The Iron Age 1938-10-27: Vol 142 Iss 17

FRITZ FRANK President VAN DEVENTER Editor Managing Editor News Editor Editor Emeritus Machinery Editor Art Editor Metallurgical Bditter Associate Editors JURASCHEK Consulting Bditor Washington Editor Resident District Editors Pittsburgh Chicago Cleveland Detroit Editorial Correspondents London, England Cincinnati Boston Hamburg, Germany MEYER CHARLES Post Milwaukee San Francisco Toronto, Ontario Birmingham Newark, N. J. St. Lowis JR. Buafale Owned and Published CHILTON COMPANY (Incorporated) Publication Office Editorial and Chestnut and 56th Executive Offices Philadelphia, Pa. 239 West 39th New York, N. Y. OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS MUSSELMAN, President FRITZ J. FRANK, Executive Vice-President FREDERIC STEVENS, Vice-President JOSEPH HILDRETH, Vice-President GEORGE GRIFFITHS, Vice-President EVERIT TERHUNE, Vice-President WILLIAM BARBER, Treasurer JOHN BLAIR MOFFETT, Secretary JOHN H. VAN DEVENTER, JULIAN CHASE, THOMAS KANE, CHARLES G6. CARROLL BUZBY, P. M. FAHRENDORF BAUR, General Advertising Manager DIX, Manager Reader Service Member, Audit Bureau Circulations Member, Associated Business Papers Indexed in the Industrial Arts Index. Published every Thursday. Subscrip- tion Price: United States and Pos- sessions, Mexico, Cuba, $6.00; Can- ada, $8.50; Foreign, $12.00 year. Single copy, cents. Cable Address, ADVERTISING STAFF Emerson Findley, 621 Union Bldg., Cleveland B. L. Herman, Chilton Bldg., Chestnut & 56th Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. H. K. Hottenstein, 802 Otis Bidg., Chicago H. E. Leonard, 239 W. 39th St., New York Peirce Lewis, 7310 Woodward Ave., Detroit Ober, 239 39th St., New York W. B. Robinson, 428 Park Bidg., Pittsburgh D. C. Warren, P. O. Box $1, Hartford, Conn. Cont OCTOBER 27, 1938 Public Opinion Ashland Renewed Confidence Dominates Metal Congress Year's Progress Interpreted A.S.M. Comprehensive Program Features Welding Meeting. Theoretical Research Highlights Program. Economics Chief Concern Machine Tool Builders The Cone Worm Gear Actual Use Triple Boring, Drilling and Milling Machine the Assembly Line Statistics Metal-Working Activity Washington News THE NEWS BRIEF Weekly Ingot Operating Rate Rate Activity Capital Goods Plant Expansion and Equipment Buying New Industrial Literature Products Advertised Just Between Two Index Advertisers Copyright 1938 by Chilton Company (iInc.) 103 122 Timken Quality Ryerson Shipment Timken Tubing not ordinary steel mill product, but specialty manufactured meet exacting requirements. large users tubing for the cones and cups bearings, Timken definitely realizes the value uniform chemical and physical characteristics, and carefully controls these factors develop dense close structure that assures good machinability. Timken Quality safeguarded through every step manufacture. Com- plete, modern mill equipment skillfully manned operators long experience, and unusually strong staff metallurgists equipped with the most complete laboratory facilities. Each heat steel sub- jected frequent tests from furnace finished product, thus insuring uniform high quality whether you order single tube carload. Ten strategically located Ryerson plants offer you Immediate Shipment Timken Tubing. Rigid inspection systems, special storing methods, experienced crews, and unsurpassed transporiation facilities assure prompt, intelligent service. Draw the Ryerson plant nearest you. Ryerson Son., Inc. Plants at: Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Louis, Cincinnati, Detroit, Cleveland, Buffalo, Boston, Philadelphia, Jersey City. Ryerson Certified Steels also Include: Alloy Steels Stainless Steel Heat Treated Alloy Steel Bars Cold Finished Bars, Shafting and Screw Stock and Heavy Structurals Channels, Angles, Tees and Hot Rolled Bars—Hoops Plates—Sheets Strip Steel, Flat Wire, etc. Boiler Tubes and Fittings Welding Rod—Mechanical Tubing Rivets, Bolts, Nuts, Washers, etc. Reinforcing Bars Babbitt Metal and Solder ED 22—THE IRON AGE, October 27, 1938 . THE IRON AGE... OCTOBER 27, 1938 ESTABLISHED 1855 Vol. 142, No. Public Opinion Ashland AST Wednesday had the pleasure attending community celebra- tion, the fifteenth anniversary the debut the first continuous rolling mill. wish that our representatives Congress could have been there see tdo. They would have had two important subjects. One these subjects the effect mechanization upon employment. And the continuous sheet mill, you know, has been held us, people high well low places, being mechanization's number one job destroyer. Yet here was Ashland, Kentucky, where the first continuous mill was developed and installed, holding community celebration honor the inventor and perfecter the continuous mill, Tytus, theAmerican Rolling Mill Co. Ashland's population, before was exposed the company this supposed job destroyer was about Now over 30,000. And over 20,000 participated the ceremonies. Fifteen years ago you could not have gotten such congregation people together because they were not there get. The continuous mill doubled the popu- lation, doubled employment and more than doubled wages this Kentucky city, where has been work longer than anywhere else. And the people who live and work Ashland must have known and appreciated these facts, they would not have closed their stores and schools and assembled such imposing numbers. Fact number two that our Congressmen could have learned Ashland concerns public relations. When practically whole community takes day off pay honor company and its accomplishment, there cannot much the matter with employer- employee relations. True, the twenty employees who induced the Labor Board put Armco trial Ashland cost $1000 day were not present. Nor were the Labor Board examiners. Perhaps they did not want exposed the subversive influence seeing what per cent the Armco workers and their families think the company's employee relations. That would far too one-sided give com- fort troublemakers. | $ Renewed Confidence Dominates increasing throb indus- trial activity, rising automobile production, restoration Gen- eral Motors pay envelopes year’s levels and re-hiring 35,000 automobile workers were part week’s National Metal Congress held Convention Hall, Detroit. The