The Iron Age 1940-07-25: Vol 146 Iss 4

JULY 25, 1940 VOL. 146 VAN DEVENTER President and Editor BAUR Vice-President and General Manager C. E. WRIGHT J. A. ROWAN T. W. LIPPERT Managing News Editor Associate Editors F. J. WINTERS A. |. FINDLEY Art Editor Editor Emeritus Washington Editors Resident District Editors CAMPBELL ROBERT BINGHAM Pittsburgh Chicago D. R. JAMES W. F. SHERMAN Cleveland Detroit Editorial Correspondents F.T. TURNER, ROBERT Buffalo Cincinnati FRAZAR CHARLES POST Boston Son Francis HUGH SHARP JOHN McCUNE Milwaukee Birminghan SANDERSON ROY EDMOND Toronto Ontari St. Louis LEROY ALLISON Newark, Editorial Technical Articles Sell Take Orders? How Forge Tool Steel Winning Wars Without Words Millionth Second Radiographs Metal Finishing Role Bending Presses Material Handling Corrosion Aircraft Alloys Reduced New Press Brakes and Presses Feature Reports the Assembly Line Washington News News and Market Reports News Industry Non-Ferrous Metal Market Personals Scrap Market and Prices Obituaries Fabricated Steel Comparison Prices Summary the Week Iron and Steel Prices The Industrial Pace Ferroalloys, Pig Iron District Market Reports Warehouse Prices Machine Tool Activity Sales Possibilities Fatigue Cracks Free Industrial Literature Products Advertised Index Advertisers Copyright, 1940, Chilton Company Advertising Staff Publication Emerson Findley Union Bldg., Cleveland Office Chestnut and Philadelphia, Pa. Robert Herman, Chilton Bldg., Philadelphia Hottenstein, 1012 Otis Bldg., U.S.A. Leonard, 100 Eost 42nd St., New York Peirce Lewis, 7310 Woodward Ave., Detroit Ober, 100 East 42nd St., New York Warren, Box 81, Hartford, Conr Don Harner, 1595 Pacific Avenue, Long VAN DEVENTER, Beach, Cal Audit Bureau Circulations Member, Associated Business Papers C. S. BAUR, Indexed in the Industrial Arts Index. Pub lished every Thursday. Subscription Price United States an ssessions, Mexico, Cuba $6.00; Canada, $8. oreign, $12.00 year. Single copy, cents Owned and Published CHILTON COMPANY Editorial and Executive Offices 100 East 42nd St. New York, U.S.A. OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS MUSSELMAN, President JOS. HILDRETH, GEORGE GRIFFITHS. Vice-President Vice-President Vice-President Vice-President Vice-President WILLIAM BARBER, Treasurer JOHN BLAIR MOFFETT, Secretary JULIAN CHASE, THOMAS KANE, HARRY V. DUFFY CHARLES HEALE ‘ | q 2 C 59 114 140 DIX, Manager Reader service | \ | and REDUCE YOUR COSTS, too evidence the tremendous savings made possible complete modern finishing systems, the type illustrated here, Allis- Chalmers, after operating Mahon finishing system their tractor plant Milwaukee for period one year, installed second complete Mahon system their LaPorte, Indiana plant. Another complete Mahon system was recently installed the Allis-Chalmers Pittsburgh plant. These three complete finishing systems installed for one manufacturer over period three years, indicates not only complete satisfaction the part the purchaser, but com- plete confidence the Mahon engineering staff—because, each the three installations presented distinctly different problems. this highly specialized field Mahon engineers offer the benefits broader experience and the results years research the Mahon laboratory this, plus thorough knowledge modern finishes and production methods, gained Mahon engineers through close contact and cooperation with production experts every industry, your assurance better engineered, closer coordinated installation—an installation that will better finishing job your particular product. Call Mahon engi- neer now— consultation will not place you under any obligation. The top shows the Hydro- Booths and operating and temperature DETROIT CHICAGO Designers and Manufacturers Complete Finishing Systems, Metal Cleaning Machines, Rust Proofing Machines, Hydro-Filter Spray Booths, Drying and Baking LaPorte, Indiana. Lower Ovens, Dust Collectors, Filtered Air Supply Systems and Many Other Units illustration shows entrance Mahon Special Production Equipment. Hydro-Filter Spray Booths— part the same installation. IRON AGE, July 25, 1940 = JULY 25, 1940 ESTABLISHED 1855 Sell Take Orders? one were epitomize the great problem the world today, might done single question. “Shall continue buy and sell shall issue and take orders?” This question worth thinking about these days when force replacing free will and persuasion many countries, including our own. The American System Free Enterprise, like our Democracy itself, was established and nurtured salesmanship. When the need for salesmanship the right exercise goes out the window, then our Democracy and our Free Enterprise system with it. Salesmanship and selling are simply the process through which transaction induced through the disclosure mutual advantages buyer and seller. has applied America and other democracies political, financial, commercial and personal transactions. All buying and selling, know it, has been based upon this principle mutual advantage. has applied the purchase pound coffee, automobile, home, factory railroad. has applied the man looking for employment and the man seeking wife. even applies religion, for man joins church the hope getting Heaven and with the belief that the Lord will glad have him come there. America, political liberty and freedom enterprise have been inextricably interwoven with freedom transaction. This, expressed through the impelling power salesmanship, has made the most prosperous nation. And reciprocally, this inter-dependent relation- ship has raised American buying and selling technique unsurpassed level. But times are changing. Force edging free will out the picture many countries the world, including our own. Force not always exercised overcome free will through the medium war. are not war here the United States, yet force has been edging its way and free will and free enterprise out. You have evidence that the realm politics the “order taking” the Chicago convention. the field labor relations you find the onesided Wagner Act and the backsided Labor Relations Board. You find thousand other appointed commissions and bodies whose decisions assume the force law without legal procedure. Every one these things pressure that pushing free will