The Iron Age 1939-03-09: Vol 143 Iss 10

FRITZ FRANK President VAN DEVENTER Editor Managing Editor News Editor Editor Emeritus Machinery Editor Art Editor Metallurgical Editor Associate Editors Editor Resident District Editors Pittsburgh Chicago Cleveland Detroit Editorial Correspondents London, England Cincinnati FRAZAR Boston Hamburg, Germany MEYER CHARLES Post Milwaukee San Francisco SANDERSON ASA ROUNTREE, JR. Toronto, Ontario Birmingham Leroy ALLISON Roy Newark, N. J. St. Louis TURNER, JR. Buffalo MARCH 1939 What Tool Engineer? Owned and Published The Tool Engineer and Today's Production Program Meeting and Exhibition CHILTON COMPANY List Exhibitors (Incerporated) Publication Office Chestnut and 56th West 39th St., Steel Builds the West" San Francisco Fair Philadelphia, Pa. New York, Relation Profits Depreciation Charges OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS MUSSELMAN, President Removing Rust and Scale Multi-Tip Gas Torch FRITZ FRANK, Executive Vice-President STEVENS, Vice-President Spot Welding Aluminum Reflectors JOSEPH HILDRETH, Vice-President GEORGE GRIFFITHS, Vice-President Progress Cutter, Gage and Instrument Design EVERIT TERHUNE, Vice-President JOHN BLAIR Secretary JOHN VAN DEVENTER, JULIAN CHASE, THOMAS KANE, CHARLES BAUR, the Assembly Line CARROLL BUZBY, FAHRENDORF Washington News THE NEWS BRIEF Weekly Ingot Operating Rate 107 BAUR, General Advertising Manager DIX, Manager Reader Service Rate Activity Capital Goods 107 Member, Audit Bureau Circulations Plant Expansion and Equipment Buying 122 Member Associated Business Papers Indexed the Industrial Arts Index. Published every Thursday. Subscrip- tion Price: United States and Pos- sessions, Mexico, Cuba, $6.00; Can- ada, $8.50; Foreign, $12.00 year. Single copy, cents. Cable Address, New Industrial Literature “‘Tronage, N. Y.’’ Emerson Findley, 621 Union Bldg., Cleveland Herman, Chilton Just Between Two 148 . E. Leonard, 2 F t.. New Yor . Peirce Lewis, 7310 Woodward Ave., Detroit Index Advertisers C. H. Ober, 239 W._ 39th St., New York W. B. Robinson 428 Park Bldg., Pitts. Warren, Box Hartford, Conn. Copyright 1939 Chilton Company (Inc.) | id ric Allegheny Metal immune corrosive effects weather Good for Lifetime— Bright for Age FROM STAINLESS STEEL HEADQUARTERS—ALLEGHENY LUDLUM, COURSE! QUALITIES ALLEGHENY difference between #24 gauge circle Allegheny Metal 40% inches diameter and one the popular new Barlow Seelig “Speed Queen” Allegheny Metal washing machine tubs (drawn Geuder, Paeschke Frey, Milwaukee, Wis.) still another measure the outstanding prog- ress that being made the field Allegheny Metal fabrication. This deep-drawn polished tub makes salesclimb because its advantages easy cleaning, wear-proof beauty and permanent resistance corrosion are readily appreciated the prospective purchaser. And fabricators everywhere additional example what may rightfully expected hap- pen when Allegheny Stainless Steel Headquarters laborates with the fabricator Allegheny Metal developing product better satisfy demands the modern consumer. The practical metallurgist and the fabricating shop man see this instance Allegheny drawing qualities further proof that Allegheny Ludlum knows how determine the chemical and phys- ical characteristics alloy must possess for given requirement— knows how incorporate them into its product—and knows how cooperate with its customers perfecting the various operations necessary the successful fabri- cation products which both cre- arid fulfill demand. 68—THE IRON AGE, March 1939 NEW SPEED QUEEN WASHING TUE GOOD EXAMPLE THE DRAWIN META The finished beauty and obvious appeal the washing machine tub our illustration contains its own message you: your prob- Stainless Steel Headquarters PRINCIPAL CITIES | ESTABLISHED 1855 ... THE IRON AGE ... MARCH 1939 Vol. 143, No. Destructive Non-Productive invention, improvement and increase productive efficiency not create unemployment making fewer jobs, how you account for the ten millions unemployed this This question was asked intelligent gentleman who had given thought and study the subject, engineer who had served the cause industrial efficiency for many years and who had complex. asked sincerely, hoping for answer that would reassure him. did not relish the thought that his life work might have been devoted depriving his fellow man working opportunity. study the history industry," said, recognize the fact that great industries em- ploying millions have been created through so-called inventions. The cotton gin enabled few people comb much cotton many hundreds could previously. displaced those hundreds. But created the great cotton textile industry which today employs hundreds thousands. The type- setting machine and the modern printing press were labor displacing inventions. But they multiplied employment the publishing business least hundred fold. So, too, with industry after industry. The automobile industry, which directly and indirectly gives work fifth our working population, was made possible the perfection labor-saving, automatic machine tools. “Our economic continued, “has been that increases productivity have been the basis better standard living. And that seems logical. But something seemed wrong about years ago. that time, according the records, productivity per man began increase faster than total wages, which aré consuming power. And since then, particularly during the last years, have faced this spectre mass Now this question deserves answer, invention and improvement are justified and not condemned. And there answer. answer that divided into number parts, just one which shall mention today. nation, like individual business, gets into trouble when runs its over- head. Twenty years ago, our nation, and many others, ran their non-productive overhead unprec- edented heights through World War. our own country least million workers industry were shifted from making products for people use and enjoy and profit by, making products for de- struction. Destruction not only wealth but the cream the youth, which, had lived, would have formed huge potential constructive producing and consuming power. Twenty million workers, shifted from productive non-productive enterprise that million American soldiers could make bonfire the fruits their labor. any wonder that the bill, though deferred, now being presented for payment? any wonder that being paid lower living standard and unemployment? Nature always strikes balance. Think this over. Think over twice before embark upon another and more costly program destructive, non-productive national expense. And think thrice before you ascribe invention and improvement the effects produced man's destructive use their fruits. 