Congress, and its attendant ex- position which occupied four acres floor space, broke all records attendance, number ex- hibitors, volume and quality techni- cal papers and general interest. many visitors toured the exposition its two opening days the whole session year ago, and final atten- dance figures were estimated more than 25,000. more technical sessions, scientists, engineers and industrialists joined planning for progress. Their enthusiasms for the task hand were stimulated the favorable tide business events, and confidence was renewed such authoritative state- dent Steel Corp., who said the annual A.S.M. banquet, “Reports emanating from various sources per- mit one harbor measure opti- mism. Industries are contributing 24—THE IRON AGE, October 27, 1938 words The technical sessions and exposi- tion culminated many planning the participants twentieth annual event—the American Society for Metals, the American Welding Society and the American Institute Mining and Metallurgical Along the aisleways the exposi- tion itself, there was wealth new sights reported. Hours spent the floor amid the million dollars’ worth exhibitions meant notebooks crammed with data. Lack space precludes summarizing all them, even hinting the infinite number applications. But there were many outstanding ones such as, for instance, the high frequency converters and coils which promise give industry faithful contour, and the new duPont high-speed process for heavy deposition really bright copper, two score exhibits which were thronged day and night. Quenched spark gap conversion electric current amazingly high frequencies for hardening materials induction—and for other work heating metals—was demonstrated simple applications the Lepel High- Frequency Laboratories, Inc., New York. Egbert von Lepel 1908 de- vised equipment this type and saw adapted for the conversion elec- trical energy into heat. The Lepel ex- hibit featured equipment which quires cleaning and resetting the spark only after 500 700 hr. use. upwards 50,000,000 cycles per minute are duction heating equipment now gen- eral use requires use generator set and the current produced has frequency about 2000 cycles per minute. During the week the Ohio Crank- shaft Co., Cleveland, staged demon- strations gear hardening with its initial machine this type. Great “contour accuracy” was shown the setup, assigning hard-cased gears with the centers, cores, untreated and retaining the original toughness and machineability the material. Plugged into cycle current, the machine con- verted and operated 300,000 cycles and brought sample Along with demonstrations crank- shaft and camshaft hardening the induction process, the same firm “went into mass production” when began the hardening Packard cam- 4 7 7 7 ° ° Record Metal Congress and all transmis- sion mainshaft requirements each day the exhibit floor. Production 135 shafts per hr. was maintained through- out the day. Three sections along the shaft were surface Rockwell values 61, and 55, respectively. copper deposition com- mercial thicknesses—not flash deposit -was plated speed four times greater than with existing alkaline plating methods new process de- veloped duPont. High tempera- tures and highly concentrated cop- per cyanide bath account for the speed. was stated, and new addition agents result bright, smooth surfaces. ficiency the anode and cathode said 100 per cent, compared with per cent usually found with commercial solutions. Heavy copper depositions are sought save the amount nickel required. Also at- Annual Dinner Meeting American Society for Metals Annual Dinner Meeting American Welding Society tempts are being made produce cop- per-clad wire very rapidly method. Another hoped-for result the use such heavy platings for corro- sion resistant vessels hold acid rinse waters, etc., where lead, zinc and similar materials are not suitable. For cleaning bright nickel and chro- mium plate, Oakite Products, Inc., New York, demonstrated newly de- veloped material with chromic acid tolerance times greater than waterials previously used for clean- ing connection with this type work. particular interest also was the 2400 deg. Char-Mo atmospheric furnace particularly adaptable for steels. This development the Surface Combustion Co., Toledo. display which attracted interest Linde Air Products Co. was its an- nouncement revolutionary electric welding method called the Unionmelt process. the exposition, -American Rolling Mill Co., exhibited ZINCGRIP, new galvanized sheet metal which withstands severe form- BOARDMAN, neer, Chicago Bridge Co.. elected president the A.W.S. ILLIAM WOODSIDE, vice pres- ident Climax Molybdenum Corp., Detroit, elected president American Society for Metals, succeed- ing Dr. George Waterhouse. ing and moderate fully. the annual banquet the Amer- ican Society for Metals Hotel Stat- ler, which attendance was over 700, dispassionate approach the prob- lems and troubles industry which are susceptible fact-finding and cold analysis was urged strongly Mr. Fairless, the speaker. Among the problems mentioned were length work week, distribution gross in- come the business, unemployment. and size factor industry. “All industry would plexed,” Mr. Fairless said, “if could ° ° Steel Corporation's technicolor movie, Ser- seemingly ever popular. The theatre last week's Metal Con- gress was packed for each min. performance. ° ° AMES GILL, the Vanadium-Al- loys Steel Co., Pittsburgh, elected vice-president the A.S.M. re- signed his post trustee take the new office. know with reasonable certainty, whether the social well-being, well the economic health large masses people could better served 30, 40-hr. working week. “It would gratifying know, possible, how the gross income business should equitably appor- tioned among the different interested elements, particularly with respect the workers, the stockholders, and the tax said. 7 | EISENMAN, national secretary term. both the Babcock Wilcox Co., joint Lincoln Award the A.W.S. another point said that long the unemployment problem persists, purchasing power the ag- gregate diminished and all branches industry are affected. dustry, Mr. Fairless remarked, “Ques- tions have been raised the rela- tive merits large and small units. would