The Iron Age 1940-05-23: Vol 45 Iss 21

ad j / j / 4 f Js f 4 4 y 4 yf MAY 23, 1940 VAN DEVENTER President and Editor BAUR Vice-President and General Manager C. E. WRIGHT J.A.ROWAN) T.W. | ERT Managing Edit News Editor Technica! Editor R. E. MILLER F.J. WINTER A FINDLEY Machinery Editor Art Editor Editor Emeritus Associate Editors Washington Editors L. W. MOFFETT JAMES G. ELI Resident District Editors T. C. CAMPBELL ROBERT G. BINGHAM Pittsburgh Ch 1g Cleveland Detroit Editorial Correspondents F.T. TURNER, JR. ROBERT G. McINT Buffalo € nat G. FRAZAR CHARLES POST Boston San Francisco HUGH SHARP CLYDE ENNIS Milwaukee Birmingham SANDERSON ROY EDMONDS Toronto, St. LEROY ALLISON j Newor Editorial Better Service Technical Articles Stainess Steel 1939 Work Positioners Reduce Welding Time............... Photoelasticity Applied Design Problems............ Armor Plate for Airplane Pilots....................... Producing Steel Meet Test Requirements............ Cemented Carbides for Pickling and Polishing Feature Reports News and Market Reports News Industry Machine Tool Activity Personals and Obituaries Scrap Market and Prices Metal Working Activity Fabricated Steel Comparison Prices Reinforcing Bars Summary the Week Iron and Steel Prices. The Industrial Pace Pig Iron, Ferroalloys Prices District Market Reports Warehouse Prices Non-Ferrous Metal Market 104 Sales Possibilities Copyright, 1940, Chilton Company (Inc.) Owned and Published CHILTON COMPANY (Incorporated) Advertising Staff Publication Office Editorial and “oa” n. Ch 3 a P adelphia Pa., 239 West 39th St., H. K. Hottensterr 012 Otis B 1g Chicag U.S.A. Leonard, 239 39th St., New York Peirce Lewis, 7310 Ave., Detroit Ober, 239 39th New York OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS 428 Park Pittsburgh D >. Warre P. O. Box 81, Hartford, Cor JOS. S$. HILDRETH Vice-President Harner, 1595 Pacific Avenue, Long SEORGE GRIFFITHS Beact = > EVERIT TERHUNE Vice-President VAN DEVENTER Vice-President Member, Associated Business ipers WILLIAM A. BARBER. Treasurer Indexed in the Industrial Arts Index. Pub- Wee . , treasure hursday. ubscription Price JOHN BLAIR MOFFETT, Secretary Mexico, Cubs JULIAN CHASE, THOMAS KANE, $8.50: Foreign, $12.00 year HARRY DUFFY CHARLES HEALE 105 106 109 110 116 128 129 | $6.00: Canada RYERSON any for any any kind steel. Your order will get Immediate Action. The steel stock, and will delivered promptly where and when you need it. When steel inventories are low, when you need unusual sizes analyses, when non-uniform quality steel hinders production, call Ryerson. Over 10,000 sizes, shapes, and kinds steel and allied products from structurals stainless, from heat treated alloys nuts and are included Ryerson Certified Steel products. All are closely controlled analysis, accuracy, finish, ete. and each represents the highest quality that par- ticular class and type material. strategically located plants assure prompt, dependable service. Draw the one nearest you. gladly send Stock List. Joseph Ryerson Son, Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Louis, Detroit, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Buffalo, Boston, Philadelphia, Jersey City. 30—THE IRON AGE, May 23, 1940 Ryerson Products Include: Beams, Structurals Channels, Angles, Tees, Zees Hot Rolled Bars Bands and Hoops Floor Plate Plates (over 15 kinds) Sheets (over 25 kinds) Alloy and Tool Steels Heat Treated Alloy Bars Stainless Steel Cold Finished Shafting Strip Steel, Flat Wire Mechanical Tubing Boiler Tubes and Fittings Welding Rod Rivets, Bolts, Nuts, Washers Concrete Reinforcing Babbit Metal and Solder Write for Stock List pear’ ‘ if i Better are two schools publishing. One, and the minority school, believes that the editorial contents and format should primarily designed impress the buyer advertising. The other and more conservative school publishing believes that the chief asset that advertiser has any industrial paper that uses its ability render service its readers. admit belonging the latter school. believe that the case any publication, its readers are automatically attracted the kind and quality editorial contents that contains, its acceptance these readers measured the service that renders and that its value advertiser depends entirely upon these factors. upon this firm belief that The Iron Age has always been edited and published. And always will long its present management and that its parent company, the Chilton Co., are directing its affairs. Any changes, therefore, that are made the format The Iron Age, are designed, first and foremost, render better service its readers. This issue marks such change. You will note some them you turn over the pages this number. First, although not foremost, you will note that there larger trimmed size the paper. This contribution toward the standardiza- tion movement, which when fully followed other publications, will MAY 23, 1940 make easier file past issues well render the page appearance more inviting because larger margins. Next, you will probably note change typography designed make easier reading page well more attractive one. this connection, have taken advantage the advice outstanding authority, Heyworth Campbell, well the combined experience our own staff experts. These changes are designed save approxi- mately per cent the time his coverage given amount material. ESTABLISHED 1855 Finally, there has been change make-up continuity. minute” industrial newspaper such The Iron Age, which put press only hours before mailing, there has, the past, been cer- tain scattering last minute news items. With our new make-up, this has been eliminated. Hereafter, for example, you will find all news the news section. And you will find this section, all others, always the same relative position the book. Another innovation the insertion separation between the tech- nical and commercial sections The Iron Age, the form stiff insert. This will particularly useful the many readers who have occasion refer back copies for statistical information production and technical articles. hope that you will like The Iron Age its new suit clothes. They are designed for wearing quality and for reader service. < j = | | 4 | | j ' | Built this Bridge!” Sure, he’s proud his Dad! And, his