The Iron Age 1938-08-04: Vol 142 Iss 5

FRITZ FRANK President VAN DEVENTER Editor Managing Editor News Editor Editor Emeritus Machinery Editor Art Editor Metallurgical Editor Associate Editors JURASCHEK Consulting Editor Washington Editor Resident District Editors Pittsburgh Chicago Cleveland Detroit Editorial Correspondents London, England Cincinnati FRAZAR Boaton Hamburg, Germany Milwaukee San Francisco ASA ROUNTREE, JR. Toronto, Ontario Birmingham Leroy ALLISON Roy Newark, N. J. St. Louis TURNER, JR. Buffalo Owned and Published by CHILTON COMPANY (Incorporated) Publication Office Editorial and Chestnut and 56th Executive Offices Philadelphia, Pa. 239 West 39th St. New York, N. Y. OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS Cc. A. MUSSELMAN, President FRITZ FRANK, Executive Vice-President FREDERIC STEVENS, Vice-President JOSEPH HILDRETH, GEORGE TERHUNE, WILLIAM A. BARBER, Treasurer JOHN BLAIR MOFFETT, Secretary JOHN VAN DEVENTER JULIAN CHASE THOMAS KANE CHARLES BAUR CARROLL BUZBY BAUR, General Advertising DIX, Manager Reader Service Member, Audit Bureau of Circulations Member, Associated Business Papers Published every Thursday. Subscrip- tion Price: United States and Pos- sessions, Mexico, Cuba, $6.00; Can- ada, $8.50; Foreign, $12.00 year. Single copy. 25 cents. Cable Address, | Indexed in the Industrial Arts Index. ADVERTISING STAFF Emerson Findley, 621 Union Bldg., Cleveland B. L. Herman, Chilton Bldg., Chestnut & 56th Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. H. K. Hottenstein. 802 Otis Bldg., Chicago H. E. Leonard, 239 W. 39th St., New York Peirce Lewis, 7310 Woodward Ave., Detroit C. H. Ober, 239 W. 39th St., New York W. B. Robinson, 428 Park Bldg., Pittsburgh D. C. Warren, P. 0. Box 81, Hartford, Conn. Cont AUGUST 1938 Selling Below Cost Screw Conveyors for Bulk Materials Handling Production Methods for Composite Steels Variable Speed Devices Recent Power New Designs Portable Electric Tools Scrap Cutting Car Steel Mill Yards Die Castings Hardware Production Statistics Metal-Working Activity Washington News Rate Activity Capital Goods Weekly Ingot Operating Rate Plant Expansion and Equipment Buying Index Advertisers 138 1938 Chilton Company (Inc.) q ; d r Z n n Pp : 0, li- es ve ‘ ur to ‘ap for ner for to ne, x ear wer ver and > Uniform High Extra Cost The Ryerson Certified Steel Plan assures uni- form high quality steels—at extra cost. You have definite assurance getting steel which has the features most desirable the particular kind you order whether deep drawing quality sheet, high tensile structurals, easy ma- chining screw stock high finish stainless. alloy steels you get still another added Principal products stock for Im- mediate Shipment include— Bars, Structurals, Plates, Iron and Steel Sheets, Tubing, Shafting, Strip Steel, Alloy Steels, Tool Steels, Stainless, Babbitt, Welding Rod, etc. 22—THE IRON AGE, August 1938 feature. Ryerson sends accurate data every bar delivered that your heat treater can easily secure desired results service never before attempted any steel-service company. When you want good uniform steel, turn the Ryerson Stock List. You will find complete range sizes and shapes. Immediate Shipment assured. Joseph Ryerson Son, Inc. Plants at: Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Louis, Cincinnati, Detroit, Cleveland, Buffalo, Boston, Philadelphia, Jersey City. . i i, ESTABLISHED 1855 THE IRON AUGUST 1938 Selling Below Cost below cost bad business practice. roundly condemned all reputable business men. There are three reasons for selling below cost. The first necessity; the second ignorance, and the third malicious intent. Many concerns are now selling below cost through necessity. That always happens during depression when demand poor. Companies not this any longer than they have to, however, and the meantime every possible economy made reduce the losses. Some concerns, even good times, sell below cost because ignorance the cost their product. They not know any better. Such action may likened involuntary manslaughter that, while may kill competition, done without that intent. also generally results suicide. But some concerns sell below cost with malicious intent. They want ruin their competitors seize their businesses. This may likened murder the first degree. When concern sells below cost through necessity, should offset this through economy. When done through ignorance, the cure through education. When done through malicious intent, more drastic action called for. this time next year, our Federal public servants, whose job manufacture government, will have sold their product continuously under its cost for six years. Twenty billions dollars under cost. And there has been perceptible effort offset this with This might termed the the Ameri- can taxpayer, which means the American public. But that not the worst it. government might excused for selling its product below cost for time order meet national emergency, provided also endeavored reduce the loss through the exercise economy. But when government also acts way which forces private business sell below cost, that business murder, pure and simple, forerunner national economic suicide. When government uses its power tremendous influence control wages and prices private industry, has the power pronounce the death sentence upon private initiative and the opportunity take over private business bargain prices. But how can government expect successfully take over and operate private business profit when has established continuous record failure sell its own product except tremendous loss? Vol. 142, No. 7 | | | 2 i? 7 hel industry too com- plex dealt with any easy system approach. happens, however, that most industrial jobs the employees have able see what they are doing well order know what they are doing. This dic- tum true even though grant that much work today routine motion. When accidents occur they are cause, when, reality, several causes may have contributed. all the factors normally associated with safety particular job have been consid- ered, then only the chance carelessness the workman would the remain- ing hazard. However, how often are Mr. Warren Secretary the Light and Safety Committee the Engineering Society. 