The Iron Age 1940-08-22: Vol 146 Iss 8

AUGUST 22,1940 VOL. 146 NO. VAN DEVENTER President and Editor BAUR Vice-President and General Manager Managing Editor News Editor Technical Editor Associate Editors F.J. WINTERS Art Editor FINDLEY Editor Emeritus Washington Editors MOFFETT JAMES ELLIS Resident District Editors Pittsburgh Chicago Cleveland Detroit Editorial Correspondents Buffalo Cincinnati FRAZAR CHARLES POST Boston San Francisco HUGH SHARP JOHN C. McCUNE Milwaukee Birmingham SANDERSON ROY EDMONDS Toronto, Ontario St. Louis LEROY ALLISON Newark, N. J. Editorial Jobs 1942 Technical Articles Fatigue Strength Screw Threads Deficiencies Defense ..... The Gillette Abrasive Stone Ladle Additions the Properties Cast Iron........ Feature Reports News and Market Reports Metal Working Activity Construction Steel 102 Comparison Prices Iron and Steel 104 The Industrial Pace Warehouse 106 District Market Reports Sales Possibilities 112 Fatigue Cracks Products Advertised Copyright, 1940, Chilton Company DIX, Manager Reader Service Owned and Published (Incorporated) Editorial and Executive Offices Advertising Staff Publication Union Bldg., Cleveland Office Chestnut and Sts., 100 East 42nd St., Herman, Chilton Bldg., Philadelphia Philadelphia, Pa. New York, Hottenstein, 1012 Otis Bldg., Chicago U.S.A. Leonard, 100 East 42nd New York Peirce Lewis, 7310 Woodward Ave., Detroit Ober, 100 East 42nd St., New York Park Bidg., Pittsburgh Warren, Box 81, Hartford, Conn. Don Harner, 1595 Pacific Avenue Long Beach, Cal. OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS MUSSELMAN, President JOS. HILDRETH, Vice-President GEORGE GRIFFITHS, Vice-President EVERIT TERHUNE, Vice-President VAN DEVENTER, Vice-President BAUR, Vice-President BARBER, Treasurer JOHN BLAIR MOFFETT, Secretary JULIAN CHASE, THOMAS KANE, HARRY DUFFY CHARLES HEALE Member, Audit Bureau Circulations Member, Associated Business Papers Indexed the Industrial Arts Index. Pub- lished every Thursday. Subscription Price: United States and Possessions, Mexico, Cuba, Canada, $8.50; Foreign, $12.00 year. Single copy, cents. \ ‘= O O O ) ew 150 | ( \ j | | For truly permanent, firesafe roof, Steel Roof Deck provides all the essen- tial qualities without the disadvantage excessive weight. The comparatively light dead load Steel Deck Roof con- struction permits accumulative savings throughout the entire supporting struc- ture ... this, plus the ease and rapidity with which Steel Deck can installed, accounts for the Steel Deck preference among industrial builders throughout the country who are aware these out- standing economies. Mahon Steel Roof Deck designed conform structural practice—both section and weight. Compare the cross section Mahon Steel Roof 20—THE IRON AGE. August 22, 1940 Cross section Mahon Steel Roof Deck showing application insulation and roofing material. Section showing interlocking ribs Mahon Steel Roof Deck and method locking Deck Plates together and supporting Pur- lins welded construction. note that practically bond pro- vided between roofing material and the deck proper—this, and the fact that Mahon stiffening ribs are vertical, responsible for the longer life roof- ing material applied over Mahon Steel Roof Deck, and for the greater strength the deck itself. The bright finish Mahon Galvanized Steel Roof Deck aids materially daylighting interiors. Write for complete details see Sweets. THE MAHON COMPANY DETROIT, MICHIGAN Representatives Principal Cities Manufacturers Steel Roof Deck, Rolling Doors, Shutters and Grilles; Kalamein Doors, Tin Clad Doors and Cast Iron Roof Sumps. Mahon Steel Roof plant Detroit, Mich. J / 4 V Ae Jobs 1942 HIL MURRAY, vice-president the and able head the S.W.O.C., has done good job for that portion the steel industry which his union represents. contrast with similar C.I.O. activities motors, Murray has managed affairs with minimum friction and pro- duction interruptions because differences between employers and workers. handing him this because has earned and not because any love for the John Lewis, al. But because some day labor leadership will appear this country that will recognize that the fundamental interests employers and workers alike lie the healthy progress and prosperity industry with its multiplication jobs and wages and its approach stability employment. bit disillusioning, therefore, read Mr. recent state- ment the press which opposes the distinction between the obli- gations military service the special privileges which corporations are going enjoy.” Mr. inference tune with much the current Admini- stration’s political propaganda. requires microscopic perception detect that this attempt reawaken class antagonism this country aimed besmirching the Republican candidate because happens have been successful industrial executive and large employer labor union wages. line with this propaganda are the slams being taken industry AUGUST 22, 1940 New Dealers and kindred fellow travelers because the desire employers have clear understanding what they are undertaking before they undertake it, and what effect this undertaking will have upon the survival their businesses. ESTABLISHED Now you may say that the desire employer safeguard his 1855 business selfish one. will take issue with you that. The safeguarding our industrial and other employment creating concerns that they will survive this emergency public duty high order because means the safeguarding employment opportunity under our American System Enterprise. the management our industrial and other employing organizations are short-sighted and criminally negligent stampeded into accepting conditions that will drive them into bankruptcy after war orders cease, then they will become agent provocateurs totalitarianism because they will aid the Government become the sole employer. That the system that now vogue Germany and Russia and not think that American labor, union otherwise, wants any part it. Chilton Publication The first and foremost duty employers safeguard the continuity their businesses, for this means the safeguarding employment opportunity. Insofar this affects the fuiure welfare millions, quite different problem from that faced the individual who may called war. Keep this thought mind