The Iron Age 1940-07-18: Vol 146 Iss 3

JULY 18, 1940 VOL. 146 NO. VAN DEVENTER President and Editor BAUR Vice-President and General Manager C. E. WRIGHT J.A.ROWAN_ T. W. LIPPERT Managing Editor News Editor Technical Edito: Associate Editors F. J. OLIVER W.A. PHAIR G. RICCIARDI Art Editor Editor Emeritus Washington Editors L. W. MOFFETT JAMES G. ELLIS Resident District Editors CAMPBELL ROBERT BINGHAM Pittsburgh Chicago Cleveland Detroit Editorial Correspondents F.T. TURNER, JR. ROBERT Buffalo Cincinnati FRAZAR CHARLES POST Boston San Francisco HUGH SHARP CLYDE ENNIS Milwaukee Birmingham SANDERSON ROY EDMONDS Toronto, Ontario St. Louis LEROY ALLISON Newark, Editorial Technical Articles Low Temperature Brazing with Silver Alloys.......... Feature Reports News and Market Reports News Industry Non-Ferrous Metal 107 Personals Scrap Market and 108 The Industrial Pace Pig Iron District Market 100 Warehouse Machine Tool Activity 106 Sales Possibilities Copyright, 1940, Chilton DIX, Manager Reader Owned and Published CHILTON COMPANY (Incorporated) Advertising Staff Publication Editorial and Emerson Findley Union Bldg., Cleveland Office Executive Offices Robert Blair Chestnut and 5éth Sts., 100 East 42nd St.. Herman, Chilton Bldg., Philadelphia Philadelphia, Pa. New York, Y.. Hottenstein, 1012 Otis Bldg., Chicago U.S.A. U.S.A. Leonard, 100 42nd St., New York Peirce Lewis, 7310 Woodward Ave., Detroit Ober, 100 East 42nd New York W. J. Fitzgerald } 428 Park Bidg., Pittsburg OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS MUSSELMAN, President JOS. HILDRETH, Vice-President VAN DEVENTER, Vice-President Member, Audit Bureau Circulations BAUR Vice-President Member, Associated Business Papers Indexed the Industrial Arts Index. Pub WILLIAM BARBER, Treasurer lished every Thursday. Subscription JOHN BLAIR MOFFETT, Secretary United States and Possessions, Mexico, Cuba, $6.00: Canada, $8.50; Foreign, $12.00 year. JULIAN CHASE, THOMAS KANE, Single copy, cents. BUZBY, FAHRENDORF, Cable Address, Y." HARRY DUFFY CHARLES HEALE ~ | a, ¢ q i BAGS 3 Every pound steel Ryerson stock certi- fied, prime quality. seconds are ever carried. Ryerson has built complete stocks these better steels every classification—steels made narrow, close-range specifications that assure better working For example: Ryerson Hot Rolled Bands will bend flat themselves either with against the grain: Continuous Mill Sheets Ryerson stock are rolled from only the best part the coil make sure flatness, accurate gauge and size: structural shapes and plates meet A.S.T.M. specifications not simply manu- facturers standards; machine and carriage bolts have cut—not rolled—threads, Ryerson Certified Steels cut labor costs. These better steels are free from hard soft spots and can depended upon for uniform working and forming qual- ities. Spoilage and breakage are reduced, proving Ryerson Certified Steels are superior for close-tolerance work, equipment, and production line applications. Ryerson stocks are complete and diversified. You save time, trouble and money concentrating Ryerson Son, Inc. Joseph Cincinnati, Detroit, Cleveland, Plants at: Buffalo, Boston, Philadelphia. Jersey City. all steel requirements with this one dependable source supply. Stocks include everything bolts. Many special analyses and sizes are in- cluded the wide range Certified Steel products stock for Immediate Shipme nt. The special quality control plan Ryerson Certified Alloy Steels assures uniform heat treatment response and eliminates testing, experimenting and re- heating. Complete chemical and properties, and the exact heat treating each bar are sent with the steel guide the heat treater quickly securing any desired result. Ryerson Certified Steels cost more. You pay premium for the uniform high quality Ryerson products. Rely Ryerson. Stocks are and Ryerson Stock List the guide Immediate Steel will gladly send copy request. Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Louis. . d JULY 18, 1940 ESTABLISHED 1855 Meet the Man... ACK the hectic days 1917, industrialists and technical experts were being drawn Washington from the four quarters the country. They came answer the call duty; assume their part organizing the industrial resources the United States for war. was privilege one these men and thus meet and come know many them. During the ensuing years has been interesting follow the subsequent careers some them. one the most interesting these was young man who 1917, the age 26, had been drawn the position executive assistant the gun division Ordnance from his former war time posi- tion assistant secretary the General Munitions Board the Council National Defense. graduate and gold medalist the University Virginia and Ohio State University, this young man demonstrated exceptional aptitude for getting things done well and quickly, which moved him rapidly through the ranks from Captain Major Lieu- tenant Colonel and Chief Aircraft Armament the A.E.F. France. was him and his work this capacity and chief the Coordina- tion Staff the Army Corps France that Jacques-Louis Dumesnil, French Secretary the Air and Navy during the first World War, said: “It has fallen you who were one the most able workers this great task show the public how difficult and how costly forge arms under the ever-present menace the enemy and show also that wise provisions, rigorous method and adequate organization are indispensable elements success. “Be proud this new service that you have rendered our two countries, after being one the most brilliant organizers victory.” Twenty-three years have passed since this tribute was given American soldier French Cabinet Minister. And during these years the same powers mind which enabled the young man grasp quickly the essentials military organization have brought him equally out- standing recognition the fields science and industry. Today, addition being one our foremost patent attorneys, active the executive guidance many large corporations management counsel. also chairman the executive committee the Hydraulic Press Mfg. Co., vice-president and director the Empire Investment Trust, president and director Commonwealth Engineering Co. and member the board Ohio State University Research Foundation, which was