The Iron Age 1939-10-05: Vol 144 Iss 14

+ = i om = 4 3 = | > 4 1939 Library East Engin. OCTOBER — This NOISE means Listen the cranes your shops. they rumble and screech they travel? Every “noise point” these cranes “wear potential source main- tenance, delay, and expensive repairs. Whiting cranes are equipped with quiet, smooth-running, herringbone gears. Anti- friction roller bearings keep these perfect alignment for long, trouble-free life. These and other features make the Whiting crane quiet and efficient—unusually free trouble and maintenance expense. Whiting Corporation Builders quality cranes for over years 15601 Lathrop Avenue Harvey, Canada: Whiting Corporation (Can.) Ltd., Toronto CAPACITIES 1TO 400 TONS your squaring shaft Self-Aligning Roller Bearings and Flanged Couplings reduce Noise and Wear the Bridge Drive Noise Point No. 6—the squaring shaft—Whiting cranes have self-aligning roller bear- ings that keep the shaft revolv- ing straight and true. The squaring shaft accurately machined and joined drilled and jigged flanged steel couplings. Thus the entire shaft runs smoothly without exces- sive vibration, noise, wear. | i wit j \ FRITZ J. FRANK President VAN DEVENTER Editor Managing Editor News Editor Editor Emeritus Machinery Editor Art Editor Metallurgical Editor Associate Editors PHAIR OLIVER Washington Editor Resident District Editors ROBERT BINGHAM Chicago CAMPBELL Pittabw gh Cleveland SHERMAN Detroit Correspondents London, England FRAZAR Boston MEYER Milwaukee SANDERSON Toronto, Ontario ALLISON Newark, N. J. Cincinnati Hamburg, Germany CHARLES San Francisco ASA ROUNTREE, TURNER, JR. Buffalo Owned and Published by CHILTON COMPANY Editorial and ; Publication Office Executive Offices Chestnut and 56th Sts., 2239 West 39th St. New York, N. Y OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS MUSSELMAN, President FRITZ J. FRANK, Executive Vice-President FREDERIC STEVENS, Vice-President JOSEPH HILDRETH, Vice-President GEORGE GRIFFITHS, Vice-President EVERIT Vice-President WILLIAM BARBER, Treasurer JOUN Secretary JOUN VAN JULIAN CHASE, THOMAS KANE, CHARLES BAUR, BAUR, General Advertising Manager i Member, Audit Rurean of Cireulations Associated Indexed in the Industrial Arts Published every Thursday. Subserip- tion Price: United States and Dos sessions, Mexico, Cuba, $6.00; Can- ada, $8.50; Foreign, $12.00 a year. Single copy, 25 cents. Cable Addresa, **Irenage, N. Y."" ADVERTISING STAFF Emerson Findley, 621 Union Bidg., Cleveland B. L. Herman, Chilton Bidg., Phila. H. K. Hottenstein, 1012 Otis Bidg., Chieago H: E. Leonard, 239 W. 39th St.. New York Peirce Lewis, 7310 Woodward Ave.. Detroit C. H. Ober, 239 W. 39th St.. New York D. C. Warren. P. O. Box 81. Hartford, Conn Don F. Harner, 1595 Paeifie Avenue, Long Beach, Cal. The Age-Hardening Alloys Steel Standardization Ekko Process Aluminum—from Novelties Structural Shapes Statistics Metal Working Activity the Assembly Line Washington News THE NEWS BRIEF Weekly Ingot Operating Rates Rate Activity Capital Goods Plant Expansion and Equipment Buying New Industrial Literature Just Between Two Products Advertised Index Advertisers Copyright 1939 by Chilton Company (Ine.) 114 146 4 4 3 q +4 SY 3 3 i ig Birmingham q } | | Use the Coupon GET MORE DETAILS THIS REVOLUTIONARY NEW BUILDING MATERIAL odtite Berd and Here’s the newest sensation the building and fabricating world—thin sheets the famous Allegheny Metal permanently com- with inert mineral backing into light, strong, rigid, easily fabricated panels convenient building size! There’s nothing else like Ludlite exclusive Allegheny Ludlum product. Con- sider these advantages! Ludlite Bord fire- proof, insulating, and weather resistant. unaffected ordinary heat high humidity— equally suitable indoors out. brings all the beauty and permanence stainless steel new, form! Literally workman 7 can install with ordinary tools; nailed, sawed, drilled sheared ordinary hard wood. And it’s and complete—you put siding finished surface one operation! the past several years, Ludlite Flex thinner, flexible form, made sheets, tiles ribbon) has amazed users with its utility. Now comes Ludlite Bord, steel /umber—available two finishes, and thicknesses convenient warehouse stocks @You can profitably use Ludlite Bord! send you more complete j TTEST STAINLESS STEEL SURFACE OBTAIN LUDLUM STEEL CORPORATION. * t ... THE IRON AGE ... OCTOBER 1939 ESTABLISHED 1855 Vol. 144, No. The Peace and large, the American people want keep out war. whom can they look for leadership? Certainly not Administration that invites and declaring national emergencies where none exist. American industry, strangely enough, leading the has put itself record hating war sufficiently look askance upon the blood money offers bait the way profits. Within the last week, Howard Coonley, the National Association Manu- facturers, Charles Belnap, the chemical industry, and Weir, spokesman for steel, have made plain and unmistakable the attitude industry toward war. The people and the industries that supposedly profit most from war are head- ing America's That means something. means that American in- dustry has reached point where puts people and principles ahead profits. And that should mean great deal the American people and our American lawmakers. And American industry, despite the so-called goes further than wanting kept out war. wants Congress keep out the business exporting war munitions, that will help keep out it. American industry does not want make guns bombs engines war for any one except Uncle Sam. And then only for self-defense. American industry does not want from Germany, France, En- gland any other nation. Mr. Weir has said, will sell them plowshares, but they beat them into swords, will their responsibility and not American industry averse being converted into commercialized Euro- pean arsenal. will gladly sell anyone its legitimate peace-time products, but dislikes dealing the implements destruction. That, believe, the attitude American industry. And believe will the attitude American legislators. Americans want blood money. Industry does not want it. 3 American labor does not want it. Who does? 7 1 / ; el 4 ik Letter file Inland Loyal Inland for years despite lower prices