabulated Table conclusively show that-an appre- ciable amount heat not conducted into the work more than in. ahead the point application the flame. condition holds true regardless the distance between the tip the torch and the work surface. This data also shows that the maximum heat in. in.) below the sur- face not reached until the flames have passed given point mately in. The maximum temperatures, tab- ulated Table are plotted graph- ically Fig. From this curve can readily observed that the tem- perature the metal in. in. TABLE Hardness Variation Between the Base Metal and the Surface Sample Chromium- Molybdenum Cast Flame Under the Conditions Produce Thick Hard Case. Distance From Sclerescope Base Metal Hardness Specimen Number 327 327-1 (visible line etched ABOVE WORK START END TIP TORCH ABOVE WORK below the surface increased uni- form rate the distance between the work surface and the torch tip was decreased from in. 9/16 ever, when this distance was decreased in., the recorded temperature was only slightly higher than that ob- tained distance 9/16 in., and the space was further decreased 7/16 in. and 13/32 in. respectively there was very sharp drop the re- corded temperatures. can explained the fact that there was surface melting when the dis- tance between the work surface and the tip the torch was 9/16 in., but there was slight amount surface melting when the distance was de- creased in., and very appreci- able amount was decreased 7/16 and 13/32 in. That is, when the tip the torch lowered posi- tion where surface melting takes place, certain amount the heat energy used transforming the iron from the solid the liquid state. may observed from the curve 0.55 in. and 0.65 in. which the corded temperature only varied deg. and was only approximately deg. deg. below the maximum tem- perature recorded. This would seem desirable operating range be- cause almost maximum temperature depth in. in. below the surface was. obtained, and slight riation tip height would not vital importance. preliminary check the above theory was made hardening two specimens identical the one shown Fig. accordance with the fol- lowing procedure: Specimen No. 327, Fig. was set such manner that the tip the torch was 9/16 in. (0.5625 in.) THE IRON AGE, October 24, 1940—37 + ; ae | | | | above the work the start and in. (0.6875 in.) above the work the finish. Specimen No. 327-1, Fig. was set that the tip the torch was 11/16 in. (0.6875 in.) above the work the start and 9/16 in. (0.5625 in.) the finish. the other oper ating conditions were identical and are herewith tabulated. Tip Size in. No. holes (open) Size holes No. drill (0.0465 in) Mixer No. Rate lineal travel in. per min. specimens were submerged water shown Fig. 10. may readily observed trom hardness both samples varied from tween the work surface and the torch tip varied from 11/16 in. (0.6875 in. (0.625 in.). However, there Note—The oxygen pressure justed produce flame ° ° ° which Fig. were submerged water. This type No. single flat sur- face. Was practically variation the depth penetration the distance be- tween the torch tip and the work sur- face varied from in. (0.625 in.) 9/16 in. (0.5625 in). The fact that the direction had effect the depth penetra tion exact agreement with the re- sults tabulated Table which shown that appreciable amount heat conducted more than in. advance the flame. This test also showed that varying the distance be- tween the tip the torch and the work surface within the range in. (0.625 in.) and 9/16 in. (0.5625 in.) Electroplated Alloy LECTROPLATED ings variety colors for many applications are large daily production American industry, therefore can longer termed lab- oratory curiosities, Dr. Charles Faust, research engineer 3attelle Memorial Institute, who ad- dressed the recent seventy-eighth gen- eral meeting the Electrochemical Society, meeting Ottawa, Canada. Although method for the electro- deposition brass, alloy copper and zinc, was discovered nearly 100 years ago, only very recent years have other alloy coatings begun place supplement electroplated coat- ings single metals, chromium, nickel, silver, gold, copper, and others. That the electroplating industry vast one evidenced the fact that the automobile industry 3500 tons electrodeposited coatings recent vear. 38—THE IRON AGE, October 24, 1940 \lloy deposition considered any process where two more metals are deposited simultaneously and which, due this codeposition, special prop erties are imparted the electroplate general, alloy deposits are denser, harder, and brighter than plates single metals, Dr. Faust pointed out. are certain composition ranges where alloy deposits have been found more corrosion resistant, more adher ent the basis metal, more more suitable for subsequent plates, more readily deposited over wider range operating conditions than one both the individual metals. brass, bright metals, bronze, black lybdenum, black nickel, and karat gold are generally known. Karat gold used widely jewelry and avail- Flames across surface does not appreciably affect the final re- sults. hardness exploration the sur faces these specimens showed series hardness readings taken 1/64 intervals through the hard ened zone are shown Table this table may noted that transition zone approximately 3/64 reached. Ed. Note—Next week the author con- tinues with the third section this ar- ticle, with attention directed specifically standardized operating conditions. oatings able the well-known white, vellow golds. excellent example adapting problem found the use brass plating insure rubber adhesion steel. Most the fast curing, com mercial rubber stock will adhere called alpha-brass but general not other metals and alloys. The process has been operation for number the rubber industry for mak ing rubber-lined steel acid tanks and other rubber coated metal products. Many the bearing alloys used the automotive industries are electro plated strong steel backs. These in- clude such combinations cadmium- silver and silver-lead. According Dr. Faust, the silver-lead bearing al- loy, development the Battelle lab- oratories, especially suited for air- craft engine use and probably will see wide use that | | Water leve/ € SETH EBERHARDT President the American Gear Manufacturers Association the chief problems facing trade association furthering the national defense program forces the nation properly arm, yet not over totalitarian methods. This thought was expressed Philip Gott, manager the trade association division the Cham- ber Commerce the United States, meeting the Manu- facturers Association Skytop, Pa., session Monday, Oct. 14, was pre viously reported THe hetween trade associations and govern- ment, Mr. Gott indicated that trade associations are founded democratic principles and defend these principles well our must arm geography. general defined the functions study individual problems; study broad economic problems and long range planning relation the whole economy. Under the first head ing, Mr. Gott those relating production, dis- tribution, finance, personnel and mar- keting. Right now trade associations could helpful determining the capacity their respective industries telescopic—the Gear Meet produce goods tor national establishment uniform selling practices are desirable, but Mr. Gott indicated that associations went too far the NRA Code days setting rituals the rights buvers and sellers. the personnel field, trade associa- tions are outstanding training means. Mr. Gott cited many 30,000 peo- ple one trade association course. Such groups are also useful making surveys wages and hours con nection with government coming under the Walsh-Healey speaker also indicated that the contracts question compensating for lost time drafted employees facing trade are requests for de- marily, however, trade must develop program public rela- tions avoid legislation detrimental associations business. presenting report the com- sales manager the Falk stat- that aside from the large amount turbine reduction gear business ten placed connection with the per cent expansion the United States Navy, least per cent great production volume could expect makers commercial speed re- ducers result the defense pro- gram. Mr. Schneider believes, how- ever, that will three six months hefore the full impact the program will felt the industry. looked large amount replacement business from steel mills result for capacity operations seen for some time come. Referring briefly the Second Revenue Act Mr. Schneider considered the most tant feature the suspension the Vin son Act. tremendous cost account- ing problem has thereby been eliminat- for any manufacturer doing work for the Navy. Skytop discussing this report the com- mercial committee, Goin, Nuttall division, Westinghouse Electric Co., cautioned members the association very careful han- dling orders carrying heavy penalties delivery. The penalties will still applied, despite the sidetracking machine tools order other manu- facturers with higher priority ratings. Silent Chain Drives \ninch, engineer the Link-Belt motion characteristics sil