The Iron Age 1939-07-13: Vol 144 Iss 2

WRIGHT Managing Editor News Editor OLIVER T. CAMPBELL London, Enaland Cincinnatt MEYER SANDERSON Leroy ALLISON Publication Office Chestnut and 56th Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. FRITZ FRANK President J. H. VAN DEVENTER Editor ROWAN Machinery Editor Art Editor Associate Editors PHAIR Washington Editor Resident District Editor- Pittsburgh Chicago Cleveland Detroit Editorial Correspondents FRAZAR Boston Hamburg, Germany Post Milwaukee San Francisco Newark, N. J. St. Louis TURNER, Jk. Buffalo Owned and Published by CHILTON COMPANY (Incorporated) Editorial and OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS MUSSELMAN, President FRITZ FRANK, Executive Vice-President FREDERIC STEVENS, JOSEPH HILDRETH, GEORGE GRIFFITHS, TERHUNE, WILLIAM BARBER, Treasurer JOHN BLAIR MOFFETT, Secretary JOHN VAN DEVENTER, JULIAN CHASE, THOMAS KANE, CHARLES BAUR, BAUR, General Advertising Manager DIX, Manager Reader Service Member, Audit Bureau Circulations Member Associated Business Papers Indexed in the Industrial Arts Index. Published every Thursday. Subscrip- tion Price: United States and Pos- sessions, Mexico, Cuba, $6.00; Can- ada, $8.50; Foreign, $12.00 a year. Single copy, cents. Cable Address, ADVERTISING STAPF Emerson Findley, 621 Union Bldg., Cleveland B. L. Herman, Chilton Bidg., Phila. H. K. Hottenstein. 1012 Otis Bldg., Chicago H. E. Leonard, 239 W. 39th St., New York Peirce Lewis, 7310 Woodward Ave., Detroit C. H. Ober, 239 W. 39th St., New York Fitzgerald 428 Park Pitts. D. C. Warren, P. 0. Box 81, Hartford, Conn. FINDLEY Editor Metallurgical Ediior ROBERT BINGHAM ASA ROUNTREE, Toronto, Ontario Birmingham toy Executive Offices 239 West 30th Sr. New York, Vice-President Vice-President Vice-President Contents Who Invented Your Job? Worry About the Why Buy New Machine Tools? Five-Point Deep Hard Steel Thermoflux Measures Plate Thickness Nickel for Strength and Corrosion Resistance lron 99.99 Per Cent Pure Unit Trolleys and Continuous Drives Hydraulic Actuation Extended Latest Machine Tools New Welded Armory the Assembly Line Washington News May Import-Export Trade THE NEWS BRIEF Weekly Ingot Operating Rate Rate Activity Capital Goods Plant Expansion and Equipment Buying New Industrial Literature Just Between Two Products Advertised Index Advertisers Copyright 1939 by Chilton Company (Inc.) 102 106 110 123 131 146 152 156 180 IMPORTANT CENTERS 76—THE IRON AGE, July 13, 1939 TRO ASSURE PROMPT, DEPENDABLE HANDLING JOF YOUR STEEL NEEDS ANYTIME, ANYWHERE Allegheny strategically located ware- houses give you the kind service that literally puts steel mill your back yard. They offer you experienced personnel who readily understand your steel requirements and intelli- gently recommend the one best material for your particular job. Next time you need top- quality steel hurry, call your Allegheny Ludlum warehouse. get 4 LUDLUM PA. ...THE IRON JULY 13, 1939 ESTABLISHED 1855 Vol. 144, No. “Why orry About the our contemporaries seems bit perturbed over THE IRON AGE's current asking the question: Worry About the admit that the abolition worry, like the abolition poverty and the need working for living, enticing subject. Why worry about Hitler, cotton sur- pluses the Japanese beetles? fact, why worry about anything? Why not adopt that pleasant point view embodied the injunction drink and merry, for tomorrow Even those sybarites who attempted banish care this formula must have been worried bit about the future, they would not have mentioned the fatal to- morrow. They would have let drink and cracker action. Show man who has never done any worrying and will bet bottom dollar that his record accomplishment either zero minus quantity. Louis Pasteur started push the science medicine ahead when began worry about rabies and typhoid fever. Columbus did his share worrying before got the new continent. Our pioneer forefathers worried about the Indians and cold and hunger and grizzly bears. they hadn't, they would have lost their scalps have frozen starved death been eaten and would not here today. worry about the machine?" Isn't worth worrying about? Ask the man who makes one and the man who owns one. They know that worry necessary and essen- tial factor the art staying business and making profit. And the equally nec- essary and difficult task defending position attained company, individual bid our contemporary, all kindness, not worry about the worrying that are doing about the attack mechanization and improvement. Nor worry be- cause are getting machinery builders and users some worrying with this subject. just the necessary prelude the positive, constructive action that ensues matter fact, this world ours, worry the fuse that lights the fire- when enough energetic and determined men conclude that real job must done. > § Two Modern Strip Mills are Teamed Together for Better Service Inland Customers 1932 Inland installed one the country’s first wide continuous strip mills. This 76” unit now has new running mate one the country’s highest speed mills, capable rolling mile steel yard wide minutes. This new 44” mill increases Inland’s flat capacity 45,000 tons per month, greatly expanding our facilities for prompt service customers. Its higher speed and numerous improved mechanical features also permit more effective control over quality and uniformity output. Temperature control, for example, made automatic the hot strip enters the finishing electric temperature and sounds warning there any variation. Important also steel buyers the fact that this new mill matched with equally modern steel making and finishing equipment all new within the past few years, from blast furnace and open hearths cold finishing mills, annealing furnaces, tin mills department. are confident that these new facilities now enable produce, not only more, but better sheets and strip. Your nearest Inland office will make this improved service promptly available you. SWEETS STRIP TIN PLATE BARS PLATES FLOOR PLATES STRUCTURALS PILING RAILS TRACK ACCESSORIES REINFORCING BARS South Dearborn Street, CHICAGO DETROIT KANSAS CITY MILWAUKEE ST.LOUIS ST. PAUL Last year the Westinghouse Co. spent approximately $5,- 000,000 new machine tools and manufacturing