This excerpt from letter recently received from Inland customer typifies the attitude among many steel users who know Inland quality and Inland service. Using that quality and that service might well lead important economies your business. Dearborn St., CHICAGO District Offices: MILWAUKE ST. LOUIS KANSAS CITY SHEETS TIN PLATE BARS PLATES STRUCTURALS PILING RAILS TRACK ACCESSORIES REINFORCING BARS | have Placed large Sheet with company, for the Past years, JOHN NORTON Associate Professor, Department Massachusetts Institute Technology ° ° alloys are representative the modern metallurgical trend producing functional metals. What age-hardening; what the mechanism what are the newer age-hardenable alloys and what their properties? The broad background experience puts him position answer these questions detail and with authority. VERY designer engineering structures, every user metal parts, would like have alloys which are custom built for his partic ular purposes. the job done the most economical fashion, his requirements are usually special nature and needs special alloys meet these conditions. Under such circumstances, the commercial value alloy enormously enhanced its properties can improved adjusted will the process heat treat This situation well known the case steels that usually taken for granted, but imagine the situation were impossible harden steel heat treatment. very considerable portion the engineering world founded this process. the other hand, quite generally believed that non-ferrous not respond such treatment and that their, properties are primarily depen dent upon composition. the present time this belief far from true. Practically all the non-ferrous alloys commercial importance can modified that they are suscep- tible heat treatment and their properties may adjusted over considerable range the process age-hardening. true that the changes produced this way may not steels but they still are large enough (considerably) increase the range usefulness alloy. The tensile strength duralumin more than doubled such treatment while that beryllium-copper alloy increased nearly three times. The age-hardening process generally treatment composed two steps. The solution treatment consists heating fairly high temperature for short time followed rapid cooling quenching. This puts the alloy its softest state. The aging treatment temperature for somewhat longer time during which the hardness stead- ily increases. The final hardness dependent upon the time and temper- ature aging, more rapid aging oc- curing the higher temperatures. Some alloys such duralumin will harden spontaneously room temper- ature after the solution treatment, hence the term age-hardening. The process also known precipitation- hardening dispersion-hardening be- cause the important part played precipitate fine state disper sion throughout the alloy. The development the age-harden able alloys outstanding example the modern metallurgical trend producing metals desired character- istics reasoning rather than simple empirical methods. true that chance has played con- siderable part the discovery many the important alloys, but more and more has been learned about the subject, the element chance has be- come less and The important con- tribution made metallurgists the last decade has been show that spite the apparently varied behavior age-hardening alloys, they really represent minor variations the same fundamental mechanism. When the rules behavior have been discovered and formulated, then one able proceed with the development di- rect and logical way. There little hope startling discovery which will suddenly revolu- tionize the use particular alloy because its age-hardening proper- ties, but there every reason be- lieve that many the alloys now use can improved increase their range application. Age-hardening alloys have been referred “mar- ginal” alloys the sense that the im- provement just sufficient make them meet requirements for which, they were previously unsuitable. How- ever, this small margin may mean the difference between economical and uneconomical application. But many cases the improvement prop- erties due age-hardening great that alloy applicable whole new class service. spite the considerable amount research done during the last years, the original theory Merica, Waltenberg and Scott presented 1919 adequately describes the major features the age-hardening process. The same general mechanism accounts for the behavior the majority alloys this class. Age-hardening, its essentials, process controlled precipitation carried out such way that hardening constituent dis- persed through the alloy matrix proper size and distribution that the maximum increase hardness ob- tained. The factors which exercise this control particular alloy are the time and temperature the aging treatment. alloy must the solid solution type with limited solubility and solu- bility which decreases with decreasing temperature. Among the binary alloys this type quite common. Consider the case the silver-rich copper-silver alloys containing per cent copper. temperature 750 deg. (1382 deg. F.) all the copper solid solution and the alloy composed single phase. room temperature, however, THE IRON AGE, October r=, has decreased about per cent copper and the remainder will the form particles nearly pure copper distributed through the alloy. this per cent alloy suddenly quenched from 750 deg. C., the excess copper does not have time precip- itate out and will retained room temperature the form super- saturated solid solution. The alloy room temperature too rigid per- mit the atoms change places and the normal equilibrium restored. this state the alloy the supersaturated alloy now heated about 150 deg. (302 deg. sufficient mobility imparted the atoms that the equilibrium slowly goes completion with the re- jection the copper fine state dispersion. Accompanying cipation process steady increase hardness. Generally the hardness curve plotted function aging time goes through maximum indicating optium size and distribution the precipitate. low aging temperatures the maximum may occur very long times while higher aging temper- atures occurs few minutes. The softening the alloy after the maxi- mum passed called