chiefly instrumental establishing. But this devotion the achievements industrial progress peace times has not detracted from interest knowledge and military affairs organization. These interests have been maintained and intensified. Since the war has been Colonel Engineers, Colone! Field Artillery and Colonel Coast Artillery and now Colonel Infantry commanding the 329th infantry the 83rd division, Army. With this uniquely rounded record experience military and industrial affairs, who then could better position speak authorita- tively America’s defense needs than Col. Harry Toulmin, Jr., D.S.M.? the following page you will find the first article series from his pen this vitally important subject. written and published contribution the cause American Democracy and its preservation. fa { | | Vines 4 1) i ae. . = you help the metal industry pro- moting your home the use canned food and beverages? Time was when often overlooked our mutual interest, but today when research and the cooperation metallurgists and canners have produced the perfect food container, time that our part. This important, not only canners and steel mills, but the entire metal industry. When canned food consumption rises, the buying power growers and canning employees increased; canneries require more building space and additional plant equipment, and suppliers use more metal parts and turn buy more manufacturing equipment. upturn SHEETS STRIP TINPLATE BARS PLATES STRUCTURALS PILING RAILS TRACK ACCESSORIES REINFORCING BARS 28—THE IRON AGE, July 18, 1940 ArE YOU HELPING YOUR BUSINESS YOUR HOME? one branch the metal industry benefits all. know better than most others, that hermetically sealed tin containers purity, the freshness, flavor and healthful vitamins the finest vegetables, fruits, and other food products well They are scientifically canned their prime served without waste and moderate prices. urge you help yourself and the whole metal industry increasing the use pure wholesome canned foods and beverages your home. Inland Steel Company, South Dearborn Street, Chicago. Sales Offices, Milwaukee, Detroit, St. Paul, St. Louis, Kansas City, Cincinnati. t j only the cold reduction method WITH THIS ARTICLE, tinguished author, Col. Harry Toulmin, Jr., D.S.M., begins what perhaps the most important and timely series that have published. Preparedness the product men, tanks, guns, munitions. These turn, must the prod- ucts plan and the plan, turn, must the product ex- perience applied conditions. this important series, the author, ideally equipped for the task, presents marshall the full powers our strategic and economic resources for making America impregnable. ORAL force the phys- Napoleon. History repeating itself these United States. When November, 1938, Daladier and Reynaud, justified the decree laws putting France back work preparation meet the invasion, they said this which sig- nificant our own greatest danger “It our profound conviction that, fundamentally, the economic question predominant. But also that unsuccessful poli- COL. TOULMIN, Jr. cies have aggravated the consequences the continu- ous deterioration economic ac- tivity. Actually that part the French population which cre- ates wealth, which labors for the future, continually diminishing, while that part which, directly indirectly lives the state con- stantly growing. There Frenchmen who are ready bear the risks enterprise and crea- tion. “That everyone should work more and that the state should spend less—for ourselves see this the only formula for salva- tion; elementary but in- escapable. “The forty-hour week limits our capacity work. “Sometimes the authorities themselves have intervened pre- vent the introduction new methods designed lower costs. every field where activity might reborn enterprise has been restricted and discouraged. The creative and the will- ingness take risks have been weakened. This—let not fear say the root the evil, for adds sort moral abdica- “The state must its utmost restore the doctrine risk and profit well that work and output. “The conclusion this gloomy survey that for several years our substance has been melting away.... “Tomorrow, not suc- ceed achieving real increase the production wealth vent the purchasing power the THE IRON AGE, July 18, - = = 4 ~ cA 66 working class—even in- definitely swollen the poisoned gift nominal wage increases, coupled with diminished produc- tion—from being indefinitely re- duced continuous rise prices, which would adjust the standard living the masses the persistent inade- quacy the true income the country. “The problem then not choose between preserving re- pealing the recent social reforms, whose generous body disputes. The problem prevent them from automatically dwindling nothing, prevent their benefits from evaporating the high cost living, prevent employers and employed, country which still poor, from having nothing share but pov- France Suicide Since these fatal words Germany, following the diametrically opposite principle, has written the word the destiny modern France. Ger- many did not defeat France. France committed suicide. America’s greatest problem re- generate her national spirit, get men back work hours, open the opportunities for productive enter- prise and the adventurous spirit America that based upon the profit motive. can read the unintentional sabotage the might France the handwriting the wall our future American history. every element our population iorget their selfish America must either sacrifice now sacrificed later. The stark realism Daladier’s and Reynaud’s statement found their plea for national sal- vation “that every one should work more and the state should spend less.” The finest army and the best equip- ment, had it, would mean abso- lutely nothing unless the support for such organization the fields and the seas founded upon the will- ingness supply that organization and maintain the government long hours, hard work, temporary sac- rifice social benefits, elimination useless pleasures and recreation all classes, and reincarnation the spirit America. This means that the unfair and restrictive practices under the Walsh-Healy the National Labor Board, the the wasteful excesses Social Security, the ex- travagance the W.P.A. 