out the picture and weakening our system Free Enterprise. substi- tuting order giving and order taking for buying and selling. elevat- ing the crime compulsion and degrading the art persuasion. not fight these menaces this country with bullets. fight them with ballots. The time coming when men who value the exercise free will must unite preserve it. Otherwise these insidious forces will transform all into order takers. | | | | | | | i ¥ = | age You, Too, Can Gain the Splendid Spinning Qualities Inland Cold Rolled Sheets ANY leading manufacturers, who spin steel, know that Inland Sheets, processed for the job, help cut production costs, and assure products that have the right appeal loosen purse strings and push sales upward. You, too, can take advantage Inland Sheets spe- cially made fit your fabrication methods and products. you are having trouble, you are planning production new product, call for Inland Metallurgist. will visit your plant, and study your problems. Based long years ex- perience and study your needs, will prepare sheet specification. Other Inland Metallurgists will follow the processing the sheets that will delivered you. This Inland way meeting your requirements as- sures sheets the correct temper and exact surface needed for your job. They will uniform from shipment shipment, and from year year. You will find Inland Sheets help lower production costs and make better products. Why not ask your nearest Inland office send metallurgist study your sheet problems? can help you has helped others—and, there obligation. SHEETS STRIP TIN PLATE BARS PLATES FLOOR PLATES STRUCTURALS PILING RAILS TRACK ACCESSORIES REINFORCING BARS Paul, St. Louis, Kansas City, Cincinnati scrolls for home-heating hot air are easily spun without age depth from Inland ga. cold rolled deep drawing ¥ a ~ IS. Ingot structure high speed steel near ingot surface; per middle) structure center in- got; (lower middle) structure obtain- ing forging billet; structure obtained finished bar after reforging from billet. interest all times, but particularly these warlike times, the forging tool steel, oper- ation that requires great skill and about which there little operating data. The author herein sets down much this useful information. Among the subjects covered are heating and furnace atmos- pheres, cogging, reheating, forging, finishing, etc. manufacture tool steel prisingly involved matter. The ard types these high-physical-prop- erty steels. Due their characteristics and wide range sizes and shapes, they require considerable degree individual care and attention for the proper control quality. addition this, the maker constantly nar- rowing limits one kind another and making other changes improve his product. This compels him de- velop his own working technique and methods production. Since quality the product pends upon correct manufacturing procedure, the manu- facturing methods are vital interest the consumer. Tool steel made practical men skilled melters, hammersmiths, and rollers, each one knowing his art and willing accept guidance from the chemical and metallurgical engineer. ADAM STEEVER Superintendent, Columbia Tool Steel Co., Chicago Heights, tool steel can only made the melting furnace where the chemis- try and potential physical properties are fixed. ‘Tool steel first takes form casting the shape the ingot. \ssuming that melting and composi- tion have been completed the ess ingot casting, there are impor- tant that govern the quality any particular steel. first ingot design and the sec- ond casting temperature. Steel shrinks upon solidification and some method must provided elim- inate severe piping due shrinkage. This controlled the design the ingot, being larger the top than the bottom and sides. Also, shrink head placed above the mold which will hold sufficient liquid steel feed the ingot during the process Such design mold will permit solidification start the bottom where the cross-section smallest and progress the top, permitting the liquid steel feed down into the ingot during the process When ingots cool the crystals tend separate unequal fashion, usually arranging themselves what known dendrite structure. Such struc- ture can compared fir tree ap- pearance; string crystals forms and shoots off branches which, turn, shoot off other branches angles them; this repeated until the structure has appearance sim- ilar pine tree. These crystals are generally large and their as-cast size will depend upon the rate which they are cooled from specific temper- ature, which varies somewhat ac- THE IRON AGE, July 25, < Stock. Peg Bottom Die 2—Peg used hammer forg- ing. cordance with the composition the steel. The larger the size all metallic crystals, other things being equal, the lesser their adhesion and the same their general mechanical prop erties. the other hand, the smaller the crystals the better their adhe- sion and mechanical properties. evident, therefore, that small crystals are desirable the ultimate bar and for this reason that hot mechan- ical working such forging and roll- ing employed. Mechanical working breaks these large crystals, refines the casting structure proper grain size and homogeneity. this article deals with the forg- ing tool steel, necessary discuss briefly the effect hammering metals present true picture what actually happens during this portant 22—THE IRON AGE, July 25, 1940 pact causes plastic flow the heated metal but during the operation, the metal continually cooling this retards its ability flow—hence the time for the operation limited. The principle the forging ham mer that instantaneous appli small area governed the size the dies and the section the metal being forged. Deformation only occurs long the force the blow mo- resistance deformation the metal. The density the metal due working and also the friction the metal contact with the hammer dies retard its ability flow. This resis- tance metal deformation under impact, combined with the intermittent action the hammer, makes forging slow process compared with rolling. The strains set the metal are compressive and take place ver- tical direction region below the area subjected the force the blow. The crowding the metal into one region, however, causes small por- tion the blow transmitted horizontal directions. ness the blow tends localize the effect and confine the refinement the structure the exterior. the work rotated between blows, the resulting flow the metal continu- NGOT and billet gas heating furnace with capacity 30,000 per charge. This fur- nace has atmosphere, pressure and automatic temperature control. 