over-aging and the precipitate particles beyond the critical size. Different alloy systems show con- siderable differences the way which the precipitate forms. Some alloys, such Cu-Ag, exhibit precipitation which the precipitate found uniformly distributed through out the metal grains. the other hand, other systems the precipita- tion takes place localized regions such twin boundaries and grain boundaries, The aluminum-mag- nesium system typical example this behavior. some alloys, local- ized precipitation the grain bound- aries may have very detrimental effect reducing the ductility plasticity and impact strength the age-hardened alloy and may also responsible for very troublesome grain boundary would important know just how the finely works harden and strengthen the alloy and just what characteristics the precipitate lead the best mechan- ical properties. Unfortunately there little positive evidence. The opti- mum size the precipitate seems smaller than can resolved under the microscope. Presumably the prin- cipal effect the precipitate in- terference with the normal process deformation the alloy which 26—THE IRON AGE, October 1939 Metal METALS HARDENED DISPERSION Hardening Element Solubility High Low Hardening Agent Wt. Temp., Wt. Per Temp., Cent Deg. Cent Deg. Aluminum... 0.1 645 0.05 600 5.65 0.5 200 (SS) 14.9 451E 200 Si Si +Al in (SS) 1.5 570 0.4 RT Ag y (SS) 4S 558 0.75 200 (SS Alin Zn) 13.4 250 Cobalt CoBe Copper inversion 2.4 800 0.75 400 Cr Cr(or CrCu SS) 0.8 1000 0.05-0. 500 Co(or CoCu 3.4 1000 0.35 Fe( SS) 3.5 1050 0.2 CusPd 100 16.7 400 Ag Ag(+ Cu in SS) 2.3 779 0.09 RT Ti 4-4.5 878 0.4 RT inversion 40-54 800 200 Co8i Cosi + Co 3.3 1000 0.3 300 Cr8i 8.2 1000 0.7 300 NisP Gold.. AuCu 100 520 Suppressed Change Fe AuFes; 36 1180 10 400 Co8i Co.8i Ni + Zn Ag +Cu Pd + Zn gliding slipping action along atomic ness increase the alloy its own planes. Perhaps the hardening effect icy sidewalk. But there consider- able reason believe that the presence particle the matrix introduces distortion over quite large volume compared with its own size and this distortion which largely respon- sible for the hardness. This brings the question the nature the precipitated phase the hardening constituent. Should something which inherently hard order promote the greatest hard Actually most the precipitated phases are fairly hard but apparently this not entirely necessary. For in- stance, the copper-silver system, the precipitated phase from the silver-rich alloys copper-rich solid solution which soft and ductile, yet the alloy hardens considerably. Possibly the high hardness the precipitated phase many successful alloys merely incidental consequence the complex pound. 7 4 7 ‘ q q 7 | Solubility High Low Metal Hardening Element Hardening Agent Cent Deg. Cent Deg. Cc FesC 0.04 710 E 0.006 RT Cu(+ 3.4 0.4 600-RT oO FeO 0.10 715 0.035-0.05 RT Ww FesW: 33 1525 E 8 RT Cr +Ni +B Lead Sb Sh 2.45 247 E 0.80 RT Sb + Cd Compd Sb + As With Sb 0.1 328P 0.01 Cd(Slight) 500 <0.1 500 Monel. Al Si 4.1 900 3.1 600 Palladium PdCu Supressed change per cent Cu, 670° to 620° C. Cu + Ag PdCu? Platinum PtCu Suppressed Change (SS) 100 1150 600 +Cu Fe? Cd Cu + Cd CuxCd +Cu inversion Me + Zn MeZne Cd Cd + (Zn in 8S) 3.7 263 E 0.92 142 Cu + Ag E signifies eutectic or eutectoid temperature; RT, room temperature; SS, solid solution; P, Peritectic Presumably the ideal situation would started from very great number nature the hardening constituent itself would little significance. several systems has been ob- nuclei distributed uniformly through the matrix and these nuclei should grow that all would reach the ical size the same time. this time, all the precipitating element would used that the particles could grow farther. addition some mechanism could added prevent the coalescence these particles, that the alloy could not over-age, then there would obtained truly perfect alloy. Under such circumstances, the served that transition phase precip- itates and later transforms into the normal phase which would dicted the equilibrium diagram the system. Such phase well known the case duralumin containing about per cent copper. Possiblv these transition phases which are diffi- cult discover and examine may much more common than generally helieved and they may the essential hardening constituents. structure, they would quite hard. This idea, however, largely speculation. The current discussions mechanism age-hardening seem centered about the conditions the beginning precipitation. The aging the copper-bearing duralumin room temperature appears have been the starting point the controversy. Under these conditions, there direct evidence precipitation and the electrical resistivity appears change anomalous fashion. In- vestigators both here and abroad have been divided more less into two camps, those beliving that the simple precipitation theory could modified cover all the observed facts and those who feel that there some sort pre-precipitation phenomenon work which plays important role the process. The most recent contribution comes from three French investigators, Cal- vet, Jacquet and Guinier, writing the Journal the Institute Metals, who have shown, very beautiful X-ray technique, that early stage room temperature aging pure copper-aluminum alloy, the copper atoms are segregated tiny plates whose dimensions are perhaps hun- dred atoms side and about two atoms thick. The question now re- solves itself into whether such seg- pre-precipitate. The metallurgist can tell from examination the phase diagram whether binary alloy inherently capable age-hardening. The phase boundary must such that decreas- ing temperature will cause decrease solubility. The beryllium-copper this type. the other hand the system shows increas- ing solubility zinc copper the quently age hardening possible. course true that some systems which have the correct type phase diagram may exhibit such tical importance. But, the real metallurgical triumph the fact that many cases the ad- dition third element may convert non-aging system into one which will age. Monel metal containing about per cent nickel and per cent copper simple solid solution all temper- atures and consequently will spond heat treatment. However, the addition about