when you read about the reluctance industry rush into the acceptance half-baked contracts which may bring fatal cases acute industrial indigestion. Or | | ‘ | ' | \ 4 / 4 “It’s because are turning out more parts, lower cost,” says this operating manager, “but that only part the story. Inland Quality Sheets and Inland Co-operation help give our customers finer products and better service.” Inland quality based using only the best controlled raw materials. Inland Steel proc- essed the most modern continuous mills, men who are masters steel making. Backing this strong combination expert staff metallur- gists that co-operates with customers, works “Certainly, tell you why prefer Inland Sheets” with the mill men, and carries endless research. Inland customer co-operation goes far beyond the routine. includes catching the spirit things, being able many intangible ways help each user his job better, easier and more eco- includes thoughtful anticipation demands, and constructive help all problems from early design stage through production finished parts. All these play role the estab- lished preference for Inland Sheets. You, too, can gain using Inland Sheets and Inland Service. SHEETS STRIP TIN PLATE BARS PLATES FLOOR PLATES STRUCTURALS PILING RAILS TRACK ACCESSORIES REINFORCING BARS it, St. Paul, St. Louis, Kansas City, Cincinnati >. j Dearborn Street, Chicago Sales Offices: Milwaukee, SMITH Assistant Manager, Chicago Plant, Lamson Sessions Co. tensile strength materials well known. However, the fatigue strength, endurance limit frequently called, not generally understood. perfectly obvious why some material such steel fails when pulled apart. But not clear why the same material fails subjected stress that will not pull apart, but which stress alternately applied and removed. For example, piece steel might have tensile strength 100,000 Ib. per sq. in. But the same piece steel subjected tensile stress 70,000 per sq. in., which ternately removed, applied, again re- moved and forth, for hundreds times, the piece steel will eventually break. Most materials will stand such repeated application stress indef- initely until the stress reaches cer- tain point. Above this stress, failure will occur and the higher the stress, the fewer applications are necessary cause failure. The stress below which the failure will not occur under repeated ‘stress called the fatigue strength, endurance limit. Grooves, Threads and Cor- rosion upen the Fatigue Metals,” Proceedings the A.S.T.M., 1926, Part the A.S.T.M., 1924, Part —The Effect Method Manufacture the Fatigue Strength Some materials have rather def- inite ratio between the endurance limit and the tensile strength, while others not. Fortunately, steel does have such ratio. For smooth, polished piece steel, this ratio about per cent per cent. Thus piece steel with tensile strength 100,000 lb. per sq. in. cannot safely loaded with repeated load much over 45,- Ib. per sq. in. However, that ratio good only for perfectly smooth specimen. there are any notches, grooves, threads other irregularities the steel, the know how much the ratio lowered, for drops per cent, design factor safety wiped out. Screw threads are very common the purpose this investigation find out what effect the method manufacture the thread has upon the ultimate the fatigue limit and ratio between the two. Three manufacturing methods were selected: (a) cut threading; (b) roll threading single extruded and (c) roll threading double extruded wire. Cut threading well known. the second method, wire with diam- eter the same the desired outside diameter the thread first extruded pitch diameter, and then the threads are rolled the extruded portion us- ing suitable dies that depress part the steel form the root the thread and force the other material make the top the thread. the third method, the original diameter wire larger than the desired outside diameter the thread. This first extruded the desired outside diam- eter, then extruded pitch diameter, and finally the threads are rolled upon the reduced wire. well known that cold working increases the tensile strength steel. Thus, the above methods manu- facture, cut threads are weakest and rolled threads double extruded wire are strongest because the cold work- The same would ex- fatigue limit the ing effect. pected the threads. Past investigation the fatigue limit screw threads has been largely concerned with the fatigue irrespective the method manufacture. 1926, Moore made tests the effect grooves and threads upon the endurance limit using beam type His tests were made heat treated S.A.E. 1045 steel. For 3¢-24 threads, found the endurance limit 23.7 per cent the ultimate strength. However, the endurance limit smooth specimen the same material, also heat treated, was only 34.9 per cent the ultimate strength. Apparently this low ratio endurance limit ultimate strength caused the heat treatment. This also indicated experiments made S.A.E. 1025 The ratio for his steel received from the manufac- turer was 42.2 per cent, but heat treat- ment reduced this 37.4 per cent. However, Mr. Moore’s results above THE IRON AGE, August 22, 1940—23 ag & * : | ' : Double extruded with smooth Cut thread Number cycles Fig. curves. Data tabulated tables Ill, and TABLE Chemical Analysis Specimens Tests Carbon Manganese Sulphur Phosphorus Single extruded and cut thread specimens 0.26 0.57 0.025 0.022 Double extruded specimens 0.22 0.47 0.024 0.022 TABLE Physical Data Material Yield Point, Ultimate Reduction Elongation Brinell Hardness Per Strength, Ins., Cut thread and single extrude: Rod 32,200 66,400 62.8 26.7 Wire 171 193 47,900 89,300 54.5 3.6 Double extrude: Rod 114 44,000 59,000 62.5 26.5 Wire 150 160 59,000 77,400 48.9 4.2 TABLE Endurance Tests for Cut Thread Samples Specimen Stress, Lb. Per Number Sq. In. Cycles Remarks 40,000 273,000 Failed 35,000 437,000 Failed 32,500 888,000 Failed 30,000 1,100,000 Failed 27,500 104,182,000 Did not fail 27,500 840,000 Failed 27,500 5,560,000 Failed 27,500 822,000 Failed 26,000 126,079,000 Did not fail 25,000 103,215,000 Did not fail Endurance Limit 27,000 per sq. in. 24—THE IRON AGE, August 22, 1940 tioned. indicate that the endurance limit reduced very much the presence the threads, the