4. « Swage 3—Swage used hammer forg- ing. ous during this process and almost which establishes grain flow and indi- the direction mechanical working. Therefore, any segregates present the metal are elongated and torn apart, the forging tool steel there are four principal steps: (1) Heating for forging; (2) ingot cogging; (3) surface conditioning the billet; and (4) finish forging. generally recognized that the quality forging work can bet- ter than the heating method. the fine steels, one the most important problems the abso- lute control the heating processes. These steels have wide application for precision tools all classes and Top Die / Peg Top Die Swage ments for their Before the advent accurate heating control, the manufacturer had many perplexing problems that were attrib- uted improper heating product. Some these problems concerned the rate heating, maximum heating tem- peratures, control time maximum temperature and scaling zation product. Heating rate, generally has been much too slow and with time control Maximum temperature and atmosphere and well naces, has been found possible increase speed heating and the same time actually produce uniformity and much less sur- face the outgrowth the use gas for with full pyrometer control. speaking, been Maximum temperatures have always been problem especially stack vented furnaces with negative furnace pressure the hearth. With the posi- tive pressures now used, temperatures can controlled without overshooting any point and irregularities and damage can prevented. Overshooting maximum temper- atures, especially with improper com bustion atmospheres, can result steel hadly overheated tool steel tive product and value short remelting. Burned steel the product irrational forging practice and the result extremely overheated con- dition which the more fusible con- stituents the steel have melted and run into the grain boundaries leaving voids between the grains. elimi- nate burning, necessary keep the burning temperatures during the process heating for forging. Time maximum temperature must limited for several reasons, the most important which surface decom- time this point largely matter control temperature and uniformity temperature preceding this. turn, the rate fuel delivery all that can asked and the furnace con dition uniform, long variable soaking time high temperature can avoided. Decarburization problem. This the removal carbon the surface metal the action media which react with carbon. The carbon content tool steels relatively high and ranges from about 0.60 2.00 per cent. Tool steels are subject rapid decarburization when exposed the high temperatures which are desirable for forging. minimize tion, considered good practice = 4 O HIPPING billet for sur- ing. INISHING tool steel under hammer. 24—THE IRON AGE, July preheat tool steel ingots, billets bars betore charging into the heating fur- available, the product can charged room temperature and heated slow- determined steps. The product should allowed soak the forging tem- perature time insure uniform heating throughout the mass before starting the forging operation but longer. the heating and soaking period requires depending upon the kind steel, size ingots billets and sometimes upon the total weight furnace charge and the temperatures the product are relatively high due needs, the hot gases surrounding the work have every opportunity com plete their evident, therefore, that the furnace atmosphere given the product surface. The subject furnace atmospheres applied heating ferrous metals can readily divided into two parts: first, furnaces where the materials be- ing heated are protected especially prepared atmospheres are in- troduced into the heating second, where the products com- bustion come into 25, 1940 | large flat bar tool under hammer. type furnace usually called direct fired and may commonly described one producing reducing oxi- dizing atmosphere. The reducing at- mosphere contains excess combusti- the oxidizing atmosphere has excess air and made complete combustion plus excess air. With the oxidizing atmosphere, the product oxidation shown the scale formation proportionate the excess air, other things being equal, and loss results during the heating operation. With reducing atmospheres direct fired furnaces where the metal ex- posed the products combustion, decarburization predominates and ing slight. This the reason slightly oxidizing atmosphere offers the greatest advantages the heating tool steel for forging. After many experiments, the most successful gas fuel been found for heating tool steel for forging one having analysis approximately 11.0 per cent carbon dioxide and 1.0 per cent oxygen. This atmosphere produces fine thin scale which removes very readily during the forging also reduces perience has shown 6624 per cent re- duction decarburization and per cent reduction compared with various prior standard practices. The control the atmosphere ratios the combustion zone the furnace depends upon several factors. First, positive pressure within the furnace chamber. This prevents tion excess Second, short flame burners that will enable completed combustion take place possibility flame impingement upon the product that will cause spot burn- ing. Third, the exact ratio gas air for proper percentages CO, and Combustion the fuel under these conditions will provide mosphere the analysis stated that will remain complete equilibrium throughout the heating chamber and offer reasonable protection for sur- face tool steel type, chemical analysis, and The latter classed and The class includes high speed steels, high- carbon-high and other high alloys, The data Table the forging temperatures used with these tool steels and self-explanatory. Ingot Cogging The first operation the conversion the ingot the finished product called ingot cogging. This breakdown consists sufficient mechanical work- ing