30—THE IRON AGE, July 18, 1940 Platform Recommendations military service and universal mobili- zation. Walsh-Healy Act. revision the Wagner Labor Act and the divi- sion the National Labor Relations Board functions into separate investigation, prosecution, adjustment and judicial functions with separate organizations un- related one another. industry the and other agencies. drastic reduction non-defense expenditures national and state governments with all current expen- ditures paid out taxes. The investment national defense capital expenditure amortized over the years. new defense plant and equipment. comprehensive revision the tax structure based upon tax study. rigid enforced alien policy both the govern- ment and industry which alien could receive employment until first every American would em- ployed. Many the alleged refugees this country are secret agents foreign governments preying upon essential projects, the tangle strictions and regulations adminis- trative bureaucrats who act cutor, judge and jury without judicial review must go. must streamline our nation for defense. danger from within reason this deterioration the National millennium social events and bene- fits prematurely. are na- tion big enough temporarily lay aside these laudable ambitions the present crisis, then have the opportunity for success. The foundation national defense the integrity the economic front. requires the cessation the imposi- tion new government requires the removal old controls which act brake our industrial policy with corresponding rigid econ- omy non-defense expenditures. our well known gullibility for the unfortunate. must make drastic retrenchment non-defense lic employees must give 30-day va- cations their pleasure and get back the same basis private who pay the government their salary these taxes. must encourage the investment new capi- tal new plants and equip- ment because when private individuals invest their money then private indi- viduals automatically get defense pro- duction order make money. Instead having witch hunt like that conducted the Com- mittee provide more social controls, need comprehensive, long term revision our tax structure based upon study both national and state requirements. require modifi- cation labor legislation provide automatic machinery for adjusting la- bor disputes without work. must take out the selfish hands labor disorganizers the em- | | | For National Defense the requirement that every man and woman the public service quasi government activities, such education, should required take the same cath that the W.P.A. workers and others under recent act Congress must take subversive activity membership foreign organizations. finger printing and photographing every one the preceding class and every alien, whom there are 3,800,000. requirement that every alien who not here temporary visa take the oath allegiance the United States and either become citizen within limited period get out. suspension social security the invest- ment the funds social security national defense the ground that the best social security national defense. return American, two-party government which government power could place cabinet other key positions any one but members its party have complete party responsibility. Compromise governments and coalition governments have been the downfall the democracy. The strength the totali- tarian governments unity command and not get democracy without unitary party responsi- bility. relations tute civilized government process judicial character that has worked \merican life since its beginning, pro- viding for labor interests every pos- sible safeguard for fair and prompt disposal labor ersies without loss time wages workmen. Compulsory Training One the prime steps strength- ening the national fibre provide system selective compulsory train- ing. This would require registration estimated 40,000,000 persons be- tween the ages and 45. Those between the ages and should training. Our reservoir youth practical- inexhaustible. The best estimate that there are over young men from eligible for com- pulsory service. The following tabulation the resources possess: Age Boys Girls 1,247,000 1,202,000 1,269,000 1,215,000 20-24 5,752,000 25-29 5,375,000 5,512,000 The fundamental thing cured from such organization | | | discipline youth and their education they become deep believers our democracy. This spiritual regenera- tion and moral rearmament Amer- ican youth more important than the actual services which would secured from such trainees, valuable they will be. Such youth would fall into three classes: Army and Navy. nical services incident the Army and Navy well the many civilian branches both govern- ment and civil activities. While such technicians would reser- voir for the combat forces, yet they also furnish civil aviation, civil radio communications and other peacetime technical services vast reservoir disciplined, educated men and women ready for vocations practical nature. non-combatant vocational the agricultural arts provide trained reservoir young people for industry and foundation national defense. There critical place, now un- filled, our democratic society, for communal effort which will weld the minds our youth unit sup- port our democracy, instilling deep love and enthusiasm them for this country. reward, they would strengthened physically and returned where fifth columns would find barren ground. has been estimated econ- omists that this program would stimu- late the national income level $90,000,000,000 annually and the same time solve the unemployment problem. significant that the opponents this plan Americanism are John Lewis and Alfred Landon while William Green objects that part dealing with vocational training. would more impressed with these done anything national defense training the youth the nation for better jobs. General Maurice Duval has asserted that Germany could not have beaten France force arms alone saying, “We beaten the Germans, 32—THE IRON AGE, July 18, 1940 but the agents treason whom they sent into our But the real story was that German agents treason would have been helpless unless French citizens had been treasonable their own empire and had lost confidence its destiny. France’s