The Iron Age 1939-06-15: Vol 143 Iss 24

ge uth, the ar- ion, and of in- but are sec - erce ex- lued that ver- ery, ‘low than pril, ner- ving pril, nent ex- king king and ainst ma- ma- 207 nent, ma- dur- than with Ex- de- FRITZ FRANK President VAN DEVENTER Editor Managing Editor News Editor Editor Emeritus Mechinery Editor Art Rditor Metallurgical Editor Associate Editors Washington Editor Resident District Editors CAMPBELL Pittsburgh Chicago Cleveland Detroit Correspondents London, England Cincinnati FRAZAR Boston Hamburg, Germany Milwaukee San Francisco SANDERSON ASA ROUNTREE, JR. Toronto, Ontario Birmingham Leroy ALLISON Roy Newark, N. J. St. Louis TURNER, JR. Buffalo Owned and Published CHILTON COMPANY (Incorporated) Editorial and Publication Office Executive Offices Chestnut and 56th Sts., 239 West 39th St., Philadelphia, Pa. New York, N. ¥ OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS MUSSELMAN, President FRITZ FRANK, Executive Vice-President STEVENS, Vice-President JOSEPH 8. HILDRETH, Vice-President GEORGE H. GRIFFITHS, Vice-President EVERIT B. TERHUNE, Vice-President WILLIAM BARBER, Treasurer JOHN BLAIR MOFFETT, Secretary JOHN VAN DEVENTER, JULIAN THOMAS KANE, CHARLES BAUR, G. CARROLL BUZBY, P. M. FAHRENDORF BAUR, General Advertising Manager DIX, Manager Reader Service Member, Audit Bureau of Circulations Member Associated Business Papers Indexed in the Industrial Arts Index. Published every Thursday. Subscrip- tion Price: United States and Pos- sessions, Mexico, Cuba, $6.00; Can- ada, $8.50; Foreign, $12.00 a year. Single copy, 25 cents. Cable Address, ADVERTISING STAFF Emerson Findley, 621 Union Bldg., Cleveland 8. L. Herman, Chilton Bldg., Phila. li. K. Hottenstein, 1012 Otis Bidg., Chicago Il. E. Leonard, 239 W. 39th St., New York Peirce Lewis. 7310 Woodward Ave., Detroit 239 West 39th St., New York obinson 4 > D. C. Warren. P. O. Box 81. Hartford, Conn. BINGHAM Contents 15, 1939 Machines and Unemployment Manufacture Artillery Ammunition New Three-High Balanced Mill Perchloric Acid Wire Cleaning and Baking Appreciation Albert Sauveur Hydraulic Types Feature Press Designs the Assembly Line Washington News THE NEWS BRIEF Weekly Ingot Operating Rate Rate Activity Capital Goods Plant Expansion and Equipment Buying New Industrial Literature Products Advertised 107 Just Between Two 108 Index Advertisers 132 Copyright 1939 Chilton Company CHROME NICKEL TYPES Among the many grades Allegheny Metal there one best suited your service requirements. Outstanding breadth applica- are Allegheny Metal affording maximum corrosion resist- ance and permanent beauty surface wherever employed, whether indus- architecture, transportation the ... and Allegheny Metal 25-12, serving industry the most readily workable high-temperature-resisting, alloy offered commer- forms and quantities today. The thirteen other standard grades and numerous modifications Alle- current list have each group advantages with which 2very progressive engineer should STRAIGHT CHROME TYPES Nineteen standard Allegheny Stainless grades and several modifications are available. Extensively used throughout industry are the adaptable Allegheny 46—for applications demanding strength temperature with resistance corrosion combined with facility fabrication; Allegheny 12—for appli- cations requiring corrosion and heat- resistance and the ability respond fabrication; Allegheny 17—for resist- ance chemical and atmospheric corrosion coupled with facility fabri- cation; and Allegheny 28—employed where applications demand maximum temperature resistance, but where difficult fabrication involved. Allegheny Ludlum offers the com- plete cooperation its Research and Metallurgical Departments mining the correct alloy alloys adapted for your various processing ligation course. Would you copies the latest bulletins? ALLEGHENY STEEL PITTSBURGH, PA. WAREHOUSE STOCKS Stainless Steel Stocks carried all / 4 fj WY \ Wz =— 3 « | ( — THE IRON AGE ... JUNE 15, 1939 ESTABLISHED 1855 Vol. 143, No. Machines and Unemployment SENSE perspective and knowledge history are helpful, especially times like these when many people are mentally traveling along blind alleys. you listened some these well-intentioned but misinformed people, you would think that poverty, distress, unemployment and relief problems were prod- ucts the that even had such things existed before the they have been greatly intensified and enlarged it. There were machines the year Yet there was poverty, distress and unemployment. much that Christ saw fit out and record for pos- terity. Said Christ: have the poor always with (St. Matthew, Chap. 26, They did not have many machines 1615 D., 150 years before the invention the steam engine. But.the Foundry Trade Journal London calls attention the following report the relief problem Sheffield that day: survaie the towne Sheffild, made the second daie Jan- uarie 1615, twenty-four the most sufficient inhabitants there, ap- peareth that there are the towne Sheffild 2207 people; which there are 725 which are not able live without the charity their neighbours; these are all begging poore. One hundred householders which relieve others. These (though the best sorte) are but poor artificers; among them there not one that can keep teame his own land, and not above tenn that have ground their own that can keep cow. One hundred and sixty house- holders not able relieve others. These are such (although they beg not) are not able abide the storme one sickness, but would thereby driven One thousand two hundred and twenty-two chil- dren and servants the said householders, the greatest part which are such live small wages, and are constrained work sore provide them you Thirty-three and third per cent the Sheffield population 1615 were and dependent upon the charity their neighbors! That larger relief load than faced here the machine made United States the bottom the man-made depression must admit that the machine has had its effect poverty and distress here the United States. The machine has created national wealth abundantly the past enable Uncle Sam borrow and spend untold billions relieve the wants and needs America's distressed scale undreamed and unimagined the past and unimaginable elsewhere. re ; 4 the x “2 3 