convert the ingot into billet resulting approximately per cent reduction the original cross-section. The Class steels, Table are all segregated nature and coarse therefore, they are very sensitive condition. Another important must considered and that these steels harden even with comparatively slow cooling. They, therefore, require considerable care heating for cog- ging. speed steels and others Class group are hammer cogged soon have been cast. When these ingots are stripped from the molds, they are about 1700 deg. charged into the heating furnaces for reheating. The heating furnace being TABLE Twelve Types Tool Steel Steel Forging No. Class TYPE high speed steel specified cobalt high speed 0.75 hot work 0.49 high C-high 2.20 finishing 1.30 alloy shock steel specified oil hardening die 0.90 oil hardening 0.90 air hardening die 1.00 carbon tool steel specified 18.00 14.00 4.00 2.00 0.60 14.50 3.75 0.65 1.00 1.00 10.50 3.25 0.55 1.15 0.50 0.50 5.00 1.00 0.50 0.15-0.40 THE IRON AGE, July 25, 1940—25 — a ™ q Pre TABLE Maximum and Minimum Forging Temperatures for Tool Steel Rate Heating, No. Deg. Ingot and Billet Cogging, Deg. Billet Bar not Forge Finishing, Deg. Below, Deg. slowly 1800 2150 2100 1700 slowly 1800 2050 2150 2100 1800 slowly 1550 2150 2050 2150 1650 slowly 1600 1950 1800 1900 1600 slowly 1650 2100 1950 2000 1700 slowly 1600 2100 1850 1950 1550 slowly 1500 2000 1800 1950 1600 slowly 1500 2000 1800 1950 1600 slowly 1600 2050 1950 2050 1750 slowly 1400 2050 1800 2000 1500 slowly 1400 2050 1800 2000 1500 slowly 1400 2050 1800 2000 1500 about the same temperature the in- gots charged (about 1400 deg. F.), the 300 deg. loss caused during the transter from melting shop forge shop. Special care must taken avoid rapid cooling during this trans- fer because, previously stated, these steels harden even upon slow cooling. This hardening takes place about 800 deg. F., which the transformation austenite martensite. results considerable expansion which turn sets severe stresses within the ingot. Upon above breakage may result across its entire throughout its length. These ruptures may occur the heating furnace during the process cogging, de- pending upon the degree ingot hardness and the rate heating dur- ing reheating. evident, therefore, that every precaution avoid the conditions that cause this tvpe failure. The ingots are charged into the heating furnace, heated steps the drawn and placed under the hammer. The ingot having given series light hammer blows while moved short steps over the dies throughout its entire length and each face. The ingot previ- ously stated fragile condition, necessitating great care during these first series blows. Following this, the ingot returned the furnace and reheated. then withdrawn and given another series blows. This time will withstand more se- vere hammering because has under- gone some mechanical work with therefore, more plastic. The ingot again returned the heating furnace and reheated, again withdrawn and this time given more powerful ham- mer blows and reduced its proper cross-section. During these cogging operations, common defect group steels corner cracks. These cracks form across the corners the ingot and vary from in. in. length. These cracks are removed with tool known gouge, which placed over the crack the corner TABLE Percentage Reduction Billet INGOT BILLET Resultant Top Bottom Avergae Billet Average Ingot Cross- Cross- Cross- Cross-Sec- Per Cent Size Section, Sq. In. Section, Sq. In. Section, Sq. In. tion, Reduction No. 8.25 6.0 7.125 3.50 75.8 No. 10.25 8.25 9.25 4.0 81.2 No. 10.25 8.25 9.25 5.0 70.5 No. 11.75 9.50 10.625 7.0 56.9 No. 13.50 11.0 12.25 8.0 57.0 No. 15.0 12.25 13.625 10.0 45.9 No. 17.0 15.0 16.0 12.0 43.7 26—THE IRON AGE, July 25, 1940 the ingot and struck with the top hammer die which gouges defect. The resultant billet cut Weight, stamped with the proper heat number for identification, buried cooling bed, covered with ma- terial for slow cooling and now ready for surface conditioning. The Class steels, Table are bon and low alloy The latter are low alloy content compared the Class steels, therefore, not require the extreme care necessary for Class steels. They are not highly segregated nature, but are sensitive condition having When these ingots are stripped the molds, they are cooled slow room temperature, removed trom the cooling beds and stored for use re- The Class ingots are charged for cogging into the heating furnace approximately 1400 deg. F., and are this temperature. heating program used following this original soak raising the temperature the charge the forging temperature steps about 400 deg. F., allowing about proceeding tions. forging opera The heated ingot withdrawn trom the heating furnace, placed hammer dies, and given series light blows while moved short steps over the dies throughout its en- tire length and each face. then moved over the dies and given an- other series blows more severe hammering, because has undergone fore, more plastic. This hammering continued until the ingot has been section and length depending upon the size the original ingot. Table shows the original ingot cross-section and the size the resultant billet. CTOSS- Following ingot cogging, tomary condition the surface the resultant billet grinding ping remove surface defects, surface ruptures, arising cogging due surface condition the original in- The billet must undergo one heating for the finishing operation and must have surface free These defects, present, would carry through the finishing operation the finished product cause rejection and most cases | | | | | | | ag j | | ——$ $$ = moval metal this point would usually cause the bar dimension undersize. The usual method surface con- ditioning grinding with emery wheel, using swing frame grinder The other method with the use air hammer and chisel. Grinding billets has advantage over chip- ping. grinding, the wheel cuts across the surface, hence across the seam which usually longitudinal; this causes the seam appear more distinct, whereas, chipping along the seam has tendency cover brush metal over the defect and thus makes difficult locate. Billets Annealed Certain the high alloy types steel must annealed billet form prior grinding