Dad and numerous other structural shop execu- tives are proud the bridges and buildings they fabricate with structural sections and plates made Inland. Their preference for Inland results from the helpful co-operation Inland engineers and field men solving tough technical problems—and, the ability the mill put steel where wanted and when from start finish each job. You, too, can take advantage the economy and satisfaction Inland service calling your nearest Inland office. Sheets Strip Tin Plate Bars Plates Fioor Plates Structurals Piling Rails Track Accessories Reinforcing Bars Sales Offices: Milwaukee, Kansas 4 4 q q = 4 OGILEVSKY, once nent member the Cheka the U.S.S.R., has been quoted for while, will agree anything exchange tor the greatest boon can think of, the privilege being The Mogilevsky, course, experienced only with ordinary men, and likely had opportunity practice his refined art maker alloy There more than little doubt that even Mogilevsky his best could wring from all ducers alloy steels, less steels, accurate yearly production figures broken down analyses and grades and distributed consuming industries, conjecture, \nd, course, just perhaps Mogy had tackled such problem might have ended with his pleading for the boon firing squad. Producers alloy steels are in- clination and frequently necessity LIPPERT Metallurgical Editor, The Age secretive. nine years (1929-1937) stainless steel for yearly output data. Success varying degree. Some vears all but several producers would other two rather important ones would take walk. And every was neces- sary revamp some figures dictated personal investigation. What with these sources errors some direc- cooperate, years one tions and also returns with incomplete breakdowns other survey Was enervated warrant abandonment 1938. directions, the 1939 this important problem was addressed completely different manner—which though consider- able complexity and large compara- tive expense, promised vield valu- able and extremely interesting data. The plan was all known United States consumers stainless alloys, asking each for his 1939 con- sumption product and analysis. \ccurate mailing lists were necessary, and after some hesitancy two stainless producers offered their roster cus- tomers well all known prospects. The lists were matched against each other and few names appeared each that the other did not have. The final work list was made 3582 individual concerns. The returns pouring back from the consumers were startling both num- ber and accuracy. all, 2956 positive returns were made; 161 the com- panies contacted had either gone out business used stainless during the vear. The 465 hold-outs after follow-up letter included eight moder- ately large consumers and the remain- der were known typically small Fairly downs were secured for the eight com- panies personal investigation and the 457 remaining companies were dis- consumers, THE IRON AGE, May 23, 1940—33 | tributed proportionally the survey adjust the tonnages 100 per cent consumption. collocation the figures—which ranged individually from few pounds many hundreds tons—disclosed some interesting results. Quite obvi- ously sheets have suffered considerable retrogression vis-a-vis strip, and bars and rods occupy far more prominent position than had been anticipated. The 18-8 analysis first regards popu- larity, accounting for almost per cent the 1939 consumption, with reversed conversion had devised show these figures the form ingots, that the year’s performance can compared with past years Table this requires kind by-guess-and-by-God technique flav- ored with the results some personal investigation. Some the figures col- lected the American Iron and Steel Institute have shown recent years average conversion from ingot finished about per cent, which course takes care hot-top crop, grinding losses, cut back during TABLE Consumption* Finished Stainless and Heat-Resisting Steels—1939 (In Net Tons) Analysis Groups, Per Cent Composition All Others 18% 25% 16% (Crand tion, All Sheets 13,162 105 622 1,705 5,891 21,507 Bars and heavy rods 3,735 952 4,505 3,421 12,103 24,782 Strip (hot cold rolled) 1,381 479 11,761 930 40,337 Tubular goods 1,282 102 363 842 2,645 Plates and shapes 924 165 605 1,898 Wire and wire rods ... 2,157 1,429 4,827 TOTAL 4,552 9,384 22,014 20,703 *These figures based returns from estimated 86.4 per cent all known 104,560 consumers these types alloys—figures shown are adjusted 100 per cent con- sumption. figures include undistributed tonnages the analyses groups the left well special analyses not warranting individual listing. TABLE (In Net Tons) Total Con- 1,204 1,293 375 298 5,925 9,646 *These figures based returns from estimated per cent all known con- sumers these types alloy castings consumption. figures shown are adjusted 100 per cent 16-18 straight-chromium placing and 12-14 straight-chromium showing. complete breakdown the 1939 consumption survey shown Tables and this and the opposite page. The graph opposite serves give quick summary the 1939 fig- ures, and visually emphasizes the sharp recovery from the 1938 recession and the over-all upward march stain- less consumption since the 1932 nadir. Table breaks down the 1939 figures both product and analyses. Note that comparative figures ducer surveys previous years are given these tables, although certain sections those previous surveys are now considered questionable accu- racy. The consumption data submitted consumers the form finished steel. And, therefore, some scheme 34—THE IRON AGE, May 23, 1940 hot rolling, etc. The writer the opinion this average little too low. The highest conversion for bar, heavy rods, wire and wire rods, for which pretty conservative estimate major plant practice would indicate figure per cent. For strip the conversion would close per cent; and for sheets, plates and shapes the conversion should run the aver- age near per cent. For tubular goods and forgings guess would be, say, per cent. So, each these conversions applied (in reverse) the proper total finished steel figure shown Table the ingot output for the year can obtained. And, this ingot output compared with the finished steel total indicates average over-all conver- sion about per cent. Using this