useful know whether there standard rule which one might determine, RADLEY STOUGHTON treasurer the A.S.M. basis, the approximate vertical and horizontal dimensions which sig- place, what actually determines whether business enterprise good bad, from the standpoint the public welfare.” Following Mr. Fairless’ speech, Dr. Bain was awarded the past-pres- ident’s medal, and certificate ap- preciation was given Boege- hold, Campbell Memorial Lecturer. The Albert Sauveur Achievement Award for pioneer work metallurgy was then presented Mc- Quaid Republic Steel Corp. Joseph Winlack and Ralph Leiter, both Edward Budd Mfg. re- new system rapid electroplating bright copper holds the attention group convention visitors. ° ° ° ceived the Henry Marion Howe medal and certificate jointly for the best technical paper appear A.S.M. Transactions during 1936-1937. The title was, “Some Factors Affecting Plastic Deformation Sheet and Strip Steel and Their Relation Deep Drawing Properties.” the elections the American So- ciety for Metals, results included se- vice-president Climax-Molybdenum Corp., Detroit, president succeed Dr. WATERHOUSE. JAMES Steel Co., Pittsburgh, was elected vice- president the society and resigned his post trustee take this office. was re-elected na- OL. JENKS, chief technical staff, Ordnance Department, Army, and first vice-president A.W.S. FAIRLESS (left), principal speaker the A.S.M. banquet has some conversation with Bain (center), past president, and Dr. Waterhouse, retiring presi- dent the A.S.M. tional secretary for two-year term, CLARK, and were elected the board trustees, the latter the occasioned Mr. Gill’s resignation. ciety. OOKING play Convention Hall. the extreme left Mr. Tran, Ohio Crankshaft Co., explaining the new high-frequency hardening gears. 28—THE IRON AGE, October 27, 1938 The record program the Ameri- can Welding Society was launched with the presentation awards for outstanding contributions. More than 800 members registered for the con- vention and participated sions. The Samuel Wylie Miller Medal MEADOWCROFT, assistant works mana- ger, Edward Budd Mfg. Co., Phil- adelphia. inventor, Mr. Mead- owcroft was cited for his material contributions the advancement the welding art. regarded pioneer the fabrication all-steel automobile bodies. charter member director, has also been generous contributor technical papers and chief the engineering mechanics section the Bureau Standards, chairman the board awards, presented the medal. The Lincoln Award was made Dr. Hopce and Wilcox Co., for their joint paper the and Properties Materials for Casing pub- May, 1938. A.W.S. officers resulted search engineer, Chicago Bridge chief technical staff, Ordnance De- partment, United States Army, Wash- ington, vice-president, and Turner General Petroleum Corp., Los Angeles, second vice-presi- dent. secretary, Mag- naflux Corp., New York, continued treasurer. vice-presidents are: \V. Hess, head the welding labo- ratory, Rensselaer tute, Troy, Y., for New York-New Milling Machine Co., Harnischfeger Milwaukee, Mid-West district. Directors-at-large are: Dr. consulting engineer, ~ . Budd Mfg. Co., Philadelphia; Marvin Humble Oil Refin- ing Co., Houston, Tex.; Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, and Kansas City Bridge Co., Kansas City, Mo. Cameron, the Ford Motor Co., was the principal speaker the annual banquet Thursday night the Book-Cadillac Hotel. Between 460 and 500 persons attended. With total registration exceeding 500, the Iron and Steel and the Institute Metals division the American Institute Mining and Metallurgical joined hands for their an- nual dinner Tuesday night Hotel Stout, president Stout Engineer- ing Laboratories, Inc., addressed them. “Technical knowledge and the growth facts are international,” said Mr. Stout. “They cannot held from any one people. hold that technical knowledge will the basis for the next great development human af- fairs.” Mr. Stout continued airplane engineering, because the exactitude requires, had led im- portant innovations railroad and automobile designing and other fields. tion has been the development practical housing unit for low-income families, said. Describing the immense strides taken recently airplane designing, said that current developments fore- shadowed profitable well practi- weighing 225,000 Ib., capable cross- ing the Atlantic with ease and weathering any storm. Year's Progress nterpreted ITH over technical papers, eight educational lectures, and couple round table discus- sions choose from, the average American Society for Metals member “Dynamic” Detroit last week had, anything, just little more than could handle. Subjects covered ranged from almost theoretical abstractions some the most recent and most use- ful technical developments. Undoubtedly the highlight the technical program was the 1938 Ed- ward Mille Campbell Memorial Boegehold the General Motors Re- search Laboratory. Mr. Boegehold’s presentation covered, “Some Aspects Malleable Melting.” Fifteen years ago most our malle- able iron was melted air furnaces. For the general run automotive castings was necessary hold the carbon not over 2.60 per cent and the silicon not over 1.00 per cent order obtain white fracture all cast- ings. Even when composition was held within this range, according the author, fracture tests had made every heat sure that the iron showed fracture sufficiently free from primary graphite make good malleable iron after annealing. With- out knowing why some heats the proper composition showed too much too little tendency form primary graphite the form mottles, the metallurgist could always make the necessary adjustments composition get the desired fracture. Mr. Boegehold’s experiment consist- attempt make some alloy malleable iron high frequency induction furnace with composition which comparison with the produc- tion iron should have been white in. round section. The fracture this iron in. round, however, was not white nor even speckled, but all gray. The same result was obtained when melt was made with the same composition the production metal. This experience convinced him that the knowledge principles govern- ing carbide retentivity iron was sadly lacking. Without being able duplicate production results