order avoid grinding cracks. Other types steel that are slowly cooled following cog- ging are successfully ground without danger grinding cracks. al- ways best grind lightly, avoid the which might cause grinding cracks. some high alloy steels the billet ground all sides for its entire length, therefore, considerable time required for this operation depending upon the size the billet. This opera- tion naturally generates heat the extent that the billet may too hot touch following grinding. The billet now ready for finish- this point has received average per cent reduction cross-section from the original got, and considerable recrystallization Therefore, further working carried out with less danger rup- ture and failure than that encoun- tered the cogging the ingot. Considerable care must used selecting billets for finished products. For example, consider finished bar, Class in. wide, in. thick, ft. long, finished weight about the billet selection for this quires (1) the proper cross-section for required reduction, which should per cent from original in- got finished bar; (2) rough weight (allowance made for scale loss heating and cropping bar). square billet from ingot size Table with weight 480 This per cent average reduction from orig- inal ingot finished bar size and al- low 100 Ib. for loss scale and crop- ping bar ends. The billet placed the heating and heated forging temper- ature (Table then with- drawn from the heating furnace and placed the hammer dies. then recogged cross-section about per cent larger width and thickness the finished size. This necessary obtain sharp bar corners, which only possible slow reduction. First the width, second the thickness. This repeated until the bar has been forged desired Sizing Swaging the case flat bars, two tools are used maintain size, one for the width, the other for These tools are called “sizing and are used shown Fig. They are made steel, welded steel handle and are held upon the die shrink usually 3/16 in. per ft.; there- fore, peg for 12-in. bar width would measure 3/16 in. wide. This, course, necessary due the fact that the bar hot and the peg cold. Billet round bars the same for flats squares, Sizing obtained ham- mer swaging, Fig. The swage selection and also made shrink 3/16 in. per ft. swage placed between the ham- mer dies, the bar between the swages. medium hammer blows are struck upon the swage, the bar slowly between through the swage. Ten ft. (depending the size) standard mill length bar tool steel. The practice finish one-half more the bar during the first operation, reverse and reheat the remaining unfinished part the billet, thus completing its full length. passed Uniform Grain Size tool steel plays im- portant part metallurgically. has been demonstrated that ingot cogging causes the struc- ture converting cast ingot struc- ture uniform grain size and tearing apart and breaking conti- nuity with resulting greater uniformity distribution carbides within the structure. The finishing operation adds additional refinement structure. has been pointed out that heating relation forging has considerable influence The forging temperatures, Table are utmost importance obtain the de- sired structure. The product must heated uniformly the maximum forging temperatures and finishing final reduction must accomplished the lower temperatures order obtain the ultimate, fine structure. Tool steels have wide application for precision tools all classes and depend upon subsequent heat treat- ments for their ultimate properties, but the uniformity response heat treatment can greater than the uniformity and effectiveness the forging practice. is, therefore, es- sential that the quality which the outstanding characteristic these steels most carefully guarded the forging which contributes such important part. THE IRON AGE, July 25, = \ | on. i | - | A + i : : &. hol ‘Sie = Winning Wars Without surprised their own un- preparedness. pardon- able defeated, but never taken Great. guest every family table Ameri- ca, invited there reform govern- ments altruistic and wasteful bit- ter world jealous nations with lean bellies and consuming ambition. Nineteen hundred years Christi- anity has merely given human nature lacquer respectability, but has not altered the basic brutality man man—the law tooth, jaw and sharp claw still the primal law. stop the fighting the jungle soft words like trying drive 28—THE IRON AGE, July 25, 1940 railroad spike with tack hammer. The brave and noble speeches Chamberlain and Daladier, Roosevelt and Reynaud, sing sorry song sixpence with the house fire and dynamite the cellar. have had the fuller life promised 1932— now fuller taxes, war and sudden death wasting this stance altruistic assets instead putting idle millions the lathes make guns, construct airdromes, erect gun placements and extend vast high- way systems military value give striking power our military forces. Public orators who insult the pow- erfully armed and invite aggression and who the same time failed prepare meet the invited battle have without exception been wouldn’t fight themselves —whoever heard political orator brave that field battle which his oratory had invited The labor governments Ramsey MacDonald, Blum France, Stalin Russia, Norway and Belgium have left moth-eaten armies and decayed navies—the ucts these admirable amateurs public noble aspiration per- haps but ill fitted this ruthless world wars. Ickes insults the dictators, but made move save America from the mass murder invited. safe bet he'll fight the next war the last meal. made good job dodging combat the last war asa worker and well started stay out the next one his walnut pan- eled dugout. war ever comes our shores, invited his invective, Ickes will truly secretary the And this the man with countless billions his command who | | | ¥ five vears $60.000 has been spent ach caldi RIS TiVe years OV, na pent C eocn ords COL. TOULMIIN, JR. ° country naked these men have spent? Seven and has figured out the following should when his own speeches halt billion dollars have been spent now the hands each soldier: knew full well the critical demand the Army five This $60,- Ford 5,400 defense and every unemploy private equipment 500 man and woman engaged upon