24—THE IRON AGE, August 1938 all the known safety agents pro- vided. With respect lighting, good seeing conditions appear the exception rather than the rule and this condition probably results from lack understanding the fundamentals light and vision. providing lighting for safe see- ing essential that the light both adequate quantity and the proper quality. Quantity Light The human eye remarkably flex- ible and can make adjustments over great range lighting values. This versatility leads confusion and bad guesses. capable workman may pro- duce, for short time, the same quality work under footcandles that regularly does under footcandles. might not complain had put with footcandles regularly. However, generally accepted fact that improved lighting increases efficiency. Fast workers with normal vision are enabled produce more useful work when provided with good lighting, while slow workers and those with subnormal vision receive even IGH lighting the plant the Lake Erie Steel ing Co., Cleveland, has been responsible for reduction accidents. greater assistance. interesting laboratory test conducted some time ago with two groups workers, with good eyes, the other with eyes, the first group increased rate working per cent when the lighting was raised from foot- candles and those with poor eyes creased their rate working per cent, indicating that light acts magnifier details, makes seeing easier and therefore safer. The quicl the with the Glar pose: come show glari supp the the thus ! = ~ G emies | Prop ighti fe 4 J > Industrial Safety quicker workman can see danger, the quicker his response and the less likelihood accident. Quality Lighting The quality lighting concerned with the distribution brightness the field vision and highly im- portant from the standpoint safety. Glare does not mean too much light. Glare conditions often exist where there too little light. always sig- nifies waste, not only light, but time and materials, since inter- poses obstacle seeing. Worst all raises the possibility accident—because with glare, see- ing subject strain. The cost glare, measured the waste necessary over- come reduced visibility due glare, shown Fig. this machine glaring local light has been used supply high level illumination the work. This glaring light causes the pupils contract automatically, thus restricting the opening for “see- ° ° LARE and shad- ows, en- emies safety, can eliminated designed DEAN WARREN* per cent the useful light often wasted counteracting the effect glare. Similarly, reflected glare, brightnesses reflected from shiny work surfaces, may prove even more annoy- ing and interfere with vision even greater extent than direct glare. This calls for intelligent analysis the part the lighting engineer, and dictates the choice equipment and its location insure both adequate diffusion and direction the light the work. Glare may result from: (1)—Light- ing equipment which does not con- fine the light the proper angles but directs excessive amount the eye; (2)—Units equipped with lamps that are too large for them; (3)—Lumi- naires with excessively high bright- ness the angles reflected the eye shiny metal work other specu- larly reflecting materials; (4)—Im- proper location adjustment equip- ment which permits bright reflections the source reach the eye. General Electric Co. Nela Park Engineering Department Cleveland One lighting fault which may classed under the heading poor dis- tribution the presence dark, harsh shadows. constitute definite accident hazards obscuring objects that should seen. They slow work and are likely cause errors operation. Shadowy in- teriors hide dust and dirt, thereby making difficult keep clean plant. Shadows may caused by: adequate diffusion the light; (2)— The wrong placement light sources (3)—Failure insure sufficient number sources; (4)—The use supplementary local lighting with general illumination. Fig. chart showing the parts the body most frequently injured. natural expect that hands and arms and feet would more suscep- tible injury than other parts the body, and they are the parts most fre- quently injured. accept the fact that hand and foot movements automatic, realize that responses danger warnings must Operate THE IRON AGE, August 1938—25 ) £3, - b> q q way use supplementary lighting. Glare and shadows are negligible and the worker has 100 footcandles illumination aid him performing his seeing task. split-second basis. Our best hope achieving such automatic re- sponse through ease seeing. the eyes have through use under difficult seeing con- ditions, then have created safety factor that respond almost in- stantaneous fashion. Think the men who work fac- tories today. They have hands and their skillfulness one the attri- craftsman. They have minds but unless fair intelligence the employer would hesitate have them the plant, put