The Iron Age 1939-04-27: Vol 143 Iss 17

FRITZ J. FRANK President J. H. VAN DEVENTER Editor Managing Editor News Editer Editor t, r Machinery Editor Art Rditor Metallurgical Editor Associate Editors n- Washington el Resident District Editors Pittsburgh Chicago d- Cleveland Detroit! Editorial Correspondents London, England Cincinnati Boston Hiamburg, Germany MEYER CHARLES Post Milwaukee San Francisco Toronto, Ontario Birminaham Newark, N. J. St. Louis of Buffalo vy 1 APRIL 27, 1939 Owned and Published Picket Line Etiquette Analysis Residual Chromium Steel nle : Editorial and Publication Office Executive Office- and 56th Sts., 239 West St., New Specifications for Metals *hiladelphia, Pa. New York, N. Y. Steel Quality and Hot Working Properties am OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS = MUSSELMAN, President Design Changes Motors and Lighting Equipment ids FRITZ J. FRANK, Executive Vice-Presivent 0)- JOSEPH S. HILDRETH, Vice-President = GEORGE GRIFFITHS, Vice-President Machine Tool Electrification Forum 1 EVERIT B. TERHUNRE, Vice-President JOHN BLAIR MOFFET®, Secretary JOHN VAN DEVENTER, JULIAN Washington News | THOMAS L. KANE, CHARLES 8. BAUR, Pig and Ferroalloy Output 1938 ar: Weekly Ingot Operating Rate BAUR, General Advertising R fA +i ror it S$ d Member, Audit Bureau Circulations Plant Expansion and Equipment Buying 100 Member Associated Business Papers Indexed the Industrial Arts Index. Published every Thursday. tion Price: United States and Pos- sessions, Mexico, Cuba, $6.00; Can- vr wv ada, $8.50; Foreign, $12.00 year. Single copy, 25 cents. Cable Address, “Tronage, N. Uy ‘merson Findley, 621 Union Bldg., Cleveland * ym Peirce Lewis, 7310 Woodward Ave... Detroit Index to Advertisers 138 Fitzgerald 428 Park Bldg., Pitts ; D. C. Warren, P. 0. Box 81. Hartford, Conn Copyright 1939 by Chilton Company (Inc.) ) You Wouldn’t Intentionally Handicap Skilled often hard determine from cost sheets certified alloys are from selected heats which exactly how much the unseen qualities steel the hardening factors (analysis, grain size, etc.) affect the production your skilled shop men. are within narrow range that assures uniform bars not machine uniformly, hard spots break heat treatment response. dull tools, bars are too hard for bending and With every shipment, large small, Ryerson forming, alloy steel parts must re-treated secure desired physical properties—then costs, down profits. This one the reasons why Ryerson has spent years building stocks better, more uniform steels—steels worthy the Ryerson seal sends accurate data the chemical and physical properties the alloy bars furnished. added service given without additional cost obligation. When you need that responds Certification. skilled hands and keeps production All Ryerson certified carbon steels are made specify Ryerson Certified rigid specifications that assure the most desirable Stocks are complete and immediate shipment qualities each particular type steel. Ryerson assured. Joseph Ryerson Son, Inc. Plants at: Milwaukee, St. Louis, Cincinnati, Detroit, Cleveland, Buffalo, Boston, Philadelphia, Jersey Principal products stock for Im- mediate Shipment include— Bars, Structurals, Plates, Iron and Steel Sheets, Tubing, Shafting, Strip Steel, Alloy Steels, Tool Steels, Stainless, Babbitt, Welding Rod, 26—THE IRON AGE, April 27, 1939 APRIL 27, 1939 ESTABLISHED Vol. 143, No. Picket Line Etiquette HAT the general public about picket lines? ‘he people who have direct interest one side the other labor controversy supposed accept the notion that picket line, however and wherever established, im- mediately becomes hallowed ground and must not crossed? were dues paying member union that had pulled strike, would not cross its picket line matter principle. were non-union member faced with similar circumstances, might not cross because dislike broken head. And were politician whose support came from union district, would probably refrain crossing for fear losing job. can understand the self-interest which would prevent such people from violat- ing these higher laws. Not the laws our country, nor the laws God terms any religion. The sacred law the picket line! strange how seriously great public figures take such things. Much more than even the brass hat labor boys like Bill and John. John's cook declared that the Lewis mansion was unfair organized cookery, you think John would move his fam- ily into Bill was faced with headquarters elevator strike pulled CIO building service union, you think that would shut the office? Speaking building service strikes, the Washington boys say was funny watch the antics some our statesmen recently during the hotel strike. How they which wracked their brains for way sneak through the cellar door for the clean shirt suit that they needed badly—without getting caught crossing picket line! And the newspapers even carried item, during that strike, that things had been arranged that the President would not have cross picket line attending important function! And only last week, the action the First Lady apologizing for having inadvert- ently picket taking Eastern Airlines plane from Washington Newark, while some service mechanics were strike! Why shouldn't the President cross picket line? Would violation his oath equitably serve and administer the law for all Americans, regardless party, rich poor, union non-union, worker employer? not rather most unjust action imply high example that whenever employer faced picket line should immediately adjudged guilty the general public and his business boycotted? And what would happen the public should follow this example and adopt this course action? would have new ruler the United States—the picket line! = om | 7 4 7 7 | 7 | | | a “Hard steel” more common phrase. But lacks imagination, not also experience, who thinks only steel’s hardness. Today’s stream- lined designs and production economies, too, are made possible steel’s softness, its ease forming. The hardness softness steel sheets merely one number qualities that can adjusted your particular needs when Inlarid metallurgist understands your problems. working with you, makes steel work for you better advantage. There more flexibility steel today. Let Inland metallurgist demonstrate