1 3 steel” more common phrase. But lacks imagination, not also experience, who thinks only steel’s hardness. Today’s stream- lined designs and production economies, too, are made possible steel’s softness, its ease forming. The hardness softness steel sheets merely one number qualities that can adjusted your particular needs when Inland metallurgist INLAND PLATES FLOOR PLATES SHEETS STRIP TIN PLATE BARS STRUCTURALS understands your problems. working you, makes steel work for you better advantage. There more flexibility steel today. Let Inland metallurgist demonstrate the full meaning this fact developing sheet especially suited your purpose. This suggestion may help cut your costs, improve your product, both— without any obligation expense you. REINFORCING BARS PILING RAILS TRACK ACCESSORIES Builds the West’ Emphasized San Francisco Fair Golden Gate International prohibitive tariff steel coming Exposition situated 400- onto Treasure Island, fair officials acre island surrounded CHARLES POST have spent their $50,000,000 the waters San Francisco Bay. less steel. contrast the south—and the chief means New stainless exhibition pal- access the fair grounds—is the aces, only five San Francisco’s fair $77,000,000 symbols industry that buildings required over 100 tons Bay bridge. Toward the sunset the been one steel’s best customers. structural shapes. Even the pillars $35,000,000 Golden Gate bridge. Lying Even Alcatraz Island, long for- the Federal Building, which from afar between these two giant monuments ward pass from Treasure Island— looks like structural steel skeleton, steel construction San Francisco, official name the site—spe- Close examination turn out whose tightly compressed population hardened products the bar camouflaged wood. the exhibits has largely resorted skyscraper liv- mill stand between the California sun- the steel companies, themselves, scale ing order that all may crowd into shine and some Uncle Sam’s less models the narrow peninsula. Reflecting the desirable citizens. bridges are aluminum sun, the big refinery tanks Standard But come the fair itself and wood, Oil Co. California stand the “steel” like naughty word It’s not that the fair folk object hills the northeast shores the church, some isolationist had placed the expense steel construction $ > ; ’ believe that wood offers better tem- porary structure. It’s just that the weight any sizable frame, unless prohibitively expensive piling were driven, would cause slowly down through the newly placed sand which the island constructed until hit the bottom the bay. Fair Site Made Island Three years ago the fair site was shallow shoal the north Yerba Buena Island, which the great bay bridge reaches one side sus- pension structure and ties onto the the other with cantilever construction. Local visionaries suggested that the shoals, filled in, would constitute ideal site for municipal airport. About the same time, northern Cali- fornia promoters were boosting blowout celebrate the completion the two great bridges and the in- IRON AGE, March 1939 auguration Shasta Dam and the Central Valley water project. Forces combined, and the result was bar- gain whereby Government engineers would supervise the filling fair site 1939, and after the fair become airport. Dredges were put work almost immediately pumping black sand from the bay floor and sluicing through pipe lines over the shoal. From natural depth two ft. below water, 400-acre rectangle crept its present eleva- tion ft. above the tides; now stands the largest island ever built man. The problem choosing type construction that would not require too much foundation the newly filled sand was easily enough solved for the temporary exposition palaces. Wood piles were driven and heavy ° ° ° TREASURE Island pirate girl reinforcing this re- inforcing bar structure timber framework erected support prefabricated panel walls. For the two hangars that were become permanent part the airport after the close the fair, adaptation was made the old “sky prin- ciple. Used present for exhibition purposes, the buildings are three- hinged arch design with concrete walls cantilevered outside the lower arch pins. Ten three-hinged arches, fabricated from 14-ft. sections, carry the walls and roof. Arch thrusts are reduced minimum with the con- crete weight the roof, with consequent saving foundations. Tension horizontal ties computed 18,000 lb. against 74,000 without can- tilevering the walls. These hangars measure 265 335 ft. each. The arches span 217 ft. center pins and have center pin height ft. above the floor. Door openings 200 ft. long ft. high have been provided, but due the height the arches this opening may the center future airplane design The 2100 tons structural shapes were fabricated and erected the Judson Pacific Co. San Francisco, with Coutts, Jr., charge erection. Like most the other heavy material for the fair construction, the arch members were brought the island barges, un- loaded onto flat cars, and rolled over contractors’ rails through the center the building. There two skid der- ricks with 80-ft. boom were brought into use, vertical arch members being held position guy wires while center sections were lifted into posi- tion. Jacks under the shorings helped OWER the Sun, the central point the Ex- position, which 44-bell carillon has been installed. place the arches final position. Incidentally, one these hangars used house $20,000,000 art collec- tion loaned from the museums Rome, Milan, and Florence the Italian Government. Not far from these hangars the lished the American terminus its trans-Pacific clipper service, and new airship bobbing lightly the bay’s waters served fitting symbol the fair’s theme opening day. The third permanent structure the island the Administration