per cent aluminum becomes important age- hardening alloy and the same time retains the many valuable properties THE IRON AGE, October 1939—27 | q q 3 q } t f | | sis | 4 | € 4 ‘ ‘ | same way, the low tin bronzes are not susceptible heat treatment but the addition small amount nickel changes the solubility relations that they become and they find new applications. Unfortunately the phase diagrams ternary systems have not been worked out com- pletely the case binary systems, that empirical method inves tigation still necessary find the proper addition elements, but rapid progress being made this direc- tion. indicate the wide range possibilities, the accompanying table taken from the Institute Metals Paul Merica included. Since its preparation some seven years ago, nu- merous other systems have been stud- ied. Obviously not possible discuss each these detail but perhaps will interest ex- amine few typical cases which have some degree commercial importance. The values the mechanical proper- ties have been obtained manufacturers’ bulletins and the National Metals Handbook. Strong Wrought Alloys the head this list placed the copper alloy containing from 2.5 per cent beryllium.* While retaining the corrosion resis- tance and good electrical properties the copper-rich alloys, capable tremendous increase hardness and strength which makes comparable with medium-carbon steel. The heat treatment this alloy consists quench from 800 deg. (1472 deg. F.) followed aging 275 deg. (527 deg. F.) for about hr. This aging treatment for typical alloy in- the Brinell hardness from 100 about 350, the proportional limit from 8000 per sq. in. 46,000 *See article, “Beryllium Sept. issue.—Ed. 28—THE IRON AGE, October 1939 MONEL valve stems for the River dam. The larger one in. diameter and ft. in. long; the two average 153,500 per sq. in. tensile strength, and have characteristic resistance corrosion. ° per sq. in., and the tensile strength from 70000 Ib. per sq. in. about 175,000 Ib. per sq. in. the other hand, the elongation in. drops from 6.3 per cent. this alloy the hardening effects cold working and aging are additive some extent and the quenched hard rolled and then aged, the hardness further increased Brinell hardness number 365, the proportional limit 55,000 Ib. per sq. in., the tensile strength 193,000 Ib. per sq. in., while the elongation drops still farther about per cent. The alloy finds application springs, par- ticularly the electrical industry, wearing parts, non-spark- ing tools and other fields where non- alloy high and hardness, good electrical conductivity and excellent corrosion resistance required. Its fatigue resistance the aged condition probably higher than for any other copper-base alloy, and conservative value for the endurance limit 35,000 per sq. in. The very considerable loss ductil- ity which accompanies the increase strength characteristic most, not all the age-hardening allovs. first this might seem very real disadvantage but will remem- bered that all the forming during fabrication can done the quenched state when the ductility entirely adequate. The behavior the electrical con- ductivity interesting and again typical most age-hardening alloys. the aging takes place, the beryllium solution the copper almost en- tirely precipitates out leaving matrix copper which contains less than per cent impurity solution. This copper matrix thus good and the overall conductivity the alloy after hardening about per that some commercial Be-Cu alloys contain about 0.5 per cent nickel which prevents excessive grain growth dur ing the solution heat treatment. Closely related the Be-Cu alloys the beryllium-nickel alloy containing about 2.5 per cent beryllium.* Although not capable quite such high strength, does have higher aging temperature 500 deg. (932 deg. F.) which permits used higher temperatures without softening due over-aging. This alloy has found some limited application for springs operate elevated temper- atures. Naturally, alloys containing such small amounts beryllium would not expected benefit from the low specific gravity this element. Another important representative this group the aluminum-copper- nickel alloy which sold under the trade name monel. Its nominal composition per cent nickel, per cent copper and per cent alumi- num. The solution treatment heat- ing operation 788 deg. (1450 deg. F.) followed water quench and the aging takes place about 650 deg. (1200 deg. F.). The annealed ma- terial bar form will have the follow- ing typical mechanical properties: Brinel hardness 180, yield strength 70,000 per sq. in., tensile strength 110,000 Ib. per sq. in. with elong- ation per cent. After heat treat- ment these values are increased to: Brinell hardness 260, yield strength Ib. per sq. in. tensile strength 150,000 Ib. per sq. in., and elong- ation per cent. the bar cold drawn before aging and then aged, the : ij effect the cold work retained spite the high aging temperature and the properties are found be: Brinell hardness 320, yield strength 130,000 lb. per sq. in., tensile strength 170,000 per sq. in., and elongation per cent. Truly unusual range prop- erties for non-ferrous alloy and considerable advance over the normal monel metal from which was de- rived. This alloy finds use where its splen- lid corrosion resistant properties com- bined with high strength are necessary. has the ability retain its strength high temperatures, property which enormously increases its range uses. Probably the most widely used structural alloy capable age-harden- ing duralumin. Certainly the alloys the world engineering. typical duralumin the 17S alloy the Alu- minum Co. America. Its nominal composition includes per cent copper and 0.5 per cent each magnesium and manganese, the remainder being aluminum. The solution temperature 510 deg. (950 deg. F.) and the aging takes place room temperature, maximum values being reached about four days. Upon age-harden.ng, the Brinell hardness increases from 100, the yield strength for per cent deviation from the modulus line from 10,000 per sq. in. 37,000 Ib. per sq. in., and the tensile strength from 26,000 Ib. per sq. in. 60,000 Ib. per sq. in. feature this alloy that the elongation remains constant about per cent. Some