pub- private tank 15,000 lic works devoted the national de- trucks haul his personal bag- fense, arsenals, airdromes, military gage and equipment 3,000 outposts defend America. private cannon 5,000 dozen shirts 150 dozen silk underwear dozen silk hose Tuxedo suits 300 full dress 250 Chesterfield 125 humidor with 2,000 vintage Ha- vana cigars 1,000 private wine cellar, champagnes and liquors §,000 Cash bank 11,319 $60,000 Three billion three sand dollars was appropriated under IRON AGE, July 25, 1940—29 the National Industrial Recovery 1933, and large part was have been spent for the motorization and mechanization Army tactical units and for unlimited increases the Navy and Army. This money was entrusted Har- old Ickes, then was turned over the following year Harry Hopkins, who used not for our defense, but add Communists the public rolls rake dead leaves over the corruption and waste the Repeat Mistakes For financial stake China that represents the wasted expenditures our government few weeks, risk the entire nation series ritating affronts Japan. repeat the mistake England ing help helpless nations whom not have the power assist. encourage England and France pre- and find ourselves unable make good upon implied promises. Our Army today not equivalent either the army Czechoslovakia, Poland Belgium. military way are very small potatoes. Every time have dedicated public bridge, powerhouse dam. some leading citizen has taken this tally unrelated occasion excuse for inviting another nation. this lack respect for law, or- der and dignified conduct vides the most fertile ground Fifth Column activities. When clean our own house automatically remove the environment which un- wanted visitors thrive. must take the choice between national safety the first considera- tion social comforts hours. Even Russia has gone six- day working week. Obviously, cial security has the slightest value unless the country that extends safe from external aggression and safe from external economic destruc- tion. That America’s choice which must made first and foremost fore anything national defense can done. Thereafter Fifth becomes immaterial. takes two make Fifth Column corrupter and the corrupted. Our anx- tional internal structure. For vears have taught that every man has right job, that every man should supported the state, that works not, that the thrifty and the 30—THE IRON AGE, July 25, 1940 diligent should share their labors with those who would not work given job. have set premium upon slack- ers. For many long have starved our Army and Navy, spent should have been spent national se- curity, which should have been spent national defense the first line Communism run riot, both National Government and projects such the WPA. That this fact shown the present evic- tion from WPA rolls thousands such agitators recent regulations. refused let the CCC boys have military training when they demanded it. took away from the CCC the reserve officers and the regular Army who had made brilliant suc- cess it; and disorganized this branch the service with civilian employees that the incompetence the administration the CCC camps has become public disgrace. Instead giving our jobless steady employment, industrial apprentices, preparatory for the return perity, penned them concentra- tion camps and corrupted them with social workers who taught them that the government owed them hood and that you not have work for living. The general body our population likewise lost sight the fact that only work can save this nation. Executives are not without fault this general letting down the national spirit shorter working hours for white col- lar forces who should have been de- voting their attention extra ef- fort sell research and development work. This part and parcel the poi- sonous assumption state and Fed- eral Governments the functions business exercising controls over business normally the hands ecutives. NYC Disgrace The National Youth Congress has put public demonstrations that are disgrace the nation. has been Communistic from stem stern. The speeches before are the same brand falsehoods and misrepresen- tations that are put out the public relations bureau Moscow. All you speeches alongside state- ments and you will see the identical similarity. College youths have been corrupted professors and instructors who are open and avowed the Communist party. large proportion our alleged educators have become avowed professional propagandists. Professors from our state ties have attended the Communist conventions and others have been equally active against the interests the United States preaching National Social- ism and totalitarianism for What America needs thorough moral house cleaning tion. The activities foreign agents this country compared with the corruption You only grow crop ground that has been well fertilized. Commu- nism and National fall barren ground the United States had adhered respect for pri- vate initiative, freedom capital in- vestment, the right the owner business run without governmen- tal interference, and the right man work where please, when CIO Men Are Serfs speak dictators with horror and abhorrence. greater industrial serfdom exists than unions com- posing the CIO, dominated John Lewis. Their hours labor, their contributions “The where they shall work and under what con- ditions they shall work, and whether not they shall violate the law within the power one man who has exercised like dictator. This whole nation has been twice the very threshold tremendous suc- cess coming out the depression only pushed back into industrial chaos the selfish ambitions and struggles for power labor dictators. There has been them for the public interest the men who were paying millions dol- lars them luxury. property and sudden death left the CIO would have branded hibited organization any other civi- lized government the world. was the CIO that imported into the United States from France its Communism the sitdown strike. bloodshed, murder and willful tion property with local civil gov- ernments helpless and afraid, making America by-word for anarchy. The officials our Federal Government refused open their mouths slightest protest until the Federal courts courageously protected | | | J | - worst our national leaders said was slap the wrist plague both their houses.” Attorney nold’s courageous activity ing the criminal actions members the American Federation Labor the first Government action taken this Administration protect the citi- zens from the scourge labor rack- ets. Westbrook Pegler has done more strengthen our moral fiber this regard than any other tactor—a great tribute press still free. Every man the street knows his heart and soul that the sitdown Millionth-of-Second Radiographs EVELOPMENT new cold cathode ultra high-speed tube that makes millionth-of-a- second radiographic exposures was cently described members the American Physical Society Dr. Slack, research physicist for West- inghouse Electric Mfg. Co. believed that the development the tube extends the possible ness X-ray science into wide new realm. may make possible mo- tion pictures and study internal strains rapidly moving parts motors and machinery, enabling ally see into rapidly moving opaque objects study the effect sudden forces such objects. developed. the laboratory, the new X-ray tube contains ments: standard anode; small oval- shaped metal and auxiliary electrode which serves literally “trigger” start the discharge electrons when the tube activated, but assumes the role focusing cup. The trigger element permits anode and cathode charge which would tion X-rays. laboratory experiments, research radiographs moving bullets, golf balls being driven from base- balls being batted, and numerous other objects. causes the capacitors discharge the desired instant, strand fine wire the timing circuit placed just ahead the golf ball, baseball, other object The strike was America’s path tion was France its down ward descent. Millions law-abiding men have now been taught the arts revolution, riot, destruction com pany property, machinery and goods, and that the brutality dictatorship possible the United States. They have seen our Government prostituted the United States the National Labor Relations Board act- ing judge, prosecutor worthy the best days the Czar, volting every sense fair play that sensible and patriotic rank and file X-ray tube placed one side, op- posite the cassette containing the film, that the object pictured di- rectly between the tube and film, and near the latter possible. When moved, the object disturbs breaks the wire and interrupts the cir- cuit, creating the capacitor-discharg- ing impulse. that instant, momen- tary surge X-rays produced, and time, approximately one microsecond, high-speed bullet flight through the air. Many possible applications such more powerful tubes and equipment than those used the laboratory tests. But the engineers believe such tubes and equipment can built. house are preparing bullet during its pas- sage through block wood. laboring men has been nau- seated the sight. Representatives the board have violated the law op- posing company unions when the very basis the law give men the freedom organize they see fit. the words that great soldier, Col. John Buchan, later Governor General Canada, “Victory was won less genius the few than faith- fulness the many.” This the peace-loving, home-own- ing, thrifty America which put back its old foundations meet the enemy America Save -RAYS catch bul- lets piercing wood: These radio- graphs bullets during their course through blocks wood are millionth- of-a-second expos- ures. The one radio- graph shows .22 long rifle bullet about two-thirds the way through the plank. Another bul- let the same cali- ber emerging from the block literally ex- plodes the wood. 2 | ¢ + d J j | @ J > | Units Fit Into Assembly Line Methods Manufacture Series Articles the Technical and Economic Aspects Metal Cleaning and Finishing RODUCTION planning has dic- tated that the modern metal finish- ing system fully integrated with the rest the production system Mass output has long since overruled any idea that the paint shop, and what- ever adjoins it, can considered side issue the material flow chart the assembly line. Mass output re- quires the coordination all cleaning, rust-proofing, drying, painting and baking operations and permits dis- locations other plant Im- posed demands have made the modern finishing system more complete, fool- proof and automatic than before this integration took place. moved into the production line, as- sembly line, and became part the floor space unjustifiably. review current practice shows that compact- ness is, however, one the outstand- ing virtues recent installations, com- pactness being now the point where 32—THE IRON AGE, July 25, 1940 complete finishing systems represent major use floor space. The ideal plant-floor economy exemplified cases the installa- tions, having been reduced the designers, are place the plant roof—although tied more closely than ever with pro- duction and assembly lines. further feature the modern finishing sys- tem the provision correlate con- veyor speed cleaning baths, spray booths and ovens with the normal pro- duction speed the rest the plant. One integrated unit put into opera- tion short time ago and illustrative the most recent trends finishing systems that the Allis Chalmers Co, plant Pittsburgh. Tailor-made for the plant, such systems usually are, has the distinction now being duplicated other industrial plants— becomes readily “typical” in- stallation, there such thing. complete installation the kind indicated above and handles typi- SHERMAN Detroit Editor, The lron Age industrial product through typical operations, not counting load ing and unloading the conveyor. Mahon Co., Detroit, and worthy study also because incorporates new Mahon method rust-proofing compounds partially reduced atmosphere. The product handled these opera- Sizes range from in. (diam- eter) in. deep the maximum which in. The system was engineered and coordinated meet the ments the application two coats synthetic enamel finishing process. The cycle operations, after loading hangers the conveyor rinse, rust-proofing, cold rinse, chro- mic acid bath, blow-off remove ex- cess water, drying oven, spray- ing prime coat, baking, spraying sec- ond coat, and final baking. not necessary expand the initial more than say that the alkali wash spray type, not the