Build- ing, present the fair, and, the future, the airport. reinforced concrete structure set heavy piles, measures 380 630 ft. and cost $800,000. Over 1000 tons ing bars were used its construction. Steel's Customers Dominate the exhibits, steel’s cus- tomers rather than steel’s makers that dominate, or, one member the trade put it, “We much actual steel exhibit, but have devil Why? The builders this Cali- fornia fair realized that they couldn’t hope compete directly with the lavishly financed vista the indus- trial America tomorrow planned New York for the same year, and that their only hope was offer some- thing the Easterners couldn’t repro- duce with all the money the mint. They were confident that vacation the misty summer climate the San Francisco Bay region, after drive through the national parks, would lure lot people from the parched plains. They knew that the legendary and material remnants the old West—the Barbary be aie J Coast, the mining towns—have at- tracted interest the past. They be- lieved that the exotic glamor San Francisco, ships from the Orient and the South Seas, the nar- row streets Chinatown, the color- ful Italian fishing fleet—could capi- talized. Finally, the bridges the world are attractions themselves. Briefly, rather than buck New York’s industrial fair, the Far West staging different kind fair—a “travel fair.” course, the “steel inference” that which used the planes, the trains, and automobiles the roads, railroads, and highway the thousands upon thousands tons that have gone into Boulder, Grand Coulee, Bonneville, and which will into Shasta Dam—at least one visit; the many tons more that will oll 2 J a a into heavy construction and ma- chinery the broad Far Western in- dustrial empire comes age; finally, standing before every visitor during his entire stay San Francisco are the two great bridges which were re- sponsible for the biggest lump steel orders this era. Most these are represented the exhibits carrying out the “travel” theme. "Steel Builds the West" Appropriately, the exhibit the United States Steel Corp. subsidiaries built around the theme, “Steel Builds the West.” This exhibit was built approximate cost $250,- 000 and occupies 14,000 sq. ft. the Mines, Metals, and Machinery Build- ing. Entering the exhibit, the visitor sees directly ahead him reproduction the piers the San Francisco- THE IRON AGE, March = As P ° ° ethlehem Steel Co.'s exhibit built around model tower the Golden Gate bridge. ° ° ° 71-C—THE IRON AGE, March 1939 ° the exhibit the United States Steel Corp. are replicas the San Francisco- Oakland bridge piers, one-thirteenth actual size. ni 7 | 7 | . 5 Oakland Bay bridge. These piers have been built scale, even the rivets, and are one-thirteenth the size the actual bay bridge piers. Beyond the piers, opening from curving rear wall are two large dioramas and large illustrated map the Western states, which means transparen- cies inset their proper geographic locations, show important construc- tion projects now under way con- templated the Western area. The larger diorama, considerably cized San Francisco newspapers, shows that city might appear the year 1999. the right smaller diorama showing the Central Valley water project when completed and illustrating its benefits. the left are four dio- ramas showiag the principal steps the manufacture steel, beyond this display showing the many prod- ucts the corporation and their wide section devoted research. this section grand piano hung from strand wire, heavy steel bar being constantly twisted, stainless steel immersed acid bath, and similar tests illustrate the strength, toughness, resistance elasticity, and hardenability steel, qualities which are described an- other wall. The entire exhibit was designed Walter Dorwin Teague New York, and certain parts will adapted for the New York fair. built around looming model tower the Golden Gate bridge visible all who enter the Transportation Pal- ace. Bearing mind Westerners who have seen the won- ders steel construction even photographic acquaintance with the workings steel mills, the company has set cross-section models show- ing blast furnace, open hearth, and the pouring ingots. the steel these working models passes through its various stages, lighted ex- planatory captions flash on. shows the many ways which used typical community. mo- tion picture progress all times. Other Steel Exhibits Perhaps one the most significant exhibits prefabricated steel house erected one the garden plots Soule Steel Co. San Fran- cisco. Much favorable attention will called this exhibit reason its architectural attractiveness, which compares favorably with similar ° ° HIS the Phoenix which looks down from the Tower the Sun. was made from 700 hand-shaped sections gage Armco ingot iron covered with gold leaf. wood .dwelling nearby. most Westerners, “steel house” calls mind gal- vanized sheet structure cubist dwelling similar those used resettlement projects, and this home, the “vine covered type, should much dis- pel the previous unfavorable impression. Compton metal erected nearby. striking white display with black red detail, Timken products sented. addition roller bearing and rock bit sections, steel tubing shown the various stages the manufacturing process. John Roebling’s Sons Co. has comprehensive display mesh and rope products, and Mine Smelter Supply Co. Denver has set elaborate model amalgamation and concentration plant for milling gold ores. National Standard Co. has wire display, and Rheem Mfg. Co. installing institutional exhibit. Joshua Hendy Iron Works, which in- cidentally handled one the biggest foundry jobs ever undertaken the Coast, gates for Grand Coulee Dam, has heavy machinery display. Marwedel, San Francisco shop and mill supply firm, has one the most extensive displays the entire fair among direct suppliers. Steel conspicuously prominent the all-metal sleeper shown the Pullman Co., the streamlined trains shown the various railroads, the extensive appliance exhibit, and course the automobile exhibits. The thermometer was flirting with the day the fair opened and the first crowds were quick shed their coats aad bask the warm sunshine. These California promoters weren't satisfied, though. The