the full meaning this fact developing sheet especially suited your purpose. This suggestion may help cut your costs, improve your product, both— without any obligation expense you. ARS SHEETS STRIP TIN PLATE BARS PLATES FLOOR PLATES STRUCTURALS PILING RAILS TRACK ACCESSORIES REINFORCING 8 » | 4 ARS facturer high speed tools the quality the steel used regards chemical and the physical uniformity, from heat heat. usually are based recorded experi- ence, following which specified are arbitrarily fixed. The present article brief de- scription some rather pertinent re- cordings one manufacturer’s expe- rience with per cent tungsten, per cent chromium and per cent vana- dium high speed steel. This type high speed steel the one most gen- used throughout industry and, although higher alloyed steels and variety molybdenum steels are find- ing some application, they have yet find universal favor. One the reasons for this probably due the backlog some years that the steel manufacturer and consumer have had the way experience with speed steel. Today, because this wealth experience, high speed steel may rightly called predictable product. With known how the steel should behave and how will perform when made into primary concern the manu- ° ° MORRISON Metallurgist, Landis Machine HIS the first section two-part article. De- scribed first identifying system enabling every steel traced through all manufacturing steps. The effect trace elements also described, and detailed attention paid the causes sweating, that both premature and abnor- mal sweating. New steels such the molybdenum steels bring with them different prop- erties, some which may subtle escape notice for some time. The new high speed steels which have been developed and those proc- ess development have protagonist face the hardy 18-4-1 veteran the high speed steel field. The present molybdenum steels have captured some applications where 18- 4-1 steel was formerly used, but the threaten the supremacy 18-4-1. However, there such vast field explored regards varied com- Waynesboro, Pa. ° ° ° positions containing molybdenum, that the not too distant future the indus- try may see really stern competitor 18-4-1 high speed steel. About years ago the company with which the writer associated established system for marking the high speed steel which uses the manufacture ‘of threading tools, such those shown The purpose this method stamping each piece steel was permit identification any tool made 18-4-1 high speed steel any point the process manufacture, regards the purchase order, vendor and heat number from which that particular piece steel was made. Because conditions natural the company’s manufactur- ing process, this method stamping each individual piece high speed steel has proved distinct benefit. However, it’s possible that the system might not find general application approval. brief description this system stamping given the following paragraphs, more in- troduction some the data regard- ing the characteristics various heats high speed steel assembled means the system. High speed steel intended for tools cut threads such those shown THE IRON AGE, April 27, 1939—29 | | : | you, age. | tan nin cut i — Fig. specified the steel manu- facturer furnished, whenever possible, from one heat steel for each purchase order size. When more than one heat steel used single size, the bars each heat are properly marked for identifica- tion regards respective heat num bers. The use more than one heat steel for filling purchase order size rarely occurs. One reason for this that complete heats speed steel are not contracted fact, experience has shown that con tracting for complete heats high speed neither necessary nor desir- able. Steel purchased for rejection—and where rejection nec essary causes less inconvenience reject 1000 one size than 6000 Ib. six sizes, might the case heat should contain amount some offending element. The receipt each purchase order size high speed steel accompanied card invoice from the manu- facturer giving the heat number and the so-called complete analysis the steel. The material inspected for size and shape and sampled the lab- oratory for analysis, decarburization, “carburization,” hardenability, etc. the material found acceptable identifying symbol then assigned the heat steel from which this size was made. the same heat steel used fill future purchase orders, the same symbol applied. orders are received the stock room furnish many blank pieces certain size and carbon range, the bars are cut proper lengths and the heat symbol stamped one end each blank piece means steel stamps. The type tool manufac- tured permits stamping the heat symbol location such that will not molested any time during the process manufacture. Thus, the finished tool will bear the same symbol first placed the blank cut from the bar. Thus, “Great Scott become and matter where piece this steel may travel will not only bear this stamp initial ap- proval but also will still subject the scrutiny the machining, heat treating and inspection departments, and again the laboratory should anything unusual observed during manufacture. There are five duplicate books list- ing the heat symbols pertinent data, and one these located the assistant office where authority emanates for starting the steel its way; one the steel 30—THE IRON AGE, April 27, 1939 stock room, one the heat treating department, one inspection department, and one the laboratory. The use this simple method stamping and the availability steel data have made, one might say, the entire manufacturing line “heat con- For example, the machining department may experience trouble Before the laboratory apprised this the milling department will have discovered the same thing alter- nating pieces steel already known satisfactorily machining heat “AC” and pieces the suspicious heat “AZ” the same jig load. They may confirm their suspicion that steel made from heat “AZ” does not pro- exposes them just quickly they occur, During the period that the present system marking the high speed has been use there has been essed and now process volume material representing 702 heats 4-1 high speed steel. This does not mean that 702 complete heats steel were processed, for some cases