4 | git ‘iba d hicago’s New Subway Takes with Special Steel Sections Made INLAND Tunneling for Chicago’s new subway goes for- ward rapidly—and here again Inland engineers have co-operated from the early stages. After thorough study the problem, special I-Beam arch ribs and liner plates were designed for the job Inland engineers—permitting quicker setup and less costly method sustain- ing earth pressures prior the placing concrete. Plates were designed and tested for pressures 4,000 per square foot. Liner plates and ribs transmit pressure into trusses, held apart timber cross braces, placed SHEETS PLATE BARS PLATES FLOOR PLATES Section showing Hi-Steel rib Contractor, Herlihy Chicago. high enough allow ample working space. Trusses are made Inland Hi-Steel (high strength low-alloy), keep weight mum that they may erected and moved hand during tunneling operations. Inland engineers, working closely with the contractors, have helped them develop safe and economical method handling this part the job. This practical co-operation typical isa good indication the engineering service you can expect from Inland any construction work involving the use PILING RAILS South Dearborn Street, CHICAGO District Offices: DETROIT MILWAUKEE ST.LOUIS ST. PAUL owing Lieut. — ECOGNIZING safety without the very live in- impairing the accura- terest article deals with the materials and equipment used fire. inac- the manufacture artillery shells. second article will follow curately manufac- the manufacture artillery ammunition, the editor THE AGE prepare covering the art the present day. The belief that such timely interest and will afford valuable information com- mercial concerns who may become en- gaged ammunition manufacture. complete round ammunition, shown Fig. consists the main steel shell, fuse, either the clock type one more varia- tions impact powder train type fuses, high explosive shell filler, usually TNT, booster detonate the explosive which within the shell cavity, brass cartridge case contain- ing the smokeless powder propelling charge, and primer the base the cartridge case for igniting the propelling charge. The forging also the picture. The artillery ment Frankford Arsenal manufac- tures the shell, the mechanical time fuse, the brass cartridge case and the later date other phases ammunition manufacture. The author officer-in-charge the artillery ammunition department Frankford Arsenal, Philadelphia, and this manuscript released for publication the Chief Ordnance, Army. Statements and opinions are understood individual expressions the author and not those the Ordnance Department. primer. any consideration ar- tillery ammunition manufacture, should constantly borne mind that the firing projectile, enor- mous forces are met with. The shell attains velocity its travel through the gun, many cases, 2800 ft. per sec. and even higher. Such veloc- ity reached something less than 0.008 sec. Therefore, the physical requirements and the exactitude manufacturing tolerances are ques- tioned, suffice say that experience has proved that such requirements are necessary for strength and accuracy. The Ordnance Department con- stantly striving procure steels better machineability and uniformity, and equally striving increase tolerances wherever actual firings in- dicate that such may done with tured shell invari- ably an_ shell flight. The manufacture am- munition presents probably the mass production which must undertaken the Ordnance Depart- ment when and major war upon us. trite say what common knowledge this connection, and that the military practice this country has always been enter upon the production implements warfare after war has been declared— the country’s practice date has not been carry war reserve stocks any measurable quantity. also generally accepted fact that the mass production munitions must performed commercial in- dustry. American arsenals are not, and the opinion the writer should not be, equipped for mass production. The true function the arsenals keep alive time peace the art end, whenever funds have been avail- able, arsenals have been tooled with the latest type machines offered the machine tool industry. be- THE IRON AGE, June 1939—25 > _ A | igh and the eel. lieved that here the artillery ammuni- tion department notable example one the country’s institutions which indeed step with the prin- ciples modern production methods. Within the past months, has been the practice set small lines production based upon modern progressive methods manufacture. The tools and other equipment Frankford Arsenal are the best which the industry has been able evolve for the particular volved. The production lines are small and have capacities for but components artillery ammunition per day. However, the development the machines complete the present day. The tools, jigs fixtures, working and inspection gages have been use for year and have thus been tried the crucible experi- ence. Thus, manufacturers who may become interested the educational orders placed the Office the Chief Ordnance for artillery ammunition, manufacturers who may interested bidding the ammunition for which funds are made available, may come the arsenal and see the most modern and most economical methods manufac- ture. Likewise, should become neces- sary, time war, for industry into mass production, these small laboratory production lines may used models for augmentation interested The machines and equipment which have been purchased are, many cases, standard types, tooled spe- cific needs. other cases, machines and equipment have been designed for special requirements. The desire has been, common with other high production industries such the auto- motive field, install high production equipment throughout the laboratory production lines. The Frankford Ar- senal has the written assurance several manufacturers the machine tool industry that its machines may minimum time enlisting the services the many well equipped machine shops throughout the country. Further, the author’s belief that the Ordnance Department should as- sist allocating number these shops the machine tool industry for their assistance time war. Once such allocation made, the ma- chine tool manufacturer can make close contact with