calendar said was still winter, so, get the winter atmos- phere they erected tremendous ski jump towering framework steel tubing. They jumpers from far Norway. The snow? They got that shaving giant chunks ice and spreading the incline. estimated that there was enough make 1,500,000 Tom Collins. Most the perspiring spectators wished had been used that way. THE IRON AGE, March OST executives are familiar with which neglected make ade- quate depreciation charges and were unable replace equipment when became obsolete. For years individual concerns these industries had seemed profitable and had paid satisfactory dividends their stock- holders, but large part these divi- dends were paid from apparent profits and not from real profits. These com- panies were living their capital. What more, both the company and the stockholders paid taxes the federal government apparent profits which were not really profits all. long corporation taxes were small and those cases where ample reserves were retained the corpo- ration, the tax part the problem was not such serious one. With present high corporation vidual taxes and with the bringing pressure upon corporations pay out large part their book profits, the situation becomes serious indeed. From the standpoint corporation taxes which may levied book profits which are not real profits be- cause depreciation charges have been inadequate, the situation just described has become somewhat less serious be- cause the recent modification the penalty tax upon undistributed book profits, although the normal tax now high make very costly any the taxable profits are not real profits. From the standpoint the ultimate solvency the corpora- tion and its ability replace obsolete equipment, the situation still just Abstracted from paper entitled, Ob- solescence Woodworking Machinery, presented joint meeting the Ameri- can Society Mechanical Engineers and the Southern Furniture Manufacturers’ Association High C., Sept. 21-23, 1938, 72—THE IRON AGE, March 1939 dangerous cases where corpora- tions distribute part their capital dividends out apparent but unreal profits. Recent Changes Depreciation Regulations Even though the penalties the Revenue Act been modi- fied considerably, Treasury Decision 4422, under which many deprecia- tion rates have been drastically re- duced, still force. probable that there have been many cases where the present depreciation regu- lations have resulted the disallow- ance the Federal Government adequate depreciation charges, and should remembered that every dollar real depreciation which disallowed means exactly one dollar taxable but unreal profits. the other hand, those who vehemently condemn Treasury Decision 4422 should remember that there nothing the new regulations which will pre- vent the owner depreciating assets from getting the depreciation which considers proper, including reasonable allowance for obsolescence, provided his rates are based upon replacement policy which actually re- places the assets when they .become obsolete. But longer possible for one depreciate rate say per cent when uses the assets for from years. How can anyone expect the Government allow high depreciation rate the actual life much greater than the depreciation life rate? One the reasons why many manufacturers object the new de- preciation regulations that most these persons not have adequate records with which satisfy the Bu- reau Internal Revenue that their depreciation claims These persons would well rec- oncile themselves the fact that they will not able obtain ade- quate depreciation charges for tax purposes unless they have adequate records, which means that most cases they must individual records their principal items ma- chinery instead attempting use flat depreciation rate large group machinery with different life expectancies. Many the recent de- creases depreciation rates have been due excessively large depreciation charges previous years and such cases there nothing that the owner the machinery can about the matter now, except perhaps some cases back years still open and reduce the depreciation charges sible charge additional depreciation the future. But even reason- able for future depreciation charges present equipment reduced because excessive depreciation charges the past, these lower rates should not accepted without care- ful examination the case ma- chinery which may purchased the future. The only safe procedure main- tain adequate records individual machines and make the best possible estimates the future life each machine. this done, and re- placements are actually made when the estimated lives come end, — mem 2. & 4 ° ° ° T p! Ww epreciation Charges there reason whatever why the present depreciation regulations should prevent any owner machinery from obtaining charges his tax return. Properly administered, the new de- preciation regulations should hurt one, but there serious danger that the present tendency reduce depre- ciation rates may future years greatly increase the loss due ob- solescence machinery, because there will tendency for obsolete and practically worthless equipment carried high book values the time such equipment would ordinarily replaced. company cares write off large amounts when replac- ing equipment. fact many cases and the same time maintain its credit rating and appearance solvency. But continuing use obsolete equip- ment under these conditions will not solve the problem. Competitive con- ditions industry between in- dustries make necessary for com- pany have modern methods and modern equipment sell its products profit. Unamortized Values Replacement Studies has often been claimed that, making study determine whether machine should replaced, any unamortized value the present ma- chine should charged some way against the proposed machine. Most the best-known replacement formu- las this one way another, but vey made some years ago large ma- PAUL NORTON, JR. Professor Industrial Engineering. Virginia Polytechnic Institute jority the companies replying questionnaire stated that they would not think charging this unamortized value against the future, but instead would charge against profit and loss Any difference between the book value and the realizable value re- placed equipment