little 300 only one heat was There were, however, number tools made from each heat steel permit adequate daily observation, the aggregate giy- ing somewhat comprehensive view this type steel applied threading tools. Trace Elements Watched The most fundamental quality high speed steel, other steels, the duce milled surface that their standard for finish. this case the laboratory learns quite emphatic- ally that steel does not meet their requirements for machineability. The problem given the labor- atory therefore concrete one. sub-critical anneal may all that necessary make the steel made from heat “AZ” equivalent the satisfac- tory steel regards finish. this the case all steel mace the same size and purchase which trouble was experienced lifted bodily from all manufacture and placeg condition df da meet the sta finish estab- milling department. the above method each piece high speed The usual complete high speed steel silicon, chromium, tung- vanadium, approximately cent the The balance addition the elements mentioned, the high speed steel today will contain either traces appreciable amounts some, all the following ele copper, nickel, cobalt, molyb- denum, arsenic, antimony, tin and minum. the short space ten incidental nickel, copper and molyb- denum have increased the high speed steels. true the creases have been small and far 1 ‘ MA 4 4 f “tas 7 thy little consequence regards affecting the properties this steel they are understood. These incidental impuri- ties, however, have tended and tend increase—and with such increases are the attendant hazards mal amount one more elements finding way into steel which customer receive, main types threeding Most manufacturers periodically make complete analysis certain heat high speed steel. Some analyze every fifth heat for nickel, cobalt and others make even more frequent checks these elements. From the standpoint producing ahigh speed steel that insures dup- sponse heat treatment and reason- able constancy regards cutting performance, very probable that entire freedom from nickel, molyb- denum, cobalt, etc., may even unde- sirable. This follows from the fact that high speed steel made high degree chemical purity using only muck bar and ferroalloys often inferior quality regards response heat treatment and just what limit each inci- —— Iron Oct. 22, 1936.—Ed dental considerable extent consumer problem. ably certain ranges additive the tendency the steel during and phosphorus are probably additive toward rendering high speed Nickel may additive with either molybdenum cobalt both re- gards susceptibility decarburization during heat treatment. The most fundamental element high speed steel, with any steel, iron—the one least analyzed for. determination the percentage iron high speed steel something rarity. The writer not fully conversant with the problems facing the steel manufacturer regards raw mate- rials, the statistics off-composi- tion heats, but would appear that the manufacturer 18-4-1 high speed steel, instead assuming the balance the usual chemical analysis iron, were actually run iron determination each heat would, time, prove valuable index the chemical quality this type steel. Let assumed that manufacturer were make iron determination each heat high speed steel. Con- sidering plus and minus accuracies all elements determined and the pres- ence incidental impurities not ana- lyzed, let supposed that the manufacturer time should find that satisfactory material showed the per- centage total elements fall be- tween 99.5 and 99.9 per cent. Then, let supposed that the below 99.5 per cent to, say, 98.5 99.25 per cent. doubt, further investigation such heats would dis- close the presence abnormal impurities. Heats listed herein Table and designated and are examples two heats steel which the manufacturer might have recognized had there been estab- lished statistical standard means additional chemical determina tion, viz., that iron. The percentages mentioned are merely arbitrarily selected for the pur- pose example and therefore have significance fact. Heat characteristics, heat personal- ity inherent heat characteristics are terms used more less synonymously. They imply that two heats any one type steel may show al- most identical usual chemical analy- sis, yet one heat may show properties differing radically from the other. the case two heats carbon tool steel which show almost identical usual chemical analysis, one may deep hardening and one shallow hard- ening. the case two heats carburizing steel showing almost identical usual chemical analysis, one may fine grained and one coarse grained. The work McQuaid and Ehn has given the industry rationalized sys- tem for grading carburizing and other steels; and Shepherd has made avail- able rationalized system for grading the carbon tool steels. The McQuaid- Ehn test for low carbon steels and the Shepherd test for carbon tool steels have proved invaluable both the manufacturer and consumer these and related steels. 18-4-1 steel just surely found case carburizing steels, me- dium carbon steels and carbon tool steels. However, highly improb- able that the industry may expect see developed system for grading 18-4-1 steel having the same simplicity and direct usefulness characterize the and Shepherd tests. The heat characteristics 18-4-1 high speed steels are perhaps more subtle nature than those possessed carbon tool steel the case carburiz- ing steels. All test methods involve the use samples which are subjected temperatures approximating actual heat treating temperatures. the case high speed steels, one the temperatures that might selected for arbitrary test procedure would 2350 deg. the McQuaid-Ehn test, one hour THE IRON AGE, April 27, ‘nt 7 | at q dA ely nts le- | lu- rs, and Bottom Briggs more less carburization 1700 deg. F., half hour additional time 1450 deg. F., the higher temperatures which may used the Shepherd test, not profoundly alter the test results. the case 18-4-1 steel, two minutes, more less, 2350 deg. would cause very profound change the test results samples such size could con- veniently handled for testing. The results the McQuaid-Ehn and Shepherd tests may translated quite directly into shop practice. translate tests that might run 18-4-1 