the machine shops that the character and quality work will mutually understood. Parts manufactured will shipped into the parent plant for assembly. this means, large number modern, IRON AGE, June 15, 1939 high production machines will become available for artillery ammunition manufacture very minimum time. The author also believes that such procedure far more rational than & IG. complete round ammunition. Also shown the raw forging from which shell this type made. the thought which some subscribe, that machine tools for manufacture should consist simple, single-operation machines, which, their very simplicity, can built machine shops. is, after all, ques- tion many man-hours ma- chine time, and would appear better spend such time manufacturing high production machines than the manufacture machines most limited production capacity. The ex- penditure artillery ammunition any war yet come will without doubt much greater than during the World War. The development aviation its present extent can lead other belief. Anti-aircraft gun fire will assume large proportions and consume great quantities shell. may recalled that the British forces alone the battle the Somme during the World War fired some- thing over 4,000,000 rounds lery ammunition, and so, any con- sideration ammunition production, must borne mind that when mass production spoken of, produc- tion and yet more production what Manufacture Shell Forgings through the manufacturing cycle re- quired the production anti-air- craft shell, for which the demand time war will enormous, and should such war within American borders the demand would very im- mediate. Remember too, that the de- mand must met production reached after the declaration war. The first step procure the forg- ing. this country, these are made two processes, the first which known the conventional method. This provides for piercing billet vertical press and then the same heat, completing the piercing and forming the forging the correct dimensions, running through horizontal draw bench. brief, consists number ring dies, sizing rolls, each progres- sively smaller diameter, through which the forging forced means horizontally acting punch. The metal thus forced outwardly over the punch. This source supply actually the one upon which must depend for the mass production forgings. There are, course, great num- ber hydraulic presses sufficient capacity daily use industry, and the matter making the draw bench one which may well taken care the hydraulic press industry within the country. satisfactory forging limited eccentricity 0.125 in. Obviously, when the ec- centricity exceeds this any appre- ciable amount, the rough turning the shell correspondingly slowed down and the tool wear and breakage greatly increased. The second method making shell the use upsetter. Forgings | | q q 4 x | | : ; } IG. Lathe used for rough turning. The shell centered ex- panding mandrel operating the in- terior surface. ° ° ° made this process may held very close tolerances. Unfortunately, however, there are but few upsetters which will available for such use time war. The average weight IG. 3—Loading end nace used heat the shells prior quenching. the forging for the shell which here under consideration lb. The fin- ished shell Ib. forging prac- tice improves, course, this great machining will correspondingly re- duced. The army using its shell forgings the present time, SAE X-1335, reason its high ma- chineability and reason the high THE IRON AGE, June 15, > physical properties inherent steel. Manufacturers forgings for minor caliber shell recently procured have been successful reaching, means air quench, physicals required 60,000 Ib. per sq. in. yield point, cent. However, the physical proper- ties the medium caliber shell, which are 78,000 Ib. proportional limit, and per cent elongation, can- not met without heat treatment, which, course, introduces another operation the manufacture. Proper real problem time war, reason the fact that there little commercial demand for type heat treating equipment best suited for the heat treatment shell forging. This, other words, type equipment, the manufac- ture which must after the declaration war. Operations Shell Shop After receipt the forging, the first operation that cutting off the open end the approximate depth shell cavity required. found that the best method doing this means standard com- mercial hack saw, which gives high production and has the great advan- tage ready availability when re- quired. The forgings are then carried means chain conveyor the centering machine, which used for putting the first rough center the base the forging. The shell here chucked expanding man- drel, and centering drill, which revolves the opposite direction from the mandrel, forms the has been found necessary, order that true center may had, introduce these oppositely revolving members. The shell now ready for one the heaviest operations the entire shell line, that is, the rough and con- centricity turn combined. The forg- ings now used are those known the finished forged cavity type; that is. the interior the forging not ma- after receipt the arsenal. Hence, rough turning, the center put the previous operation used chuck the shell expand- ing mandrel operating the interior surface the shell. The lathe shown Fig. and vertical lathe, which this operation performed, carries the one case five carbide turning tools, and the other, two tools. Depth cut approximately 0.1 in., with feed 0.31 in. Forg- ings SAE X-1335 steel are being 28—THE IRON AGE, June 15, 1939 turned surface speed 295 ft. per min. After this operation the forging has interior and exterior walls which are sensibly concentric. now necessary machine the open end exact length the required depth cavity with face, the plane which right-angles the axis the bore the forging. This operation done facing machine, which has also the past been used for boring the interior cavity, when such method was the practice. From here, the next step rough face the base. This very severe operation also, the thickness the base the forging varies very con- siderably forging practice. For this purpose specially designed base facing machines are used, employing high speed steel tools. machines are