represents additional depreciation which actually occurred the past during the life the re- placed equipment and which should have been charged part the cost the products the replaced equipment. The fact that may not have been charged does not alter the fact that the depreciation actually occurred the past. What more, this depreciation would undoubtedly have been charged the estimated life the replaced equipment had been correct. attempt charge this past cost against the future just unthinkable charge any past loss against the cost some specific future product, when making cost estimate for the purpose setting the price which this future product would sold. show further the absurdity the argument that any difference be- nadequate tween book value and realizable value should charged against the pro- posed machine, let supposed that this new machine turn replaced before has had opportunity, the depreciation rate used, pay back its own loss value plus that remaining from the previous machine. This might continue indefinitely and eventually some machine might have bear such heavy fixed charges make impossible for its owners compete with others who had simply written off such difference between book values and realizable values when these differences became ap- parent. The replacement study should based the assumption that the re- placement will made the results the study, including both the tan- gible and intangible factors, indicate that the replacement would profita- ble. making the study the present equipment should put its realizable value and depreciation and other charges assessed against the present equipment that basis. If, however, the study indicates that the replacement would not profitable, the present equipment need not neces- sarily written down the books its realizable value. The very fact that the replacement has been shown not advisable proves that the present machine not obsolete and therefore realizable value for some other purpose not relevant factor. However, the fact that consideration has been given the replacement indicates that the equipment prob- ably nearing the end its economic life and would seem desirable set new depreciation rate acordingly. THE IRON AGE, March >> — Rust and Scale Removed Multi-Tip MULTI-FLAME descaling tip moving rust from steel channels that form part the road graders manufactured the Galion Iron Works Mfg. Co., Galion, Ohio. The process also being used remove paint from old equip- ment. same process also used steel plates and from time time re- move paint from old equipment, here illustrated. Removal the scale necessary because after processing, the channel sections are painted and unless the rust thoroughly removed, the paint will subsequently peel—after grader Gas Torch TABLE Area descaled each channel, sq. ft. (approximate) ..... 15.5 26.0 time, min. per piece 10.0 25.0 Acetylene, cu. ft. per piece.. 10.0 35.0 Oxygen, cu. ft. per piece...... 15.0 50.0 Number passes clean... 3.0 Angles tip deg..... 39.0 30.0 Rate pieces channel: Area per min. descaled, sq. Rate pieces channel: Area per min. sq. Acetylene, cu. ft. per sq. ft 0.645 1.35 Oxygen, cu. ft. per sq. ft. has been operation for several months. Methods rust removal formerly employed brush, hammer and chisel, and ham- mering. The descaling equipment, farnished the Air Reduction Sales Co., New York, consists one style 9800 weld- ing torch with special six-tooth flexi- ble multi-flame tips; two-stage re- duction oxygen regulator, style 8416; two-stage reduction acetylene regu- lator, style 8402; and the necessary hose. Acetylene and oxygen consumption. descaling time per piece, and other data covering the removal rust from the channel sections, which the process was first used, are given ESCALING with Airco welding torch equipped with special six-tooth flexible multi-flame tips. plate Table herewith. The data given column covers channels in. column channels in. in. ft. in., respectively. both cases only one side was side web and flanges. The same descaling process has also been used remove scale from quantity steel plate which had been the company’s for several years, and has also been applied remove paint from road graders which had been the vard. stated that with the de- scaling tip one man removes more paint min. than two men with scraping tool and wire brush formerly removed hr. This descaling equipment regular use from hr. daily. Standards and Gages Checked 0.00007 In. ILLIONTHS OF-AN INCH differences can compared electrically through the recent applica- tion new General Electric gage head the tail stock Pratt Whitney measuring machine the works the former company Sche- nectady. This machine was originally built measure mechancially in. 74—THE IRON AGE, March 1939 the lengths gage standards in., and compare extremely small differences length, such may ex- ist between toolroom standards and factory gages. Essentially, the machine consists heavy bed plate with movable headstock toward the righ end and to- ward the left movable tailstock now equipped with the electric gage. ferences length over 0.00001 in. are measured mechanically the head- stock, while combination the tailstock and the new electric gage millionth -an-inch differences length can compared. electric gage also used setting the pres- sure checked. the gage is 4 BO ° ° ° welded alum- inum lighting unit reflector. HERBOLD Plant Engineer, Westinghouse Electric Mfg. Co., Lighting Division, Cleveland ECENT advances design and finishes have accentuated the need for spot welding the manufacture lighting equipment. Aluminum, with its variety finishes and high luminous efficiency, be- come one the most useful materials the illuminating engineer. spot weld aluminum has long been dif- ficult problem, but the lighting divi- placed operation new spot welder with electronic control which meet- ing these various problems very satis- factorily. aluminum spot weld occurs only when the pressure, heat, and time are accurately regulated and synchronized. Reliable timing has been obtained with electronic and with Thyratron controlled Ignitrons. The weld can accurately limited little one-half cycle. Spot Welding Aluminum Reflectors Considerable experimentation must done determine the proper