rinsing bath also spray. these stages heated im- mersion type gas heaters which the gas burned tubes submerged the solution tanks. The third stage, the Parker Spra- | 1 | ™ el ) | Wa = ¥ x | | | ° ° ° ° ° | | | q | - isna - INN Avuds GNOD3S- Avuds — =a THE IRON AGE, July 25, 1940—33 | | | | ies >|> z z : | } | = | be xg 400/4 wo —--— A A 9. Ow -- - - NZAO IYNid 4090/4 44404 >! le, i! MO}! AVads ! iia! A 440 AVOD 34—THE IRON AGE, July 25, 1940 ! | | | i! Bat | od = =~ ==> | — ees | | | = 3 | | bd | | | | | 4 2 a | | | a | J / 1 « N | | booths and general view Allis Chalmers unit. the right the load-unload station for the monorail conveyor. new direct-fired gas heating system type patented Mahon. This burns the gas the processing cham- ber. This method heating eliminates build-up scale the heating equip- ment. The solution (180 surface for min., sufficient length time convert the metal surface uniform protective coat- ing. The solution collected and re- circulated continuously. cold-water rinse follows the rust- proofing proper, and then the tanks are given weak chromic acid bath neutralize possible effects from tap water used the rinse. the blow-off area, compressed air, sup- plied the blowers which provide combustion air all gas burners, directed into and against the tanks remove excess liquid before the tanks into the direct-fired drying com- partment. This safety measure since the drying accomplished 350 deg. Also safety measure, control construction the roof the Maytag plant. light framework, supporting steel roof-decking, makes the exterior the finishing plant. This less expensive than using high-priced factory floor space for the installation. ay THE IRON AGE, July 25, 1940—35 | é units the Bonderite gas heaters are designed cut off automatically the main gas valves case pilot lights are extinguished, when current fails, when gas pressure drops below pre- determined point. important feature the layout the fact that all operations inside the covered passageways the finishing plant are carried height above floor level. Immediately after transformer cases are hung the monorail conveyor, carries them way which completely covered entrap the fumes, steam, etc., and keep dust and dirt off the product. Later, passing through the ovens, the pas- sageway level higher than the one already described. This, again, affords natural seal for the heat and entraps the fumes, gases, steam air under the hooded part the way prevent their being spread out through the plant. the point where the washing process starts rust-proofing process finishes there are large stacks which provide for the au- —— ° ° ° chine parts passing through the cooling zone after leaving the baking oven. going down through the roof the un- loading station. ° ° tomatic evacuation the heated air and fumes thermal means. These stacks operate satisfactorily without fans because temperature differences are sufficient provide good flow. This type installation, shown the side view the accompanying il- lustration, makes use what called the “partial type passageway. addition the entrapment the heated atmosphere, this also vided room floor level for gages and mechanical equipment incidental the finishing equipment. The two Mahon Hydro-Filter spray booths are the open top, down- draught type fitted with full flooding curtains the entire back the booth flooded with water. All over- spray pigment removed from the air the centrifuge section the Hydro-Filter chambers before passes out through the exhaust fans. After each the two spraying operations, conveyors carry the transformer con- tainers inclines the baking ovens which are heated means Sur- face Combustion direct gas-fired air heater designed burn gas the combustion chamber the heated air and products com- bustion through the oven proper. The recirculation considerable amount the air desired retain the heat therein. The gas burner equipment are installed the floor directly below the raised its normal conveyor rate per min., this system handles Allis- Chalmers transformer containers per hour. variable speed drive permits range approximately per cent above and below speed. Special problems arise the finish- ing products non-industrial fields —for instance, the household metal goods plant where larger variety products, greater production volume and finer degree finish complicate the initial demand for merely in- tegrated finishing unit tie with mass output. Expensive factory space planned fit unusual requirements. This problem has been solved the Maytag Washing Machine Co. plant, Newton, the erection the finishing system mostly the roof one wing the plant. The prod- ucts are shifted successively from the fifth floor the fourth, the roof and through the rust-proofing process, down the fourth floor for painting, drying ovens the roof, and then the fifth floor manufacturing space for final finish preparation. This followed trip down the fourth floor, through the final paint spray, the oven the roof, down the fourth floor, whence the con- veyor returns the manufacturing de- partments the fifth floor. The point these meanderings that hardly more than the areas the paint spray booths deducted from ‘factory floor space—and the whole geared the Maytag pace. ° IRST and second coat spray booths, Mahon Hydro-Filter type, the spray room which air conditioned and the only part the finishing cated inside the Maytag plant. ° Role ending Presses A the Manufacture All-Metal Aircraft machine punching holes ranging from 0.078 in. 0.250 in. size one time. Clearance between punch and dies held 0.0015 in. avoid burrs. ECAUSE the many ways which bending presses may used the manufacture all- metal aircraft, these machines have as- sumed very important role this great industry. The bending press does more than its name implies, for not only bends plate but may used for punching, blanking, corrugating, and drawing operations. particularly well fitted for the long used fuselage and wing construction. Bending presses may built for whatever operating speed best suits the job. The most common operating speed though presses are often built with two-speed arrangement pro- vide high and low speed, the lower minute. The low speed used avoid reverse bends when working with long she