per cent conversion (again re- verse) the totals analysis shown Table permits the obtaining calculated total ingots analysis for inclusion Table all may ap- method weighting the various com- ponents arrive what believed the most sensible calculated ingot tonnages. Table III therefore indicates cal- culated 1939 ingot output all anal- vses 168,644 net tons, which good per cent above the 1938 total and about per cent above the previ- ous record year 1937. Indeed, most encouraging snap-back for the stainless steel industry and augurs well for the future. sending out the report blanks the consumers, the thought was mind that perhaps space could made available for them register kicks make suggestions the producers. And how they loved it! compilation these suggestions shown page herein. would expected, the bulk the suggestions were duplica- tions. The consumers think stainless steel prices are unnecessarily high, that mill stocks are too low and delivery service haphazard, that there far too much confusion trade names, set forth specifically herein. Details 1939 Survey dominant position, accounting for per cent total consumption. is, course, the automobile and streamline railroad train demands pushed this strip output far above sheet tonnage. strip, note that the 18-8 and the 16-18 per cent straight-chromi- analyses are far most popular. Both these groups are very corrosion resistant and can deep drawn and formed with almost the ease soft cold rolled steel. The 18-8 grade strip contains number modifica- tions as, for instance, 18-8 columbium and 18-8 titanium, for use numerous applications where welding operations are involved, and 18-8 molybdenum type growing more popular for spe- cial applications particular types acids, The 25-12 Cr-Ni analvsis showed considerable popularity, with consumption 1381 tons. This steel being non-magnetic used certain sections airplanes, and because resistance high temperature oxida- tion finds extensive application industrial furnaces, and employed great extent pulp and paper equip- ment. The per cent straight- chromium strip also fairly impor- : 170,000 170,000 160,000 snap-back from the recession has 150,000 been particularly pronounced for stainless 140,000 steel, with 1939 output per cent above 1938 and per cent above the previous record year 1937. This graph clearly pictures the de- cade's growth production, and con- densed collocation the tabulated ingot data the table below. 130,000 120,000 100,000 So So , S S Annual Production, net ton +4 wn So + 10,000 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1938 1939 TABLE Production Stainless and Heat-Resisting Ingots and Castings the United States (1929-1939). Analysis Groups.* Ingots 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939f 18 Cr and & per cent Ni. my . 21,074 32,867 14,740 9,209 19,620 24,818 30,114 15,800 55,011 43,129 76,332 per cent Cr... 14,552 8.821 5,397 7.401 9,470 15,220 25,430 30,186 13,429 15,135 16 to 18 per cent Cr ‘ ; ae 10,127 7.995 7.483 6,751 1.969 8,787 14,101 21,478 28,500 16,454 35,506 18 to 30 per cent Cr... 1.606 1,022 1,615 (7?) 937 All others (Cr and Cr-Ni)** ang 2.950 4,792 3,438 3,312 5,262 8,832 6,713 2.900 5,107 22,942 33,392 Not allocated 187 622 660 Total ‘ ; {8.890 54,949 31,680 24,832 37,252 51,907 71,581 102,160 126,842 95.9547 168,644 Castings and per cent Ni.... 310 271 225 384 352 387 446 874 578 1,204 25 Cr and 12 per cent Ni es 760 1,280 1,430 612 1,293 12 to 14 per cent Cr. dues i Setehiga e 18 15 29 23 36 6 113 96 108 276 551 16 to 18 per cent Cr.... ; ' ae 156 96 192 237 225 164 288 295 332 261 375 All others (Cr and Cr-Ni)**... 3,326 2,264 3,036 2,173 3.170 4.702 Not allocated TT 1,392 1,009 511 285 54 201 83 GRAND TOTAL (ingots and castings)..... 54,092 59,270 34,901 27,018 10,045 55,781 75.652 108.061 134,841 99,984 178,290 Iron and Steel Institute figures. Does not include valve steels covered various IRON AGE surveys. tConverted from consumption survey, as explained in text. *Analyses groups are approximate; in several classifications each element may vary as much as contain other elements such molybdenum. the case may contain from several per cent nickel. per cent from the range shown, may of castings a sizable percentage of the tonnage in any of the straight-chromium classifi- **This contains many analyses groups: finished steel there are included such analyses Cr, Cr-20 Cr, Cr-35 Ni, For castings, far the three most prominent are the important heat-resisting analysis 33-36 analyses im the range 60 Ni and 10-17 Cr: and the slightly less important analysis group 36-40 Ni and 18-20 Cr. accounted for approximately 950, 500 and 230 tons respectively. . 5 to 8% and 15-17 Cr; the popular In 1937 these three groups THE IRON AGE, May 23, ¥ tant. This classification includes the 0.10 12-14 (410) classification the 0.10 12-14 Cr, (414); the 0.30 12-14 (420) classification and other less These steels are used for cutlery, springs, steel tapes, etc. The second major outlet stainless bar and heavy rods. Here again each major classification cludes quite number variations and modifications, with some inciden- tal titivation for merchandising pur- poses. Bars and rods the 18-8 analysis are apparently most de- mand, with 1939 consumption 3735 tons. This analysis group covers number variations including free- machining modifications. These alloys work harden rapidly, are very tough and possess excellent corrosion resis- tance. The second most popular grade stainless bar form 12-14 per The bulk this group probably the 0.10 grade, which made mostly valve and turbine types, al- though some has sulphur selenium (416) added give free machinabil- ity. This steel does not treatment impart quite satisfactory corrosion resistance, and has excellent hardness and tough withal. the addition free machining elements stainless bar stock (and wire) that over the past few years has overcome consumer resistance and greatly expanded sales, and sales this free-machining steel alone probable 5500 tons yearly. Considerable work has been ‘done the past year determine whether sul- phur selenium the better additive element for free machining, but the re- sults have been rather inconclusive. private correspondence, one producer states that there difference