equipment, this year has already spent about $2,000,- 000. The primary reason for buying new tools the part any progres- sive manufacturing industry is, course, give its customers high- quality products competitive prices. Other reasons are the creation new products, redesign existing prod- ucts, shortening the work week, and increased labor rates. The product engineer continually redesigning his product, whether motor, automobile, refrigerator what not, for the purpose increas- ing its efficiency, reducing cost, building into sales appeal. the re- design, one the major requirements build better product for the same money equivalent product for less money. Naturally, the equip- ment and tool engineer called into the picture make his contribution meet these requirements. The automotive industry and the re- frigerator industry, for example, re- quire new tooling programs every year, not only for the purpose re- ducing the cost the product but pri- marily because the From address Mr. Weaver tion Forum, sponsored the Westinghouse company. WEAVER Director, Equipment, Inspection and Test, Westinghouse Electric Mfg. Co. brought out new design which has certain features that make features cannot produced the same equipment economically. Hence the necessity for new machine tools. True, order justify this added in- vestment, there must savings. These savings are principally due the de- sign the product and not the in- stallation the new machine tool. Electrical engineers may redesign motors, changing some part that in- stead its being made turret lathe, can produced more eco- nomically multiple-spindle screw machine. That naturally obsoletes the turret lathe and requires the purchase multiple-spindle screw machine. Many examples this kind could given because the design engineer continually improving his product make more efficient and increase sales. The purchase equipment produce may only incidental. When improvements are considered, important note contributing factor those prod- ucts that are the influencing factor other products, for instance mea- suring equipment. Today, unskilled operator can measure higher de- gree accuracy than was possible years ago the most skilled mechanic. The fact that possible higher degree accuracy again makes necessary the installation im- proved equipment that can meet these greater accuracies. Recently, the writer saw practical shop measuring device that would measure millionth inch. The machine tool manufac- turers will have develop machine tools capable producing such accu- racies. Again, will mean replace- ment present equipment with equip- ment that superior anything heing produced now. The writer currently has doubts whether anyone can give accu- rate definition “surface quality.” other words, “how smooth smooth Before standard can established, method measuring needed. Some progress has been made de- veloping measuring instruments for measuring smoothness. these in- struments are developed that they can used practically the shop, will necessary for the machine tool produce finishes measured standard. Product engineers will again able improve their design and improve the efficiency being able THE IRON AGE, July 13, 1939—79 ° re} skilled ers measure more accurately skilled mechanic did Here, the gage play completed shaver motor. The maximum must not exceed 0.00! in. a surface finish. Production and Purchasing Power Many events during the last seven eight years will have great influ- ence replacing old machine tools and the necessity for new equipment. There must definite relation be- tween purchasing power the indi- vidual and costs product. the purchasing power 1929 were com- pared with that today, would un- doubtedly found that the dollar went great deal further 1929. Ap- parently, this relation purchasing power cost has been definitely dis- turbed that today the standard living has been reduced. The contrib- uting factors this reduced standard living might be, for instance, the shorter work week, which has been es- tablished hr. instead hr. With the same equipment, workman cannot produce much work hr. did previously 48; there- fore, there less per employee. Also, during this same time, wages have been increased. This also addéd the cost, well all these added taxes frequently the news. All these things have contributed the unbalance production and purchasing power. There only one way bring them back the same this relationship, and that in- creasing human efficiency. Human ef- ficiency can increased manufacturing equipment. Therefore, far the manufacturing industry concerned, maybe all these sup- posed mistakes that the nation has made during the last five six years might prove great advantage. ACHINE tools are meeting the special needs in- dustry; for example, gears are being cut air conditioned rooms for increased accuracy, shown here. the past, during periods low ac- tivity, the search has been for new product that would pull the country out the depression. This time, might the correcting these scrambled basic conditions that estab- lish the country’s standard living. Less Skilled Labor The machine tool and the tool engi- neer have been gradually transferring the skill the mechanic from the man the machine. many opera- tions today requiring the highest ac- curacy, unskilled semi-skilled labor with adequate equipment has been able meet the demand. For this reason, during the last years, there has been certain amount curtailment the training skilled help. business improves and crease the shops, there will again shortage skilled help. New machine tools and manufacturing equipment will have developed reduce the need for great skill. Such trends are definitely here, and will continue grow. Progressive in- dustries have recognized them and taken steps meet the demands. ve ° ° ° descriptive Point” Deephard Steel registered trade-mark any steel regardless SAE analysis, man- ufactured and processed Foote Brothers Gear Machine Corp. means special process impart high surface hardness, great depth hardness, and gradual fusion this hardness with the core area. Many the products Foote Brothers, such gears all sizes, speed reducers, shafts, and sim- ilar products, require more than light surface hardness depth 0.020 0.030 in., and