defeat came greed. Greed the government the diver- sion national defense funds other purposes. Greed capital indulg- ing individualism the point selfishness. Greed labor wanting impossible short week short hours high pay. “The Spirit Enjoyment took precedence over the Spirit Sacrifice,” said Petain his farewell freedom. weak government permitted dis- integration industrial plants which were fighting back against communis- tic labor. This resulted restricted production and mass wrecked French industrial organiza- tions. rely upon short working hours and weeks, sit down strikes, unfair la- bor laws, excessive taxation for social experiments the depression, while the use the full hours the day and week that any public spirited able bodied man should able work for reasonable pay and strikes the way our opponents business. This the short answer our comparative position with such Germany. German System have seen German factories em- ployed hours week with execu- tives working days week—6 the plant and the 7th dav preparing for national defense. knows that you have competition, you have meet it. This our com- must put its house order. With our superior machinery, able workmen and organizers should better than any other country will just give them chance. business man Labor governments France and England tried the impossible with short working week, strikes, de- lays, restrictions and red tape imposed the government. You know the are guilty the same rush so-called “reform” which not all, but the expendi- tures public moneys bribe unthinking voters keep reigning party power national expense. That the problem national de- foreign governments. work full hours very good pay, put manufacturers back work with very good profits, restore the rights fair play man and and patriotism will the rest. Amer- ican workmen constitute the greatest bunch patriotic men the world today and there not one true Amer- ican among them who would not re- pudiate the recent spectacle our great major defense shut down strikes, satisfy the selfish whims labor dictatorship Work should continue while industrial dis- putes are adjusted—no time money would then Any other course plain treason the face the the very face the enemy. Look the enormous body men and women the public payroll. one them given full holiday with pay. They not take this holiday one time when convenient for the They take when they please, odd times and such amounts please, while the public interest awaits their willful pleasure. One-twelfth those employed the United States Government are consistently idle the public expense despite the security Federal employment and constant pay without layoffs. Let put stop country club management gov- ernment. The thing that has hurt America the weakening our moral fibre the policies followed the depres- sion. Instead getting from the de- pression its greatest value the teach- ings thrift, cooperation, strength through hardship, devotion duty, followed exactly the contrary course extravagance, teaching that work was secondary, teaching that every man was entitled living whether earned not and setting standards laziness, disorder, riots, sit down strikes and disregard for constituted authority with the en- couragement all the discontent that comes from such false standards human conduct. complain in- ternational anarchy and then set the example the world the same thing our domestic affairs. This the Achilles heel our na- tional defense program. Its only cure regeneration our people—a return the doctrine work, thrift and law observance—particularly our gov- ernment departments | | | Supervisor Mill Practices, Wisconsin Steel Works, International Harvester Co. investigation described here was prompted the uncer tainties and disagreements that arose during the shearing steel the merchant mills. many cases when the sheared ends bars were rough and broken this condition was entirely blamed the setting shear knives the condition shear blades. Setting the shear was checked and shear knives frequently changed, without correcting this con- dition sheared ends. careful check shear knives and setting shears indicated that the cause poor shearing could not en- tirely attributed the knives and that the trouble must due some other condition. had been noticed from time time that certain temperatures—us- ing the same knives, shearing steel same specification, and same size—that good, clean, unbroken ends were ob- tained; while shearing other tem- peratures resulted rough broken ends. These observations prompted merchant mills from the standpoint shearing temperature. —Influence the Blue Brittle Range and Practices Resulting Clean, Unbroken Ends. Using the data which appeared Bain (Transactions A.S.M., Decem- ber, 1935, Vol. Meee. No. 4) and correlating with observations and experiences and others having with the shearing steel, the opinion was reached that sufficient cold work, done the bar the operation shearing, causes strain-aging those temperatures within the range where the ends the bar show color. This opinion based the fact that when the steel, after being cut within this so-called range,” turns either straw color light dark purple the sheared ends, there breaking off rather than clean cut, such evident great majority cases, when the ends the bars not visibly change color. first experiment, investiga- tion was carried out in. square bar proceeded actual practice trom the rolling operation the shear. material was specification 1040, the following analysis: 0.40 carbon; manganese; 0.018 phos- phorus 0.036 sulphur, and 0.08 silicon. This bar was sheared the mill 1200 deg., 775 deg., 475 deg., 400 deg., 275 deg., and 200 deg. When tak- ing these temperatures Alnor ther- mo-electric pyrometer was used. From experience, was learned that the surface temperature bar this size about deg. 100 deg. colder than the center the bar. Thus the cuts were actually made the bars the following temperature ranges: 1200 1300 deg.; 775 875 275 375 deg., and 200 300 deg. must remembered that this investigation in. square bar with area 10.563 sq. in. was used. section this size, with carbon content 0.40 per cent, the steel when cut very cold may not shear smooth straight line, due its mass resistance. noting the condition sheared ends after cutting the vari- ous ranges temperature, the sheared THE IRON AGE, July 1940—33 j 4 | f | i ~ | ° ° ° — é ° ° ° ness. The data following are the results ends bars were tested the machine ascertain changes hard- 550 deg and 300 deg. these observations: Temperature, Deg. 1200 (surface) 1300 (center) Condition Sheared Ends Impression 4.40 mm. 187 Showed usual smooth lip noted blooming mill ends start cut, with more than two-thirds cut rough. change color. Showed comparatively smooth cut and rather straight. change color. Showed decided breakage, very pronounced center, and uneven cut. Color very deep blue cen- ter, shading lighter blue toward This bar was sheared the mill 1065 deg., 820 deg., 700 deg., 600 450 400 deg.. 350 Diameter Brinell Number 3.80 mm. 255 3.60 mm. 285 775 (surface) 875 (center) 475 (surface) 575 (center) edges. 