designed that the tool approaches the center the shell, the speed rotation the forging automati- cally increased through three stages, that the surface cutting speed held nearly constant practicable. The shell then passed means roller conveyor the second center- ing machine,which exact coun- terpart that described for the first, rough center. Forming Ogive Forward Portion chain conveyor now the shell the heat treating and forg- ing shop. the first operation consists heating the nose end the shell cylinder approximate 2000 deg. induction heating furnace. requires min. heat the cylinder this temperature, but with the number coils stalled shell available every sec. The shell then passed means position under the ram the crank press, which carries water cooled nosing cupping die. This die machined the exact shape the ogive which must formed the open end the shell. Movement downward the die reproduces the shape the ogive which desired, and the trapped heated air within the shell acts ejector. The shell then carried means roller con- veyor the continuous heat treating furnace. Heat Treating The furnace unit, shown Fig. through which the shells and from which they are permitted drop gravity down against the air into the quenching oil. the shell falls downward, valve automatically opened, which causes heavy stream oil forced through nozzle about which the shell centered. Thus, the interior the cavity receives equal quench with the exterior surface, which rounded the oil the quench tank. conveyor then takes from the quench upward "@o to ; | nent the ired, the con- iting nace, ssed, ealed oil. valve shell the with sur- tank. shell the q draw furnace. the discharge end this last furnace, the shells are permitted cool and are then passed through blasting equipment, which completely cleans the entire surface, inside and out, all scale. After this operation, the shells are carried means the roller con- veyor back the shell shop receive their subsequent operations. The first lathes, the excess metal the ogive, introduced the nosing operation, previously described. The shell now carried roller machine, where all operations the front end are performed. These con- sist facing the mouth, chamfering, boring, reaming, and tapping means collapsible tap. The output these several operations very high, and the accuracy work uniformly good. roller conveyor now carries the shell the machines for the finish turning. This very exacting operation its accuracy, here the shell must held the close toler- ances required for accurate fit within the barrel the gun, through which the projectile fired. small amount excess metal left the bourrelets, bearing surfaces the shell. The shell now placed nose down- ward eight-spindle automatic machine for performing all operations the rear end, base the pro- These consist facing the base, putting small radius the the perimeter the base, cutting and dovetailing the band seat, boring, and reaming the fuse hole. For this same operation automatic turret lathes are also used. The production here per machine again high, and accuracy maintained. The shell next stamped with information its model and type, lot number, means die carried the ram hy- draulic press. The fuse hole then tapped, two shells simultaneously, means tapping machine, shown Fig. specially designed scor- ing machine now scores, notches, the band seat, provide holding surface against shearing (CONTINUED PAGE 69) THE IRON AGE, June 15, 1939—29 compete with the tinuous hot strip mills, plants using the conventional 2-high hand sheet mills are constantly faced with the problem reducing costs finished sheets and improving rolling methods. With this situation becoming more acute, Continental Roll Steel Foun- dry Co., East Chicago, began the de- velopment mechanical unit which would adaptable the existing mill drive and local plant conditions, and which would produce far greater ton- nage with considerably less man pow- er. The initial investment, course, would very low compared with continuous strip mill installation. result, this type mechanized mill today extremely ver- satile, high-production, low cost unit— consisting 3-high balanced rough- ing mill and two three 2-high mech- anized mills. For rolling sheet bar 9/16 in. thick and under, 3-high jump mill used for roughing. The new Continental 3-high balanced mill for rolling sheet bar from in. thickness. Both mills are designed produce average 1800 pairs sheet bars each 8-hr. turn, based 30—THE IRON AGE, June 15, 1939 IG. balanced mill the type. NEW 3-HIGH operation five passes per pair, con- sisting two single passes and three matching passes. While tonnage fig- ures vary according the difference size sheet bars, the average ton- nage the 3-high balanced mill about tons for hr., while that the jump mill about tons. Three-high balanced have top and bottom rolls in. diameter, and middle roll 20-in. diameter. While possible roll wide widths sheets mill this type, most automatic sheet mill units have been designed for rolling sheets in. finished width. Size sheet bar varies from in. in. width, and depending what suit- able for producing desired width finished sheet, usually from in. in. The 3-high jump mill the simpler the two units, and preferable when rolling sheet bar less than in. thick. This type mill usually equipped with hand-operated screw- down, consisting spanner wheels and wrenches. The bottom roll only driven, and the middle roll and top rolls are idle, and depend for their rotation friction between the mid- dle and bottom rolls. The top and bottom rolls are fitted with fabric bearings supplied with water sprays. The top roll arranged with suitable wipers keep the water from coming contact with the hot material. provide ample sup- ply water for these water bearings, bronze water manifolds are furnished and arranged that they may read- ily removed and replaced with clean manifolds without disturbing the op- eration the mill. the other hand, the middle roll mounted roller bearings securely sealed against water and scale, and enclosed cast steel chocks. insure flat rolling the sheets, the middle roll provided with lateral adjustment, that its axis may placed slightly ahead the top and ; bottom rolls desired. Large clamps