increase strength and hardness can obtained cold rolling after age-hardening but with considerable loss ductility. The specific gravity this alloy 2.79. These values are typical. somewhat stronger alloy, desig- nated 24S, obtained increasing the copper and magnesium contents but the alloy slightly inferior workability. These alloys are manu- factured wide variety shapes, sheets, tubing and wire. The possibil- ity heat treating these structural alloys has enormously widened the scope their application. typical corresponding representa- tive the magnesium base group wrought structural alloys would Dowmetal This has nominal com- this type have received more care- position 3.0 per cent aluminum, ful study than any other age-hardening 3.0 per cent zinc and per system. Possessing good combination HIS clamshell dredge carries cent manganese, the remainder being weight and strength, ease fabri- 240-ft. boom with magnesium. the form ex- cation and simple heat treatment, aluminum alloy peak section. The truded bars the fully aged condition, this alloy has come play vital part dredge owned the Sternberg this alloy has Brinell hardness 62, Dredge Co., St. Louis. — THE IRON AGE, October 7 > A yield strength 28,000 Ib. per sq. in., tensile strength 43,000 Ib. per sq. in., with elongation per cent. has specific gravity 1.8. Consider- able development taking place the magnesium alloy field and recent work has indicated that silver valuable addition age-hardening element. Some these alloys group contains per cent nickel, cobalt, 6.5 iron, 2.4 titanium and per cent chromium. After age-harden- ing 650 deg. (1202 deg. F.), was tested 600 deg. (1112 deg. F.) and gave proportional limit 66,000 Ib. per sq. in., tensile strength 120,000 Ib. per sq. with steel with beryllium-copper cold chisel and hammer. The hardening effects cold-working and aging are additive some extent this type alloy. strengths the neighborhood 60,- 000 Ib. per sq. in. The chief value the magnesium- base alloys their lightness, and for this reason they are finding and greater uses fields where weight premium. Light-weight non- stressed structures such airplane engine covers and housings have been made for some time but with the advent the higher strength alloys, the uses have been multiplied. Such parts airplane pro- peller blades are considerable use abroad and many similar developments are expected. most interesting group alloys designed for use high temperatures and which age-hardening plays important part are iron-chromium alloys developed the Westinghouse Electric Mfg. Co. and known under the general these alloys the age-hard- ening agent titanium, although the actual precipitated phase has not been 30—THE IRON AGE, October 1939 remarkable alloy any standard. Cast Age-Hardening Alloys Many alloys which show excellent response heat treatment the wrought condition, not respond well the cast state. generally believed that this due segrega- tion the aging elements during solidification and strong working the alloy necessary make the so- lution heat treatment effective. Never- theless, several useful casting alloys have been developed which are suscep- beryllium-copper composition age-hardened the cast state, using the normal heat treating cycle, and properties are obtained which are only slightly inferior the wrought alloys. the light alloy field there are sev- eral casting alloys which are age hard- enable based both aluminum and typical aluminum-base alloy one having nominal compo- sition per cent magnesium and per cent aluminum. heat treated condition develops tensile strength about 45,000 Ib. per sq. has low specific gravity 2.55, good impact strength and excel- lent corrosion resistance. has found wide application the railway indus- try and the construction exca- vating machinery where the strength and impact resistance combined with lightness are desirable. Another important casting alloy the hardenable nickel-bronze, typical composition for which per cent copper, per cent nickel, per cent tin and per cent zinc. When age-hard- ened under the best conditions, this alloy exhibits tensile strength 70, 000 90,000 Ib. per sq. in., yield point 0.5 per cent set 50,000 74,000 Ib. per sq. in., and elongation per cent. conventional heat treating cycle, consisting quench from the solution temperature followed aging treatment, develops the maximum strength but considerable response obtained simply aging the as-cast The principal field use such alloy where greater strength desired than with straight bronze coupled with the need controlling the properties means heat treatment. The development large group alloys which are im- provement thermal treatment has provided the designer and manufac- turer metal products with new materials with which work. This itself noteworthy achievement. But the metallurgical work which has led this development has accom- plished something even greater im- portance. has shown that alloys which are capable heat treatment are much more common than has been generally supposed and fact con- stitute the rule rather than the excep- tion among alloy systems. This work has taught the metallurgist much about the rules governing the behavior these systems and augurs well for the future, suggesting that the achieved thus far are merely liminary step much greater devel- opment. The situation excellent which can accomplished when the inventive imagination and the funda- mental knowledge the metallurgist are tempered the practical experi- ence and the economic viewpoint the engineer. outstanding example the benefit derived from whole-hearted cooperation science and industry. 