mercy the expensive machines and production under way—and they have eyes, but impaired subnormal they may cause workmen have accident, simply because they could not see what they were doing. The interesting thing about these three points that the betterment, maintenance and control two them, hands and mind, are largely the responsibility the employee himself and the management can very little about them. The other third that craftsman’s attributes, however, his seeing, largely the responsibility the the craftsman has poor eyesight, about the only thing 26—THE IRON AGE, August 1938 eye specialist and have his eyes equipped with lenses, correct, far possible, that impaired vision, but beyond that his seeing largely mat- ter plant conditions; particularly the amount light available, the placement the lighting equipment, absence glare, flickering shadows, and all the other things that make good poor lighting in- The best lighting systems today sup- ply really meager light compared daylight values. This even more which are ordinary indoor values for industrial interiors, with 500 footeandles outdoor The eve will guish objects under level lighting less than one However, order offset the losses visual necessary provide more light than just enough for seeing. More light than just enough for seeing likewise necessary for vention. This can done economi- cally today because the advance- ment that has been made the field Actually the lighting UPPLEMENTARY lighting should never used without general Where this done, contrasts are severe and shadows bad. may the cause accident. met boo Cop else cove com the auth func esse and seve Sa acc call as w= dollar now purchases times much light did years ago and nearly twice much did only ten years ago. planning lighting system for safety well production, the aim provide substantially uniform level illumination throughout the working area. This eliminates spot- tiness dark corners, and doesn't unfairly penalize any worker because machine location. The number outlets for any given area the maximum allowable tween units and is, turn, regulated their height above the general, spacing feet which does not substantially exceed the mounting height will result reasonably uni- form Today general lighting widely used throughout the industrial work world and lighting solution for most factory operations. Not all, however, because researches seeing indicate that some eye tasks performed industry today require higher levels illumination for quick, accurate seeing than can economi- cally provided the general lighting system alone. Such lighting general lighting plus mentary lighting and, the name im- Publishes First Welding Handbook URING the past week the edition the Welding Hand- book the American Welding So- ciety, West Thirty-ninth Street, New York, was mailed members. Copies are available non-members the United States and $6.50 elsewhere. This monumental work, covering over 1200 pages, and with authors the various chapters, was compiled committee headed Dr. David Jacobus, consulting engineer the book was reviewed part 237 authorities their respective fields welding. The handbook divided into three general parts, the first covering the esses; the second, the materials and methods testing welds; and the third, the applications several forms are welding are first BODY INJURIES OTHER THAN EYES 33% GENERAL HART showing percentages injuries various parts the human body. Source: Compensated industrial accidents 1931 1935 New York State Department of Labor. treated, then gas welding, resistance welding, thermit welding and oxygen cutting, well specialized proc- esses. Under welding applications, chapters are devoted the techniques employed ships, pressure vessels, storage tanks, pipe lines, ma- structures, buildings, aircraft and automotive products and railway equipment, mention the more impor tant classifications. There also critical digest literature relating welding research, Doubling Lathe Output Theme New Booklet “Doubling Production Per Hour,” booklet patterned after its notable 50th anniversary publication entitled Makes Main Street,” the LeBlond Machine Tool Co., nati, reviews new form the features which qualify its Rapid Production lathes and their specialized accessories for high production operations. Three classes these heavy-duty plies, consists general lighting system supplemented local lighting over restricted area. Such lighting not return the cord and lamp wherever needed throughout the plant. Such system provided considerable light work but left the room comparative darkness. Present practice requires first all that there general light- ing throughout the work area and sup- plementary lighting those points where the seeing task severe and some instances prolonged. This lighting may provided ceiling the machine and illumination where desired. Where such lighting employed, care must always taken insure reduced contrasts between the point work and the surrounding areas providing sufficient amount general illumination. Experience has indicated that least footcandles general lighting should provided for every 100 footcandles supple- mentary lighting. Skill today skill seeing rapidly. Mistakes seeing are costly both makes seeing easier and the working environment safer. lathes are featured, namely, the Nos. and high-speed, motor-head, four- way lathes; the Nos. and six-speed, geared-head, four-way 11-in. lathes; and the 16-in. and 19-in. six- speed, geared double range lathes. The data each are confined double-page spread which