steel into almost universal shop comprehension does not appear probable. For simple example, tool manufacturer “X” may produce high speed steel tool that for all around good performance should overheat- either slightly considerably dur- ing heating for hardening. Tool manu- facturer may produce tool where overheating, even slightly, pro- duces tool that too brittle. Tool manufacturer “Y” requires steel showing good response heat treat- ment, one that is, for instance, not sluggish heat treatment. Since tool manufacturer uses higher hard- ening temperature much longer 32—THE IRON AGE, April 27, 1939 period temperature, steel that may act sluggishly, and therefore not meet requirements, might prove satis- factory Perhaps steel ever made has quite the versatility 18-4-1 high speed steel regards the various methods heat treatment which may receive. Today, this steel being pack-hard- ened (or carburized), heated for hard- ening over range from 2000 deg. 2400 deg. F., quenched for hardening either air, air blast, water cooled plates, molten salt baths, oil, combination salt bath and oil. The steel may used, and quite satisfac- torily, for some applications without tempering, may tempered any- where from the boiling point water 1200 deg. After tempering may given nitriding treatment aged mixtures sodium sium cyanides anywhere from 900 deg. 1150 deg. F., order harder than the steel itself capable being made; or, the tempering and nitriding may accomplished simul- taneously the nitriding bath. develop test for indicating the qual- ity 18-4-1 steel which would ap- proach the adequacy the McQuaid- Ehn and Shepherd tests their respective fields would appear cult undertaking with steel which may mean many different things many different people. Two heats steel almost identi- cal usual analysis, but which show different characteristics, are different because differences amounts distribution unusual elements not ordinarily analyzed for. These differ- ences heat characteristics have been attributed the presence different amounts aluminum, aluminum ox- ide, other oxides, dissolved gasses. The chemistry involved these dif- ferences not thoroughly understood because the minute quantities which appear have such potent effects, and also because the difficulties involved readily obtaining accurate deter- minations these minute quantities. Heat Characteristics characteristics, ality, inherent heat require qualified definition. Inherent implies permanency. This not al- ways true the so-called heat char- acteristics. With all the excellent 7 7 A 4 Top Jf crew Fetter Drive elet worth LEFT thread forms for which chasers may made, va- riety pitches, for cutting threads any type chineable RIGHT These photographs illustrate the abnormal ten- dency steel high speed heat sweat during heat- ing for hardening, compared with samples "A" and "C" made from normal heats steel. Samples treated the same time the same day the same relative position shown here. control and the high percentage “hits” achieved making fine, coarse intermediate grain size steels, heat sometimes results. all the known rules heat that should fine grained coarse grained, vice versa. Again the use certain prior treatments, so-called heat char- again imply that the same heat steel has two sets characteristics. The same condition prevails the case 18-4-1 high-speed steel—a certain ap- parent heat characteristics may tirely suppressed eliminated. The following list shows some the probable apparent heat charac teristics 18-4-1 high speed steel: (A) Susceptibility premature more than ordinary sistance during heating for hardening 2350 deg. (B) Some heats steel exhibit the cold shortness. (C) Hardenability—some heats steel may show consistently lower hardness than average, higher than average hardness, when the same time—temperature, heating and tempering cycles under the same con- ditions and furnace atmos- pheres. Such steel might termed sluggish its response heat treat- ment, active response heat treatment. (D) Some heats 18-4-1 steel may more susceptible decarburization during hardening. (E) Some heats 18-4-1 steel may more susceptible absorbing sur- face carbon during heating for hard- ening. This list not complete regards probable heat characteristics 18-4-1, although perhaps shows those items greatest concern the manufacture high speed steel tools. Considerable attention will given each char- acteristic the list the order named. (A) SUSCEPTIBILITY SWEATING: Steel representative three different heats 18-4-1 high speed steel from three widely scattered sources were observed have the characteristic “sweating” both prematurely and. ab- normally heating for hardening. All 18-4-1 high speed steels, left the furnace long enough, show this tend- ency sweat atmosphere con- taining less than per cent dur- heating for hardening 2350 deg The tendency high speed steel surface containing normal carbon percentage, say 0.70 per cent carbon, sweat greater the relatively lean atmosphere oil-fired fur- nace, which contains best about 1.75 per cent CO, compared with the at- mospheres ordinarily used the con- trolled atmosphere furnaces. carburized but scale-free surface, general, appears show greater atmosphere furnace where the atmos- phere may contain per cent than the atmosphere oil-fired furnace. This tendency sweat re- fers the heating the high-tem- perature furnace 2350 deg. which temperature perhaps the one most generally employed for the hard- ening 18-4-1 high speed steel. The decarburized but scale-free surfaces some 18-4-1 steels show contrast more than ordinary resistance sweating, that decarburized sur- face not itself criterion that such surface will more susceptible sweating the 2350 deg. furnace. Table lists fairly complete three heats high speed steel which possessed this tendency sweat prematurely and abnormally. These THE IRON AGE, April 27, 1939—33 i r Z a r- 4 7 iat analyses are averages checks made two more competent laboratories. Heat Table exhibited the tendency sweat abnormally the degree. Heats and showed some tendency decarburize during heat treatment, although file tested there was apparent decar- burization. Heat showed ab- normal tendency decarburize. The abnormal tendency sweat and the tendency decarburize