are provided hold the chocks firmly position, and avoid breakage clamp bolts. These clamps are slide- ably mounted machined surfaces, that they may readily moved out position when changing rolls. The complete roll change the middle roll can made less than min. The mill and tables are supplied with automatic pressure lubricating sys- tem for all lubrication points. All grease and water piping supplied with the mill the point con- nection the main supply. The motor-driven screwdown de- signed with extremely low inertia factor, provided for quick stopping and starting the screwdown mech- anism permit speed and accuracy pass setting. The screwdown the worm and worm wheel type, total- inclosed and supplied with force feed oil lubrication all parts. The top roll suspension effected means totally inclosed springs mounted over each screwdown mech- anism, which are adjusted and locked position when the mill erected, eliminating the necessity constant adjustment, such frequently necessary certain other types 3-high mills, addition eliminating the necessity any cross member extending through the housing above the roll. The middle roll raised and low- ered means stilliard rods con- nected through levers pneumatic cylinders. cylinders are oper- ated valves actuated the motion the delivery table, that the mid- dle roll must always its proper position with relation the top and bottom rolls before the table posi- tion for entry the bar into the mill. This arrangement permits extreme- fast operation the middle roll balance mechanism, insures against roll breakage caused entry the bar into the mill before the mid- either top bottom rolls, the case may be. rolling sheet bar 3-high mill which the top roll driven, necessary allow for variable amount slippage the top roll permit rolling flat sheets. This slip- page was usually obtained means slip coupling mounted the top spindle and adjusted means bolts and springs located the periphery the coupling. order obtain the correct amount slippage, the mill well the entire mill train had stopped and adjustment made, which, BALANCED MILL table with finger- control. was only approximation, inasmuch the correct effect this adjustment could not ascertained until the mill was again started up. mechanism has been developed which permits the variable slippage the top roll, which can adjusted from the outside the pinion hous- ing while the mill actual opera- tion. This mechanism consists suit- able friction disks located the top middle pinion, and totally in- closed the pinion housing. The pinion stand designed with double helical cut tooth pinions, having unusually large face, and with bab- bitt bearings very liberal propor- tions. The bearings and the pinion teeth are lubricated centralized pressure lubrication system. While Continental 3-high mills have been designed for extremely high speed and accuracy gage, was also necessary have feeder and catcher tables such design that they would suitable for the rapid re- versal, both transverse motion and vertical motion, and yet built eliminate all excess weight. Both the operator the feeder table and the operator the catcher table are conveniently located and seated spring-cushioned chairs with the elec- tric control box directly front them, and with hand levers and foot pedals for raising and lowering the tables and the various stops directly their finger tips. Most the features both the mill and mill tables, are covered patents patents pending. THE IRON AGE, June 15, ° ° ° MORRIS JOHNSON Chief Chemist, Crucible Steel Co. America, Park Works ° ° ° procedure set forth herein the nitrogen chromium metal (98 per cent Cr, 0.10 and high chromium-nickel-molybdenum carbide steel solution chloric and perchloric acids. The combination dis- solves chromium carbides clear red solution the following chro- mium-carbon ferrochromium per cent C); and low-carbon chromium (0.08 per cent metal. The high-carbon samples should pulverized and then ground agate mortar the extreme fine- ness wheat flour. Pieces .the low-carbon metals are drilled. schedule, including the details solu- tion both the metal the alloy and also the carbides therein: 9:55 a.m. Weigh 1.5 gm. fer- rochromium into beaker with cover. Add ml. 1:1 HCl, and place hot plate digesting, but not boiling, temperature. Heat mod- erately until the hydrogen action completed. 10:20 a.m. Remove tests from the hot plate, after reducing the volume the acid boiling down Then add ml. per cent re- agent grade 10:50 a.m. Heat heavy fuming about ml. 11:40 am. Take tests off cool, and then out lunch. 1:15 p.m. Add 200 ml. H.O and heat boiling order dissolve all salts 1:20 p.m., after which boil for min. and cool. While the samples are dissolving, the distilling apparatus should ‘cleaned. Then ml. per NaOH and 475 ml. H.O and three pieces mossy are placed each the six Kjeldahl flasks, and these are connected the six tin tubes the distilling and condensing apparatus. (See Ace, July 26, 1934, 11.) The burners are lit under the flasks 9:15 a.m. 9:30 a.m. Contents the flasks be- gin boil. 32—THE IRON AGE, June 1939 11:00 am. 250 are distilled over into the 500 ml. receiving flasks and rejected. The 250 ml. solution remaining the distilling flasks then cooled room temperature and retained therein with the pieces zine. 2:20 p.m. ml. the 0.01 normal are put each the 500 ml. receiv- ing flasks from which the 250 ml. cleaning distillate has just moved, The acid solutions the sam- ples are then transferred these distilling flasks, which contain the remaining 250 ml. the alkaline liquid from which the 250 ml. had been removed the distillation just described. This transfer made the following manner—pour the total cold solution the steel and the rinsings the beakers into the Kjel- dahl flasks. The liquid in.the flasks will now acid. Let the acid from the steel solution act the for three minutes before adding the ex- cess NaOH. Then neutralize the liquid that still acting the with the per cent NaOH. Continue CONTROL laboratory mill making ventilated hoods the background are tions, although they should regularly three preceding sections this series articles the author de- scribed the perchloric acid procedure for determining manganese types alloy steels and iron ore. perchloric acid test for sulphur steel, coal and coke also was de- add the latter until test with lit- mus paper indicates slight excess the alkali. Now add ml. excess the NaOH, and more. During this neutralization the solutions the sam- ples should not allowed become warmer than about deg. nect the flasks with the tin tubes. 