ratio for the threaded specimens being 68.0 per cent that for the unthreaded specimens. The heat treatment mentioned above and elsewhere this article consists heating the steel above its critical temperature, quenching oil water and drawing some temperature be- low the critical temperature. Henwood have made tests screw threads un- Moore and covered Standard and Whit- worth die cut threads rolled threads, presumably the Standard form. Unfortunately, they themselves state, the results the cut thread tests and the rolled thread tests cannot very well com- pared for the reason that the rolled threads extended the full length the specimens, while the cut threads ex- posed the full stress were only one two threads each has been proved that the exposed length the thread has definite effect upon the tensile strength, the strength. Thus, with definite rela- tionship between tensile strength and fatigue limit, the length thread ex- posure importance. This also substantiated recent European ex- experiments show the ratio endurance limit tensile strength for the rolled threads about per cent higher than the ratio for cut threads, but this may affected the length thread exposed. The fact that rolled threads are stronger than cut threads ance well tension confirmed the European experiments just men- This limit found Europe seems much Seelig states that one investigator has increased the fatigue rotating beams per cent roll threading. The fatigue tests for the present in- vestigation were made special ma- chines the Sondericker type which the specimens are loaded like simple beam which rapidly. Thus the “fibers” steel one rotation are stressed and then compression. Each revo- lution the specimen gives one com- plete reversal stress from maxi- mum tension maximum compression and back maximum tension. Threads Under Repeated Ten- sion,” Bulletin 264, Engineering periment Station, University Illinois. European Fatigue,” Seelig, Bulletin the A.S.T.M., October and December, 1938. 50,000 | | | | | | | | } - | | | | | } | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - + | | | | | | | | | | | ‘ | | 3 | All specimens were made with American Standard threads and were in. length. The tensile and the impact-tension specimens were all made with full threads the full length the specimens. The fatigue speci- mens were made with in. full threads the middle the specimen. order avoid undue stress concen- tration the ends the full size threads, additional threads were made which ran from the full size thread nothing along curve radius each side the center sec- tion full threads. One inch each end was left blank for gripping the testing machine. The thread form standardized the National Screw Thread Commis- sion specifies thread with flat section the top and bottom the thread. has been found that cutting rolling threads, the tools rapidly wear chip off the sharp corners where the side the thread meets the flat section top the thread the tool. This soon results approximate radius the top the threads the tool, rather than flat section. This turn makes the bottom the thread the screw radius rather than flat section, some- what similar the radius Whit- worth threads. The experiments Moore and Henwood previously men- tioned show that the Whitworth thread has higher endurance limit than the American National form ABOVE 2—Side view fatigue testing machine. BELOW IG. operations making double extruded roll thread specimens. thread. This has also been proved several other investigators. For this reason the Lamson Sessions Co. preferably uses threading tools having radius top the thread rather than flat. This radius does not affect the fit the finished thread. There- fore, the specimens this investiga- tion were made with radius the bottom the thread rather than the theoretically standard flat section. covers screw threads produced commer- cially, standard bolt and screw ma- chinery was used wherever possible. The only exception was fatigue specimens for were made lathe because the neces- sity having blank ends for gripping the testing machine made impos- sible use commercial cut threaders. screw threads expressed Ib. per sq. in. based the area the root the thread. However, there some additional strength due the thread, this method gives tensile strength for the thread than accu- rate. Tensile strength based area pitch diameter (halfway between the root diameter and the outside diameter) gives too low has shown that the most accurate area for this purpose the mean area which figured the mean the root and pitch diameters. comparison strength the thread with the strength unthreaded mate- Progress, March, 1933. THE IRON AGE, August 22, . "ee | ‘ S N © 19 iS Sys ry ’ = TABLE Endurance Tests for Single Extruded Specimens (With Rolled Thread) Specimen Stress, Lb. Per Number Sq. In. Cycles Remarks 25,000 123,400,000 Did not fail 30,000 Did not fail 35,000 2,121,000 Failed 40,000 2,520,000 Failed collet 32,500 110,960,000 Did not fail 37,500 5,696,000 Failed collet 35,000 102,590,000 Did not fail 40,000 1,370,000 Failed collet 35,000 33,513,000 Failed collet Endurance Limit 33,000 Ib. per sq. in. TABLE Endurance Tests for Double Extruded Specimens (With Rolled Threads) Specimen Stress, Lb. Per Number Sq. In. Cycles Remarks 18,900 102,900,000 Did not fail 21,200 100,760,000 Did not fail 25,550 100,021,000 Did not fail 30,000 100,006,000 Did not fair 35,000 842,000 Failed collet 35,000 1,672,000 Failed collet 35,000 785,000 Failed end threads 34,400 6,128,000 Failed collet 35,000 100,002,000 Did not fail 34,400 8,469,000 Failed end threads 40,000 546,000 Failed end threads 37,500 1,117,000 Failed collet 32,500 100,000,000 Did not fail Endurance Limit 33,000 per sq. in. TABLE Strength (In Foot Pounds) SINGLE EXTRUDE DOUBLE EXTRUDE CUT THREADS ROLLED THREADS ROLLED THREADS 202 168.5 139 215 168 163.5 172 196.5 141 190.5 202.5 139 218 209.3 147 210.5 168 150 197.8 208.5 138.5 Did not fail Did not fail 141.8 202 148.5 Did not fail 190 143 Did not fail Did not fail Did not fail 208 222.5 196.5 Average specimens which failed 202.7 190.0 145.1 TABLE Summary Results Experiments Ultimate Strength, Limit Ultimate Impact TYPE Lb. Per Sq. In. Endurance Limit, Specimen Lb. Per Sq. In. Wire Specimen Ft.