once great while more than 0.040 in. the majority applications these products have withstand great surface abrasion, and occasionally very high constant repetitive shocks, and heavy material stresses, all which tend induce spalling, fatigue, impact failure be- cause too thin surface hardness poor and insufficient bond fusion between the hardness zone and the core area. There has thus been necessity developing process give hardness depths from 0.187 0.250 in., obtaining the maximum surface hardness which can secured with spall-resisting grain structure, and, equally important, obtaining gradual and even fusion this hard- ness with the core area. means the recently developed “Five-Point” hardening procedure, sur- face hardnesses are said obtained which range from Rockwell depending the analysis the steel. Furthermore, hardness uniformity has been quite satisfactory. Hardened surfaces, for example surface in., have been tested over their full surface Rockwell machine, with readings taken in. apart both directions. The maximum variance noted any piece tested was two three points, according the company, while the majority tests the degree hardness obtained was practically even throughout the entire surface. Complete control carbon impreg- nation said afforded the set limit 1.15 carbon throughout, although for most applications this content restricted limits 0.93 point “deephard plotted 100 0.50 Carbon, Commercial Depth from surface,inches compared with carburized steel and high-carbon “hardened proc- steels. 1.10 With impregnation periods shorter duration than would necessary with carburizing, said that depths wearing surface hard- ness 0.320 in. have been obtained. While effort has been made beyond this depth, results obtained date indicate that this entirely pos- sible and would require technique other than proportionate increase the period carbon im- pregnation. the other hand, these fast and penetrating qualities are said not add any difficulties obtaining minimum depth hardness; for every-day hardness depths light 0.020 in. are being turned out. the gradual drop hardness and the even rate its fusion with the core area that obtained with “Five- Point” Deephard Steel, shown the accompanying illustration, two benefits material value are obtained—a self- supporting zone hardness secured which, addition the strength adds the hardened part whole, support the wearing sur- face zone hardness, materially strengthening the latter. Going beyond the development the “Five-Point” process and its ap- plication all SAE low-carbon steels, Foote Brothers has collaborated with large alloy mill developing spe- cial analysis steel which, when pro- cessed the “Five-Point” Deephard Steel process, will produce com- mercial steel extremely satisfactory combination high surface hardness and high strength. The result this joint development molybdenum steel which, when pro- cessed, shows the following core physi- cal properties obtained with 1-in. round sample: 156,000 Ib. per sq. yield point 216,000 Ib. per sq. in. ulti- mate strength; per cent elongation in.; 29.8 per cent reduction Brinell hardness 725; sec- tion Brinell hardness 495; and core hardness 429. THE IRON AGE, July 13, DEEPHARD STEEL | ONWARD ONARCH. The achievement long cherished ideal represented the completion Monarch’s new office, engineering, and factory additions, which increase the available floor space per cent. The unceasing effort which has identified Monarch’s progress for many years and which has resulted constant advance- ment the industrial frontier, reflected the design, layout and purpose this modern structure. For thirty years Monarch has broaden the scope fashion them earn more profit for their users. The Monarch Lathe, shown here, typifies Monarch’s accomplish- ments. See Monarch’s lathe exhibit the Machine Tool Show. YOUR SMARTEST INVESTMENT MACHINE TOOLS MAKE MORE MONEY WITH THE MONARCH MACHINE TOOL CO. SIDNEY, OHIO, JULY 13, 1939 Roe tl m | @ This NOISE your bridge wheels means Every “screech” your crane wheels that, sooner later, expensive crane main- tenance will needed your plant. Whiting cranes are noted for their quiet operation. herringbone gears have replaced noisy spur gears. Anti- friction roller bearings keep gears perfect alignment for years. Drive units run dust-tight oil baths prevent wear. Listen other cranes—then listen the quiet operation Whiting. You will then realize why Whiting cranes give much extra service. Whiting Corporation, 15601 Lathrop Ave., Harvey, CAPACITIES 1TO 400 TONS Py Rotating-Axle Bearings Whiting Cranes reduce Noise and the Bridge Wheels Noise Point No. bridge wheels Whiting cranes are equipped with heavy-duty preci- bearings supporting rotating type axles. The bearing pads are machined after the truck frame welded. This construction, together with tapered tread drive wheels, keeps the bridge wheels perfect They always run true and free—and cannot bind and thus cause noise and wear. 4 | | 4 : ec cat on 4 = you reduce weight without increasing costs Mayari the outstand- ing steel its class. modern steel that broadens the scope the designer and works with increased economy for the user. lightens the weight structures and in- creases the pay load. resists atmospheric corrosion and lengthens the life structures and products. reduces maintenance and vestment over longer periods. Fully Pre-proved During long and comprehensive investiga- tion and development program Mayari was subjected tests that covered fabrication, work- ing, machining, welding, corrosion, abrasion and other features. was used routine shop prac- tice regular workmen building freight, pas- senger and mine cars, ships, barges, tanks, tow- ers, hoppers, roofs and other structures. was thoroughly proved commercial practice. From the beginning its development, regu- lar production open-hearth heats Mayari were made and used. Recommendations its use are based commercial steel-making prac- tice. practical, consistent steel. THE IRON AGE, published every Thursday the CHILTON CO. (INC.). office, Chestnut 56th Sts., Philadelphia, Act March 1879. $6.00 Workability and weldability mild carbon steel Used “‘as —requires heat treatment develop its properties forming and welding Five six times the