400 Showed breaking, 500 (center) cided, still rather toward edges. 3.65 mm. 277 Color straw center with faint blue cast shading lighter straw 275 (surface) 375 (center) Showed very pronounced break- ing, probably due more mass 4.05 mm. 223 resistance and cold cut. Color very faint straw center with complete fading out color to- ward edges. 200 (surface) 300 (center) Showed smooth surface break quite angle, probably due mass resistance and 3.95 mm. 235 rather than precipitation. Color gray. part the bar which received cold work from shear pressure was Brinell tested with the sults: Diameter impression 4.40) hardness number 187. might well mention that Brinell impressions were made the same location each sheared end, and tested midway and without doubt, that steel shearing hardens more temperatures within certain range than does other tem- peratures above and below that range. did not, however, definitely deter- mine the exact temperature which strain-aging starts and diminishes but gave assurance that further investi- gation would doubt reveal some fairly definite temperatures which expect this phenomenon. order carry the test with- out disrupting regular shearing prac- tice, for the second investigation hot bar was carried from the runout table shear set for the purpose the investigation. This time 2'4x in. flat bar specifica- tion 1045, with the following 0.021 phosphorus; 0.028 sulphur, and 0.18 34—THE IRON AGE, July 18, 1940 past experience, was learned that the surface temperature bar this size very close its center tem- perature. Thus the temperatures just listed can taken actual tempera- tures bar. Due this bar being in. thick, the properties contributed mass resistance, experienced when cutting square steel used the first investigation, can disregarded. The following shows the results the investigation: Temperature, Deg. Color 1065 steel grey 820 steel gray 709 light slate blue 600 dark purple 550 golden rust 520 light bronze 509 steel gray, faint bronze 450 steel gray 400 steel gray 350 steel gray 300 steel gray ripple meant the noticeable shape which rises surface the sheared ends. This investigation, along with the first study, seems place the “blue brittleness applied this tween 750 deg. and 450 deg. F., and observations, indicate 500 deg. and 650 deg. the range maximum effectiveness this type this range that greater breaking experienced, The results obtained from these in- vestigations and observations date seem substantiate the findings Davenport and Bain that different means cold work places temperatures ness different ranges tempera- ture. the Brinell readings taken the sheared ends seem have relation- the Brinell results are given Temperature, Diameter Sample Deg. mm. Number 1065 4.10 217 820 4.00 229 700 4.00 229 600 3.90 550 4.00 229 520 4.10 217 500 4.00 229 500 4.00 229 450 4.20 207 450 4.10 217 400 4.10 217 350 4.10 217 300 4.05 223 Brinell reading taken part the bar that did not receive sheared ends from shear pressure, was 179 and the diameter the impression 4.50 mm. This representative the true hardness the which than the ends which received cold work from shearing. the record Brinell numbers when the steel was sheared 600 deg. not only shows higher Condition Sheared Ends very good cut good cut rough cut, start ripple pronounced breaking rough cut, deep ripple slight breaking, ripple slight breaking, ripple good cut very good cut very good cut very good cut Brinell number, but break more than other shearing. This indicates that about this temperature the maximum tiveness this particular steel strain- aging was evidence. Although the Brinell numbers not show great deal difference | | | hardness, except 600 deg. perature maximum effectiveness the condition the sheared ends indi cated that precipitation and its accom- panying hardening begins the re- gion 750 deg. and ends the vicinity 450 deg. sheared while the steel this precipitation hardening range, rough broken cuts will The results these investigations not mean, all cases, that this phenomenon the cause all types uneven and broken sheared ends. the shear not mechanically true, knives are steel used for the material being sheared, and knives are incorrectly set, breaking rough cuts might occur any temperature. However, the shears are checked from time time and put proper setting ment and the breaking bar ends still persists, then possible that shear- ing higher lower temperature than being done the cure the trouble. order make practical use this phenomenon which apparently at- fects steel shearing, the following information given form that will enable those responsible for shear- ing bars remedy conditions should they experience poor shearing: (1) See that shears lined and that shear knives are good condition. This the first con- cern when poor shearing noted and must taken care once, the trouble may entirely mechanical. (2) Observe the color formed sheared: ends surface oxidation temper color. This color film indi cates the approximate temperature which the bar was cut. point remember when observ- ing these temper colors ends bars that the purples appear somewhat differently artificial light sunlight, they have more reddish appearance artificial light. The straw colors, blues, and grays, are at- fected little change il- the carbon content some steels and the temperature de- termined from observation Wiscon- sin which pronounced breakage likely occur when bars are sheared near these temperatures: 0.12 per cent carbon—530 deg. Light bronze. 