be- tween the two quality surface after threading, but seemed think that selenium gave superior finish during reaming. For other machining operations, appeared that sulphur 18-8 alloys increases tool life turning and drilling greater extent than selenium. However, these tests are far from complete and are being continued determine exactly what are the attributes each. The large tonnage bars shown the “all other” classification made great part valve steels and spe- cial analyses for chemical work. connection with aircraft engines, one popular valve steel 13-15 Cr, 13-15 Ni, 1.75 3.0 0.50 Mo, 0.40 0.50 and 0.30 0.80 And, course, there included large tonnages the 36—THE IRON AGE, May 23, 1940 popular chromium-silicon valve steels the type, and modifications thereof. Also included the increas- ingly popular 16-2 Cr-Ni combination. Sheets constitute the third largest outlet, with 1939 sheets the 18-8 classification far the largest, which the ordi- nary 18-8 (304) and many different variations and modifications, These sheets are used large extent food handling equipment makers, architectural work, the milk indus- try, etc. The 16-18 per cent chromium grade next popularity, with 1939 This grade, and certain modifications are used where not great corrosion resistance the 18-8 variety needed, and some extent certain chemical installations, ete. Note from Table that consumption wire quite high, being indicated 8749 for 1939. The rise wire consumption has been steady over the past few years. The largest percent- age wire consumed the 16-18 per cent chromium classification, with consumption 4827 tons indicated for Free machining variations this analysis pass through automatic screw machines considerable quan- tity for great variety parts. The second most important outlet for wire the 18-8 analysis (302, 304, and into applications varying from soft weaving wires very hard spring large quantities the wire also are cold headed into rivets, screws, etc. Another major outlet the 12-14 which includes variations such the 12-2 Cr-Ni type (414) and the 0.10 hardened heat treatment, and the large tonnage indicated accounted for the popular use this analysis spokes automobile steering wheels, although believed some this consumption has been re- ported the 16-18 chromium classi- fication Table IV. The survey showed consumption 2645 tons stainless tubing. Much this went into furniture, into the chemical industries, into marine and aircraft work, ete. large quantity this tubing welded, mostly the atomic hydrogen are process, although drawn seamless tubing sold. The largest percentage the tubing sold was the 18-8 classification, which includes variations and modifications for variety special corrosion prob- lems. The second major analysis the 18-30 straight-chromium classifica- tion, the bulk which nearer per cent limit. Stainless Steel Castings The consumption stainless steel castings 1939 was the order 9646 tons, which indicates excellent recovery (58 per cent) from the down- swing 1938, and establishes new high record tor castings, per cent above the previous record year figures are based re- turns from estimated per cent the consumers and 100 per cent consumption. indicated Table that the 18-8 analysis stainless casting still retaining fair degree popular- ity. This considered rather standard composition, and for certain applica tions involving considerable corrosion about per cent molybdenum often fairly new application for manifolds for heavy duty automo- bile engines. The 18-8 grade resistant nitric acid solutions, and Variations with copper denum additions are used tions bulked the other” classification for castings than rolled steel. This comes from the many special and high alloy analyses being cast today. The 29-9 Cr-Ni analysis good exam- ple. Sometimes per cent molyb- denum added this 29-9 class and possible run carbons consider- ably higher than the 18-8 analysis. Machinability 29-9 considerably better than 18-8, and the former used great deal paper mill work and for heat resisting applications. The 29-9 composition has excellent re- sistance and very good strength and ductility. Another analysis the “all other” group 15-35 Cr-Ni, which popu- lar steel for high temperature work, where neither scaling nor distortion permissible. Another analysis Cr, Ni, and Si, rather new and unusual type, which considerable application valve stems. Application Distribution important section the blank sent the 3582 consumers stainless steel included request for distribu- tion steel final outlet, the automobile, railroad, food processing. chemical, industrial fields. Most consumers answered this question, although some apportioning total consumption ac- curately, whereas others had idea what the final their i | | | | | | | » | | | | | | | | | | \ | | products. Major classification was easy, and tonnages going mailing machines, however, although quite minor applications as, for dental equipment, tennis nets, watch nages had thrown into “all cash registers, fertilizer weld- case backs, glue pots, ete. other” group, which included tonnages ing rods, welding The distribution stainless for which distribution was not known meters, small arms, metal hose, radios, final outlet. which believed the TABLE Production Finished and Heat-Resisting Steels (1935-1939). Product and Analysis Breakdown (In Net Tons) Analysis Groups, Per Cent All Others Total 1935 412 3,253 373 12,060 1936 943 3,521 3,508 154 269 17,607 | 1938 * * * * 17,407 1939 13,162 105 622 1,705 21,507 1935 2,279 3,340 121 573 8,912 1936 415 3,552 943 14,080 Bars and heavy rods 1937 7,372 1,010 6,361 3,463 121 18,908 | 1938 * * * *_* * ** * 13,223 1939 3,735 952 4,505 12,103 24,782 1935 5,504 736 1,504 316 1,175 10,547 1936 9,550 488 3,886 2,538 118 148 16,728 Strip (hot and cold rolled) 236 5,100 352 20,643 1939 25,769 1,381 479 930 40,337 1935 592 114 312 252 328 210 1,808 1936 621 108 609 360 Tubular goods 1937 407 394 383 1,518 3,752 1939 102 363 842 2,645 1935 1,203 586 101 126 2,053 1936 1,109 126 447 751 2,561 Plates and shapes 1937 1,156 325 420 108 228 2,325 | 1938 * *_** * ** * 2,864 q 1939 924 165 605 1,898 1935 1,982 102 368 473 3,230 1936 713 201 885 230 Wire and light rods 1937 1,241 205 908 880 114 514 3,862 | 1938 *_* * * * * ** 3,522 1939 2,157 1,429 4,827 231 1935 553 122 773 576 226 2,270 1936 482 792 338 3,641 Forgings 1937 735 862 778 128 223 2,841 | 1938 *_** * * * * 1,799 1939 297 1,931 2,239 101 4,642 1935 18,599 2,193 8,171 7,905 856 3,156 40,880 1936 28,075 2,763 11,665 574 2,110 60,172 Total (by 1937 32,783 3,571 18,453 1,120 75,851 | 1938 ** * * * * ** * 56,833 1939 47,326 4,552 22,014 20,703 104,560 GRAND TOTAL, all finished steels, all analyses—for 1935 40,880 net tons. —for 1936 60,172 net tons. 1937 net tons. —for 1938 56,833 net tons.