corrosion resistance mild carbon steel Uniform properties Available all the usual forms Finished-job cost near that structural steel Available Usual Forms Mayari available all the usual shapes— sheets, strip, structural shapes, plates, bars and cold-formed sections. Designers can utilize these forms secure unity design with increased economy. Catalog Request catalog describing Mayari will sent request. will also glad confer with you achieve the greatest usefulness with Mayari Editorial Foreign $12.90 Ve 44, Ne THE IRON AGE, July 13, 1939—3 res: carried into the operation. needed neither maintenance nor replacement, can always rely Chicago Rawhide Oil bearings under even the most critical conditions from attack either dust moisture. And the cost installing such protection These seals are small, compact, self-contained and easy apply. Ask Chicago Rawhide engineers their experience with sealing such yours. COMPANY 1306 ELSTON CHICAGO, Years Manufacturing Mechanical Leather Exclusively PHILADELPHIA 4—THE IRON AGE, July 13, 1939 PATENTED “PERFECT” SEALS, CONVENTIONAL SINGLE MAGNETIC MFG. CO. PILLOW BLOCK. as a WEAPONS DEMOCRACY message the men who operate machine tools The tools you operate are both the weapons and the badge democracy and freedom. You and and everyone have earn the right existence. Only weaklings and thieves wail that world owes living.” Out what you produce comes —first—your wage, then the taxes for the right live freedom, and then small wage the capital which buys and maintains the place which you work. The more you produce and the better your product, the more you are worth society and the more you will earn. the difference between Democracy (where everyone judged his own merits and everyone has the chance rise the top the heap), and Dictatorship (where everyone dragged down the level the poorest and everyone works for the state instead for himself and his family). giving workman better and better tools, that can pro- duce more and better work—and earn more, progress further, take greater pride his own ac- complishment. The entire history America proves that better tools reduce prices, broaden markets, make possible more lux- uries for more people, and increase employment. New Warner and Swasey turret lathes make you worth more because they help you produce more with less effort, and they help stabilize employment reducing costs and helping your em- ployer hold markets the face rising taxes and material prices. WARNER SWASEY Turret Lathes Cleveland For Profits MACHINE TOOL SHOW CLEVELAND October 4 to 13, 1939 YoU CAN TURN BETTER, FASTER, FOR WARNER SWASEY TURRET LATHE Al producing breakdowns for wide strip mills For further information please apply to: NEW YORK: Seamless Steel Equipment Corporation PITTSBURGH: Atwater, 413 Investment Building Broadway, New York, Pittsburgh, Pa. | IRON AGE, July 13, 1939 Gee bi | 7 | +; Recent Improvements Goodrich Belt foot made Goodrich specifications. Improved cover compounds for resistance light, air, oil. Cool-flexing tubber far higher tensile strength. Matched sets—belts same length measured while actually running ander full load. Special machine this invented Goodrich research men | il years industrial “Dust prove values Goodrich V-Belts VEN the clouds gritty, cutting dust under this quarry crusher, rich V-Belts have stood for five years gruelling use—because their spe- cial construction improvements which can save time and money for you, too. Goodrich V-Belts are made with tough cover rubber-impregnated fabric which prevents ply separation protecting the belt from dust, moisture, fumes, oil. Goodrich V-Belts are available matched sets—each belt tested and measured under operating tension, and set then made only those belts which will operate together good team should. Belts develop unequal lengths use, the longer belts then idle and slip, and wear out too soon. Goodrich match- sets each belt pulls its full share, and the set wears evenly, lasts far longer. Goodrich Research Makes Other Improvements addition protective covers and matched sets, Goodrich V-Belts have other improvements, developed Goodrich re- search, which increase life, reduce cost and trouble. One important value special cool-running rubber which reduces internal heat 75%. The heat flex- ing what destroys belts does tires. Just tire life has been multiplied recent years, Goodrich V-Belt life now far longer than the life belts you may have known even few years ago. Other developments Goodrich research are low-stretch cords which reduce slippage, and Goodrich Age-Rite compound which resists Oxidation attack air. Goodrich Belts Available Quickly When you can have the lower cost, the greater freedom from production shutdowns which Goodrich V-Belts assure you, why stick belts which not offer you these advantages? There are distrib- uting points for Goodrich V-Belts—one near you. Call your Goodrich Distributor- and start saving money, time and trouble. The Goodrich Company, Mechanical Rubber Goods Division, Akron, Ohio. Other typical Performance Reports Goodrich Belts v dredge cement-products plant, Good- rich V-Belts are still use after years v Steam turbine drive had ruined former less than month. Goodrich V-Belts have lasted 14 months and are still good. v The terrific shock load in a “pole peeler”’ broke after bele instantly. Goodrich V-Belts were tried and are still operation— the buyer now will use other brand Goodrich cool-running, tension-matched THE IRON AGE, July | || | — | | | | | TAKE OUR OWN new Irvin Works made from Copper Steel tanks, penthouse, roofing, siding phere led to this choice = 8 , ventilators Superior re industrial 2 VERTICAL BUCKET COAL ELEVATOR with casing Copper Steel. Coal handling equipment all kinds exposed corrosive conditions and needs the extra rust-resistance offered by U:S-S Copper Steel. Other uses are tanks, sheds, tipple and siding ~ = * + 4 ke 4 a, 4 q 4 Str NEW AND INTERESTING USE Copper Steel this galvanized running board and brake step for Railroads quickly recognized the value copper steel’s low cost and high resistance atmospheric corrosion and are now us- ing for roofing, siding, tie plates, q TO) COTTOSIVE atmos dq ; : = = U-S.S COPPER STEEL fights rats and salt air corrosion this