-Lb. Cut thread 89,300 90,000 27,000 30.3 30.0 202.7 Single extrude and roll thread 89,300 99,700 33,000 37.0 33.1 190.0 Double extrude and roll thread 77,400 99,600 33,000 42.6 33.1 145.1 26—THE IRON AGE, August 22, 1940 rial, mean areas have used throughout this article computing the strength threads. Table shows the chemical analysis the specimens, while Table gives the physical properties the rod and wire from which the specimens were made. Tables and show the numerical results the fatigue tests, while Fig. shows the same thing graphical form. strength, the tests show that: (1) Cut threads are strong tension the material used. (2) Single extruding threads increase the tensile strength about per cent over that the original material. (3) Double extruding rolling threads increase the tensile strength about 28.5 per cent over that the original material. With regard the effect the en- durance limit the method manu- facture, the tests indicate that: (1) Cut threaded specimens have endurance limit about per cent the ultimate strength the threads, and also the original material. threaded specimens have endurance limit about per cent mate strength the thread, and about per cent the strength the orig- inal material. threaded specimens have endurance limit about per cent the ultimate strength the thread and about 42.6 per cent the strength the original material. mate strength were used for all three specimens, the cut thread specimens would weakest tension and en- durance, the single extruded and roll threaded specimens would next, and the double extruded and roll threaded specimens would strongest. little surprising that the ratio endurance limit the ultimate ten- sile strength the thread not higher for the double than for the single mens. Table noted that all failures endurance for the double extruded and roll threaded specimens occurred either the end the threaded section the collet. either these points the diameter greater than that the full thread section. Therefore, there must have been stress concentration these two points cause failure there before occurred the threads, else the | | | | | | the threads actually increas- the strength the threaded section over that the blank ends. Thus, the endurance limit found the tests probably not the true endurance limit for the thread. attempt find this true en- durance limit, specimens were made with full threads the entire length the blank. The threads each end the samples were then filled with Smooth-On Cement, which, when hardened, was turned cylindrical section concentric with the threads the middle the specimen. This method produced specimens with the outside diameter the ends slightly larger than the outside diameter the thread. testing, the Smooth-On frequently broke out the threads the ends. However, the results date indicate that the endurance limit higher than found the other tests. These tests are being continued and hoped that some material found that will perform the same tion the Smooth-On more effec- tively. Comparing these results with those previous investigators shows that all three methods manufacture, these results gave higher ratio strength the thread. Thus, Moore found ratio 23.7. per cent for heat treated S.A.E. No. 1045 while Moore and Henwood found ratio 22.6 per cent for cut threads and 27.0 per cent for rolled threads, using 0.30 carbon steel. would expected that the sults Moore and Henwood would show higher ratio than that Moore, because the former was for re- peated tension only while the latter was for alternating tension and com pression. However, the heat treating Moore’s specimens may the cause the closeness the figures. The fact that all previous results are lower than the results these tests probably due the fact that pre- vious threads had the sharp corners the bottom the thread while the present tests have radius. this the only cause the discrepancy results, then the presence the radius has increased the ratio endurance limit ultimate tensile strength 32.7 per cent for cut threads. However, must remembered that Moore and very few exposed threads which would affect the ratio for their spite this fact, evident that the radius the root the thread has in- creased the endurance limit very Table shows the results ten TABLE Endurance Tests for Double Extruded Specimens Specimens threaded full length and threads end filled with Smooth-On make section specimen collets larger than the outside diameter the thread. Specimen Stress, Lb. Per Number Sq. In. Cycles Remarks 37,500 121,078,000 Did not fail 45,000 615,000 Failed 40,000 395,000 Failed 42,500 158,000 Failed 42,500 328,000 Failed 40,000 487,000 Failed 32,500 100,000,000 Did not fail 42,500 100,000,000 Did not fail 6—Longitudinal section rolled thread specimen. 100 magnifications. THE IRON AGE, August 22, 1940—27 | ‘ 4—Finished specimen before and after clamping collets. 5—Longitudinal section cut thread specimen. 100 magnifications. sion impact tests made the speci- mens. Experiments have show any definite relationship impact strength and ultimate tensile strength. present, impact testing receiving great deal study and the theories this type test are not well clarified for other types This especially true since the Watertown Arsenal, velocity impact tension tests. seems that impact tension tests are more re- liable than impact bending tests; and that, the relatively slow speeds Charpy and Izod testing machines, the tests. results indicate only the general effect Velocity Proceeding the A.S.T.M., 1936, Part IT. Coreless EVIEWING recent progress Germany the design and ap- plications the coreless induc- tion furnace, Dorrenberg and Bottenberg, paper Stahl und Eisen, abstracted and Coal Trades Review, point out that the first furnace this type for continuous operation erected Germany was in- stalled exactly years ago, 1930. Since that date the total number furnaces this type Germany has grown 140 with installed gener- ator output nearly 40,000 kw. The authors suggest that the favor which these furnaces have enjoyed due their general operating and metallurgical advantages, the ease with which they can adapted vari- able and highly flexible production program, the absence local super- heating and the certainty with which the