2:31 p.m. Flames are lighted under all flasks. 2:45 The H,O from the liquid the flasks begins boil and dis- tilled over into the 500 ml. receiving fe i pe an large quantities highly alloyed steel. The admirable for perchloric acid determina- cleaned minimize danger explosions. lit- his me on- ser der ing veloped. this, the fourth section the series, the application the new perchloric acid procedure for de- termining nitrogen steel, ferro- chromium, coal and coke set forth full detail. carrying over the NH,OH formed from the nitrogen the steel. 4:00 the liquid the ml. receiving flasks with the 0.01 normal NaOH reddish brown end point with the alizarine indicator. The nitrogen results for ferrochro- mium, using the standard No. 101 (18 and steel check are shown Table (1) The nitrogen the form from mgs. KCNS was into ml. the 0.01 normal H.SO, ml. The stand- ard mixture was equivalent 0.001442 gm. nitrogen. (2) Relation between standard so- lutions was 0.01 normal NaOH equals 1.11 ml. (3) After distilling the blank, ml. 0.01 normal NaOH were required titrate the liquid the 500 ml. re- ceiving flask reddish brown color change with the indicator, 1.11 14.43 ml. the 0.01 normal ml. 0.01 normal which the blank added 0.01 normal NaOH deductions. (4) After distilling over the nitro- gen from the mgs. KCNS, the distillate was titrated with the 0.01 normal NaOH and 1.11 0.6 blank equals 3.9 ml. required give the end point. There was ml. the 0.01 normal the re- ceiving flask the start. Then 15.0 3.9 11.1 0.01 normal that was neutralized the NH,OH coming from the nitrogen KCNS The nitrogen the mg. KCNS plus the 0.04 mg. nitrogen the gm. No. 55-A equals total 1.482 mg. nitrogen the standardizing mixture. 1.482 0.1335 mg. nitrogen per ml. the 0.01 normal Factor from 0.200 gm. 0.75 per cent normal ferrochromium: 0.200 gm. 0.75 per cent nitrogen 1.50 mgs. nitrogen; 0.5 gm. No. 55-A contains 0.02 mg. the total therefore 1.52 mgs. nitrogen. required 2.8 ml. the 0.01 nor- mal NaOH neutralize the 0.01 normal still left over the receiving flask from the 0.01 normal placed therein before the distillation. 2.8 1.11 3.108 0.6 blank 3.7 left over; ml. 3.7 11.3, 11.3 ml. the 0.01 NH,OH coming from the nitrogen the 0.200 gm. 0.75 per cent nitrogen ferrochromium the 0.5 gm. No. 55-A. 1.52 11.3 0.1345 mg. nitro- gen equivalent per ml. the 0.01 normal The gm. chro- mium metal sample was put through all operations, and 11.4 ml. the 0.01 normal NaOH was required titrate the 0.01 normal left over. This 11.4 ml. multiplied 1.11, the rela- tion between the 0.01 normal NaOH and the 0.01 normal gives 12.6 0.6 blank 13.2 0.01 normal H.SO, unused. Therefore 15.0 ml. 0.01 normal ml. put 13.2 ml. free acid leaves 1.8 ml. 0.01 normal H.SO, consumed the nitrogen the chromium metal. 0.1345 0.000242 gm. nitrogen. 0.000242 100 0.024 per cent nitrogen the chromium metal. the same time No. 101 Bureau 18-8 steel was analyzed the same routine and 0.028 per cent nitro- gen was obtained using the nitro- gen factor 0.1345 mg. nitrogen per ml. 0.01 normal which checks the official value. Highly-Alloyed Cr-Ni-Mo Steels The determination nitrogen the highly alloyed chromium-nickel- molybdenum steels solution hy- drochloric and acids follows: Weigh 2.5 gm. for test sam- ple. after which the procedure similar that the ferrochromium method just described, except that the preliminary dissolving takes longer time. Also added the standardizing mixture. determining nitrogen solution HCl and applied car- bide steels, two analysts applied the foregoing carbide steels and the THE IRON AGE, June 15, | = king are arly ‘ | 3 = — | nis ire ail re. in following narrates their personal equa tion. First Operator: Use 2.5 gm. for the analysis, and proceed given for ferrochromium metal. The preliminary dissolving 1:1 may require longer time, about one hour. Then add per cent C.P. HCIO, and boil down ml. Then cool and add 200 ml. Boil for min., cool and transfer distillation flasks. Also, added the standardizing mixtures. For example, the blank was weighed 1.2 gm. and blank 0.6 ml. the 0.01 normal was required for the chemicals. The one standardizing mixture con- sisted mgs. KCNS and 1.2 gm. the second standard- izing mixture consisted 200 mgs. 0.75 per cent nitrogen ferrochro- mium. factor ml. equals 0.152 mg. nitrogen for the 0.01 normal was found from the first, and the second mixture gave factor 0.153 mg. nitrogen per ml. the 0.01 normal Second operator: Weigh 2.5 gm. the drillings into 600 ml. beak- ers. Digest for one hour, with mod- erate heating, ml. 1:1 until the hydrogen action ceases, nearly so. Add ml. per cent and boil down heavy fumes min. Fume with dense fumes HCIO, issuing beaker for min. more, reaching final volume about After cooling add 200 ml. H,O and boil for min. Transfer these acid solu- tions the distillation flasks the manner described mium, and finish from that point on. standard steel the same type, from which 0.055 per cent nitrogen was obtained first the “soluble- insoluble” nitrogen method, was used get the factor. From another set drillings, this same steel was also re- ported later 0.055 per cent nitrogen the laboratory the manufacturer the ferrochromium. This concern used the vacuum fusion method. The two variations the hydro- chloric-perchloric method are de- scribed the two operators, being substantially the same that pre- liminary attack 1:1 was fol- lowed fuming down with until all carbides were dissolved there was then solution salts and boiling away all chlorine odors before the final distillations. the first procedure the operator found closely agreeing factors the order ml. 0.01 normal 34—THE IRON AGE, June 15, 1939 TABLE Nitrogen Results for Ferrochromium and Stainless Steel Per cent Per cent Per cent Per cent Nitrogen, byNitrogen, Nitrogen, Nitrogen, Vacuum Method Method Laboratory Nitrogen No. high-carbon ferrochromium 0.037 0.039 0.033 0.027 No. high-carbon