in- cludes full view illustration the ma- chine itself and close-up showing outstanding Except for speeds, these page discussions are tree specifications, which are given complete the back cover the booklet. Several pages are devoted spe- cialized tools, which developing extra ease handling and provid- ing automatic control many opera- tions, are important rapid production the lathes themselves. double-page spread line sketches more than tool set-ups, each credited with having “doubled produc- tion per hour,” serves carry the major theme the booklet the closing pages. and text are colored lithography. THE IRON AGE, August 1938—27 = 4 « q HANDS L EGS : and 4 q 7 + 7 P | | Screw Conveyors for ulk Materials Handling ° FRANCIS JURASCHEK Consulting Editor, The lron Age Chapter Series the Eco- nomics Industrial Materials Handling Caldwell Conveyor Data Book these significant paragraphs ap- the introductory pages the “Two thousand years ago more, Archimedes discovered the principle the screw conveyor—the oldest and simplest form bulk materials handling machines. The later refine- ments, and the broad, diversified ap- plications this comparatively sim- ple conveying and elevating have established the soundness the 28—THE IRON AGE, August 1938 genuity employing many ways for handling commodities many other types ma- terials handling equipment have since introduced, screw conveyors con- tinue widely used, probably greater variety arrangements and suit more unusual purposes than even before. Their low simplicity and economy operation, and ease installation, provide ad- vantages which are not found other equipment used for the same conditions layout.” will interest look closely the bases for these rather broad claims. One the unquestioned authorities the design, construction and application materials handling equipment William Sayers, Chief Engineer Link-Belt Com- pany. paper devoted discus- sion the methods handling bulk LEFT screw conveyor standard, long and short pitch, single flight. Courtesy Co. ° ° ° RIGHT 2—The ribbon screw conveyor, single and double flight, for mixing and ing. Courtesy Link-Belt Co. materials, presented few years ago the Management, Materials and Maintenance Congress, Mr. Savers wrote: “The screw conveyor used ex- cellent advantage the conveying such small-sized materials cement, cottonseed and ucts, pulverized coal, sand, salt, starch, rice, sawdust, sugar, etc. “Screw conveyors are low first cost, being exceedingly simple con- headroom. The conveyor consists spiral mounted central shaft pipe, and serves push the material ahead the all-steel, steel-lined wooden trough the spiral rotated suitable driv- ing mechanism, and from the top which trough the ends the 8-, 10-, 12-ft. sections standard conveyor are supported intermediate points means hanger bearings. “The diameter the conveyor spiral may small three inches large inches. The material the sirec char resu char the will trou ing incli gree and ashe ing trou cast oar ofte plan scre fore carr whe tion plac forr are mat tiall ofa rota scre mad shay and For mad q 7 7 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ ENDO FLIGHT CENTER FLIGHTS Fic. 3—Section cast iron screw conveyor, used for handling abrasive materials. Courtesy Jeffrey Mfg. Co. discharged either over the end the conveyor trough through gates fitted the trough’s bottom where de- sired. Sometimes these are simply dis- charge holes with gates, with the result that the coal, for example, dis- charges through the first opening until the height the pile reaches and closes the hole. Then the discharge will through the next hole the trough, and until the storage full. “Screw conveyors are used for mov- ing materials horizontally slight inclines not exceeding about de- grees. rule their use con- fined the lighter classes service; and when employed for conveying ashes other abrasive materials tend- ing cause rapid wear, the screw and trough ought constructed cast iron, manganese steel, heat- treated steel. “The conveyor used quite plants dewatering device. The screw has scrubbing action the sand, and keeps the loam foreign matter suspension, carried away the overflow. Thus clean and dry sand secured for use where the specifications tion are rigid. “The conveyor can often placed close quarters where other forms conveyors could not work.” Mr. Sayers’ remarks should added the fact that screw conveyors are likewise frequently used materials vertically. What Screw Conveyor? screw conveyor consists essen- tially, Mr. Sayers has mentioned, spiral mounted central shaft, rotating trough. The spiral, screw-thread, wide comparison the supporting shaft, and may made sheet metal fashioned shape and fastened the shaft, cast metal, which case the spiral and shaft are usually made integral. For transferring material from one point another only, the spiral made solid, and fits the shaft closely, shown Fig. but for mixing Percenta ge | of Cross Capacity Section Material Description Materials C‘assification (Average) Light, fine, non-abrasive and free-flowing materials 45% pulverized coal, air-separated hydrated lime, and flour. Medium weight, non-abrasive, granular small lump 38% materials mixed with fines, weighing pounds per cubic foot, like cereals, cottonseed, light soda ash, sawdust, etc. Il Non-abrasive semi-abrasive granular small lump materials mixed with fines, weighing from 31% pounds per foot, like bituminous coal screen- ings, refined sugar, coarse salt, and dense soda ash. Semi-abrasive abrasive materials, consisting fines, 25% granular