appeared the same irrespective the type furnace used, whether the samples were preheated not. Also, various types furnace atmospheres which were tried had noticeable effect. number observations were made samples cut from material material from heat and samples material from two normal heats steel were cut 4-in. lengths from bars 13/32 1/16 in. All bars were checked the two broad decarburization. This was under 0.020 in. for all Was removed four sides com parable what were the outer sides the bar. Samples were then placed light heat resisting fork shaped rod tray exactly the same relative position shown the photograph The three samples were ther treated controlled-atmosphere fur naces follows: Pre-heat 1550 deg. for min. atmosphere per cent CO; high heat 2350 deg. for min. sec. at- mosphere 9.5 per cent and per cent CO,; then quench oil. was observed that the sample made from heat after transfer the high-temperature furnace showed abnormally sweated surface after had been the furnace for only sec. The samples selected from the two normal heats steel, one spaced front and the other back the sample from heat showed the nor- mal freedom from any tendency sweat this time. Thirty-five seconds time would indicate that the samples had not yet reached temperature 2100 deg. After quenching oil and cooling room temperature, the samples were washed benzol remove adherent oil and then photographed. Note the great number sweat beads the middle sample made from heat from heat and normal heats were given the same heating cycle, but quenched air. The air quench shows still greater disparity condition between heat and normal heats. air quench, the steel may observed from the time leaves the furnace until reaches room temperature, and the larger sweat beads, which are apt freed from the surface oil quenching may better observed. For certain test pur- poses air quench samples high speed steel, provided the section under about permits often obtaining some pertinent data. oil quench often frees the surface some things that are observed air quench. air quench is, course, not advisable for steels such the cobalt and molybdenum types now made. The under surface test samples placed the furnaces for hard- ening show little sweat except for about in. from each end— all the other five surfaces showed abnormal amount sweat beads. This difference the under side the sample regards sweating ably due the atmosphere under the sample (in the region between the supporting rods the tray) being more quiescent state. This probably results delayed surface reaction. gas, gases within the steel, were the cause this abnormal surface sweating, their evacuation from this area might proceed without the pro- nounced sweating observed other surfaces. Causes for Sweating Further investigation material from heat was made effort learn something this peculiar condition. From the same bars heat samples in. long were cut and then packed cast-iron chips pipe sealed both ends. The pipe was then heated 2000 deg. and held this temperature for hr. The pipe containing the samples was then cooled silocel. Samples then were given anneal 1450 deg. F., and 0.040 in. was milled from all four outer surfaces. other samples taken from the bar, in. was removed from all four outer sides. Samples were then given the same heating cycle under the same furnace above, viz., 1550 deg. for 2350 deg. for min. sec., and then quenched oil. The samples previously given the high temperature 2000 deg. showed only slightly more sweat marks than nor- mal heat would show, and the samples showed somewhat more sweat marks than those samples annealed 2000 deg. Both cases, however, showed tendency sweat the furnace did those samples made from the bar from which only 0.040 was removed. The amount sweating obtained the “annealed” (2000 deg. F.) samples and those from which amount metal (0.080 in.) was moved would considered acceptable not unusual for some heats show this degree sweating. The three heats steel which pos sessed this characteristic sweating prematurely, and abnormally, heat- ing for hardening show abnormalities analysis. Heat contains silicon content higher than that usually found practice, although many good heat high speed steel has been made with silicon high 0.50 per cent. The other two heats show the case excessive nickel and copper, and excessive amounts molybdenum, cobalt and aluminum. Any steel maker looking analyses heats and might nat- urally say that would not call them 18-4-1 high speed steel because the excessive amounts incidental im- purities. They are, however, examples steel which were marketed 18-4-1 high speed steel. Heat also exhibited the character- istic possessing low hardenability rating. This will discussed the second section this article under the heading hardenability. (CONTINUED PAGE 104) TABLE Three Analyses High Speed Steel Which Sweat Abnormally 0.68 0.31 0.017 0.70 0.26 0.017 0.69 0.25 0.020 0.023 0.49 4.03 18.56 0.95 0.08 trace 0.26 3.88 17.88 1.09 0.019 0.30 4.05 18.56 1.01 0.31 0.075 0.029 0.039 0.20 0.10 0.022 0.54 0.052 0.07 34—THE IRON AGE, April 27, 1939 7 4 7 q 7 7 7 suggested designs for new cars have been made modeled form for executives automobile companies recent years. Highly streamlined cars predominate. Generally, the most appealing features each design are noted and combined new wooden model, which forms the basis for building final sample from which the draftsmen work. HIS the season the auto- motive year when final choices have been made engineers and executives settle the designs which will built next year. When their stamp approval has been set such new designs,. engineering re- lease given the drawings and the tool and die shops are given the signal ahead. The industry has just completed this phase its annual cycle. Only rarely possible review this industrial scene learn what man- agement and foremost designers have seen for the year—or years—ahead. When 1940 plans were being con- sidered, story “Of Things Was told limited audience executives Briggs Mfg. Detroit. Because Briggs’ and the clients’ interests and manufacturing goals are quite widespread, suggested designs were not only automotive, but also included some illustrations and engineering sketches household goods