ferrochromium 0.034 0.034 0.026 0.027 No. 7-4 low-carbon ferrochromium 0.059 0.059 0.050 0.029 The above results were gotten method. The No. standard each set check the entire operation. TABLE Nitrogen Results Obtained New Perchloric and Vacuum Methods Steels That Contain Much Cr-Mo Carbides Heat 47-10 Heat 47-8 Heat 47-22 Heat 47-40 Heat 47-32 Heat 8-39 Bureau Standard No. (18-8 Steel). value, Nitrogen 0.028 per cent; run each time the same technique check *THE IRON AGE, July 26, 1934. Per Cent Nitrogen Per Cent Vacuum Fusion Nitrogen Method Manufacturer's Solution Method** Laboratory 0.057 0.055 0.064 0.065 0.079 0.078 0.076 0.077 the and Insoluble" Nitrogen 0.068 0.065 0.090 0.089 found 0.028 **The HCI-HCIO, method can used for plain steels also. equals 0.15 mg. nitrogen. The sec- ond operator got lower factor ml. 0.01 normal equals 0.13 mg. nitrogen. Both analysts obtained good agree- ment with each other the same steels, the nitrogen content. They concluded also that they were able check their own results better when there was sufficient excess after the final fuming cause quite little action the the mossy zinc when the acid solutions the samples were poured into the alka- line liquid remaining the distilla- tion flasks and containing the pieces mossy zinc. This action was allowed continue for three minutes before the final neutralization with NaOH and the addition the excess ml. the per cent NaOH. The results this procedure are shown Table IT. Comparison Method For the determination nitrogen high-carbon and low-carbon ferro- chromium and chromium metal so- lution 1:3 sulphuric acid, for com- parison with the 1:1 hydrochloric acid-perchloric method, following: the ferrochromium low carbon (about 0.06 0.30 per cent carbon), drillings can taken from the lumps selected throughout the shipment. When the carbon ranges from about per cent, pieces can crushed and passed through 30- mesh screen. average sample can then ground extreme fineness agate mortar, near like wheat flour possible particle size. Digest 1.5 gm. the powdered sample, drillings, 600 ml. beak- ers with 150 ml. 1:3 H,SO, until all evidence hydrogen evolution ceases. Take heavy fumes SO,. After cooling, add 150 ml. H,O. Heat until all salts are dissolved, then cool again. Meanwhile the distilling flasks are cleaned. Then, ml. the per cent NaOH solution and three pieces mossy zinc and 500 ml. H,O are placed each flask. The six flasks are then set place the distilling apparatus (see July 26, 1934, 11). The burners are lit and 250 the fluid distilled out The distilling flasks are then discon- | n n a St a ct m WV 7 Experiment Station 11256—Coal 13261—Coke 15254—Coke 18560—Coal Coal and the remaining liquid them cooled. The flasks are now ready receive the dissolved samples. These latter solutions are transferred the cooled flasks and then mixed with the remaining 250 ml. The mixture now acid and allowed act the mossy zine the flasks for three minutes. Then neutralize the mixture each distilling flask, keeping cool all the while the per cent NaOH solution added, until the fluid the flasks just blue litmus. Then add excess ml. the per cent NaOH, and more. important avoid large ex- cess the NaOH, some the alkaline solution may carried over mechanically with the distillate, caus- ing high results. minimize the chance error from this cause the stem the bulb tube connecting the distillation flask with the tin pipe con- denser tubes should not less than mm. bore and about 10.5 mm. O.D. Smaller bore tubes may permit liquid collect the bent tube the trap bulb, which latter should in. diameter and in. from the top the flask, Department the Interior TABLE Comparative Nitrogen Determinations for Various Methods Per Cent Per Cent Per Cent Nitrogen, Nitrogen Nitrogen Vacuum Fusion Method Method Laboratory 5305 0.058 (ferrochromium) 0.059 0.058 0.050 Chromium metal 0.024 0.024 High carbon ferrochromium 0.037 0.039 0.033 High carbon ferrochromium 0.034 0.034 0.026 No. 101 Bureau 18-8 standard, official value, 0.025 0.028 per cent Nitrogen, run same time 0.029 0.028 TABLE Per Cent Nitrogen, Per Cent Nitrogen, Park Plant Laboratory, Solution 1.65 0.99 0.98 1.00 1.16 1.18 1.40 1.38 1.49 1.51 1.15 1.13 0.86 0.89 The liquid collecting the bent tube is, course, passed into the measured amount the 0.01 normal standard solution the regular course the distillation. the distillate should more less alkaline from any excess NaOH the Kjeldahl flask, carried over mechanically excessive boiling and steam pressure and too much NaOH begin with, the nitrogen results will too high. Such path alkali was traced with the indicator the end the distilla- tion flush out the apparatus when the excess NaOH considerably ex- ceeded ml. just before distillation. The distillation then finished described the solution method given earlier this article. like manner all other steels can tested for nitrogen they not contain insoluble carbides. such condition exists then the solution method the ideal one. The comparative results this procedure are shown Table Nitrogen Coal and Coke Nitrogen coal and coke can determined very efficiently chloric solution. The sam- ple first ground very fine pow- der, fine wheat flour, and 100 and 150 mg. weighed into 600 ml. beakers. One gram and ml. per cent C.P. are poured the coal powder. The mix- ture heated hot plate fast enough reach the fuming stage the same time blanks are started. Also high 100 mg. C.P. dry KCNS crystals are treated exact- with the same chemicals and fumes for the same length time get the value the NaOH standard milli- grams nitrogen. This salt very satisfactory material for this purpose. The temperature digestion individual burners that the boiling and fuming the following describe. Heavy fumes start and be- gin escape under the cover glass about min. Soon yellow drops form the inside walls the beak- ers, and the drop the lid turns red. After time, the fumes practically cease escape, leaving white fog the beakers. After further heating this fog clears away. Continue this slow boiling for about min. more with escaping. The total time fuming about hr. The red crystals are then cooled, 200 ml. H:O are added, and the so- lution then boiled for min. get rid all chloric fumes. The