small lumps mixed with fines, weighing from 100 per cubie foot, such cement, shale, gypsum, ground pebble lime, etc. Highly abrasive, lumpy stringy materials, which must carried low level the trough avoid contact with hanger bearings interference with hanger frames. This special classification including such materials ashes, coke and flue dust. 4—Five typical loadings for horizontal screw conveyors, suitable for various ma- terials. Courtesy Link-Belt Co. and transferring the spiral blade may cut open, may consist peri- pheral ribbon metal supported arms projecting radially shaft, Fig. This latter type especially useful for handling wet sticky materials, where clear- ance between the flight and the shaft essential for purposes washing, cleaning, etc. the case cast iron screws, used for the handling abrasive materials, the flights are made sections, generally one complete turn each, fastened together con- tinuous series, shown Fig. Most screws are made single pitch, that is, with one complete turn the thread per revolution the shaft; and short pitch, standard pitch long pitch models. Short pitch carries the turns spaced near each other, and particularly adapted for vertical lifts, for low-speed feeders. Long pitch carries the turns spaced far apart, and used most frequently for vertical screw agitators for fluid materials, for high-capacity con- veying very free-flowing materials. times multiple pitch screws are advantageous (these have more than one turn the screw-thread per revolution the shaft) where excep- tionally smooth flow and discharge the material may where higher capacity output de- sired the handling free-flowing materials. The “hand” conveyor screw may readily determined looking from either end. the spiral curves around the shaft towards the left, left hand; curves towards the right, right hand. Reversing the direction rotation conveyor shaft changes the direc- tion which the material travels. Turning the spiral end for end the trough does not change from one THE IRON AGE, August 1938—29 ABOVE screw conveyor equipment for handling soap chips from chip-mak- ing machine. Courtesy Link-Belt Co. RIGHT 7—Heavy screw conveyor equipment for hand.ing finely crushed limestone storage bins stone quarry. Courtesy Jeffrey Mfg. Co. hand the other, but does change the side the flights working against the material. conveyor screw may desig- nated “right hand,” push mate- rial away from the observer when the pull toward him when pull the material when rotates counter-clockwise, push 30—THE AGE, August 1938 diameter open trough screw conveyor for handling paper pulp large paper mill. Courtesy Link-Belt Co. when the shaft rotates clockwise. The screw may split the middle, with adjoining sections respectively right and left hand that, accord- from mixe use veyo Rea scre for sive tesy chi ing rial Wal mid mA end con awe RIGHT 8—Uniform feeding sugar from dump bins mixers floor be- low accomplished use screw con- veyors. Courtesy Read Machinery Co., Inc. BELOW duty, tight screw conveyor unit for handling abra- sive materials. Cour- tesy Read Ma- chinery Co., Inc. ing the rotation the shaft, mate- rial conveyed from the middle to- from both ends toward common middle discharge. Whenever possible, the thrust bear- ing should located the discharge end conveyor, that the conveyor shaft tension, with the screw pulling the material toward the thrust bearing. Long lines con- veyor, when pushing away from the thrust bearing, may buckle under the compression Likewise preferred locate the drive the thrust bearing end, where mitre bevel gear thrust may also taken. The thrust bearing properly located prevents end play the drive shaft, which advantage whether direct coupled chain-and-sprocket are applied. Loading Capacities The cross-section diagrams shown Fig. provide key the load- ing characteristics various kinds materials handled horizontal screw conveyors. The shaded portion each sketch represents the average level material carried the trough. The light upper line indicates the ap- BELOW IS. enclosed, dust- tight screw conveyors iron troughs for pulver- ized coal power plant service. Courtesy Link-Belt Co. THE IRON AGE, August 7 x ; = proximate maximum height mate- horizontal vertical Dust Tight rial the carrying side the spirals units. The ft. long, when average loading maintained. The numbers the diagrams desig- nate certain material classifications referred the following table. The capacity screw conveyor taken the volume material, cubic feet per hour, which will pass given point the trough dis- charged the outlet, when the screw turns specified rate speed, with the material occupying certain cross- sectional area the trough, and when the conveyor fed uniform rate. The average percentage cross-sec- tional area occupied the material shown Fig. for five types loading. table covering few types commodities ordinarily screw conveyors, with their approxi- mate weights per cubic foot and the capacity classification corresponding the loadings Fig. given here- with. Equipment Illustrated Fig. combination photograph and drawing designed explain clear- the action Link-Belt screw con- veyor equipment which includes both inch screw takes soap chips from chip-making ma- chine, feeds them 13% ft. high, inch diam- eter vertical roto-lift, which discharges the chips the spout. Fig. view looking down the open top inch diameter Link- Belt screw conveyor ft. long, handling 1600 gallons paper pulp per large paper The ac- tion the screw clear- indicated here. screw conveyor large capacity