* —for 1939 104,560 net *No separate breakdown available. Total figure for 1938 from American Iron and Steel Institute. tAnalysis groups are approximate; in several classifications each element may vary as much as +2 per cent from the range shown, or may inelude small percentages of other elements such as molybdenum. AGE consumption survey for 1939, described text. THE IRON AGE, May 23, 1940—37 | 4 ; | | | rr first complete breakdown this type, tallied follows: AUTOMOTIVE: (Includes gas Diesel en- gines, buses, tractors and trucks.) FOOD HANDLING: (Includes restaurant equip- ment, dish washers, meat, beer, milk and yeast han- machinery and equip- ment.) TRANSPORTATION: Other than automobiles includes trains, boats, air- planes, naval vessels.) CHEMICAL EQUIPMENT: (Includes soap, pulp and poper, petroleum equip- 37.8 per cent 11.4 per cent 11.3 per cent 6.3 per cent ment.) MACHINERY: 5.7 per cent (Includes machine pumps, turbines, textile ma- chinery, etc.) HOUSEHOLD EQUIPMENT: (Includes stoves, furniture, beds, pots and pans, etc.) BUILDING CONSTRUCTION: (Includes building decora- tion, signs, fans and blower equipment, nance, etc.) ALL OTHER: non-allocated 3.5 per cent 1.6 per cent per cent will noticed that far the largest single user the automobile industry, which ac- counted for about 37.8 per cent the total consumption all alloys. Hun- dreds tons this material into body trim, large quantities steering wheel spokes, large tonnages into hub caps, gas tank caps, radia- grilles, miscellaneous hardware, etc. The motor car industry grad- ually using larger quantities stain- less each year, but the higher price stainless compared with chromium plating keeping applications from being widespread the makers would like. Recently there has been tendency the automobile industry use thin stainless facing snapped over heavy carbon steel backing reduce costs. This has for some time been standard practice with body trim and growing practice hub caps, etc. The second major outlet for stain less the food processing and handling many less this field any other, includ- ing the automobile industry but, course, the consumption any one equipment maker much smaller There are least ten times individual consumers than any one number auto- part builders. Stainless superior glass sanitation, free toxic ele- ments, and does not affect the taste, color, odor compositions food milk products. this field the appli- cation stainless steel has grown de- spite cost. Nonetheless, users seem particularly annoved high prices and are very keen for developments 38—THE IRON AGE, May 23, 1940 like clad steel tor processing equip- 1 har eee ment, and stainless backed with composition (like Ludlite) for countet argest consumer stain- less the transportation industry (other than automobiles) counts for 11.3 per cent. This includes trains, airplanes, boats, etc. Chief these, course, the railroad indus- try. The new streamlined trains have caught the public’s fancy, and ex- service, high speed and ous accommodations much lost traffic being recaptured. Some these trains are only trimmed others have the body structure stain- less, and some are practically stain- less construction throughout, including the trucks and understructure. Weight per cent. The aviation industry also growing user stainless, although not growing fast the stainless makers would like. For some time, stainless aircraft was pretty much limited exhaust manifolds and walls, but recently whole fleets ships have been built with all movable tail surfaces and ailerons stainless, and some ships have been built with entire wing sections made stainless. The latest advance this field has been several amphibians made stain- less throughout. Chief advantages stainless aircraft are its high melt- ing point and its great resistance oxidation elevated temperatures. With stainless also possible use stitchwelding which can done the rate 1000 welds minute, opposed riveting for metals, which cost from apiece. Recently producers buried their competitive and are engaged common effort help the aircraft makers problems involved the use stain less steel, and much expected from this action. Also interest the development work being done the Rhon mill Cleveland for turning out very wide stainless sheet thick- differences nesses few thousandths and ten- sile strengths about 200,000 Ib. per sq. in. This metal much demand and being increasingly used aircraft. About 3.5 per cent stainless steel went into household equipment 1939, which field becoming important because the public’s ree ognition the metal’s beauty and dur ability. used great deal flat- ware, pots and pans, stoves, and refrigerators, etc. With the re- cent development stainless-clad pots finished various ways the outside (copper plated Revere, vitreous equipment (6.3 per cent), and vats application this field expected grow steadily. Stainless also used for chemical ipes pharmaceuticals and pipe nanding pharmaceuticals, glues, explosives, leather lacquer, liquor, rubber goods, textiles, paper 1 and pulp, soap, ete. The Year Technically Metallurgical investigation showed pronounced vigor 1939, Most sig- introduction and acceptance electrochem nificant the ical polishing finishing operation, particularly for articles which cannot handled wheel. Certainly, this finishing technique will reflected greater application stainless. There are number competitive processes, all of which have been described in \llegheny Ludlum Steel Corp., an- other Rustless Iron Steel Corp., another Battelle Memorial Institute, and the direction Sam Tour—is described later this issue. Although several varieties stain- less clad onto mild steel have been available for many years, the past year