and other metal products. The story and pictures, modern world’s fair, appeared only limited edition for this presentation, but THE Iron AGE has permission reproduce some the highlights its pages. One the most revolutionary the automobile designs shown this “prospectus the future” has been for some time daily service inter-plant utility car Detroit, sub- jected routing usage that more convincing than the usual tests. Other designs have been undergoing labora- tory tests. ideas visualized draw importance from the fact that practicality amply blended with orig- inality. Under the apparent “artistic- ness,’ there are new conceptions mechanical design, new applications basic principles, and innovations methods construction and use materials. view the widespread interest rear-engine automobiles—and the possibility that the next major design changes will the introduction such models—there should great deal interest the type con- struction which Briggs has laid out for rear-engine cars. other important changes which are suggested these pictures are those having with new suspension and balancing methods. Both these are shown the illustrations. will noted that “functional de- currently the theme one automobile firm’s advertising, has been very much stressed the designs which Briggs has suggested. THE IRON AGE, April 27, | 7 2 l, n 7 e This model, designed MALL form the topic much conversation Detroit and elsewhere. Brigas, easily converted from front engine position rear engine drive, the engine posi- tion being clearly visible the sketches. Note that the car frameless; all strength-giving members are incorporated the body structure. This type automobile already the drafting stage. n ce e e to \nae e bo \xtee clude q RIGHT through the wind- shield improved this de- sign greatly reducing the width the engine hood and low- ering the major part the hood line fender height. modifica- tion this idea may seen next year's cars. body hardware con tinually change and safety features play more prominent part each year. Protruding and knobs are eliminated these designs, and the door latch handle new sliding grip bar which prevents accidental open- ing the door. Plastic panels decorate the doors and front seat back. small kitchen. With over-all length ft., there included stove, washing machine, sink and refrigerator, the latter being high, and with two doors which less room when they swing open. Sink faucets are mounted the front. The washing machine washes, rinses and dries clothes automatically. we TABLE Reagerts Used for Chromium Determination Sulphuric acid Sodium bicarbonate solution Potassium permanganate Ferrous sulphate Silver nitrate solution Ammonium persulphate Hydrochloric acid .... Ortho-phenanthroline (ferroin) Titrating mixture per cent volume. per cent NaHCOs, weight. 0.00017 gm. Cr. Approximately same strength 0.25 per cent AgNOs, weight. per cent weight. volume. 0.025 Molar. 320 gm. MnSO,, 640 660 H;PO,, 350 ml. H.O. TABLE Results Obtained With Recommended Procedure Synthetic Samples Weight Sample, Per Cent Error, Grams* Added Total Present Found Per Cent None 0.005* 0.005 0.000 0.010 0.015 0.014 0.020 0.025 0.025 0.000 0.030 0.035 0.035 0.000 0.041 0.046 0.045 0.056 0.054 —0.002 0.061 0.066 0.065 0.106 0.104 —0.002 Bureau Standards certificate value 0.005 per cent Cr. chemical laboratory Battelle Memorial Institute has determined small amounts nickel, chromium, tin, manganese, copper, arsenic, anti- mony and the like conjunction with investigation residual metals open-hearth steel’. Residual chromium colorimetric method’ which essentially cent the precipitating the chromium with sodium bicarbonate sulphuric acid solution, fusing the ig- the past several years the 1Clyde Williams and John Sullivan, “Residual Metals Open-Hearth Metals and Alloys, Vol. 1932, 240. John Sullivan, Metals Open-Hearth Metals and Alloys, Vol. 1935, 134. John Sullivan and Witschey, “Resid- ual Metals Open-Hearth Steel,” Metals and Alloys, Vol. 1937, 99. Lundell, Hoffman, and Bright, Chemi- cal Analysis Iron and Steel,” 300, John Wiley Sons, Inc. (1931). Treadwell and Hall, Analytical Chemistry, Vol. II, pp. 550-551, John Wiley Sons, Inc. (1935). tion done centrifuge, washing effected adding water the centrifuge cup, breaking the residue with glass rod, and re-cen- trifuging. 38—THE IRON AGE, April 27, 1939 nited bicarbonate precipitate with sodium peroxide, leaching with water and comparing the yellow chromate color with sample known chro- mium content treated manner, The colorimetric method for resid- ual chromium laborious procedure and several years’ experience has in- dicated that the accuracy and precision the colorimetric method are not en- tirely satisfactory. One the troubles that the human eye rather insen- sitive changes intensity color the yellow range. Color filters and photometers aid the determination but most steel works laboratories not have the required equipment. Work was carried out develop rapid volumetric method sufficient precision and accuracy for the deter- mination residual chromium steel. The reagents used the deter- mination are shown Table (a) Volumetric :—Experi- ments showed that the direct deter- residual chromium selected steel samples the usual FeSO,-KMnO, method using large samples presented difficulties, and re- sults were not always the desired mination precision. Excessive amounts am- monium persulphate were required obtain complete oxidation chro- mium. Electrometric titrations were particular aid over visual (b) Indicator for Chromium Titra- tion: satisfactory internal indicator the titration chromium with ferrous sulphate and potassium permanganate, the indicator itself contains ferrous ion, indicator correction must subtracted from the permanganate titration. This made titrating with potassium permanganate blank solution containing the same amount indicator used the determina- tion. (c) Interference Hydrochloric Acid: Experimental work showed that the small quantity free hydro- chloric acid remaining after precipita- tion the silver nitrate catalyst with was sufficient cause low results for residual chromium the titration. The error, due the liberation chlorine, has been confirmed many The error resulting from this source was eliminated addition Zim- merman-Reinhardt solution, “ti- trating mixture,” before titration. Transfer 10-gm. sample 600- ml.