7 7 | | J | 4 ° fe) HARTLEY Metallurgist, LeBlond Machine Tool Co., Cincinnati ° ° the Sept. and issues, the author presented tabulated data and discussions dealing with the characteristics the various types steel re- quired machine tool builders, and gave summarization recommended group steels suitable for all requirements most plants. this, the fourth section five-part article, there given outline the properties which should definitely specified, and typical purchasing specifications are set forth and discussed. STOCK: Although the use flat stock comparatively limited, the adoption ard stock list essential prevent designers from specifying unavailable items. carefully prepared list will also avoid unnecessarily large number inactive stock sizes. Cold-drawn flat are usually not available complete range sizes, except the SAE 1020 and X-1020 grades. How- ever, square bars can obtained SAE 1020, SAE 1020, SAE 1040 and SAE 1045. There are also few sources that stock very limited num- her alloy flats and squares. order avoid unavailable items being shown drawings, should made showing all the stock sizes cold-drawn flats. This chart (as shown Fig. should clearly show the sizes local warehouses, sizes non-local warehouses, and items that are used sufficiently large quanti- ties permit them being listed stock items. simple key, shown the illustration, self explanatory and will avoid great deal confu- sion. Most plants have few applications, such electrical control box mount- ings, that require the use small hot-rolled flats. study these applications will usually show that four six well selected sizes will meet all requirements. should listed chart similar the one shown Fig. also de- sirable show the available sizes wide-width sections hot-rollea stocks. frequently not necessary list any these sections stand- ard. should clearly understood that this set-up applies primarily manufacturers mechanical equip- ment. doubt there are many organ- izations that require amounts hot-rolled flats. such cases standard stock list those items would essential. will noted Fig. that sev- eral sizes square stock are listed key stock. These sizes should stocked precision squares which are made plus 0.001 in. plus 0.0015 in. above the nominal fractional size. The number sizes this type stock carried depends entirely quirements given plant. limited number sizes alloy flats. Unless the consumption these items sufficiently large permit each size THE IRON AGE, October 4 : q 4 7 being purchased lots least list plant stock sizes and available warehouse sizes. merous items involved, the following ten are properly specified good uni- 3—This type chart shows all the stock sizes cold-drawn flats, sizes local warehouses, sizes available non-local warehouses, and sizes stocked the plant. actual requirements and limit the stock flats minimum number hot-rolled forged sections. The use high-carbon tool steel flats usually comparatively limited. For this reason seldom necessary stock more than five six items. However, desirable furnish the designers with stock list similar the one shown Fig. Hexagon Stock The hexagon stock list depends en- tirely the plant involved. hexa- gon cap screws and nuts are purchased there very little need for hexagon stock. However, cap screws and nuts are made the plant will necessary stock the required grades and sizes. generally advisable make the stock chart such manner that the designer can have complete 32—THE IRON AGE, October 1939 generally not advisable list standard items because the change design single machine might re- sult appreciable amount ex- pensive steel becoming inactive. The writer the opinion that complete list available sizes both flats and rounds should furnished the de- signers and the steel should pur- chased However, the standards enzineer should watch the application these grades and keep careful record the various sizes that are most active. this manner frequently possible make certain sizes sufficiently active appreciably reduce the net cost. Purchasing Specifications obtain uniform steel neces- sary set definite purchasing specifications. Although there are nu- the specifications are not set very carefully they may crease the cost. view this fact, usually desirable work con- junction with metallurgists represent- ing the various suppliers. There are some grades that not require close control all the points outlined. such cases the specifications can set accordingly. The following for alloy oil-hardening grade: Specification No. Grade: SAE 4145 standard analysis however, carbon content 0.43 0.48 desired. Grain size: This steel have 19-33). Structure: This steel furnished with structure. Heat Treatment: This steel use hot-rolled forged bars. Com- Standard Steel formity can generally obtained: mercial alloy cold-drawn flats are not (1) Analysis. generally available. might also steels (2) Grain size, McQuaid-Ehn pointed out that cold-drawn alloy flats application are used much smaller are not entirely free from kinks and quantities than the regular line. Most ‘fied twist. Such stock not suitable for these steels are generally available (a) precision parts, such machine tool only with the hot-rolled finish the ditions just outlined, usually de- that cannot run from one sirable make very careful analysis standard grades. For this reason, (b) This test not applied for tool steel specifications. (c) Carbon tool steel should STANDARD FLAT STEEL STOCK be checked by means of some No.6-OD form penetration hard- ness test. suggested test will described next week steel which must heat treated hardness range near the upper hardness limit for the (7) Surface decarburization (cold- (8) Surface finish. Sizes stock are designated (10) Straightness. Sizes warehouse designated parts which are not heat treated are subject very severe strains, keystock may advisable definitely specify physical properties. a | 7 | heat treated temperature above the upper critical and cooled the proper rate produce the required grain structure and hardness. Hardness: This steel furnished within the Brinell hardness range 187 217 with desired hardness 207. check made the sur- face and one-half radius, shown Fig. 4.) Hardenability: specimen, similar that shown Fig. should harden nace 1500 deg. held for min. and oil-quenched good commercial quenching oil. Samples smaller than in. diameter are cut shown Fig. Rockwell readings taken shown suf- face “B” Fig. Finish: The required finish indi- cated the order. Straightness: All cold-drawn turned and polished stock must reasonably straight and free from kinks. hot-rolled stock must machine straightened. Surface cold- drawn stock: The drawn surface the hardenability specimen must show hardness least after 0.010 in. has been removed from the surface. Size: Size variations must within the limits commercial tolerance. the specification just