optimum melting and pouring tem- peratures can reproduced, the rapid and complete solution high melting point alloy additions, and finally satis- factory consumption ratings and low melting losses. The capacities these furnaces have been steadily increased; the first furnaces had capacity several can take charge six and even eight tons. There yet sign that the maximum capacity has been reached, and furnaces are now being designed with capacity tons. The gen- eral design the two principal Ger- man types coreless induction fur- coreless induction furnaces, the 28—THE IRON AGE, 22, 1940 the shape, size and strength the material under one particular set conditions. this case the tension- impact tests were made Izod machine and indicate that the extru- sion process reduces the impact-tension single extrusion and more for double All these tests were made not under favorable conditions. The effect heat treatment the fatigue limit not known, but known that in- creases the tensile not known that vibration the specimen during testing lowers the fatigue limit. such vibration very great, the fatigue strength unpredictable. Induction most important element the coil, and many attempts have been made im- prove the efficiency these coils. Little success has attended the substi- tution the simple cylindrical coil specially shaped coils air cooled coils which the coil losses are not excessive. the present, the water cooled type coil has proved the most efficient and practicable. idea the dimensions coil may gathered from the following data for 6-ton furnace; this coil has internal diameter 1160 mm. (about in.), 1230 mm. high, and has copper section sq. mm., its total weight being 2.5 tons. The high mechanical and thermal which the coil exposed are taken asbestos rings and vertical bars re- spectively. the latest furnaces the coils are firmly anchored the bed- stones, while some, tension bars are introduced press the coil hard down, the base plate, leaf springs being added equalize the tension the bars. far the majority modern core- less induction furnaces are run the acid principle, plastic refractory clay being used lining, with which cru- cibles have some cases exhibited life melts. Work devoted devising suitable basic lining has been carried out recent years Germany, the steady increase the capacity the fur- naces led expansion the con- sumption lower-grade materials. The difficulties, first serious, have been overcome making lining from special magnesites. Summary Cut threading has apparent effect upon the physical properties the original material and the endurance limit about per cent the ulti- mate tensile strength. Single extrud- ing and rolling threads increases the ultimate tensile strength ance ratio while decreasing the impact strength slightly. Double ex- truding and rolling threads increases the ultimate tensile strength and the endurance ratio the most and reduces the tension impact strength the most. tions indicates that round bottom thread has higher ratio endurance limit ultimate tensile strength than the standard thread form with sharp corners the bottom the thread. Furnaces \ Wd N coreless induction furnace. i ‘ standard German type coreless induction furnace. | | | | — JA AA ‘ H = oa H / Uy H ' ; | q | Deficiencies Defense COL. TOULMIN, JR. ° series, the author now deals with necessary reorganization our thinking with respect the civilian army. part this has with the elimination from the relations between Washington and the National Guard. Even more important the aspect adequate facilities for instructing per- sonnel for the O.R.C. well the Guard organization. Under the existing conditions, says Col. Toulmin, much chance winning war with this type army killing wildcat with custard HEN you put together ble moving 200 miles day and then team with this division two heavy divisions 20,000 men crawling along slowly speed from miles day, you can- not synchronize the two component parts three component parts such corps because they not fit. Their timing entirely divergent, their or- ganization different, their logistics supply different, their arms and equipment are different. This hastened organization will just barren results the traditional mule hitched race horse with both hitched plow. military affairs the speed any unit military organization the speed the slowest member that unit. Why then should develop these highly organized mechanized and motorized swift and hard hitting army divisions and then team them with the equipped and organized the old basis The answer lies the single word “politics.” The Regular Army and the National the War De- partment are afraid tackle the situ- ation. The National Guard one the most important, influential politically, organizations the United the Regular Army great difficulties Congress. has done the past and expects the future. The National Guard still remembers with bitterness the reorganization its di- visions the Regular Army gave dur- ing the World War. The scars and those events still remain. the Regular Army has left the alone. the course such re- ° organization from 20,000 men 000 men, many politically powerful senior officers from General Field Officer would lose their positions due the fact the necessary reorgan- ization the state and between the states. There would many shifts squad units many counties. The hierarchy the National would altered any such reorgan- ization and drastic reorientation. The thing however that the Regular Army does not understand that and large the National Guard the United States composed one the most patriotic and loyal groups men that exists this entire country. Such political fear entirely groundless, but has kept the Regular Army from taking the drastic every one the informed officers the Regular Army the United States knows absolutely necessary the essential welfare this country. All our divisions, regular, reserve and National Guard should organized and equipped alike—a national army. Physical Fitness Furthermore, the Regular Army the United States has not enforced their regulations the physical fit- ness the officers the National Guard. large proportion the senior officers and many the officers senior positions the National Guard are physically unfit for field THE