values for the time, pressure and heat vari- ables. addition, the electrode tip design plays important role, espe- cially when the contour the weld deviates from flat surface. The accompanying illustrations show some typical spot welding applications. Fig. illustrates the application spot welds hold the reinforcing band the heel aluminum reflector for street lighting, replacing rivets formerly used. Permits Design Improvement The husk assembly for interior luminaire with its component parts assembled spot welding. When com- pleted, used not only with aluminum basin which light-weight (Fig. 2), but also with Fig. complete unit using the husk shown. The clips the basin which the same supported are spot welded. This typical ex- ample design improvement the use spot welding. The alternative would have been the use rivets which would spoil the appearance, more complex arrangement which would increase the costs. These clips are spot welded without damage the outside surface which might affect the final finishing processes and ap- pearance. the finishing the aluminum reflectors, electrolytic process employed the baths. This neces- sitates the use aluminum racks for holding the reflectors and connecting them the electrical source. avoid erosion, loose joirits and poor electrical contact, spot welding has been em- ployed the assembly these racks. Fig. shows one these items, and from can seen that two light sections are welded opposite each other and intermediate heavier section. While the spot welding aluminum one the newest developments this field, and itself was principally responsible for the development Ignitron control, yet the spot welder shown Fig. not limited this work alone. Equally successful work available brass, copper and the alloy well common steels, both hot and cold rolled, The Ignitron control unit can seen the photo- graph mounted the column with the THE IRON AGE, March r | * | 4 » | ° ° | | cover panels open, showing the trons the lower section, and typical seam weld control the upper section. the other side the column small cabinet housing the spot weld attachment. Machine Used for Welding This machine was purchased with maximum flexibility the keynote. addition producing spot welds aluminum and conventional spot welds steel, the capacity produce “in- terrupted” “persistence” spot welds was also included. for this reason that seam weld control with spot at- tachment used. “Interrupted” “persistence” spot welding, which often commonly re- ferred “woodpecker welding,” does not consummate the weld one continuous period, but breaks the total time cycles into intermittent “off” and “on” periods, the total the “on” periods equaling the total time conventional type weld. seam weld comparable that the current does IRON AGE, March 1939 not flow continuously, but there are “on” and “off” periods down the seam, the penetration between “on” periods producing the effect continuous weld. With “interrupted” spot weld the material does not move, that the ultimate result strong weld, the current being applied intermittently, spreading the heat over longer peri- time without burning the mate- rial. The writer has amplified these fundamentals the addition indexing switch interlocked with the timing device the seam panel. This switch determines the position the timer which the weld will begin. The main advantage this control that the “on” and “off” periods need not uniform, but can arranged start off with long period and then finish with shorter The ‘selec- tion such arrangement gov- erned the sections and the material welded. When conventional spot welds are produced, the disk not em- ployed and the timing controlled 2—Complete lighting fixture with basin relamping position show spot welded support clips. through the spot attachment. The range for this machine and control Heat control for either type spot weld regulated through one pair the controlling Thyratrons range per cent 100 per cent. Correct Alinement Assured many cases necessary ac- curately locate the pieces welded. IG. 3—Spot welded aluminum rack for electrolytic immersion tank. two-position foot switch enables the operator grip the work between the electrode tips, check the position and satisfactory, continue through the second position and consummate the weld. alinement not correct, the electrodes can separated re- leasing from the first position and cor- recting the location and then continu- ing. For conventional spot welding there are some applications for which posi- tion need only approximate, and relatively large number spots make speed essential. aux- iliary control has been incorporated that produces this repeat feature which 1 | be . q — Fic. 4—Welding machine and (upper left) Ignition control unit. brings the tips together, welds and then releases; then The operator can conveni- ently slide his work along the tips separate, being position they re- close produce the succeeding weld. Proper interlocks switches prevent the welding current from flowing before the proper pres- sure between tips has been developed, and unless the cooling water for the Ignitrons Secondary Aluminum Carefully Controlled PEAKING before recent meet- ing the Wisconsin Chapter the American Foundrymen’s Associa- the Aluminum Research stated that: “There was time when consumers thought that secondary aluminum was distinctly inferior virgin metal, and that, consequently, could not used for their more exact requirements. Today, secondary aluminum manufac- tured responsible smelter who maintains complete laboratory service, can satisfactorily used for almost any purpose where primary metal regularly employed. This does not mean that secondary metal, irrespec- tive composition and quality, can substituted for good grades pri- mary metal. does mean that second- ary metal the required composition, properly made and refined, metal- lurgically equivalent primary alu- minum every respect. “The complexity the aluminum scrap that coming the market today the reason why most up-to- date foundries have either discon- tinued entirely, soon will con- fronted with the necessity discon- tinuing, the use scrap aluminum. For the last year two, has been almost impossible for the foundryman buy pure aluminum the form clippings. Practically