described, the SAE 4145 analysis listed ac- ceptable, but stated that carbon range 0.43 0.48 per cent de- sired. limited carbon range definitely specified check analysis required, and this carries extra. the other hand, mills usually can heat steel that will fall with- the desired range very close ~ it, the orders are placed that rush deliveries are not essential. this way the extra can and the de- sired analysis will usually obtained. fine-grain steel specified the set-up just described because most alloy steel parts used machine tools related work have comparatively small sections that require the greater toughness that characteristic this type. The lamellar-pearlitic structure specified for this grade LEFT IG. used for hardness alloy oil-hard- ening steel. Brinell readings are taken one-half radius. RIGHT used for determin- hardenability alloy oil-hardening steel. Rockwell read- ings are taken shown surface proved have appreciably better ma- chining characteristics than other structures the same hardness range. However, for hypereutectoid steel the spherodized structure more de- sirable. alloy steel the above type (SAE 4145) usually has the best ma- chining characteristics hardness 207 Brinell. view the fact that impractical for any mill produce steel definite hardness, the limits 187 217 Brinell were set up. The steel that the low side this range will not machine quite well for such operations broaching and gear shaping, but will have excellent machineability for turn- ing and forming. Whereas, the steel the hard side the range will more suitable for broaching and gear shaping but not quite good for the turning and forming operations. How- ever, steels within the above limits, treated the proper structure, can relied upon have satisfac- tory machineability. alloy oil-hardening steel must have uniform hardenability. For this reason essential that some stand- ard method checking this feature must provided. Although there are many tests that can applied, the one specified comparatively inexpensive make and has proved entirely satis- tactory. There very little cutting the type specimen shown Fig. for bars smaller than in. diameter. The type block shown Fig. cheaper obtain and gives satisfactory results for the smaller bars. The specifications pertaining fin- ish, straightness and size are self-explanatory. addition the specifications mentioned, also necessary set specifications for forgings. Most plants have requirements that necessi- tate the use alloy steel forginzs the following conditions: (A) Heat treated (annealed with cycle); (B) heat treated Brinell hardness just within the practical ma- chining range; and (C) heat treated above and rough machined. The following 3E, and are typical examples such purchasing specifications for standard steel forgings: Specification No. Grade: SAE 4145 standard analysis acceptable. However, carbon con- tent 0.43 0.48 desired. 65) THE IRON AGE, October q § 4 j | ideological state depends armed force keep the people the size the armed force plainly dependent upon the solidarity the people with their government the issue stake, well the area the country This ideological situation invites compari- between Russia and the United States. The armed forces the United States well under 500,000, with additional million hand for reserves. The distance from east west would 3000 miles and from north south about 1500 miles. There are about 238,000 miles railroads, the larger percentage running east and west. The automobile transportation roads reach total over times the railroad mileage. The armed forces ideological Kussia are three times great and the reserve corps times those the democratic United States. The dis- tance from east west two and one-half times greater and from north south nearly twice that the boun- daries the United States. However the railroad trackage less than one- quarter and the automobile roads less than per cent the total the United States. ures evident that Russia, regard- less her form government alliances, must necessity have large armed force. Further- more, because the lack adequate *This manuscript received Sept. 15, which was some time before newspaper reports the latest migration the U.S.S.R. 34—THE IRON AGE, October 1939 railroad transportation, which may considered about per cent that the United States, essential that bases maintained the east, the west, well the south. example this necessity, take into account the fact that the rate deliv- ery troop trains from east time war, would limited less than trains day mately 60,000 men), without any pro- vision for transport food rations, artillery tank equipment. It’s plain- evident, therefore, that Russia needs complete military establishments least three definite zones. Another vital point consider the speed travel Russian railroads. The maxi- mum miles per hr., which means seven-day trip from Moscow the eastern Vladivostok section. The same even worse conditions prevail the western front. would require nearly for troop trains travel from Moscow Negorele, the border Poland. And only eight such trains could accom- modated day, along with food rations, artillery, etc. And salient under attack was the north, around the Bigossova district, any troop movement from Kiev (the gen- eral military base for the Roumanian boundary) would have ported north Moscow shunted the railroad division lead- ing Latvia. Munition Facilities Scattered Hence the railroads become es- sential considering the munition manufacturing ability Russia, well its contention being ma- jor military power. Because trans- portation deficiencies Russia has lished military districts, each hav- ing its own railroad centers. These districts are essential the life the Soviet because through them order and obedience the Stalinist govern- ment Therefore, investigation will show that not only the borders are patrolled the military but the inner circles the U.S.S.R. there functions the military enforce the will the ide- called the “hundred per centers” are few and far between. comparison the true democracy does not require these enforcers protocols laws such profusion demanded the ideological countries. Numerically one thing, united strength and sound pre- paredness strong meant the number