IRON AGE, August 22, 1940—29 | | | ag | § 4 | 7 af, aes | | duty. The medical examination these men has been left the doctors who are National Guard offi- cers the National Guard outfits. Regulars have pulled their punches this matter and have failed take drastic steps provide the most com- petent officers the best physical shape order lead the National Guard troops. The best proof this ask any well informed National Guard officer any National Guard outfit and will tell you that this fact. There finer group officer material nor finer group enlisted men than the National Guard. But one the other peculiar regula- tions the Regular Army Na- tional Guard the enforcement the rule that married men shall al- lowed remain enlisted men the National Guard. This has eliminated many the trained non-commission officers upon whom thousands dol- lars for training and years experi- ence have been lavished order build the organization the Na- tional Guard. the very face the state world affairs the Regular Army has been consistently enforcing such regulations and evicting from the National Guard the very best non- commission officers and potential duty officers that outfit. Insufficient Training The National Guard the United States has not been given the oppor- tunity for training that should have had. This largely due the fact that the Regular Army has not boldly come out and told the country and Congress the need for the extended 30—THE IRON AGE, August 22, 1940 ASSISTANT SECRETARY TERRITORIAL COMMANDS SECRETARY WAR FIRST FIELD ARMIES training necessary for the National Guard and any other similar outfit order perform its functions any way that would any advantage this country. understand one the recent maneuvers the south National Guard division staff command, tem- porarily, Regular Army division lost completely and was unable find for several days small ter- rain few thousand acres. short time ago one the very best our National Guard divisions en- tered into maneuvers and the Adjutant General the state from which the division publicly announced that the division was incapable maneuver because its was incapable handling the men in- volved and subsequent events proved that was not only correct, but quite conservative his prediction. During that same maneuver Na- tional Guard outfit went without food for long hr. because the Na- tional Guard officers the Regular Army both were unable organize themselves peace time terrain not more than 40,000 acres supply the troops for three meals day. The Now turn the nation’s third line defense. refer the Officers Reserve Corps and the organization their reserve divisions, brigades and regiments. the first place, the Regular Army the United States has never organized the and line the Reserve Divisions, the staffs Reserve Brigades other collateral ASSISTANT SECRETARY, MUNITIONS ANTI-AIR ANTI- TANK EMBARKATION AND DEBARKATION SERVICE INSPECTOR GENERAL ASSISTANT SECRETARY, MECHANIZATION MOTORIZATION troops that are necessary for the or- ganization, management tioning division. These positions have been held open and vacant for the good reason that they expect fill these positions mainly Regular Army officers time war. These are the positions that were designed Congress filled reserve offi- cers reserve divisions. Millions dollars have been spent the reserves for that purpose. should have trained men put civil life order manage the re- serve divisions. There are not enough Regular Army officers fill these positions. There are fewer still who are competent so. Fortunately, the civilian occupations many the reserve officers admirably fit them for the business management function general staff officer this char- acter. would not cost one cent this and get the necessary team work these staffs—a thing that has made Germany superbly successful. addition, regiments constituting the brigades are organized such manner that the officers are widely scattered. one case one the leading regiments the officers have not seen any time some the weapons that they are expected use time war. Even during their training periods they have not seen many these weapons. This regiment, which typical most regiments the United States, does its peace time training winter with pieces paper and pencils paper problems. not furnished any equipment any sort such rifles, machine guns, other ap- paratus war which there ASSISTANT SECRETARY, AIR | | | at | | | | ample supply the possession the these men have the opportunity suit- able quarters becoming familiar with the matériel they will fight time war, this same riel has been locked armories and the Regular Army. The reason for this that the Regu- lar Army officers duty with the reserve would charged with prop- erty responsibility and they want bothered with this difficul keeping track Government property. Recommendations for National Defense (1) Inspector General the Army with adequate organization reporting direct the Secretary War and responsible him only for the field efficiency the armed forces. (2) Assistant Secretaries War charge Inadequate Training Quarters Regular Army puts bat- tle for the reserves provide them adequate quarters which train and instructed. Aside from few officers office buildings post offices, the Reserve Officers have had structed. There are armories and troops except for limited period dur- ing the summer training period. These men have contributed their services for nothing, except for the small compensation received for two weeks when active duty training, fields. for one two years out every three. Yet they are expected one day immediately mobilize and fully trained and competent take over the organization and management thousands young men, your sons, brothers and the husbands who consti- tute the brave youth this nation. There just much chance winning war with this type army management killing wildcat with custard pie. Our fundamental trouble lack civilian coordination and too much political ballyhoo and jockeying. must get down business. (14) The adoption slow, highly maneuverable di- visional aviation for observation and fire control, pref- erably autogiro type that needs special landing (15) The elimination map training officers and mechanization, ordnance and air corps full