all clippings are commingled with alloy clippings, such duralumin and others. Cast alumi- num still being purchased and used scrap some the smaller foun- dries. The increased number cast- ing alloys now used makes more and more difficult for the average foundry duplicate the refining process fol- lowed the modern secondary alumi- num manufacturer, unless the foundry able buy tremendous quanti- ties and put its own control labora- tories for checking raw materials and finished products. “Not only does the laboratory up-to-date aluminum refiner obtain exact chemical analysis the scrap and finished ingot, but also checks the finished metal for tensile strength, elongation, hardness, ance, and other physical properties. “The modern smelter maintains experimental foundry which the fluidity and shrinkage the ingot are determined before shipping customer. Intricate designs are poured check foundry quality. Castings are poured high temperatures deter- mine freedom from stain discolora- tion. “The results obtained from these more less routine tests taught the modern smelter that, order obtain uniformity, must necessity re- move some the harmful impurities —in other words, must truly refine the metal. Not only are oxides, non- metallic inclusions, and gases removed, but the aluminum also freed cer- tain alloying elements which interfere with foundry properties and which mar the appearance the finished castings.” THE IRON AGE, March Recent Progress Cutter, Gage and DEQUATE chip clearance in- serted-tooth milling cutters usually attained coarse tooth spacing generous gashing the cutters permit easy inflow the chips. its new Shear Clear face mills, the /ngersoll Milling Machine Co., Rockford, has attacked this FRANK OLIVER Associate Editor, The Iron Age ° ° ° direct the chips outwardly away from the surface cut. This design elimi- problem new approach. EGATIVE rake and steep shear angles, with chamfered cor- ners, direct the chips outwardly the new Ingersoll Shear Clear inserted tooth face mills. 78—THE IRON AGE, March 1939 Cutting blades are set negative rake and steep shear angles, with the corner the cutting angles further broadly chamfered off, the net effect being nates packing chips the face the cutter and prevents scoring the surface chips being dragged along it. Increased cutter life between grinds often effected. These face mills are manufactured ATIONAL DBS combination threading and hollow milling head for use Brown Sharpe automatics. ABOVE TOOL for chamfering tubing both inside and out and facing the end the same time announced the Severance Tool Mfg. Co., Saginaw, Mich. The facing cutter removable for regrinding independently the chamfer- ing members. pilot provided guide the tubing into the cutter centrally. milled groove gives chip clear- ance the front face. This type cutter may also used burr the ends where slots, keyways splines are present. LEFT ATEST chuck made the Jacobs Mfg. Co., Hartford, this design with fluted sleeve, ground internally after heat treatment accurately fit the body the chuck. Close fitting also accurately centers the nut that operates the jaws, thus improving the precision and balance the holder. The new sleeve gives better grip and said easier the operator's hands. with high speed steel, Stellite J-Metal and cemented carbide inserted blades. The combination angles and cham- fer varied suit the work. The use the chamfer obviously precludes the cutters from being used making sharp corners. Die Heads National Acme Co., Cleveland, announces newly designed die head for Brown Sharpe automatics. This head built 34, and 9/16- HREAD cutting heavy duty turret lathes facilitated the use this new Land- matic die head with hand feed adapter. NEW reaming and chamfering fixture for application its and 8-in. stationary pipe die heads announced Landis Ma: chine Co. Oo Ss u 0 q — : ° ° ° 4 ; Measuring Instrument in. Capacities and uses the standard special ground thread circular type chasers. New features head con- struction include adjustable com- pensating float which the chasers onto the work, preventing torn distorted threads high spindle speeds. Two methods closing the die are provided: either held closed under tension while the turret indexes, closed the last position just prior threading simple stop arranged arrest the forward travel the the tools and gages il- lustrated these pages are being shown for the first time the Machine and Tool Progress Exhibition the American Society Tool En- gineers, held Detroit, March 18. Others have been culled from announcments the manufac- ° die slide, the selection depending upon the number other tools used. Quick adjustment diametric cut- SPECIALLY designed for cutting brass and copper tubing without the production burr this new circular saw recently developed turers made recent weeks. Com- pared with similar reviews published the past, this one contains the most references measuring apparatus, particularly the comparator type. More and more, instruments for checking gages are being made with reference basic standards. ° ting size means two screws which move all the circular chasers (with holding blocks intact) uniform- SCALE the Circular Tool Co., LEFT self tighten- ing chuck this new positive roll grip chuck nounced Motor Tool Mfg. Co., Detroit. This chuck has three hardened and ground tapered rolls spider running between the drill shank and and ground cam, similar free wheeling clutches. The heavier the load the drill, the tighter the chuck grips the shank. BELOW EPLACEABLE live centers are featured idence. DJUSTMENTS can made 0.0005 in. incre- ments the new Micro-Lok boring bars an- nounced the Eclipse Counterbore Co., Seven bars cover range in. Provision also made for the use automatic feed-out tools ABOVE ORK load automatically the grip proportion resistance encountered this heavy duty, precision chuck, made Lee Son Co., Aberdeen, The chuck has heavy feed screw with steep pitch and square cut threads for fast chucking. Five sizes expanding mandrels being marketed Lee Son Co. Made tool steel, hardened and ground, the mandrels are available general purpose and heavy duty sets, the former comprising five models which are claimed have the capacity handling work over 2000 mandrels