labora- tory melts, would impossible develop alloys the laboratory that could used production. became obvious, therefore, that these principles would have discovered before proceeding with the development alloy malleable iron. most the experiments the re- sults obtained were not agreement with expectations. The use conven- tional measures reputed produce white fracture did not have that effect. few instances the results appeared indicate that treatment the metal with moisture either steam, water vapor air, resulted in- creased carbide retention. This was particularly true the case steam additions and also where the moisture THE IRON AGE, October 27, 1938—29 > was carried with hydrogen experiment not described below. result his tests Mr. Boege- hold collected evidence make him appreciate the wisdom from now regarding the production hard iron for making malleable iron more care- fully from the standpoint the in- fluence water vapor and that contamination solid iron oxide. attempt made explain the mechanism these two influences one confronted with the thought that iron oxide probably the active in- gredient both cases. one form, causes carbide stability, and another causes graphitization. difference that might pointed that the oxide formed result moisture decomposition probably forms dif- ferent kind oxide than that formed air when molten iron solidifying and cooling from the freezing tem- perature. was pointed out also Mr. Boegehold that nascent formed when water decomposes may play some part the stabilizing effect. The problem doubt very compli- cated and probably has with whether oxides silicate slags are dis- solved whether they are out solu- tion and they are out solution whether they are molten solid. may also involve differences solubil- ity reaction the different forms iron oxide. Mr. Boegehold said that that part the problem must left some one who will take these phases trolled experiments get satisfactory answers. For the present, was said that one must content know what practical results may obtained. The findings Mr. Boegehold’s work apply not only the production white iron for conversion malleable iron but also the production high strength cast iron. The same influences must taken into consideration induction furnace melting gray iron. was predicted, therefore, that ex- perimental melting high frequency furnaces will yield more useful results careful control the atmosphere surrounding the furnace charge and the condition casting ladles maintained. The importance being able obtain white iron with high carbon plus silicon content obviously resides the shorter time required for annealing. ONVENING sessions Monday morning the Hotel Statler, A.S.M. members heard seven highly important papers the hardening process and the subject hardness itself. IRON AGE, October 27, 1938 Coercive Force Oersteds Heat Heat Carbon, Per Cent force-carbon content curve for steel samples cast the laboratory. One paper, “Softening Rate Steel When Tempered from Different Initial Structures,” Engel, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., dealt with the softening characteristics typical carbon steel, containing 0.94 per cent carbon and 0.40 per cent man- ganese, when heat treated four dif- ferent initial structural states and thereafter tempered for period rang- ing from two seconds hr. five different temperatures 600, 900, 1050, 1200, and 1300 deg. The four. initial states were martensite, bainite, fine nodular pearlite, and coarse pearlite. general, the larger the size the carbide particles the initial struc- ture, the lowér the rate soften- ing during tempering. any given temperature, according the author, the coarse lamellar structure softens most slowly, and after short times the higher temperatures this structure even slightly harder than the mar- tensite similarly tempered. the lower temperatures the difference hardness, terms Brinell number, between martensite and bainite near- independent tempering time after brief initial period. The fact that the two curves are nearly parallel, when time expressed logarith- mic scale, does not imply that bainite and martensite soften identically for equal time intervals. the higher temperatures the four tempered struc- tures approach common hardness, which gradually decreases with in- creased tempering time. “Selective Hardening with the Oxy- Acetylene Flame,” was described interesting manuscript Rolf, Lakeside Steel Improvement Co. Mr. Rolf pointed out that making pos- sible the surface hardening parts heretofore considered impractical from standpoint size, shape economy, the oxy-acetylene flame has provided the metal working industry with new tool. His paper discussed this process and data were given suitable steels and methods and equipment em- ployed. the paper, “Reaction Anneal- ing Above the Eutectoid Temperature Quenched Hypereutectoid Steels.” the authors, Austin and Fet- zer, Pennsylvania State College, point- out that series hypereutectoid steels similar chemical composi- tion had been shown, researches, react markedly different manner, with respect sphe- roidization, graphitization and soften- ing, prolonged tempering the hardened steels temperatures below the eutectoid transformation. The investigation, described week, outlined the reaction these steels prolonged annealing tem- peratures extending slightly above the eutectoid inversion above the limit complete solubility all the carbon present the steels. The factors considered related principally graphitization, nature and distribu- tion excess carbides, columnariza- tion ferrite grains occurring during surface decarburization and fracture grain size the steels obtained quenching the annealed specimens. contrast the behavior sub- critical temperatures, graphitization above the critical was shown Austin and Fetzer correlate with chemical analysis the steel. Fracture grain size tests conjunction with metallo- graphic studies indicated that angular carbides are associated with fine grain size, and that change shape the | * | i 7 7 J 7 spheroidal form accompanied increase fracture grain size. The greater the metallic aluminum content the greater the reluctance the steels develop coarse grain. The ten- dency for columnarization the fer- rite which occurs during