-beaker. Add 110 ml. per cent, volume, H,SO, and heat hot plate until dissolution the sample complete. Dilute the solution approximately 200 ml., heat boiling, add per cent NaHCO, solution from burette until precipitate ap- pears and then ml. excess. Boil the solution for one minute and arate the precipitate filtration centrifuging, discarding the filtrate. Wash the residue with hot water and transfer the original Add ml. and evaporate the necessary repeat the decomposition the residue com- 7 7 € 7 \ 7 i 7 ( { 7 7 7 1 7 i i 7 plete. Add approximately 100 water the cool solution until dissolution salts complete. Dilute the solution about 300 ml. and add ml. Heat the solu- tion boiling, add ml. AgNO, and ml. freshly prepared solution. Boil until oxidation chro- mium complete indicated the appearance the permanganate ion. Continue boiling for min., add ml. and boil min. longer. Cool the solution room temperature, add three drops O-phenanthroline (ferroin) indicator and measured excess standard ferrous sulphate solution. Add ml. titrating mixture and titrate the excess ferrous sulphate with standard potassium permanga- nate. Subtract the indicator blank from the potassium permanganate ti- tration and calculate the percentage chromium present. The accuracy the method was de- termined analyzing synthetic sam- ples containing known amounts chromium. Synthetic samples were prepared adding increments chromium sodium chromate sample Bureau Standards Steel No. dissolved the manner de- scribed above. the recommended procedure syn- thetic samples steel are given Table The precision the method shown Table III. Table gives five National Bureau Standards steel small amounts The data given Table show that results accurate about +0.001 per cent chromium can obtained the analysis steel containing 0.01 0.1 per cent chromium. The results Table III obtained two analysis working independently samples submitted various plants the residual metal study show that the precision the recom- mended method excellent. Table shows that the results obtained National Bureau Stand- ard samples the Battelle procedure excellent agreement with Bureau certificate values. TABLE Results Obtained With the Recommended Procedure Open-Hearth Steel Samples Containing Residual Chromium Sample Grams Results Average Deviation 0.068, 0.067 0.068 0.067, 0.058 0.066, 0.064, 0.064 0.065 0.065, 0.064 0.065 0.024 0.024, 0.025 0.023 0.022, 0.024 0.007, 0.005 0.006 0.007, 0.005 0.030 0.030, 0.028 0.090 0.088, SULLIVAN Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio TABLE Results Obtained With Recommended Procedure National Bureau Standards Samples Containing Residual Chromium Bureau Standards Values Bureau Value Bureau Weight Standards Recom- Standards Sample, Extreme Ferrous mended Battelle Sample Grams Results Laboratory Value Procedure No. 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.008 0.015 0.015 0.014 0.020 0.055 0.066 0.064 0.067 0.072 0.058* 0.038 0.046 0.045 0.047 0.050 0.047 0.056 0.055 0.058 to 0.06 Colorimetric method. THE IRON AGE, April 27, 7 | q xe t f ot 7 : 7 7 y , 4 2 unusual number changes, revisions and additions speci- fications for metals were recom- mended recently the Committee Week meeting the American Soci- ety for Testing Materials, Colum- bus, Ohio. The Society will issue its triennial Book Standards this year and consequently all its committees have concentrated bringing various specifications and tests date. Committee steel forgings and tion providing for seven classes forgings, replace the carbon steel specifications 18, and 20. The tensile strengths the various grades range from 47,000 90,000 Ib. per sq.in., with yield points 25,000 55,000 Ib. per sq.in. The committee will also recommend new specification alloy steel forg- ings for action the annual June meeting the society. Sub-Committee VIII steel cast- ings recommended the adoption standard the specification covering carbon steel castings for miscellaneous industrial uses 27). The most action this sub-committee was the submission for approval new specifications for castings for miscellaneous industrial uses suitable for fusion welding. Eight grades material were covered, with the maximum carbon content 0.25 0.35 per cent and maximum man- 40—THE AGE, April 27, 1939 Pushes Work Revisions Preparation for New Book Standards ganese 0.70 per cent, but with special provision for increase manganese for reduction below the maximum carbon content. This new specification will, expected, fill strong demand for ‘quirements for this type material. Sub-Committee steel tubing and pipe approved, subject ballot, new specifications covering alloy-steel hoiler and superheater teen grades material are set up, nine which are ferritic and four austen- itic types. The ferritic type has mini- mum tensile strength 60,000 Ib. per sq.in., and yield point 25,000 the austenitic type calls for 75,000 Ib. per sq.in. tensile strength and 30,000 per sq.in. yield point. new spec- covering resistance welded steel boiler tubes for high pressure service. Sub-Committee boiler steel plans meet demand for require- ments for higher strength rivet steel than the present specifications (in 31, which range from 45,000 55,000 lb. per sq.in.) adding with tensile strength range from 58,000 68,000 per Report Farm Fencing iron and steel discussed very import- ant subject, the first report the com- mittee charge inspection the extensive wire tests involving sands specimens farm-field ing, barbed wire, unfabricated wire, wire strand and chain link fences, which are being carried from coast coast for the purpose determining the effect such factors base metal composition, gage, type weight coating, etc., the service- ability zinc-coated strand, barbed and woven wire fencing and unfab- ricated wire. number the bare wire sdmples and coated samples have been subjected tension tests and the data will published the Revisions will recommended several existing specifications for pro tective coatings wire and wife | « q products, including coatings steel, Proposed methods determining the thickness elec- trodeposited coatings will recom- mended new