galvanized rat guard. For marine applications atmospheric corrosion always ous problem, Copper Steel as- sures longer life for your products and freedom from costly maintenance. ~ ; 4 FOR DOLLAR PRODUCT MILLION DOLLAR Copper Steel resistance corrosion OPPER STEEL reverses the order things instead investing dollar earn nickel, you invest nickel and earn dollar. building products and structures like these with Cop- per Steel, you can increase their life 200°, extra cost less than 5°,. These have been verified the American Society for Testing Materials through exhaustive tests the various types iron and steel. Copper Steel has two three times the atmospheric corrosion resistance plain steel. products equipment that are continually exposed weather moisture, one the cheapest forms “Life Insurance” available. Hun- dreds products now made plain steel tron CARNEGIE-ILLINOIS STEEL COLUMBIA STEEL Scully CORPORATION, Pittsburgh and Chicago COMPANY, TENNESSEE COAL, IRON RAILROAD COMPANY, Birmingham Steel Products Company, Chicago, Warehouse Distributors United States Steel Products Company, New York, Export Distributors would last longer, give better service made Copper Steel. you are building product, plant structure that must withstand the ravages weather, out how little costs for the extra value Copper Steel. Copper Steel has all the easy fabricating qualities plain steel. can obtained black galvanized sheets standard sizes and finishes Write now, for the complete story Copper Steel and where being used. Address any the companies below. FACTORY WASH ROOM Steel. For any Copper Steel is the cconomic al chow e tor lasting SeTVICt with walls and ceiling Copper installations where steel San Francisco momsture, = } ' | | | — | This chart compiled from reports of the Com. mittee on Corrosion of Tron and Steel, AST nq. Proceedings 1937, shows results of tests carried on at Annapolis Md ener from 1916 to 1936. Alter 21 years of Cop. PER STEEL sheets remained “sound Lh j — Ne | oe f The feet A and the Machine Sensing real threat industrial progress the present day recurrence the age-old antagonism mechanical improvement, The Age has taken prompt and aggressive steps defend the machine —the object direct attack. The first series graphic editorial presenta- tions appeared the May issue and under the title Threat the outlined the nature the anti-machine propaganda which being presented millions people from coast coost. The second, "HE'S BACK 1899 and doesn't know appeared June begins the presentation conclusive proof that the machine actually builder employment and mass consuming power. The third presentation following pages. (Others will appear August 10, September and September 28.) The Age undertook this job because saw that this could easily become not merely sales deterrent but serious obstacle industrial prog- ress. This campaign typical the constructive work that The Age does for its industry addition regularly providing authentic news and in- formation. Small wonder that leads reader interest, influence and effectiveness. you are manufacturer machinery and would like the full story what this series accomplishing, write— Publication 10—THE IRON AGE, July 13, 1939 — 4 HIS the third graphic presentations dea!- ing with the improved machine builder employment and mass purchasing power. The first appeared IRON AGE May and the second the issue June 1939. this installment see the record the machine six widely different dustries. THE IRON AGE, JULY 13, 1939 your business primarily concerned with glass containers? Milk bottles, pop bottles, beer bottles, pickle bottles, etc.? so, you owe your present job undoubtedly the glass bottle-making machine. The automatic bottle machine created the milk bottle and this turn created our mod- ern milk distribution system with 66,000 milk- men and 73,000 service employees. The soft well the hard drink industry business. And large part the wage earners the canning and preserving industries owe their jobs the automatic glass container machine. Employment (as 1935) due machine made glass containers: the making containers 24,000 Making glass container machinery 600 Milkmen 66,000 Milk station and servicing 73,000 Glass sand mining 1,000 Employment packing and preserving due glass containers 13,382 Employment spirituous and soft drink mak- ing due glass containers 30,000 Employment above two items 15,433 223,415 Yes, the bottle-making machine gradually elim- inated the 28,000 glass blowers who had habit lung bursting business. But the other hand, the machine making containers has created employment for over 200,000 men and women. Before the glass bottle machine was invented there were 28,000 people engaged making glass containers. The Glass Container Industry va Now there are 24,000 directly engaged making glass containers but supplementary employ- ment created raises the total over 220,000. | | 4 and Office Machines OMEN were almost unknown the business world 1868, when the typewriter was invented. This invention set women business, speak, and increasing numbers. 1930, there were 775,000 women stenographers and typists the United States—about times many there were even More typewriters year after year have seemed call for more women business, year after year, and more women have, the same token, called for more typewriters. upward spiral. 1919, there were 15,669 wage earners employed making typewriters and supplies and 1935 there were 33,866 wage earners thus occupied. Adding and calculating machines and cash registers have more less from the first business machine, the typewriter. Over 20,000 wage earners are employed making them. Altogether, business machines have created well over million jobs the United States. Some anti-machine apostle might suggest doing away with them and going back the quill pen and the letter press that more people could employed. Certainly would re- quire least three four times many people the work. The trouble with this bright idea, like that doing away with steam shovels and excavating roads and ditches with teaspoons, that the work just wouldn't done! A Back the horse and buggy days 1890, Since the typewriter has “set women there were not more than 20,000 women typists and the number employed has increased stenographers the United States. 