decarburiza- tion was shown correlate with grain growth adjacent austenite. Ontario Research Foundation and Queens University respectively, their paper, “Effects Fiber the Notch Toughness Mild Steel In- fluenced Cooling Rate,” described experiments having for their object the determination the effect cool- ing rate and actual grain size the transverse and parallel the direction its rolling. attempt was made, the two men, explain the results these experiments, the suggestions being made that the reduction the notch-sensitivity this steel brought about quenching due largely, not entirely, increase its cleav- age strength and that the effects fiber this steel must reduce its resistance plastic flow rather than alter its cleavage strength. paper from the Pittsburgh Bu- reau Mines, with Rogers, Wentzel and Riott authors, described highly interesting, Method for the Rapid Determination Carbon Samples Plain Carbon Open-Hearth Steel.” This new method was developed for the determination the amount carbon present samples plain carbon steel taken from the open- hearth furnace. This method depends upon the measurement the coercive piece and adapter hung fixture that water can spray- the bottom face. force small ingots killed metal poured from sampling spoon. The magnetic measurements are made coercimeter which very simple device for determining this particular magnetic property. practice sufficient measure the coercive cur- rent and this report the relationship between coercive current and carbon content shown means graph. example the type curve obtained with this equipment, note the excellent correlation experimental results Fig. Most the points are within 0.01 per cent, and only two them lie farther than 0.02 per cent carbon from the curve. the Tuesday morning session, the paper, “Influence Chromium, Silicon and Aluminum the Oxida- tion Resistance Intermediate Alloy and McCollam, presented the results investigation undertaken determine the influence chro- mium, silicon and aluminum the oxidation resistance intermediate alloy steels. was shown that through the proper combination these ele- ments high degree oxidation re- sistance can obtained tempera- tures high 1500 1750 deg. Both silicon and aluminum were found more effective than chromium imparting oxidation re- sistance provided chromium was like- wise present. fact the experimental findings indicated silicon seven times and aluminum four times ef- fective chromium under the given test conditions. Chemical and microscopic examina- tion certain the scaled specimens substantiated the theory that the in- creased oxidation resistance produced the addition these elements caused their increased concentra- tion oxides the inner scale layer which becomes impermeable and ad- herent the surface the steel. the same session, Duma, Norfolk Navy Yard, his paper, “In- fluence Aluminum Cast Corro- sion Resisting Steel,” described some the alloying effects 0.08 3.00 per cent aluminum the mechanical and corrosion properties cast 20-10 corrosion resisting steel. The effect mechanical properties studied with tensile, bend, hardness, and im- pact tests. Corrodibility was tested four the common corroding media, namely boiling per cent nitric acid, per cent sea salt spray, tide river water, and per cent ferric chloride solution. oxidation test was also performed. Photographic evidence re- garding the effects aluminum both the macro- and microstructures this metal was presented Mr. Duma, and studies the response heat treatment aluminum-bearing corrosion resisting steel were likewise included. Within the past ten years the use molybdenum high speed steel has been steadily increasing, and therefore the paper, “Development Molybdenum High Speed Cutting Steel,” Breeler, Ludlum Steel Co., was par- ticularly timely. Mr. Breeler stated that the most popular analysis the present time is: Carbon 0.72 0.81, silicon 0.20 0.45, manganese 0.30 maximum, chromium 3.50 4.00, tungsten 1.30 1.80, vanadium 0.90 1.30, molybdenum 8.00 9.50. When this steel was first introduced several objections were raised, accord- ing Mr. Breeler, the main one being the tendency decarburize more than 18-4-1. Numerous modified composi- tions were developed attempt overcome these objections. The most important these new steels were listed Mr. Breeler and discussed from the standpoint manufacturing decarburization, and cutting ability. The attempt produce better steel involved the use copper and boron both, omitting tungsten and substi- tuting vanadium, and changing the ratio and amounts tungsten and molybdenum. A.S.M. members the Tues- day morning simultaneous session heard Erich Fetz, Wilbur Driver Co., discuss New 70/30 Nickel- Copper Alloy Subject Precipitation THE IRON AGE, October 27, x . 7 ° ° J : } 1 2 Mr. Fetz mentioned the various types 70/30 nickel-copper alloys rendered subject precipita- tion hardening the addition one more elements. also mentioned his former re- search work copper-nickel-tin and showed how this was extended the 70/30 nickel-copper composition. The precipitation hardening effects this alloy relation rising tin additions per cent, aging temperature and time 1000 hr. were in- vestigated. The capacity tin-con- taining 70/30 nickel-copper for plastic deformation and the softening char- acteristics pure, cold-worked, 70/30 nickel-copper were described con- junction with the problem super- imposition strain hardening and precipitation hardening effects. cal Co.. the same session described his paper, “Some Properties Oxygen-Free High Conductivity Cop- per (OFHC),” and how test specimens for density, hardness, tension, com- pression, impact, fatigue, electrical conductivity, and structure tests were prepared from two small OFHC cast- ings. Tension, conductivity, tigue tests were made as-cast mate- rial and wires, rolled and drawn from bars cut from Density, hardness and structure tests were made as-cast OFHC and samples which were compressed steel die after separation casting. Tension tests showed uniform re- sults, independent from the location the specimens the casting. Com- pressive strength properties were uni- form; odd shapes the specimens after testing were traced back the location the cylinders the origi- nal casting. The influence the die compres- sion