the solid type. Sizes range from in. RIGHT NTENDED for the tipping sintered carbide cutting and wear resisting tools and parts this Braze-Rite furnace, electrically operated with hydrogen atmosphere. the Firth- Sterling Steel Co., McKeesport, Pa., the furnace designed localize the heat the end the tool, eliminating the necessity heating the entire shank and reducing time required for brazing. feature the furnace that gradual current reductions when shutting down are not necessary. for recessing and undercutting work, with without pilot sections both above and below the work. Two more blades may also set tandem with Micro-Lok adjustment. q Ps 7 THE IRON AGE, March = J [ [= NEUMATIC pressure has been ap- plied the work holding platen the No. 4-A Noble Westbrook marking machine, especially de- signed for marking colored symbols from strip tape. EDERAL gage designed for great sensitiv- The contoct point spindle sup- ported spring bellows eliminate friction spindle ond internal fric- tion and inertia are reduced mini- mum. The lever the side the indi- for adjustment the con- tact point after the indicator has been brought approximate position the vertical slide ond clamped. Range 0.003 graduations, 0.000! in. IRON AGE, March 1939 announced Motor Tool Mfg. Co. live center with roller bearing for radial load and ball cup and cone bearing for thrust load the front end and bearing the rear. per cent more radial load carrying capacity claimed. ORM and angles thread gages and taps can measured and checked against greatly magnified optical templates built into this Leitz tool-makers microscope, employing new optical principle with intermediate image. This intermediate image allows the master part template magnified the same amount the work piece being examined. turret type template magazine used for this pur- pose, containing nine compartments, one for parts and eight for templates, which great variety corresponding the various threod standards are available. The same in- strument may also used for measuring com- paratively large profiles and work pieces. Mar- keted the Scherr Co., New MUL-250 shop gage measuring machine, made the Société Genevoise Physique, Geneva, possible direct measurement inspection and checking all production gages degree ac- curacy that generolly possible only the laboratory. The instrument provided with standard scale secured rolling carriage and divided twentieths inch millimeters. moves under micrometer microscope with divided drum 0.00005 in. 0.001 mm. The model measuring apparatus, not trated, similar principle, but has wider range usefulness. These instruments are being sold America through the Triplex 125 Barclay Street, York. RILL rod and other round wire stock can cut off clean without leaving burr nor distorting the end the remaining stock. This cut-off tool, made Billings Spencer Co., Hartford, designed utilize directly the leverage applied and hence requires minimum exertion. The tool drop forged, machined and heat treated. Bar in. long, in. diameter and finished gray Duro finish. The cut-off cam and block rust proof finish. the model Federal adjustable snap gage, the upper jaw able for size work and held rigidly. The lower jaw one end simple lever, the opposite end which con- tacts the point directly. Jaws have tungsten carbide inserts and the that centers the work for different diameters. are 0.0001 in. Takes work from In. diameter. ad = ° ° ° ° ° ° ABOVE Sheffield reed mechanism and visual gage has been adapted new thread lead testing machine. The No. size pictured will take work in. long between centers and in. thread in. diameter. RING universal gear tester improved unit made National Broach Machine Detroit, for checking index, interference, helix angle, wobble, eccentricity and tooth size. All these factors can checked less than minute. Helical spur tooth gears can tested and set-up said easy and rapid. LEFT RACTICALLY tionless operation claimed for the new line offered the Swed- ish Gage Co. America, Detroit. The instrument furnished four different scale graduations and ratios amplification, and designed mea- sure variations little inch. bores small di- ameter, the No. 2-L internal indicator gage has been developed the Swedish Gage Co. America. can check bores in. deep and diameters from 13/16 in. LAMSON now offering its comparator and mea- machine 30-in. diameter screen size for the optical inspection large objects suitable magnification. indicating plug gage, being marketed George Scherr Co., New York, precision internal plug gage for checking size, taper, ovality and narrow bores. In- strument consists standard dial indicator which attached adapter that carries interchangeable gaging head. Each head made split spherical section expanded against the bore spring actuated plunger with cone The contact surfaces are chromium plated for wear resistance. Being com- parator type, the setting made means ring gage, pre- cision drill bushing snap gage built from gage blocks. Dial indicator can furnished read 0.0005 in. Four sizes RIGHT universal attach- ment for measuring inter- nal and other surfaces that cannot reached ular dial gage similar the No. 734 except that the sleeve fits gage stems in. diameter instead the regular indicators with stems 0.275 in. di- ameter. Measuring move- the spindle through the bell crank. THE IRON AGE, March : { 4 ‘ — J friction sleeve which can turned completely around. scale always the most convenient position. LEFT the new Starrett No. 564 Universal Junior indicator, the ball contact point held friction joint mounted the end rotating CENTER The indicator can mounted the top side the shank that the graduated Range in. thousandths. TARRETT hole gages are available sets four gages covering the ranges 0.2 in.; 0.2 0.3 in.; 0.3 0.4 in., and 0.4 0.5 in. The end each gage the form split ball which expanded cone controlled knurled knob the end the handle. The expanded the hole get the and the measure transferred micrometer. RIGHT HIS Wiggler center finder No. 828, made the Starrett Co., Athol, Mass., consists spring tensioned pointer held tapered shank with the pointer free wiggle. guided true concentricity. chasers mounted blocks moved for resharpening loosening one screw, and the use sizing