witnessed much publicity two new processes. The first hit the head- lines was the Kinkead method, which had resurgence popular interest sometime after being described the industrial press as, for instance, the 16, 1939, issue Iron Kinkead piles mium broken down mesh; to- gether with nickel shot; and molyb- denum, columbium, other additive element, top car- bon steel slab. This covered with waste slag from electric furnace. together with some sand and fluoride. The slab, stainless steel in- gredients, and slag are heated fur- nace about 1470 deg. F., after which carbon are traverses the surface and fuses the mass the clad with stainless has been made this way, but far the writer knows the material not being turned out com- mercially. would seem that consid- erable slag and stainless steel would metal reached, and there would pos- sibly non-uniformity the stainless metal. any case, excellent stain- less steel can made out the open under carbon are, the writer rather curious know why metallur- gists have been much over the past decade regarding the difficul ties and skill needed making stain less electric furnace, where all variables are under close control. revolutionary changes have a7 equipme etc been visualized this process as, for instance, the displacement tin plate, galvanized steel, etc. This, seems more than time come. More Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp. has announced operation howey Tor some recentiv the Pluramelt process, composit- ing procedure originally developed Kellogg Co., Jersey City, under the direction Hopkins (patents No. 2,191,482 and No. and others). quite designed large specially melting furnace, radically from conventional being used Brackenridge. this operation. Part the steel and the stainless steel components are brought molten stage and intermelted into alloved unit mass. The furnace itself quite unique, that combines the function steel making and mold. Pluramelt has been produced single- faced and double-faced sheets and plates, and faced wire, all variety analyses. These products stand very well under severe physical test- ing, and much expected mar- electric arc types, 1s Pa., tor carbon \lthough stainless-faced has never seemed catch hold this country, would seem that there should expanding market. Some producers are not particularly enthusi- astic view the necessity carry- ing duplicate inventories and are the opinion that for thin sheet and strip (where the large consumption the cost differential between clad and solid material would not great. Ad- mittedly, however, for plates, etc., the vantage where stainless characteristics offers considerable ad- are needed only one side, for in- stance for tankers carrying oil and gasoline. the writer material, how- ot the advance thin Even the considerable ever, that will made, albeit rather slowly. And, rather than consumption, such clad material would crease substantially. the cooking utensil field for home use, particularly, the high cost the articles have kept sales down, and clad material may the key reduce costs and the same time improve the product minimiz- ing the tendency for hot spots and im- proving heat transfer. opinion be Stainless-clad material being made into cooking utensils, with the outside vitreous enameled finished other manner, and the performance these articles said extremely encour- some Quick means (9) “High pressu (10) ine wi Willd (14) progress has ; } ditional data neece lition data badly need an i:UUU he not be ot ALLO rracan than Cor-Te rrosion than or-1en, —to sell base “Allaw MATA Alloys more ones containin Slanaaraize ALOT) (20) “More equitable pricing 304-316, 309-347, 317-316, etc.’ (21) “Better surface cold (22) at ete Of carbon stee (23) (24) “Lower polishing extras. (25) (26) “Improvement ductility.” (27) (28) “Beaded edge ~} rohit asten sheets ‘Brighter finish lov alloys steel hvdroch!l nya l nium-nickel alloys reduce buffing costs. Improvement 18-8 grade prevent pit corrosion.” uniform temper and finish. Improve order get greater nic molding that nails cons ‘Increase educational advertising special pars 1c 2.75 3.5 AT Nl shafting sizes, makers resistance salt brine.” screws can used tion without reflections being wavy THE IRON AGE, May 23, Want very necessary loys will assume their proper stature ine statements appeared to mucn conventiondi consumer pidcirts, but rather deep-rooted convictions manufacturers should disabused but rather deep-rooted convictions manufacturers should disabuse tnelr tnat stainies great proaquction daimcuines wnhicn are ised justify excessive price | (2) Improvement deliveries: Over 300 consumers complained that manufacturers carry slim stocks least are extremely negligent the handling orders and fulfilling shipping promises. toy (3) Reduce number types: Many consumers complain that every time new problem arises that mills devise another trade name. The desire for stainless sold eight ten major analysis groups rather than (4) “Quantity extras small lots too high | | “CL urtth Na 4 tech on hath ei * i with No. finish both sides its (7) without cast Put wire heavier “Remove > tubing from stdiniess tnan 15-8 andaiysis vative advertising that claims are more nearly Much corrosion resisting data must have been RAT enme At Af urich h ; compiled someone doing lot wishing hoping. = h + hl urith finichac r * (11) sheets comparable with finishes available strip. (12) “Development alloy more resistant Zoloy, etc., but less than the present stainless alloys price around 10c. per nhvcien! data on alloave uced at elevated temnera complete physical data alloys used elevated tempera- nean made in weldain and soldering. but ad made welding and soldering, but ad- (15) and chlorides than the present noiyoaenum | (16) “Very difficult secure analysis Cr, 105 and 0.08 C. | (17) “Grades such 302, 303, 304 and 416 vary too much hardness and machinability from lot lot (various purchases), and more standard- ization and closer control are needed “More detailed data welding and annealin Viore detalied daata on welding and annediing ia (19) “Closer plate and sheet finishes among all between various types 18-8 all petween various ‘ypes ol al oys, 1.