was very slight with respect density, but marked with respect hardness. The hardness values, how- ever, did not reach heights strain hardened copper. The die compres- sion did not affect the macrostructure. Conductivity tests higher results than expected. They showed considerable increase after annealing the wires. Impact tests had inconsistent results and showed the influence the location the test bars the original casting. Fa- tigue tests, according Mr. Goetzel. as-cast material resulted S-N curve much lower than the one known for hard drawn solid OFHC, whereas the curve for hard drawn OFHC 32—THE IRON AGE, October 27, 1938 wires only slightly below the curve for hard drawn solid material. FTER luncheon with the dian Chapter the Hotel Statler, the A.S.M. members gathered the afternoon Convention Hall hear another group papers. University Illinois, presented in, Production Flakes Treat- ing Molten Steel with Hydrogen and the Time Cooling Necessary Pre- vent Their Formation,” brief review recent literature flakes steel, which showed that many metallurgists are associating the development flakes with the presence hydrogen the steel. One recent experiment scribed which large ingots open hearth steel were treated with hydro- gen, and “control from these ingots which developed many flakes. experi- mentally slow cooling other specimens from the same bars gave information the time cooling necessary prevent the formation the flakes, and the temperature which the flakes formed. Conclusions were drawn which would apply only the bars used this experiment. the same session, Crafts and Lamont, Union Carbide and Carbon Research Laboratories, Inc., described “Some Effects Deoxi- dizers Low Carbon-1.5 Per Cent Chromium Steel.” order deter- mine the reason for tween the properties similar fine- grained steels, the properties 1.5 per cent chromium carburizing steels treated with graduated amounts aluminum, vanadium, conium were investigated. Using the tensile strength and the distortion tuning fork type specimen criteria hardening characteristics, was shown that the differences properties result from changes the mode transformation austenite. The amount and kind deoxidizer were found not only have ap- preciable influence over the austenite transformation one section, but also determine the differences between light and heavier sections. More ac- curate control and more desirable combinations properties were, there- accurate control the residual de- oxidizer content and the use com- binations deoxidizing elements. Boegehold, General Motors, presented his Campbell Memorial Lecture Wednesday morning before audience A.S.M. members and members co- operating large composed Wednesday afternoon the tech- nical meetings again were trans- ferred Convention Hall. Schwartz and Barnett, Na- tional Malleable Steel Castings their paper, Rate and Nodule Number,” described how they investigated the question whether graphitizing rate proportional nodule number. Only qualitative con- firmation was obtained. graphitizing rate was shown in- crease fractional power nodule number except under conditions controlled that only tions nodule number are possible. the same session, Kaiser and Taylor, the Naval Research paper, “Effect Type Cold Def- ormation Properties Armco re- crystallization Armco iron when cold deformed torsion, elongation tension, and rolling, quently annealed, was studied, care be- ing taken keep variables other than the type deformation alike possible. From the data each case recrystallization diagram was con- structed. was found possible relate the critical degree deforma- tion any chosen annealing tempera- ture for the three different types cold deformation expressing the de- gree deformation either terms specific shear better (following Nadia), terms octahedral shear Experiments the effect time anneal were also carried out. one the two simultaneous ses- sions Thursday morning the Hotel Statler, Rhines and Cyril Wells, Carnegie Institute Technology, described “The Influence Micro- structure Upon the Process Diffu- sion Solid Metals.” was pointed out that studies structural changes accompanying dif- fusion, anisotrophy diffusion, and integranular diffusion had been made using previously published and new data. The methods used obtaining these data were also discussed. Columnar grains form systems involving phase change, according the grain growth, and twinning may in- duced single phase diffusion the specific volume changes caused movement solute are sufficiently large. Previous investigators have present- considerable more evidence i | } | | | = | q anisotropy non-cubic than cubic metals. New evidence anisotropy diffusion cubic metals (copper- system) was given and was shown that anisotropy may depend the concentration solute. Intergranular diffusion metal systems seems faster than intra- granular diffusion. Contrary the belief many, has been shown that carbon does not diffuse faster through gamma iron grains than along the grain boundaries. sion, Carl Shapiro had paper entitled, “Color Carbon and Aging.” Part this paper discussed the ef- fect thermal and mechanical treat- ment upon the size the iron-carbide particles means the color carbon test, which colorimetric method determining the relative size the iron-carbide particles. presented brief historical development color carbon and then proved that “missing” and carbon are due the variation the size the iron-carbide particles. The effects aging upon the iron- carbide particle size were also studied the color carbon test, which showed that aging after thermal mechanical treatment results increase coloration carbide particle These findings indicated that aging carbon steels should attributed carbon (carbide) and precipita- tion, and test showed that the aging characteristics steel are influenced its structural composition and the degree mechanical deformation. Part described the aging the various aggregates formed steel and presented the cause aging these aggregates after defining the different types aggregates and aging. re- vealed that the aging characteristics the aggregates vary and that aging general controlled by: (1) the amount retained austenite, (2) the amount carbon dissolved alpha iron, (3) the size the iron-carbide