775,000. | Boot and Shoe Industry VER China, with comparatively few mechanical transport facilities available, half the population should want ride, the other half would have pull jinrikishas. This something like the boot and shoe making indus- try the 1850's the United States. All hand work and machines. But plenty employment for boot and Tramp—tramp—tramp. The boys—and girls—are march- ing. Marching through time and through invention, improvement and improved machinery better living conditions and greater tions. Slater's spinning machine and Whitney's cotton gin. Either them could produce more output given Cotton Textiles time than could many men women workers. Undoubt- edly, the first application these machines caused some labor displacement. The kind people who were comb- cotton goods was luxury. Negroes had ing and spinning hand methods were probably not the ious job combing out the seeds hand. capable understanding machine operation. But was onsumption that year was only lb. per capita. not long before they had chance back work. Then, quick succession came two important inven- For these machines revolutionized the South, turning economic relations and the circles spread out endless succession. with invention. effect spreads from the 4 shoemakers, even though half the population had barefoot. those days, there were 5644 shoemakers for each 1,000,000 our population. Today, there are but 2482 for each million. the face it, plain case tech- nological displacement. Even with the added employment the hide and leather industry due millions more shoes, and the added employment wholesale and retail outlets, doubtful the boot and shoe industry generates much employment its present mechanized state—per million population—as did 1850. Mechanization, the shoe industry may not have in- creased employment. But has given our population shoes wear. They did not have them The modern boot and shoe industry based upon the McKay stitcher, invented before the Civil stitches the upper the sole. Possession this mechan- ism the North enabled our Union soldiers well shod and this materially helped the North win the war. You cannot always judge invention the amount employment destroys creates. Availability products millions may worth more than jobs thousands. comfort. Nowhere this better illustrated than the boot and shoe industry which gives the fine footwear that now take for granted but which our forefathers could not have. into huge cotton plantation and made America the World's chief source the New Deal handed this position over Argentina and Australia. The employment generated these inventions has been great almost impossible measure. The cotton gin and the spinning machine created the huge cotton textile industry today. industry that gives employment more than 4,000,000 workers farm and factories and stores. Raising, ginning, spinning, weav- ing, manufacturing cotton goods and garments the tune per capita today. Even the modern laundry business, with its 208,000 em- ployees, owes most its progress All these jobs were created ma- chinery. immediate circle application until may cover the world. Think what the cotton gin did build employ- ment for four million Americans these concentric circles. Printing and Publishing chances out ten you owe your job the invention the linotype machine. was criticised and opposed first, labor destroyer, since multiplied output from five ten times. Strangely enough, machines that multiply output multiply jobs too. And the linotype certainly did. had set type hand there would not many | your business connected with making merchandising the printed word, then nine newspapers, and books would luxury. 1880, before the linotype, had 1726 printers and compositors the per million population. Now have 2500 plus, per million population. The output least fivefold greater, with corresponding increase employment the business de- pending printed matter. advances printing: book and job printing 19,000 newspaper and periodical printing 126,000 Employees book stores 15,000 bookbinding, etc. 20,000 Wage earners paper and pulp making 138,000 engraving 7,000 paper wholesaling 27,000 4,000 book, periodical and newspaper making printing equipment 10,000 wholesaling 9,000 Authors 12,000 Editors and reporters 52,000 582,000 Following are the latest available figures measurable employment due technological The linotype was indeed labor displacing Well, what has happened them? The 61,000 machine. multiplied output from five ten times. employed the printing and publishing industry What then, would happen the printers and com- 1880 has grown 268,000, largely because labor saving machinery. Automobile Industry buggy whip business not what used be. Blame the automobile for that. The automobile and the hundreds time saving machines and devices that are used making have put reach the average pocketbook. Back 1890, the birth the automobile, there were about teamsters, draymen, coachmen and hackmen mounted the rear end horses. Now there are only about them. But that not all it. There were some 39,000 harness makers 1900; now, there are but 7500 them. There were 30,000 coach and wagon makers 1900. Now, there are only 4000. Blacksmiths have shrunk during this time from 215,000 Wheelwrights from 13,000 none. That means, nearly can figure it, that the automobile has abol- ished some 150,000 jobs, since 1900. the other hand, has created during that time some six million new jobs, according the calculations the Automobile Manufacturer's Associ- ation. For remember, addition the half million motorcar makers and the three million truck drivers and chauffeurs and the labor repair shops, garages, filling stations, traffic signal shops, accessory shops, etc., the auto- mobile has generated per cent the employment the gasoline industry, per cent the rubber industry, per cent the plate glass, per cent the alloy steel industry and down the line. Who says machines not manufacture employment? Before the automobile, there were about one Now reliably estimated that fully six million million people who earned their living because people have employment that directly caused some form highway transportation, excluding the automobile. Not the making