ée., olled strip reduce grinding and polishing | bars = 4 “As d distorted. aging, and they are most attractive. This could well the answer the young Englishman who stood outside London window display ware and said his wife: “Very nice indeed, but not for the likes us. Look the prices—a guinea for colander During the year Mid-West steel with the Head-Howe Messrs. Corbett, Howe and ates, consulting mining and metallur- gical engineers, Montreal, Canada), alloying steel bath with chromium direct from (low-grade) ore, applica- ble the production either low high chromium content steels, either basic open hearth basic electric fur- naces. What the results have been date, the writer does not know. The Feild process Rustless Iron Steel Corp., used for number years, also process uses low-grade chromium ores for di- rect transfer chromium steel bath electric furnace. England Digby carrying re- search work stainless alloys (see THE Oct. 14, 1937, for metallur- gical data), and appears that short- unique nickel-less stainless alloy. And, usual, the Japanese came through with couple revolutionary processes during the year. Dr. Masa- Tagaya, Osaka Imperial Uni- versity, uses high frequency method 40—THE IRON AGE, May 23, fusing alloy 15-20 chromium and 10-15 per cent nickel, remainder iron, secure “very high grade stainless similar method has been used secure 8-18 chromium, 10-20 manganese alloy, also “great corrosion resistance.” Japanese news- papers predict metallurgical revolu- tion. The Nippon Nickel Co., Gumma prefecture, claims also com- mercially using direct rolling proc- ess (see THE Iron April 1940) producing 40-ft. lengths 12-in. strip direct from molten metal, the rate over 100 tons per month; 13-1 and 18-8 Cr-Ni analyses have already been rolled such methods. while details are conspicuously absent, however, accordance with conventional garding anything they are doing. New Capacity view the constant improve- ment stainless steel demand, num ber producers this country have seen fit increase revamp produc- tion Republic Steel Corp opened large modernized finishing plant few months ago Massillon, Ohio, with potential output 1500 tons monthly prospect. (See Steel Corp. currently initiat- addition, providing for rapid, straight- line and highly efficient production and finishing bars and wire. new fur- nace also being added lift capac- ity 55,000 tons yearly. Capacity tor certain the finished tional capacity can added when needed with minimum disorgan- ization, The United States Steel Corp. has added production facilities. Cru- cible has installed additional electric furnace Midland, and three more are prospect. Superior Steel Corp. has added 30-in. cold mill for stain- less strip. has for some time been operating its new semi- continuous hot mill for stainless, to- gether with new cold rolling, pickling and polishing equipment. And Alle- gheny Ludlum increasing the capac- its foundry division Buffalo (see THe Iron Ace, 28, 1937, for description this electric furnace process); has added new heat treating furnaces. straight- ening machines for rounds and Rotoblast unit for now initiating new con- capacity for fine wire; has installed new Steckel rolling mill, rebuilt and modernized 4-high mill West Leechburg and has just installed what believed the largest roller leveler for stainless Brackenridge. And quite likely there are still other additions with which the writer has not come contact. all, would appear that stainless steel producers view the future with confidence, and from the record the past vear this attitude fully justified. 7 | | t 4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | fabricating this foundry shake- out grating prompted which resulted marked reduc- tion welding and cleaning time considerable trouble with warpage its weld-tabri- cated foundry shakeout gratings (Fig. 1), the Simplicity Engineering Co., Durand, Mich., manufacturer high-speed foundry shakeouts and ot screens for foundry and other uses, re-studied its set-up and procedure for This brought about the stallation work positioning equip- ment and other aids welding, which resulted reducing half the weld- ing and cleaning time. welding. IG. 3—A plate clamped the beam the fixture provides table for welding small ports. REDUCE WELD FABRICA TION TIME Prior the study use was made tural parts were clamped during weld- fabrication. Investigation and ex- periment revealed that properly de- signed welding fixture together with correct sequence welding would not only reduce warping minimum but would also permit placing the work that all the welding could done flat, downhand position. typical example simple weld ing fixture which this company devel- oped avoid warpage the welding different jobs pictured Figs. 12-in. H-beam arranged pivot the ends permit turning the work any horizontal position. this fixture, which can seen special feature the facility for attaching plate one side the H-beam provide table for the welding small parts. Further savings were the direc- tion weld cleaning time, accom- plished means special com- pound which reduces the tendency weld splatter adhere the welded This compound, furnished the Lincoln Electric Co., 1s applied with ordinary paint brush the Wor k. and adjacent surfaces before welding begins, and only sufficient so- lution necessary cover the sur- face the work the spatter zone. The film provided this compound said have reduced cleaning time from per cent, depending the nature the work. further aid the company’s weld- ing operations was lessening oper- ator fatigue and interruptions means Linconditioner, machine designed filter dust particles from 2—Simple welding fixture pivoted the ends place work longitudinal position. the air the vicinity the welding work and eliminate discomfort from the smoke welding. Drawn into the machine through nozzle placed near the point welding 4), the smoke passes through flexible tube filtering material the base the machine, which removes mately per cent the dirt particles from the air the vicinity the welding and carries away consid- erable heat, thus making for more favorable conditions for the operator. 