particles, (4) time and temperature tempering and (5) the degree me- chanical deformation remaining within conferred upon the steel after the final heat treatment. Part Mr. Shapiro’s paper also showed that martensite structurally two types, (1) the acicular and (2) the spheroidal. further revealed that aging converts the acicular type carbide structure the spheroidal form. the same session Kaiser, his paper, “Possible Uses Radio- active Substances the Testing Metals,” stated that radioactive sub- stances, the capacity indicators, have found much use several fields research. Mr. paper rep- resented attempt estimate the possibilities and also the limitations the use radioactive indicator sub- stances the detection defects metallic materials and parts. Some preliminary experiments this direc- tion were described. afternoon session Conven- tion Hall was devoted papers Maximum Hardness-Rockwell were found accord with theory. The variation the interlamellar spacing pearlite with temperature and the variation the diffusion co- efficient carbon austenite with temperature may used predict rate growth increasing with de- creasing temperature. The variation interlamellar spacing with tempera- ture may also used predict the maximum rate formation pearlite 150 deg. below A,, and the cessa- tion the formation pearlite this temperature. was proposed Mr. Mehl that pearlite nucleated Carbon, Per Cent 3.—The maximum hardness that can attained for the carbon content steel provided austenite retained, critical cooling rate exceeded and the carbon solution the austenite before quenching. Carnegie Institute Technology, his paper, “Physics Hardenability. The Mechanism and the Rate De- composition gave dis- cussion the mechanism which the decomposition products aus- tenite form, the nature these products, and the factors which de- termine the rates decomposition different temperatures. analytical expression for the isothermal reaction curve for the formation pearlite was also given, based the forma- tion nuclei the grain boundaries austenite and radial growth from these nuclei; this permitted conclusions drawn concerning the effect austenite grain size, rate nucle- ation and rate growth upon the form the isothermal reaction curve, and afforded methods which rates nucleation and rates growth may approximated. Data rates nucleation and rates growth cementite and that the structure bainite, formed slightly lower tem- peratures, aggregate nucleated ferrite. The effect alloy content the rate growth was considered the basis the rates diffusion carbon and alloying elements austenite, and their mutual diffusion data were given which show that the presence alloying elements does not affect the rate diffusion carbon and which showed therefore that the retarding the rate growth alloying elements caused the necessity for and the slow rate diffusion the alloying elements. was suggested that the dark acicu- lar structures formed temperatures between 400 and 200 deg. differ from martensite only the fact that the tetragonal lattice characteristic martensite decomposes during the re- action rate which rapidly in- creases the temperature raised. THE IRON AGE, October 27, 1938—33 50 7 le iz analytical expression was given Mr. Mehl which provides for the de- crease rate between 400 and 200 deg. for the minimum rate 200 deg. and for the increased rate lower temperatures. his paper, Tests,” Jominy, General Motors Corp., showed that there na- tionally accepted standard for measur- ing the hardenability steel. the tool steel field the test which comes nearest general acceptance per- haps the Shephard test. The more commonly used hardenability tests were described with their particular advantages and limitations. The test described Boegehold and Mr. Jominy last year for carburized steels has now been applied medium car- bon steels. Since this application was described for the first time the paper, considerable detail regarding its use were included. using this test possible determine what the hardness would the center bar in. round after quenching oil water although the test sample itself only in. diameter in. long. also possible determine the center hardness round bar 2-in. for any size from in. down 0.5 in. diameter, whether quenched oil water, this test. Cooling rates various magnitudes are obtained along test specimen spraying water deg. into the cupped end the specimen bar. The cooling fixture employed shown Fig. paper “The Effect the Sili- con and Aluminum Addition the Hardenability Commercial Steels,” Republic Steel Corp., described the theoretical side the relative effects small aluminum and silicon addi- tions the response heat treating commercial carbon steels the medium carbon type. was indicated that the real causes variation properties this type steel after quenching are not present known. The reason for the effect the aluminum addition was discussed. The relation between the physical size the austenite grain the time thought less important than low carbon austenitic areas which are present due nonuniform carbon solution and diffusion. the last morning the meet- ing, Friday, Grossmann, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., gave paper, “Hardenability, Its Relation 34—THE IRON AGE, October 27, 1938 Quenching, and Some Quantitative Part this paper stated that since the hardness distribution quenched bar depends both hardenability the steel and the severity the quench, necessary any quantitative treatment dis- tinguish between the two was shown that the value harden- ability tests not any means re- stricted the hardness distribution obtained, but that the results may made reveal, numerical values, the severity the quench that was employed. mathematical analysis was used discover probable pattern be- havror, when using different quenches with steels various hardenabilities, and the method selected gave values which accord closely with values found quenche bars. These principles make possible judge the true hardenability the heated steel, which independent the severity the quench. also becomes possible compare the re- sults obtained different laboratories, because the results reveal the severity the quench employed each case. well the hardenability. Further, one may predict the hard- ness