shown distrib- uting finely crushed lime- stone storage bins stone quarry. Although abrasive materials are ex- tremely hard such spirals, the simplicity design, ease nance and convenience Commodities Adapted Screw Conveyor Handling Material Handled Weight* Type Material Handled Duty Combined Radial Bearing Seamiess Side Casing Roller Chain Closure Miter Gears Shaft Taper Pins Shaft Discharge Opening Bearings Triple Discharge Finger Paddle Machined Flanges Feed Screw Gear Bust Tight Combined Brg. with Garlock each end IG. 10—New Sprout-Waldron Co. vertical screw conveyor for lifting finely ground materials economically. Alum, pulverized 45-50 Lead oxides use have led the widespread use Bakelite similar plastics 30-40 45-50 Read Machinery Co. sugar-handling 20-25 Ore, zinc, flotation 65-80 bakery Cement, Portland Phosphate, acid, pulverized piece spiral screw equipment housed Clay, brick, dry, ground Quartz, pulv. 110 the Read Machinery Co. for Stone Coal, fines 40-45 Webster Engineering Corp. dust, blast furnace 80-90 that the design this new conveyor Fly-ash, boiler-house 30-45 Soda ash, 55-65 frees the load the Fullers earth, raw 35-40 Sulphur, lumpy ............. 80-85 reached. Graphite, flour White 35-55 Link-Belt screw conveyors operating cast-iron troughs, with dust-tight Note: This means complete list materials. omits practically all edible grains and foodstuffs, most which are especially adapted screw conveyor handling. given pounds per cubic foot. refers the numbered diagrams Fig. gates (the entire system dust-tight) handling pulverized coal over bunkers serving Babcock Wilcox boilers Data adapted from Caldwell Conveyor Data Book large power-generating station. 32—THE IRON AGE, August 1938 two are met mol mol ing pre: P resi stee and ciall ing obta Stat proc the the 2 ee i Weight* Type com thei Production Methods for omposite Steels HILE several manufacturing composite steels are use the United States, two the most frequently utilized are the casting and the assembly molten metal poured into ingot mold that insert completely enveloped, while the latter method surfaces metals are especially pre- pared, joined together fusion weld- ing and then subjected heat and pressure. Products made these ways in- clude shear knives, heat and corrosion clad metals, composite tool steels, and many other items which portion desired having special characteristics and where the backing metal need not the same grade and quality. the past few years makers composite steels the United States have made considerable headway their manufacturing processes, espe- cially with reference better welding the two component parts. finish- ing and forming composite steels, desirable that the welds the best obtainable. One method use four United for affecting welds the so-called Armstrong process. These manufacturers are the opinion that the major trouble the welding component parts ‘3 rr f = q £ § CASTING plain steel around cold tool steel insert, procedure most commonly used for tonnage work. composite steels lies the oxidation the surfaces previous being cast around previous assembly. Close study and research failures have invariably led placing the blame oxides which have prevented substantial and satisfactory weld. The Armstrong process has success- fully eliminated the oxide difficulties. the case corrosion and heat resisting clad plates the two which are put together are elec- trolytically pickled remove all ox- ides and, while still wet, are removed tank which iron deposited electrolytically thereon depth approximately 0.015 in. The component parts are joined to- gether previous rolling fusion welding which occludes furnace gases from reaching areas welded and also holds the component parts proper mechanical alinement. The as- sembly now ready for application heat and pressure which results uniform weld between the two com- posite metals. Subsequent rolling and forming strengthens the weld further, and manufacturers using this method (CONTINUED PAGE 39) THE IRON AGE, August 1938—33 4 4 | > n i Variable Speed Devices Predominate means novel tractional device that automatically keeps the drive pressure proportion both load and speed, increasing output torque maintained right down zero speed the new models variable speed transmission announced Graham Transmissions Inc., 2711 North 13th Street, Milwau- kee. Made sizes from 1/6 hp., transmits practically full power over range 4:1 and gives speeds infinite steps from maximum zero and reverse. Its field application for driving machine tool spindles, wire drawing machines, mixers, gov- ernor drives well constant torque uses, such conveyor drives. Speed easily changed, either manually automatically. The transmission comes with the motor coupled and built-in reduction gear also available. V-Belt Type NTERING transmission field for the first time, the Commutator Dresser Co., 1925 Park Avenue, Sycamore, offering the Select-O-Speed transmission, using standard \-belts speed drives are still ripe field for the inventor, seen re- cent announcements power transmission equip- ment makers. Fundamental design changes have been made one company, and several new units are offered firms who have heretofore not entered this field. Drive auxiliaries are described this review, also new devel- opments anti-friction and bearings. and available sizes hp. Variations speed ratio are effected two interlocking sheaves which may pivoted laterally slight move- ment control lever. This action automatically causes the sheaves adjust themselves new pitch