training aerial photography. with inspection staffs reporting direct them indepen- dent the Army. (3) Assistant Secretaries War who are engineers and manufacturing executives—not political lawyers. (4) Promotion the Army based, above rank Captain, record and examination mixed board civilian executives accustomed selecting men, the regular army and least one-third the board being comprised civilian officers. These boards under control Inspector General the Army. Reserves. (6) The establishment independent commands each field army and territorial army completely under command the General Staff. (7) The elimination the General Staff from com- mand functions. schools for civilian officers. (9) The assignment Reserve Officers all edu- cational work the army relieve regular personnel. (10) The establishment trained embarkation and debarkation forces. division for constant study and test new the field. (12) The organization “breakdown” division present equipment operate destruction dis- cover its usefulness. (13) The re-establishment Chief Staff for operation divisions and reinstatement Brigadier Gen- erals command infantry and field artillery di- (5) complete revision and elimination that board officers the regular Army, National Guard and team. components, (16) Reorganization guard divisions. (17) Organize complete reserve divisions staffs and command and train their officers together (18) Organization permanent basis army and corps headquarters with technical and general staff (19) Rotation officers command other branches than their own teach limitations and needs co- ordinate arms and team work. (20) The simplification all Army orders the field and the practice the principle giving objec- tives, leaving details executed according stand- ard training. Army orders until recently have been detailed training directions. (21) School for training “management mo- torization.” All Army maneuvers have bogged down for lack organization and training motor move- (8) The establishment regional command and Serious defects have appeared lack control and dispersion units. (22) Reduction emphasis motorization—you cannot fight sitting your bottom. (23) special organization for development anti- tank defensive equal importance the motorized (11) The establishment matériel experimental divisions. perfect. visions. The present division insufficiently staffed force. for 24-hr. war-time service. (24) The long term conduct “mud tests,” “cold tests” and “heat, dust and sand tests” under severest conditions for equipment and men. Find out now what wrong with equipment before too many each type are made. The country’s mechanization far from (27) Reorganization the Army field commands. | THE IRON AGE, August 22, 1940—31 | | | | : | | | | | | | | | | I | | } | + | | The Gillette Abrasive Stone DAVID HARRIS Gillette Safety ° Razor Co., Boston comparing abrasive stones have recently attracted lively in- terest. the April issue THE IRON AGE the maker Superfinish- ing machines described unique procedure rating abrasive stones means readings taken Brinell hardness machine. The article herein deals with entirely different method comparing stones. The Gillette company believes its procedure has definite advantages and sets forth reasons for this contention. Results obtained the Gillette method are also detailed. hoped that this second article abrasive stone comparison leads even more attention directed this important problem with consequent benefit industry whole. These data were originally reviewed the confer- ence friction and surface finish last June. HROUGHOUT every phase mechanical industry to- day the use abrasive stones becoming more and more important, and the service required stones more exacting. its infancy the abrasive industry was concerned with the simple problems develop- ment shape, later with grinding dimension, and today dimensions, plus prescribed surface profile finish. Progress any industry the re- sult improvement any all the component processes standpoint quality and cost. the Gillette Company this tially improved precision de- velopment razor blade edges, which depends directly critical control the quality the abrasive stones producing those edges. Since the inception the Gillette company 1901, has had strug- gle continuously with the abrasive problem. The production the safety blade edge probably represents the earliest precise use abrasives for finishing accurate dimension. Like- wise represents the first and most critical application abrasive ma- terial produce low micro-pro- file without objectionable surface structure. sense this industry, pioneered Gillette, has had work beyond 32—THE IRON AGE. 22, 1940 the frontiers knowledge the use abrasive materials. is, therefore, quite natural that the company should try understand more stones which are used and able discuss the situation terms spe- IG. 2—Front elevation mode! Gillette stone tester. cific data rather than potheses and generalities. Lord Kelvin once said substance The author might say that wheel quality can measured, the result will common hook which hang During recent there has been notable improvement the art preparing and bonding abrasives. To- day, however, this improvement must taken for granted. New and more exacting working tolerances dimen- sion and surface finish can met only further refinement structure shop today can afford neglect the inspection abrasive stones any more than can afford neglect the inspection other raw materials. Good stones improve quality prod- uct, increase machine utilization, de- crease cost product, etc. Wherever operator compelled adjust stone speed, work speed, pressure, lu- bricant, etc., frequently, may con- cluded that stone quality provement. The stones which are complete failures are only part the problem. The “lame ducks” that just get the production line involve more excess cost than generally few years ago the Gillette com- stone performance detail. The ex- amination mea- surement stone quality before use; second, recording the complete his- tory the stone use. The company has been singularly fortunate when comes making in- terpretable performance cause razor blade edging occurs batteries precisely made machines running continuously uniform ma- terial