distribution which will ob- tained any size quenched bar, once the hardness distribution one appropriate size known,.and the severity the quench known. One also enabled predict the harden- ing for any know quenching condi- tions, provided only that the hardening the particular steel known for one set quenching conditions. Part the paper gave some quantitative data derived for the ef- fects carbon, manganese, silicon and phosphorus the hardenability steel. Effects aluminum additions hardenability, through the effect grain size, were also measured. The hardenability effects, independent the quenching effect, were also inter- preted. the appendix the methods were described for deriving the cooling times and cooling rates in- volved the primary charts. the same session, Williams, Cleveland Tractor Co., his paper “Transverse Hardness Tests Heat Treated Steels,” gave series trans- verse hardness curves for carbon, molybdenum steels quenchedand drawn several temperatures. The effect time-quenching and section size tempering were each shown one steel. effects have been found the steels tested, when mild quench was followed reheating be- tween 350 and 900 deg. was found that carburizing had damaging effect core hardness, noncarburized steels hardening higher core values. The “Hardenability Low Chro- mium Steels” was next treated Darfts and Lamont, Union Carbide and Carbon Corp. Engineer- ing steels containing per cem quenched, and water-quenched de- termine their predominant hardening characteristics and the relations exist- ing between mechanical properties and microstructure. Normalized chromium steels were found have controllable tensile strength and high ductility when the microstructure was wholly pearlitic wholly pseudo-martensitic. Suitable ranges composition and the properties the more useful types normalized steel were then outlined. The effect chromium counter- acting the effect mass quenched bars was investigated sections in. diameter, and the hardness was correlated with microstructure permit estimation the hardening characteristics chromium steel was found take place about per cent chromium. Secondary alloys were shown have significant influence hardenability chromium steels. The manganese content was critical all conditions heat treatment. the higher chromium steels relatively low manganese content was essential and the low and intermediate chro- mium steels relatively high man- ganese content increased hardenability but increased the tendency toward dis- tortion quenching caused differ- ences advantage increasing the strength, ductility, and resistance distortion. the simultaneous session, Friday Acken, National Bureau Stand- ards, described, Method Prepar- ation Metallographic Specimens.” ards, described, Method Prepa- ration Metallographic Specimens.” been successfully used the National Bureau Standards for several years. Intermediate preparation specimens done grooved lead-tin (50-50) disk which emery has been embed- ded. V-shaped grooves arranged rectangular pattern serve hold lubri- cants and catch particles dis- lodged emery. Soft metals and those containing non-metallic which are ordinarily considered dif- ficult prepare, have been polished = | . | | 7 ] | 7 q ] | 4 using this method. Photographs structures lead, tin, silver, graphite flakes cast irons and non-metallic inclusions and other structural fea- tures steels were shown examples the use this technique. paper, “Automatic Polishing Metallurgical Specimens Using Cast Iron and Lead Laps,” Jarrett, American Optical Co., de- scribed method polishing metal- lurgical specimens the use cast iron and lead laps. Flatness, freedom from flow metal and the retaining inclusions are highly important fac- tors polishing, and the use this method tends accomplish these ob- jectives. Results were given the paper. the last technical session, Friday afternoon, the papers presented com- and low alloy steels. this group was, “Hardenability and its Designa- tion, The Hardenability Line,” Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp. this paper attempt was made clarify the exact meaning the term harden- ability. The authors defined that characteristic heat steel which determines its capacity harden rect function the critical cooling rate and such independent ex- ternal quenching conditions. simple relationship was found be- tween the several depths which dif- ferent size bars steel harden un- der the same external conditions. result this knowledge, simple measurement serves identify and designate fully the hardenability commercially uniform lot steel. This index was called the “harden- ability line.” Some quantitative data was given show the usefulness the “harden- ability line” determining difference hardenability between heats identical analysis, showing the effect alloy content, grain size and quench- ing temperature hardenability, and predicting the depth case sample any commercially harden- able size any one the three simple shapes (spheres, rounds and flats). following paper, “Hardenability sen, Carpenter Steel Co., consisted summary present knowledge the factors affecting hardenability small sections. The subject was dis- cussed under the heads variations analysis, inherent properties, prelim- inary treatment, design and quench- ing media. bibliography the sub- ject was attached for more detailed re- ference the various topics discussed. The final paper, “Hardenability Plain Carbon Steels,” Burns and Riegel, Caterpillar Tractor Co., gave definite relationship be- tween hardenability, expressed the area under the hardenability curve round, and chemistry and grain size. Surface hardness was shown being dependent solely carbon content when the critical cool- ing rate attained exceeded; the depth hardening depends upon the chemistry the steel and the austenite grain size the quenching tempera- ture. was not believed that there are other “mysterious” factors influ- encing hardenability practical sig- nificance. Chemical segregation was found minor but noteworthy factor. The various sections which can hardened completely through the various possible chemistry combina- tions were illustrated. The depth which any section will completely harden any chemistry and grain size also was presented. effect the impo