dia- meter, thus giving infinite speed vari- ation within the limits the design. Ball bearings are used throughout, and there noise nor vibration. The Graham variable speed transmission based the principle ring fixed diameter contact with conical rollers the speed ratio depending upon the ratio the diameter the ring the diameter the rollers the point contact. Position the rollers such that their line contact always horizontal and variation speed obtained shifting the contact ring axially means the control wheel The rollers carry their small ends pinions which mesh with ring gear attached the output shaft. Input power comes through shaft which carries its end cam which turn drives carrier and the same time wedges the conical rollers against the contact ring. Pressure automatically con- forms the requirements both speed and load. 34—THE IRON AGE, August 1938 unit may mounted the floor, wall ceiling any position. New Speed Control NEW type speed indicator announced the Reeves Pulley Co., Columbus, Ind., for use with its variable speed equipment. Offered optional equipment for all sizes variable speed transmission speed motor pulleys and for the Moto- drive, the Speedial handwheel accu- rately registers speed settings the different units. The actual indication definite number turns frac- tions thereof the shifting screw, but space provided the dial face for the user write his own cali- brations, such The unit con- sists cast hollow handwheel; metal cup containing assembly pinion and gear and counterbalance, “Ideal” Select-O-Speed transmission uses standard V-belts and gives infi- nite speed variation over range 5:1. ORIZONTAL enclosed design Reeves transmission equipped with the new Speedial handwheel. fitt sca lid ¥ = iis Recent Power Drives fitting into the recessed handwheel; scale with pointer, and transparent lid. Calibrations for whole turns ap- pear around the circumference, while the Morse variable speed control, the input shaft carries integral cam against which three hardened alloy steel rollers bear. From the rollers driving action transmit- ted three high torque clutches series links. Through ratcheting movement the clutches rotate pinion gears driving central gear which integral with the low speed shaft. Clutches and main shafts are mounted needle bearings, and the links have hardened pins bearing graphite bushings, all running bath oil. new variable speed motor pulley offered the Lewellen Mfg. Co., Colum- bus, Ind., has spring backed cone disk which automatically accommodates itself various pitch diameters the motor shifted its adjustable base. The belt blocks have hardened steel driving mem- bers. All working parts the pulley are enclosed and pressure lubrication iis supplied all bearing surfaces. Castings are high tensile iron, machined all over. ZERNICKOW smaller scale, printed red, repre- sents tenths turn. Low Speed Variable Speed Control RIGINALLY designed feed- drive for the milling industry, the Morse variable speed control, made the Morse Chain Co., Detroit, suitable for other types feeders for dry materials and light conveyors where the output speed low. With the input shaft operating the recom- mended speed 180 r.p.m., the low speed shaft can made turn BELOW Park Row, New York, ° ° ° FRANK OLIVER Associate Editor, The Iron Age ° ° any speed between and r.p.m infinite steps. The unit contained and not affected dust and dirt conditions. There are not any bolts nor nuts inside the case that might work loose. install it, only necessary couple the shafts and bolt the housing the machine frame three bolts. Static Grounding Belts CCUMULATIONS charges driving belts can dissipated treating belts with marketing improved hand tach- ometer direct reading type with push button control for fixing the hand the indicated speed, read leisure. The gage shows r.p.m. direct peripheral speeds f.p.m. cutmeter wheel used the spindle. three steps, 15,000 f.p.m. Instrument comes compact bakelite case. ECAUSE V-belts vary slightly length manufacture, for multiple strand drives necessary match belts fairly length. This special testing machine installed the Goodrich Co. Akron, Ohio, measures varia- tions length while the belt operating under its rated load. Belts in. length are matched within 1/10 in.; belts bid é 100 in., within 2/10 in. UPLEX silent chain made the Ramsey Chain Co., Inc., Albany, Y., with half the links strand reversed that the composite chain can engage sprockets either side. Only clearance for the width the chain itself need allowed between gears intricate mecha- nisms. Construction the chain includes the standard Ramsey roller bearing joint. THE IRON AGE, August 1938—35 7 200 350 aqueous dispersion colloidal graph- ite. graphite film thus formed the belt carries static charges from pulleys the frames, and also acts colloidal graphite water applied cleaned belt brush. Graphite may also suspended oil diluted with carbon tetrachloride. Flexible Couplings NEW type styled UX, made the Lovejoy ible Coupling Co., 5009 West Lake Street, Chicago, consists metal jaw units keyed the driver and driven shafts and resilient cushion member. This latter made solid tube- shaped section composed hard rub- ber (about Durometer) except where contacts the jaws, where fashioned softer rubber about Durometer. Such couplings are long lived and noiseless and require lubrication. now possible purchase from fan makers, fans with hub built the form L-R flexible coupling jaw. Only two units have pur- chased complete the coupling: one hard rubber center piece and one jaw. HUB