0.38 per cent deg. Light purple. temperature from those mentioned the table. The center heavy bars being always hotter than surface bar will also give variations shades color the ends the bars. those responsible for shearing ex- perience poor sheared ends and shear knives are not blame, they must ar- range have bars delivered the shear faster and consequently hotter and above the “blue brittle range,” hold the bars shearing until colder and below the brittle Care must exercised, however, not deceived large sections medium high carbon steel, the area section mass along with carbon content and alloys influence the resistance shearing. large sec- tion medium carbon, high carbon, low alloy steel cut cold, around 450 deg. F., breaking snap- ping off may result and this course about 0.85 per cent carbon—600 deg. 620 deg. Dark purple dark blue. 0.85 per cent deg. Light bronze. Above 0.85 per cent carbon—600 deg. 620 deg. Dark purple dark blue. The variations shades color the ends individual bars that will noted are due slight increase mass influence and has little con- nection with strain-aging resulting brittleness. modern bar mill continuous, the piece passing directly from the roughing stands the background the finish- ing passes the foreground, then into reelers out onto cooling bed. THE IRON AGE, July 18, | i | T Low Brazing brazing alloys are given detail the different articles listed the end this paper, and only brief summary will attempted herein. Silver brazing alloys flow freely into narrow openings, and clearances few thousandths inch should maintained produce the strong- est joints. Fig. illustrates the ef- fect joint clearance strength. The surfaces the joint should clean, and free from all grease, dirt and oxide scale. The important point keep mind that there must clean, nascent metal surface, that will wet evenly the brazing Any film that prevents the wetting the joint surfaces will prevent strong bond being made. After all grease has been removed the surface can cleaned with emery cloth pickled with suitable solution remove any scale highly polished surface that has resulted from rolling drawing. electric furnace brazing* explains fully the difficulties trying get brazing alloys flow highly polished surfaces and slight rough- ening either mechanical chemi- cal means great help good bond- ing. When joining flat members either with lap butt joints, desirable grind machine the surfaces the joint that they may held parallel and equidistant from each other. thin sheet inserts are used the parts should clamped together with enough pressure hold them firmly after the alloy has melted. When tubular members are joined this pressure cannot applied and there nothing break down the surface tension the molten alloy and cause flow except gravity and capillary action. joints this type that the preparation the joint surfaces must given particular at- tention order that the molten alloy and Wetting Action IRON AGE, Nov. 1938, fourth series “Electric Furnace Brazing.” 36—THE IRON AGE, July 1940 brazing alloys give joints high strength, and costs and temperatures required both are low. These factors account for the grow- ing acceptance this tech- nique. this conclusion two-part article, the author summarizes the procedures for using silver brazing alloys, and discusses fitting, clean- ing, assemblying and acetylene heating. the first part, the various alloys now available were listed and useful data the selection grade and form alloy meet different conditions were given. will wet them and spread the space too great the capillary action will not sufficient cause proper spreading and the surface not wet with the alloy this action also ineffective. Unless care taken prepare and fit joints this type, parts the surface may become wetted and the brazing alloy will flow through irregular channels and even form fillet both ends the joint. thus giving the appearance good when actually only very small portion bonded together. are After the members have been fitted and cleaned properly, the faces should protected with film This flux must fluid and chemically active the melting point the brazing alloy and over the entire surface. also advisable protect the brazing alloy with flux when fed into the joint. Borax combinations borax and boric acid are used, but prepared fluxes that are active lower temperatures are avail- able, and are preferred for the lower melting point alloys. These proprie- tary fluxes are composed chemicals and should used with stainless ticularly successful with ing supplied paste form and can brushed along the joint insure proper coverage. Jigs should provided hold the parts proper relation during heat ing. Some types assemblies little support but the members should strain will come the joint until has cooled temperature well low the melting point the brazing When the necessary care taken supporting the joint members, the workman free devote all his attention applying flame and can much better work less time. There are several different methods supplying the heat necessary for brazing, shown Fig. This chart was adopted the American Welding Society. These different methods heating are also described more fully the appended list papers and only gas brazing will discussed any extent this time. Gas brazing includes tions torch brazing such acetlyene, oxy-hydrogen, oxygen and city gas, natural gas and gases such butane also air acetylene and air with other gases mentioned. The air-gas and air-acetylene torches will give satisfactory results with small parts and the large torches those with multiple flames may used fairly large work. However, tendency use oxidizing flame order heat the work quickly with air torches one their disadvantages for use with silver brazing Fortunately, there available the oxy-acetylene torch, which has highly perfected and can obtained great variey sizes and types. probably the most widely used torch where rapid heating ad- vantage, and has great flexibility the hands skilled operator. the high temperature the flame there | With Silver Alloys temptation for the operator run the oxidizing side, and