4—An air-filtering machine serves carry smoke and heat away from the operator. THE IRON AGE, May 23, Chief Railway Engineering and Research, and Vice-President Respectively, Timken Roller Bearing Co. machine member must have one groove, may stronger sev- eral grooves are used; annular groove near press fit increases fatigue strength; bolts are stronger removing metal. many design changes such these are indicated. This explains photoelastic analysis understandable language, and indicates many design changes machine parts which give improved stress distributions. photographic method showing the distribution and magnitude stresses produced structural and ma- chine parts under load. provides Failure design part usually oc- curs region localized stresses stress concentration. Sometimes the often practiced procedure making the part larger not permitted because space and weight limitations, and such increase should the requirement maximum strength minimum cost and weight remains competitive factor. Certainly, more satisfactory method would change the shape the member the region high stress concentration 42—THE IRON AGE, May 23, 1940 reduce the highly localized stresses which lead weakness. Satisfactory analytical solutions not exist for the calculation stresses many design problems. This lack knowledge necessitates question- able factor safety when engineer attempts alter the shape mem- ber give minimum stress concentra- tion. this respect the photoelastic method often enables the designer quickly locate the regions localized stresses and indicate alterations the and more uniform distribution. Photoelastic investigations have mostly been limited the study stresses two dimensions, that is, where the loads are acting the plane the design part. But many prob- lems occur three dimensions, and such types often may handled selecting slice through the member for two dimensional such cases, while the results are consid- erable significance, they are generally qualitative value that they af- ford the engineer better understand- ing the problem under consideration and suggest what improvements may made. example, the specific problem journal fillets axles was studied two dimensional photoelas- tic analysis and gave good agreement with strain gage measurements ac- progress has been made three di- mensional stress analysis,’ but the fol- lowing paper deals only with the aspects two dimensional studies. model the design part studied machined from flat piece some isotropic transparent material similar material. The model loaded manner simulate service con- ditions. When polarized light from Th) 4 / A A | | ° ° equipment and set-up used tic studies. mercury vapor lamp passed through the stressed model each element the model acts double refracting crys- tal. interference effect produced obtain the projected image similar the accompanying photographs showing series black and white bands fringes spaced one wave length light apart. These bands in- dicate the magnitude and distribution shearing stress the model. The magnitude the stress proportional the order number the interfer- ence bands and each fringe passes through points the model which have the same value The use such plastic models replace actual members, which may steel, often leaves some question with the engineer the validity the results. This feeling not justi- fied, however, when considered that the stress distribution simply connected bodies remains the same regardless the elastic constants Peterson and Wahl, “Two and Three Dimensional Cases Stress Concentration, and Comparjson with Fa- tigue Tests,” Jr. App. Mech., Trans. A.S.M.E., A-15 (1936). Hetenyi, “Application Harden- ing Resins Three-Dimensional Photo- elastic Studies,” Jr. Applied Physics, Vol. 10, No. May, 1939. aspects Photoelasticity with extensive bibliography given Mindlin, Review the Photo- elastic Method Stress Jr. Applied Physics, Vol. 10, Nos. 4, 5, April, May, 1939. NEUTRAL AXIS comp Fig. 2A—Uniform beam pure bending. < Fig. 2C—Multiple notched beam pure bending. 2—Photoelas- tic studies showing stresses and their distribution simple beams. THE IRON AGE, May 23, 1940—43 4 Fig. 2B—Single notched beam pure bending. <° MAIN FLANGE ON SPINOLE OF TEST MACHINE ASSEMBLY PILOTED AND BOLTED MAIN SPINDLE TEST MAGHINE RIM WHEEL CENTER long the stresses are below the elas- tic limit. The optical equipment used make photoelastic studies the Timken Research laboratories shown Fig. will noted that all optical parts are mounted fixed position means maintain- ing alinement and avoiding the neces- sity for making adjustments. The in- stallation divided into tions: (a) the polarizing stage, (b) loading frame, and (c) analyzing stage. The polarizing stage located front the loading frame includes, from left right, light source, condensing lens, water cell, turret head contain- ing various filters, square Glan Thompson prism mounted 360 deg. graduated and rotatable mount, and quarter-wave plates graduated and rotatable mount which hinged that may readily swung out the optical path. 7-in. diameter field lens plane-convex type shown adjoining the loading frame. high intensity mercury arc light source shown, but 15-amp. carbon are 44—THE IRON AGE, May 23, SPRING LOAD APPLIED HERE AXLE FATIGUE CRACK DEVELOPS HERE ve SHOWN PHOTOELASTIC TESTS z= - lamp also available with the mercury light. interchange The loading frame adjustable three directions and designed re- Provisions are made for apply- ceive study. ing various types loads the mod- els. The model shown position the one discussed later herein under the subject press fits. The analyzing stage includes the in. diameter field lens which 3—Photoelastic studies showing stress concentration axle due press fitted wheel. achromatic color and distortion. single quarter-wave plates and analyzer prism which are duplicates those the first stage, remove which mounted lens, and finally revolving mount containing lens for unity magnification the object and micro-lens for four-times nification. camera shown for taking photo- view graph the image. TIRE r-lO=DIA 8 + > TENSILE STRESSES TENSION a COMPRESSIVE STRESSES LEFT General system tangen- tial stresses around hole; (b) stress critical sections: maximum value stresses points calculated from curves FAILURE OCCURS POINTS “2" DUE TENSILE PARTICULARY BENDING MATERIAL NOT DUCTILE. (b) IG. Photo- elastic study hollow cylinder loaded Fig. Many types photographic studies may made and their