men and women that draft mobiliza- tion order may swell the man power strength means that free spirit, without the iron hand and blood-letting. And the case sound preparedness meant the industrial progress that makes possible the con- tributions armed force victory. Man-power badly limited without the protection productive strength, and neither can accomplish much without common solidarity. must borne mind that the masses Russia are frequently odds with government naturally affects production for the armed forces. must likewise re- membered that Russia the industrial sense, and that impossible scientifically project people years ahead their time. Peasants cannot made into mechan- ics decree. And, must not forgotten that England, France and the United States exploited Russia with manufacturing concessions. Fi- nally, the fact must not overlooked that Russian temperament lends itself poorly being cooped factories, foundries, forge shops, etc. The Rus- sian artistic nature that craves the freedom sing, dream with q om 4 ‘ vodka and dance entertains lavish dinners. With his limitations and outlook the stuttering progress the five-year plans becomes understandable. Buildings, buildings and yet more buildings amaze the eyes visitors the Soviet. Foreign machinery end fill these enormous modern structures. Inventory galore, supposedly ready for shipment, stacked all sides. This inventory inspected and divided into three categories: first, the best for the military; second, the passable for export; and, third, the little that remains, for domestic use. This exaggeration. The Heavy Industry, the late Ordzgenked- zie, complained bitterly the indus- tries his group because the efforts had divided into what called “two qualities,” thus eliminating the first and most for political reasons. Saar After over eight years the U.S.S.R. munitions consult- ant, the author unimpressed with the affaire trial bellyache and not likely kick when Hitler wig-wags for help.* True the Heavy Industry group not the mainstay the army’s material production, but all the factories Russia are regimented that moment’s notice they may switched from domestic and export production the military. already mentioned, the highest grade materials pro- ° fo} EDMUND LOWRY ° ° duced are set aside for the armed forces even peace time. The army actually commands forces. There “secret” depart- ment, which composed members the OGPU and number mili- tary aides, which positively controls the movements the work the shops. This appointed clique can far break the normal “flow” production and rearrange the nor- mal layout the mechanical equip- ment devices, such conveyors, order that the plant can immediate- turned over the production cartridges, belts. leggings, etc. Understandable This major reason why some the shops the Soviet are constantly NEW type streamlined locomotive, No. 2-3-2, turned out last year the Kolomensky Machine Building Plant. This locomotive now operating the October Railroad. Photo Sovfoto. | | 5 | (~<a Stalingrad binsk, two the world’s largest trac- tor factories, produce only half what factories the United States equal capacity can produce, the having much less floor area and half the labor force. But these gigantic Soviet factories could turned over small tank production, almost the wink eye. Efficiency these cases partially sacrificed for the fu- ture protection the country. addition the regimented indus- tries, the army (the entire armed forces the Soviet) has its “secret” plants. These plants are the real mu- nitions producers Russia. Instead names, numbers designate them, such Savod Savod 28. Savod Russian means factory and the word applied any type plant the U.S.S.R. There are all over 375 these “secret” plants scattered over the country. will rememeered that the World War 1914, Russia was the poorest equipped all the nations. Consequently, the new great stress the development in- for the manufacture war materials. This came under the head- ing “defense the proletariat.” The workers gave and gave willingly build this fortress strength. And the government took every ad- vantage accomplishing this essential project. The disadvantages, apparent from the first, were the lack quali- Lenin therefore sought the aid the Germans. These foreign engineers little understood the situation the Soviet; nevertheless they proceeded with will and concentrated their ef- forts building the munition industry about the large cities such Moscow, Leningrad, Kharkov, Kiev, etc. These cities are now the capitals the west- ern Republics the U.S.S.R. Stalin continued the services Ger- man engineers growing proportions and added German and other foreign mechanics because the Russians had not shown aptitude for this, and matter act, for any other type industrial pursuit. consequence the key positions the munition fac- tories were not managed Russians. the other hand Russian women, availing themselves their new free- dom, were employed large numbers and tried hard master their posi- tions. The interest and effort they displayed doubtless saved the project from outright failure. Yet, try they might, the women could not com- prehend mechanics. True they were 36—THE IRON AGE, October 1939 dextrous and swift, but such attributes resolved themselves into mounting pro- duction the expense quality and precision. Germans Dismissed With the advent Herr Hitler into German politics, change gradually took place. Finally, because the warring ideologies among party leaders, Stalin dismissed the German engineers and foreign me- chanics from the war industries. Iron- ically these foreigners who had been secured for instruction purposes had been unable impart instruction, and their departure left the munition plants dead-end mystery the Russians. The situation was acute and Stalin turned the Czechs engineers and the Austrians mechanics. dif- ferent strategy was immediately im- provised. The German-supervised plants were converted other uses and new plants erected different localities. These new plants were distributed through the military districts the country, instead being grouped about the major western cities. Stalin could longer afford concentrate his mili- tary plants near the border which was accessible German