can ob- tain all the heat required and still keep the softer flame little the reduc- ing side neutral. might com- pared with the modern eight-cylinder automobile engine, and torch with the two-cylinder engine years ago. There may some basis for the argument that unskilled operator can less damage with air-gas torch, but what when brazing with silver alloys effective means for quickly and evenly heating the joint with neutral re- ducing flame. course care must taken the use the oxy-acetylene torch keep motion and not let play too long one spot, but intelligent workman will soon master the proper technique and then has instrument that will enable him control the heating most efficiently. torches are always willing cooperate the design special tips torches with multiple tips meet any specific requirements. They can used for such extreme conditions heating the silver alloy brazing fine wires screens, the one hand, brazing diameter flange joints the other. Fig. shows two-flame No. tip heating large flange assembly, and small multi-flame torch for small parts. low temperature silver brazing alloys, the workman should trained ob- serve the rate which different metals hecome heated the brazing tempera- ture and give particular attention relative mass each the members being brazed. Metals high heat con- ductivity such copper preheated some distance from the joint and there much difference the size the parts then the one with largest cross-section should given the most heat. Unless inserts are used, the joint surfaces should heated tempera- ture which the brazing flow before attempting feed the alloy into the joint. Although not advisable keep the torch flame the molten alloy and the expres- sion “let the heat the joint melt the alloy” often used, skilled workman can take advantage the heat the flame melt the alloy, which then quickly into the joint. all cases, however, the joint surfaces must heated above the flow point the good bond will not made. When the joint members vary greatly thickness, when thin wall piping brazed into heavy flange, care must taken heat the flange until the inner surface which joins the pipe the correct temperature for the particular brazing alloy that being Probably one the most difficult RIGHT IG. 2—Relation joint thickness tensile strength based upon butt steel stainless 80000 ° ° 60,000 BELOW methods supply- ing the heat for brazing. 0.003 0.006 0.009 0.012 0.015 0.018 0.024 0.027 ° ° ° ROBERT LEACH Handy Harman, Bridgeport, Conn. ° ° ° things that the workman has acquire the ability judge when the joint the required temperature and the same time not overheat the joint. Benches placed before windows are not good places work because the extreme variations light condi- tions; and strong drafts are also bad. The appearance the flux guide, temperature several hundred degrees below the proper brazing temperature the best indicator touch the alloy the heated joint. order speed the work there tendency overheat the joint with consequent trained judge the heat with reason- able accuracy. the electrical field, transformer leads and taps are brazed with silver Thickness joint, BRAZING PROCESSES GAS BRAZING CHEMICAL BATH INDUCTION RESISTANCE THE IRON AGE, July 18, 1940—37 | = | “ede | | | } + + + + 4 + — + + } | c DIP ELECTRIC FURNACE BRAZING BRAZING BRAZING BATH [| BATH — because the low temperatures which strong shock resistant joints high conductivity can made. Joints bus bar installations all kinds are being made with these alloys the high strength, corro- sion resistance and elimination volt- age drop. Fig. shows bus bar as- sembly being brazed. Ground connec- tions and cable joints are also made. the manufacture electric motors, end rings are bonded rotor bars, and many small parts manufacture electrical equipment are brazed with silver alloys. Lacing wires are joined turbine blades and certain turbines the blades are silver- alloy brazed packing pieces. One the largest new uses brazing alloys the manufacture refrigeration units, both household and industrial. The low temperature which they melt and the strong corro- sion-resistant joints make ticularly desirable for joining the light metal sheets and tubing used industry. Joints are leakproof and when proper attention given de- sign the cost remarkably low. Use these alloys air condition- ing systems extending rapidly, and 38—THE IRON AGE, July 18, 1940 4—Two-flame No. tip heating large flange as- sembly. multi-flame acetylene torch for small parts. has eliminated the occurred with soft soldered joints and were often serious and caused damage from the escape refrigerant. Standard pipe and fittings 10- in, more diameter are now being joined increasing volume with silver alloys, and tests joints made this manner show failure the pipe fitting rather than the joint when the work done properly. Special fittings are being made with rings silver brazing alloy fitted into grooves cut the fittings, and this type joint being specified for marine and Navy piping, and piping buildings. Installations silver alloy brazed pipe and fittings large steam plants have been use for several years, and have given complete satisfaction. Joints made brazing alloys both similar metals for steam lines and boiler con- struction have been subjected ex- treme tests entirely beyond anything failure occurred the One example steam boiler having 1237 copper tubes joined mild steel headers in. diameter and in. thick. Brazing was done with silver alloy melting 1175 deg. and under test this boiler was fired 225-lb. pres- sure, steam and water blown out and the dry hot and cooling showed failure the joints. Similar tests assem- heavy wall copper tubing and fittings brazed with alloy melting when subjected steam pressure per sq. and followed the introduction cold water for many repeated cycles. Another unusual application was the construction underground gas mains from heavy wall copper tubing, using joints brazed with the silver cop- per phosphorus alloy which viously mentioned. Ordinarily bell and spigot type joint would used and was recommended this case. However, the results with joints were satisfactory that they were adopted. Standard fittings with inserts sil- ver brazing alloys can obtained tor larger and