tentative standard. The Preece test, which under serious consideration, will the future cover only tests for determining weight coatings and will not include uniform- ity coating. general method for conducting the Preece test, for uni- formity coating is- being prepared, which will include given 191 and 208 for use zinc-coated iron steel wire, steel castings, forgings and related shapes, bolts, nuts, etc. Committee malleable iron castings recommended the adoption standard the specifications for pola malleable iron with minimum tensile strength 40,000 per sq.in., minimum yield point 30,000 Ib. per and elongation per cent in. special sub-group Committee iron chromium, iron-chromium- nickel and related alloys has examined installations plain chromium and chromium-nickel-steel use for archi- tectural purposes New York, Phila- delphia and Atlantic City. The 1939 report will include the results these inspections, giving the chemical com- positions the materials, methods fabrication, etc. Sub-committee recommended the adoption standard, with minor revisions, eight existing specifications for various chromium- nickel alloy steel castings, covering all except per cent chromium steel. Salt Spray Proposed metals and alloys took number important actions. They recommended proposed standardized method salt spray corrosion testing for non-ferrous metals alloys. They have undertaken series accelerated laboratory tests, using the total immersion procedure both aerated and non-aerated solu- the accelerated laboratory test project. the four cooperating lab- oratories will use six kinds metals ineach the three different sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide and sulphuric acid. The results these tests should included the 1940 report. The committee salt spray testing has prepared proposed tentative pro- cedure describing the apparatus and methods followed. (It does however, attempt specify the which should met product. Sub-Committee and electrolytic corrosion will report this year the results the inspec- tion about different metal com- binations which have been exposure various test locations for about seven years. This will also give the results preliminary tests carried out six different metals immersed sea water. The first undertaking group which has been organized for developing specifications will probably electroplated non-ferrous metals. coatings The annual report Committee published 1939, will include corrosion data which are expected vital interest. Under the work Committee copper alloys cast and wrought, the sub-committee sheet and strip reported the completion new specifications for leaded brass sheet and strip submitted the meeting June for publication tentative. The group sheet and strip presented mendation for the addition new alloy leaded phosphor bronze the tentative specifications 103. New proposed specifications were also presented for copper-nickel-zine and copper-nickel sheet and strip. New specifications were recommended for beryllium-copper including sheet, strip, wire and rod. The tentative specifi cations for copper-silicon alloy plates and sheets 96) and sheet copper silicon alloy 97) were recom mended for adoption standard, were also tentative specifications for copper-silicon alloy wire for general purposes 99). Because the revisions were ex- tensive, new specifications will pub lished tentative for copper pipe standard sizes 42) and seamless copper tubing, bright and annealed 68). Revisions will also made specifications for seamless copper tubes 75) and copper water tube 88) and brass pipe standard sizes 43). Specifications for miscella- neous brass tubing are being prepared. The sub-committee for copper-base alloys for sand castings recommended for adoption the tentative revisions the specifications for manganese bronze ingots for sand casting and manganese bronze sand castings 54). new revision was approved include standards for high tensile strength manganese The sub-committee also presented new tentative specifications for nickel-silver casting cover four alloy com- positions. important action under way the consideration being given the appropriate nomenclature the groups alloys. classification has been written the cast copper-base alloys for foundry purposes which recommended for publication tenta tive this year. Under the work Committee die cast metals and alloys, changes have been recommended the tin and copper contents alloy No. the specifications for lead and tin base alloy die castings 102) allow for cent tin and per cent copper the specification for magnesium base alloys for die casting 94) one new alloy designated “13” has been proposed with the following suggested manganese 0.013 minimum, zinc 0.4 1.0, silicon 0.5 maximum, copper 0.05 maximum, nickel maximum. others (cadmium and tin) 0.3 maxi mum, the balance being magnesium. new specification will issued covering aluminum base alloys ingot form for die castings. Existing tenta- tive specifications for magnesium in- got and stick for remelting 92) will voted for adoption standard. Revisions have been proposed the following existing specifications: alu- minum base alloy ingot form for sand castings 58) and nent mold casting 112); aluminum alloy sheet and plate 78) and alu- minum bars, rods and shapes 89). Pont Develops New Enamel NEW enamel for industrial fin- ishing has been announced the Pont Co., Wilmington, Del. Known low-bake “Dulux” enamel, low-temperature ovens. The following baking schedules are possible: One- quarter hour 250 deg. F.; one-half hour 225 deg. F.; one hour 200 deg. F.; two hours 175 deg. The new finish said have ex- cellent gloss and build, print resistance, and retained flexibility. said wrinkle-proof under all normal con- ditions, and gives satisfactory hiding one coat when applied solvent- primed White and colors are available. THE IRON AGE, April 27, the ire, ast bed the 939 performance steel dur- ing hot-working well the merit the resulting product depend the inherent quality the steel itself, and the conditions im- posed the steel during heating and working. many factors may involved, some which are but im- perfectly understood, that would not easy lay down anything the nature comprehensive set gov- erning rules laws; nevertheless, there