under accurately controlled con- ditions. is, therefore, easy make comparison wheel records. The first part the problem— measurement stone quality—is more difficult. begin with, stone quality something which has never been | ° | | | ° ° ° | | | | a oy | — 4 th ut th ' 4 at oH ae © —, — =e tay a fe | i! try tit | | | | | 5 property, composite bond modulus, porosity and grit size, objective property which must cut and mode The author would hesitate de- fine stone quality except objectively terms the work done. Any instrument designed for the com- parison stones must, therefore, simulate the wearing-out process the conditions use. This instrument would not indicate hardness, porosity, but would give numerical mea- sure operating disparities. Interest Gillette has grown rapid- ly. Even with the earliest crude stone comparator, Fig. where the diamond drill was rotated hand; disagree- ment was found between readings stones the same mill grade. IS. Gillette model for testing abrasive stones. arate from the data. error Because this the power drive and successive improve- ments machine design were intro- duced. the testing machine became re- liable, became possible make du- plicable readings accurate within per cent (overall). New wheel de- apparent. The test data lined with the life records. repeat, “when mea- sure you becomes possible ward reliable data the abrasive manufacturer— data which can dupli- cate—the situation may remedied. The Gillette company now making 100 per cent inspection stones first every stone was run the line. Inspec- tion the results the first 200 tests indicated which stones and which should have rejected. Under the testing conditions estab- lished, was found that stones IG. 3—Side eleva- tion model Gillette stone testing machine. penetrations 0.012 0.015 in. were invariably the wheels which gave the machine shutdown and the long- est net life. The experimentation facilitated because proximity the source wheel supply. The company was able get its story back the mill and continue with batches without too much delay. The mill, repeated modification method, improved the wheels that finally per cent were within the de- sired tolerances, wheel life creased over 200 per cent, machine shutdown was markedly reduced, and operator complaint abated. Instrument Design Fig. shows the model and Figs. and the side and front elevations model while Fig. shows the assembly model Models and are bench models and will not described here. Model floor type suitable for testing stones 12x12 in. has number important features, follows: (1) rapid table adjustment per- mitting quick setting the drill the stone. (2) Accurate alinement the drill without accuracy this respect the crater may become distorted because and the weight load will not move downward freely. (3) Freedom from vibrational er- rors—rugged construction and accu- rate close fitting bearings and THE IRON AGE, August 22, | | — \ Diamond Drill Diamond Wafer Diamond Pyramid Steel 90° between faces 109° between edges 5—Drills for Gillette abrasive stone testing machine. 34—THE IRON AGE, August 22, 1940 anced motor all serve brational error. (4) Floating load—the load assem- bly supported only the stone. driving through spring wire which contacts vertical studs, resistance fall minimum. The load can modified suit test requirements. (5) The instrument direct read- ing—the zero point set after dial recoil two turns. (6) The automatic mech- anism—designed operate one three ways: (a) will interrupt rotation the drill after turns, penetration being read the dial indicator. (b) will interrupt tion depth, and count the number turns and frac- tions thereof required produce this penetration. (c) will interrupt rotation the drill after has moved between two predetermined levels and count the turns and fractions thereof re- quired produce this penetration. brake applied continuously and stops the motion the spindle instantly. reading can made once. (7) Free wheeling load—To avoid the shock incidental starting and stopping the rotating the weight (or the part with the great- est part the kinetic energy) sup- ported ball races. The brake ar- rests the spindle motion, but allows the weight dissipate its energy rotation bearing friction without affecting instrument reading. (8) The drilling takes place uniform speed—The speed chosen for the instrument r.p.m. Lower speeds could used, but would de- crease the output the operator, while higher speeds interfere with crater blow-out. (9) Adjustable guide pins and cra- dies enable the operator test similar positions each stone batch. (10) three-point renewable sup- port—detachable buttons the table, one point being directly be- low the drill, prevent rocking and table wear. (11) air blow-off provided and directed the crater. This important feature the instrument. The orifice can repositioned will. important that compressed air bled about pressure and dry. moisture absorption sys- tem available, aluminum oxide de- ’ | d OS : q j i | 4 j 4 ° ° | 4—Assembly model Gillette stone hardness tester. | | | | | | | | | | | hydrating cartridges can provided for insertion the air line. (12) The drills are accurately made mounted tapered shanks which can drifted from the spindle. (The spindle fit its bearing in. and operates with little lubricant. Drills are faced better than 0.0001 in. deviation point from exact cen- ter and with all angles within sec, Drill Construction the present time, the com experience has been limited drills with four shown (1) The four-sided pyramidal dia- mond point with deg. angle tween faces accurately ground both (2) diamond with 130 deg. base angle and deg. front and angle deg.). (3) The chisel point—-a special flat drill with deg. back rake. (4) Several steel bits. these, only the first any discussion here. type has less tendency drift side- Wise coarse wheel structures and distributes its load over four cutting more expensive than the wafer drill. The wafer has two supporting edges and therefore pene trates more rapidly than the type. This can adjusted, however, reducing the load. was designed substitute for the pyramidal type where first cost and maintenance are objectionable. The chisel flat drill was devel oped laboratory tool for the study LEF