flanges large in. diameter. The oxy-acetylene torch has been most successful for heating joints this type and there every indication that this method joining . piping and fittings will show large increase the future. Silver brazing alloys are beiug used the manufacture many different articles used the home, such cooking utensils, hot water heaters, flat irons, metal furni- ture and other applications where soft solders not give the necessary strength and the temperature required for base metal brazing alloys weld- ing rods would too high. Fig. shows copper hot water tank being brazed with silver brazing alloy which melts 1300 deg. the heat- ing being done with oxy-acetylene Silver brazing alloys are used considerable quantities for the manu- facture chemical equipment, dairy and creamery equipment and plants and equipment for the dye industry. There are innumerable applications the electrical, automotive oil filters, oil coolers, gear shift levers, steering wheel spiders, contact joints, window frames, oil lines and radiator a ‘ grilles are being brazed with these low melting silver alloys. silver brazing alloy available for making practically every type joint nearly all metals and alloys that melt temperatures above 1250 deg. engineers become better acquainted with the strong neat joints that can made quickly and economically with these alloys, com- paratively low temperatures, their use will extended rapidly. The author expresses his apprecia- tion his associates for their assis- tance and Handy Harman for permission publish this data; also the Air Reduction Co. and the Wal- worth Co. for photographs. Reference Papers Leach, ASTM, Vol. 30, April 1930. (70:30) Alloy,” Mason Noyes, Journal the Amer- ican Society Naval Engineers, Vol. No. February, 1936. “The Navy’s Soldered Mason Noyes, Journal the Amer- Society Naval Engineers, Vol No. February, 1935. Instructions for making dered joints and composition soldered fittings, Bureau Engineering B-172- Also composition union tube fittings, Bureau Engi- neering, 3S-526, 3S-527 and Journal the American Society Vaval Engineers, Vol. No. May, 1936. “Steam Turbine Materials for High Symposium Effect Temperature the Properties Metals—Joint meeting American So- ciety Mechanical Engineers and American Society for Testing Mate- rials, June 23, 1931. “Brazing Tubes High Pressure Boilers with Silver Alloys,” Weir and Webber—American Welding Society meeting, Oct. 18, 1938. “Incandescent Electric Carbon Sil- ver Brazing,” Walter Reed and Leo Edelson. American Welding So- ciety meeting, Northern New York section, Feb. 17, 1938. “Brazing with Silver Solders,” Robert Leach, American Welding Society, Oct. 1-5, 1934. “Metals Are Brazed Controlled- Atmosphere Electric Furnaces,” Webber, Steel, Aug. 12, and 26, 1935. “When and How Silver Solders Are Used,” Robert Leach, American Welding Society, October, 1936. “Silver Solders and Their Robert Leach—Metals Alloys, November, 1931. Marine Field,” Leach and Leo Edelson—Journal the American Society Naval Engineers, Vol. 51, No. 1—February, 1939. ic. 6—Bus bar assembly being brazed. (Left) ° ° 7—Copper hot water tank being brazed with silver brazing alloy that melts deg. The heat supplied oxy-acetylene torch. THE IRON AGE, July 18, 1940—39 j oe > 4 ff 4 Atomic Hydrogen welding hot strip off the 30-in. mill the Otis plant keep pace with the demand for larger coils. New equipment includes coil box, leveler, side guides, shear, pinch rolls, welding unit and tight coiler. constant consumer de- mand ob- tain longer coils has influenced many steel companies weld end. Otis Steel Co., Cleveland, has for some time welded strip coming from the 30-in. continuous mill. one coil end was welded another means the metal arc welding proc- ess. The next method tried was weld- ing with acetylene gas. was then decided weld these strips means the atomic hydrogen welding proc- ess. The Otis Steel then purchased automatic atomic hydrogen welder with filler rod device which also operated with thyratron control and vacuum- tube timers. This the auto- matic hydrogen welder applied the welding long steel strips and the first rod feeding device operated with the new thyratron control and tube timers. the atomic hydrogen welding process alternating current arc maintained between two tungsten elec- trodes and the same time, stream hydrogen gas passed through the and around the electrodes. This 40—THE IRON AGE, July 18, 1940 FENTON Chief Engineer, Otis Steel Co., Cleveland, and DOUGHERTY Supervising Engineer, Cleveland Office, General Electric Co. ° commonly nished for commer- cial purposes the molecular state and each molecule consists atoms. The intense heat the electric breaks down the molecular hydro- gen and becomes atomic hydrogen which has absorbed large amount heat. hydrogen not stable form the gas. extremely ac- tive and will combine with other ele- ments form stable compounds with other hydrogen atoms form stable molecular hydrogen. Molecular hydrogen continually being blown into the are displaces the atomic hydrogen. This action removes the atomic hydro- gen from the intense heat the arc and becoming cooler, recombines form molecular hydrogen and do- ing so, gives the heat absorbed its dissociation. This heat transfer mechanism provides extremely ef- fective means getting rapid local- ized heating for welding. Rates surface heating atomic hydrogen may high 1300 watts per sq. cm. Atomic hydrogen welding used the welding steel and ferrous such chromium, nickel and molyb- denum steels; non-ferrous metals and alloys such aluminum, duralumi- num, nickel, monel, and bronzes. There are several important fune- tions the hydrogen this type welding. First acts heat intensi- fier explained above. Second, envelops the work reducing at- mosphere which reduces surface ox- ides and prevents further formation oxides and other would make weld brittle. Third, protects the tungsten electrodes and keeps them from being consumed rap- idly, the speed consumption being approximately in. per hr. Thus, the production strong and ductile weld, free from porosity and having exceptionally smooth and finished appearance, made possible. The amount hydrogen gas dis- sociated the are depends upon the are current, and turn the am