them much course the traction companies. their use. | | plants—tash workers producing aluminum designers— paint—engineers plants—mak electric furnaces extracting Who Invented Your OLLOWING are apparatus —chemists automobiles radio—automobi le instruments for few the created invention and improve- All of them are due to assemblers men—steam workers—repair plants making gas engines—makers of carbon furnaces—phonograph latter part our machine age available through the operation time makers—automotive this one workers—machinists, operators ants—work: range the present-day jobs which have been created reclamation aluminum— last three qenerations. electricians operation—stain! salewsmen—pattern gine plants—press operators for forming tend ers——press speakers—makers —telephone makers—design operators phonograph operators automobile operators—makers photo-film photographic turbine electrical engineers rmometers, production raphy—workers manufacturiog ing plants—steam dispensing phonograph preparing advertising instructors conductors instruments radios—acetylene nel—electrical diesel moat equipment making—press manutacture— mantenance operation operators liquid air —makers oil—makers indicators gyroscopes tluminum speedometers lined trains indicators apparatus apparatus airplanes—makers photo-film automotive makers of motors for conveyors employed making—workers installation containers producing castings for photo-film—acetylene —metatlurgists plants—makers use—workers plastic fillers—band saw metallurqists—radio examiners for ts—steam packaging —wholesalers phonograph refrigerator automotive mechanical leaf springs for ducing wood flour for designers, salesmen—state synthetic photographic ipparatus newspapers impreqnation—X - Ray makers—artists magazines drattsmen, = desiquers —chemists ture—makers photo-film—qasoline photo-film- —press operator making cash parts—examiners Government certification protection attendants—de makers for —spinners machinery phonograph developing engineers recording pneumatic phonograph apparatus enlarging film—chemical production—supervisory photo-film insulated booths for employees mechandising acetylene manufacturing photo-film executive plants—makers of apparatus executives pneumatic plants—heat sales engineers for automobile electric furnace automotive aluminum pilots—re accountants plants—makers machinery—makers automobile apparatus gage makers for gas engines—pattern-makers electric welding machine parts—engineers by-product coke photo-film apparatus seript writ appliance helpers—airline producers—machinists equipment—super making inspectors Steering wheels— vutomotive manutacture intendents desiqners apparatus—workers establishments—bindery material set automobiles—makers aluminum bauxige apparatus—workers equipment manufacture linotype—workers engaged in inspection and testing complete radios—sales aluminum ete.—painters copyright automobile maintenance —operators in airplane manutacture—electrical machines—tele workers—makers of process— maintenance strength and production insuletion plants—caleium staff —ice inspectors refriqerat and clerical supervisory producers—workers plants—cash ind decorating pantograph makers for paratus—phonograph extracting skilled and unskilled labor in aluminum plants—tool acetylene repairmen—su turntable suppliers—salesmen products—die manufaeture—cub pneumatic makers—imnine pervisory aluminum ‘utomobiles equipment operators duction—halftone plates—designers equipment—workers products—aretylene inspectors—band makers—ice installation valves—clerical equipment— makers—halftone generator engineers—acetylene salesmen—airplane suppliers—automobile registers— automobil: metaltlurgists- shops—X- Ray and weld manufacturers engineers—makers equipment pliers—acetylene makers—aero- inufacture engineers operators airplanes machinists —plastic chanies—telephone desigqners—assemblers operators telephone equipment—workers production musicians designers of nechanics apparatus of welding appliance vcetylene eylinder repair men—m apparatus hodies—stainless ittendants setters in radio manufacturing—pipe line tube transporting gasoline use—topyists technicians automotive gages for pneumatic tires preparing records—ling men—electric phonograph maintenance desiqners—eopper wire machines—baunite production—technical plants—tech inspections apparatus employees installers—clerical unskilled aluminum extracting engines— builders—supervisory aluminum operators—workers building by-product coke transporting automobile aluminum production aluminum producing radiographic parts—workers treating metals plants—phonograph phonograph apparatus—workers air—forem companies salesmen—electric establishments trains—print fabric—phonograph siqners—machinists proprietors transferred metatlurqists—workers materials thread—diesel salesmen—super plants—power and repair trons—traffic men—manufacturers and workers ducing high grade equipment broadcasting cuit breakers—makers of equipment for trans radium—salesmen kitchen ware—supervising executives in seam plants—electrical shops—clerical aluminum aluminum airplanes—upholstery workers interiors—nut use—fuel producing formalin for syn- automobile automotive requirements parts—workers vdvertising operators linotype—actors making phonograph reecords—printers mobile road maps—workers producing asbestos lining—desiqners operators tops—supervisory apparatus salesmen—mak manufactur carbide—su- phonograph plants—proofreaders linotype—maintenance employed producing plastics—airline makers—makers and controls—polishers and parts—packers reqisters—telephone plants making coke selling by esses—eash friqerator automobile radios—press automobile men—workers cars—retail ecke—chemists mechanics plants—acetylene —halftone aluminum nlants—dqas making—plat 1utomotive producers generator makers—clerical factories— plants—mak ers of pressure cylinders for liquid air trans portation—clerical and office plants—office eaquipment—parachute makers—mat plates—cash register maker employees—electric salesmen—dyers menufacture- handlers—carbon processing—announcers ghost writers producing meteorologists black workers apparatus—composers composina records—telephone phonograph men—makers biles—research investigating