in- solubles should pure white, that free any suggestion black par- ticles. Meanwhile, or. beforehand, each the six 800 ml. Kjeldahl flasks pour ml. per cent water solution “nitrogen free” sodium hydroxide flakes. Add 400 ml. H.O and few pieces mossy zinc, connect with the condensing apparatus, and then distill over into the 500 ml. receiving flasks 250 ml. the liquid. Reject this distillate and rinse the receiving flasks with distilled H.O. The distill- ing the 250 ml. the rejected liquid should proceeding during the solution the coal coke, that the solution remaining the distilling flasks cold and ready receive the dissolved sample. (See THe Iron July 26, 1934, 11, reprints Precision Scientific Co.’s bulletin 151-A, Humbolt Park, Chicago.) Cool the solution the samples and add the same slowly the NaOH re- maining the distillation flasks. Avoid generation too much heat (CONTINUED PAGE 68) THE IRON AGE, June the cen out 30- red all ses. fter ntil ain. are per are NEW cleaning and baking line has recently been completed Bethlehem Steel mills Sparrows Point, Md., take care the increased production result- ing from the addition continuous rod mill and number new drawing machines. The new unit consists two pickling tanks, wash tank, high pressure spray tank, three lime tanks, sulling rack, and three flash bakers, with the necessary crane and conveyor equipment permit con- tinuous flow materials through the unit. Rod bundles from the two contin- uous mills from the storage bins are delivered overhead tramway intermittently operated chain conveyor the head the cleaning line, and running deg. angle the line. the end the conveyor the loads 36—THE IRON AGE, June 15, 1939 Lowering pin with rod bundles into the pickling tank. Note the agitators the tanks. The chain conveyor the foreground. rod bundles are picked up, needed, 3-ton revolving equipped with hooks resistant alloy. The crane has traveling speed 450 per min., and hoisting speed ft. per min. deg. each direction, total 180 deg., motor operates the bridge, 15-hp. motor the hoist, and 5-hp. motor the turn- table. the crane operator picks load rod bundles from the chain conveyor, another load deposited the opposite end, and the conveyor moved forward one step. The conveyor has push button control and can operated both from the cab and from the terminal. The pin with the rod bundles first deposited one two pickling tanks. These are ft. in. long, ft. in. wide, ft. in. deep, and are heated with steam, with automatic tempera- ture control. They are made steel, painted inside and outside with asphalt composition, and lined burned brick, set acid proof cement. Both tanks are equipped with two rocker agitators, each with two yokes for supporting the pins with rod bun- which are suspended crosswise the tanks. Each agitator activated 10-hp. motor and operates strokes per minute, giving the rod bundles up-and-down motion the pickling bath. Racks placed the Wire mill \ : — , al ; “| bottom the tanks stop the bundles in. before the end the stroke reached. the coils touch the racks they are raised from the supporting pin. the same time they spread out the top, allowing the solution penetrate completely every part the bundle, including the points contact between rods and pin. Thus the entire surface the rod exposed the action the acid. The up-and- down movement also pickling action. soon the crane operator has empty yoke, picks the load bundles which has been the longest period the pickling tank and carries over the wash tank, which long, ft. in. wide and ft. deep. made fir, lined with white oak and divided into two compartments, one for running cold water, for the initial wash, and spray compartment. flash bakers. for water 100 pres- sure, applied through three sets nozzles, one set each and one end, for spraying the bun- the inside. The thoroughly washed bundles are now moved sulling rack made concrete and steel, ft. long and ft. in. wide, with space for four pins, and equipped with water atomizers. Again the crane operator ex- changes his load, picks bundle that has become completely coated, and carries the lime tanks. Three lime tanks are used, for heavy, medium, and light coatings. These are End the line, showing flash bakers and discharge conveyor in. wide and have combined length ft. in. Steam injected all tanks maintain the proper suspension. The tank used for heavy coatings also agitated circulat- ing pump. From the lime tanks the coils are moved three specially designed flash bakers. These are heated indirect firing with mixture blast furnace gas and coke oven gas, 500 B.t.u. Each baker has five sets U-shaped combustion tubes, placed, one above the other, along the walls. The pin with the rod bundles rests cast iron rack placed lengthwise between the legs the tubes, and separated from them partition. their upper end the legs the tube are connected with short piece pipe THE IRON AGE, June 15, through which part the gas re- circulated. fan draws the air from the baking compartment into the sur- rounding the combustion tubes and re- turns the baking compartment where blown against the ends the bundles. One set tubes dis- charges one end, the other set the opposite end. The circulated air 700 deg. The baker has hinged covers which are forced the weight the bundles they are lowered into the baking compartment. soon the bundles are position the rack the covers are pulled back vents the hot air from escaping from the baking compartment, although suf- ficient opening has been provided be- tween the covers permit the water vapors get out. Baking temperature automatically, means pyrome- ters, one the discharge end each set tubes. These actuate valves which the amount gas go- set manually, and the proper flow gas-air mixture correct then maintained automatically through potentiometer control. soon the operator has depos- ited the bundles one baker, re- moves fully baked load bundles from another baker and deposits discharge conveyor similar that used the head the line, but run- ning the opposite direction. From this conveyor the finished spected bundles are removed ram truck and delivered the wire draw- form. The entire cycle requires approxi- mately min. With two bakers and seven racks the pickling vats co