new work—work- desianina welders — refrineratina makers — materials equipment manufacture—rubber workers for rubber tires—diesel motor engl- neers—designers of electric welding apparatus —refinery workers producing gasoline for au- tomobiles—makers ot precision tools ind gages and instruments of all kinds for atr planes—makers of special thermos container for passenger meal service on airplanes—work ers im stainless steel mills—tire dealers and sales forces—acetylene lamp draftsmen— weighers of raw materials to make rayon— linotype machine repair men—automotive en gineers—phonograph instrument assemblers— makers of traffic light signals—cash register salesmen—acetylene lamp supervisors—calei- um carbide-acetylene electric furnace elec tricians—acetylene technictans—foun drymen in plants making gas engines— clerical and office workers in aluminum plants and sales offices—hospital technicians apply- ing radium needles—punch and shear sper ators in airplane plants—makers of park plugs for autemotive use—tire repair station attendants—phonograph record album makers —anakers of electrical wire for conducting electricity from steam turbine central station —die makers for phonograph record manufac ture—type designers for linotype machines- executives and supervisors in’ electric weld ing apparatus making—shippers and handlers of seamless tubes—musicians employed in fur nishing radio entertainment—supervisory ond executive staffs in by-product coke plants— executives engaged in halftone engraving— calcium carbide-acetylene electric furnace maintenance men—acetylene welders—workers in plants supplying auxiliary equipment for diesel motor making plants—airplane drafts men—supervisory and executive forces stainless production and sales—engineers tn rayon plants—X-Ray maintenance engineers —tool makers in airplane plants—arrang ers engaged in preparing music for radio en tertainment—makers of paper envelope mak ers for wrapping phonograph records—mak ers of equipment for protection against radium rays—foremen and technical supervisors of electric welding operations—makers of wind shield wipers for automobiles—makers uf sheet steel for automotive use—advertising and sales promotion workers engaged tire advertising—makers of bearings for automo biles—maintenance and repair men in diesel motor plants—phonograph record packers— technicians in radium” extracting plants- electric welding instructors—makers of up holstery fabrics for automobile interiors testers of cash reqgisters—airplane radio men —metallurqists in airplane plants—halftone production sales force—stainless steel rollers -chemists in rayon plants—makers of instru- ment for central station use—furnace tenders in seamless tube mills—makers of blank phonograph disks—radio testers—cast regis ter branch office cierical employees—acetylene lamp desigqners—calcium carbide-acetylene fur nace operators—makers of air compressor ap paratus for pnewmatic tire use—designers of electrically welded structures—makers of lino- type machines—tourist cabin operators for housing automobile tourists—makers of pre tective equipment—helmets gloves special aprons leqgings—acetylene cylinder fabri cators and welders—workers on tire inner tubes—supervisory staff in radio manufactur ing plants—buffing and polishing operators on automotive parts—telephone cable makers — makers of airplane motors—workers produc ing alloying elements for electric steels— tunqsten, vanadium, cobalt, nickel, echromi um, ete supervisory and executive forces in diesel motor making plants—pattern makers in plants making gas engines—shippers and packers in aluminum kitchen ware plants —type founders for linoty pe machines— makers of patterns for radio cabinets—cash register tool and die makers—airplane fly ing instructors—makers of wind tunnels for testing aireraft principles—photograph re touchers for improving halftone reproduc tion—makers of radio control room instru ments—electric tool steel inspectors—rayon machinery repair men—makers of valve gages and fittinas for by-product coke oroe essing—welders for joining automobile body parts—enamelers refrigerator box plants —workers producing methyl aleohol for phenolic plastics—elerical workers elec trie welding apparatus works—acetylene lam makers—laborers in bauxite transportation makers of pane for printing material se hy linotyne—diesel motor oilers—rubber mill equipment for tire making—workers productr amyl aleohol for plastic production—airpla model makers—machinists, foragers molde foundrymen, pattern makers, pipe fitters semblers in airplane plants—arrangers music in phonoqraphiec record manufactur makers of thermometers for use in 1V plants—press operators for making rid parts—makers of machine tools for autor tive narts—metallurqists in automot plants—air navigators—machinists work on automotive nrarts—clerical and office ¢ ployees in electric furnace operating plant —workers engaged in gas engine inspect and testing—telephone enqineers—automob dealers and salesmen—testers of raw mat rials going into rayon manufacture-—make of electrical appliances using power tr steam turbine central stations—maintenar and repair men in seamless tube product —press yperaters — for phonograph rec naking—superviscory and other executiv plants making electric furnaces—automa refrigerato compressor makers—supervi and executive staffs in plastic molding eq ment meking plants—plastic product sales —electricians nd maintenance men for t fabrie machines and molds—desiqn engine for liquid air eauipment wnnaratus phurie acid production for halftone ete —chrome and nickel miners producing rials for stainless steel—molders for ele trie welding machine castings—phonog destaners—maintenance and repair men aluminum producina ntants—ice machi md equipment menutfoeturers—cash rea enaineers—shipping clerks in radio plant alesmen automobile accessory stor acetylene production workers suppliers makers of machinery for makina plastic r narts—makers of equipment for inspect heavy metal narts with radium—instruct vutomobile driving schools—supervisory executive forces in plastic product plants | | basic time savir } inventions made 7 saving machinery scrap sorters invention during the maker of loaders and pushers tor by-prod °