cast form the drive unit flexible coupling also found the Castalu blower fan made Advance Aluminum Castings 2742 West 36th Place, Chicago, chiefly for application oil burners, stokers and air conditioning equipment. having the coupling part the fan, motors with standard shafts can used and approximately one-third the cost the coupling saved. When additional distance be- tween motor and fan required, oil-proof synthetic rubber coupling center unit can installed. also possible obtain this blower with grooved hubs for belt drive. Castalu fans range size from in. Roller and Ball Bearings HAFER BEARING Chi- cago, has developed new line roller bearing pillow blocks for heavy duty services embodying welded steel 36—THE IRON AGE, August 1938 FLEXIBLE coupling cast the hub the Castalu alu- minum blower fan. bearing cartridge carried welded steel frame the Shafer Super Sealed pillow block. CAST self-alining pillow block equipped with heavy duty precision type roller bear- ing offered the Palmer-Bee Co., Detroit. ball and socket de- sign permits oscillating movement any direction approximately deg. maximum. Comes shaft sizes from 115/16 67/16 in. LEFT HREE the six types seals available with the new line Palmer-Bee bal! bearings. From left right: Type felt outer seal, inner seal; type felt outer seal and steel inner seal; and type SB, steel outer seal and steel inner seal. RIGHT SELF-LUBRICATING bearing made Oman metal, new type copper- lead mixture. housing construction and the Super Seal protection against unusually conditions. rugged housing compact dimensions with bearings ample capacity for severe applications. The double row self-alining roller bearing mounted substantial cartridge housing con- taining the three sealing members, This cartridge then mounted the welded steel frame. Bases are ma- chined, and four bolt type. EVELOPED primarily for rol- ler conveyors and trolleys, but adaptable casters, dollies, hand- trucks, door hangers and other guide rolls, new line commercial ball bearings being offered Palmer- Bee Co., Detroit. Capacities rang from 2250 Inner race made cold drawn steel, finished automatic screw machine. Bore broached hexagonally and the race carburized 1/32 in. deep Rock- well. Outer race coined under heavy pressure two halves which are similarly heat treated. Commer- cial grade hardened steel balls are used and they contact both outer races. Housing sheet steel, drawn into cup form and flanged down after the bearing assembled. Steel seals are pressed sheet steel, fitted close. These bearings are made outside diameters ranging from 9/16 in. fit hexagon axles from 5/16 in. Norma-Hoffmann precision grease Stability-Tested oxidation absorbtion bombs determine its re- sistance oxidation, hardening and loss lubricating properties both storage and operation. fur- ther measure protection, Norma- Hoffmann self-sealed bearings, wheth- boxed singly packed rolls, are wrapped glassine-lined aluminum foil, which further protects the grease against rapid deterioration. Oilless Bearing MAN self-lubricating metal for bushings, bearings, and gibs, made Woodworkers’ Tool ‘ork Chica coppe filled other lead tor Equi drills air-d drive porta inclu has Elec Esp prec mou radi equi mod files | \ has N tent Works, 222 Jefferson Street, Chicago. Oman metal made copper matte having its interstices filled with amorphous virgin lead, other words, solidified emulsion lead copper. The lead acts lubricant and the copper conduc- tor heat, making suitable for high temperature service. Any proportion lead and copper can used, and the characteristic structure altered only dimensionally. The process manufacture involves intense reactions high temperatures, and only basic metals extreme purity can suc- cessfully used. Oman metal bearings are said not score steel shaft, even though loaded much beyond their rated ca- pacity. The lubricant can not ex- pelled from the load side while the shaft rest. The metal machines readily without the use cutting lubricant. New Designs Portable Electric Tools tured among the portable tools introduced months. Equipments described include electric drills, grinders, sanders (including air-driven type), circular saws, screw drivers and suspension device for portable tools. KILSAW, INC., Chicago, has ex- tended the range its drills include three new types, combining low speed and high torque. Model 101 has capacity steel, no-load speed 300 r.p.m., and for maintenance service. Model 121 has 34-in. capacity, no-load speed 250 r.p.m. and capable intermit- (above) and No. are two new Van Dorn high speed die grinders with wheel capacity and in., respectively. tent production drilling. Model 141, duty type equipped with No. Morse taper socket, has ca- pacity and speed 200 r.p.m. Die Grinder new high-speed die grinders are announced the Van Dorn Electric Tool Co., Towson, Especially adaptable high grade grinding, they have spindle housings steel, with bearings mounted the extreme ends absorb load. Both die grinders are equipped with universal motors and single-purpose chuck accom- modate wheels, pencil stones, rotary files and burrs. Maximum wheel size No. Sanders NOTHER Van Dorn product two-speed disk sanding unit, adaptable use both and 9-in. abra- sive disks. Speed adjustment means gear shift arrangement the housing. Armature and intermedi- ate gears are spiral and the spindle gear spiral bevel. The no-load speed for 7-in. disks 4200 r.p.m.; drilling and filing close quarters flexible shaft, Stow Mfg. Co., Inc., Y., offering the series 420 close corner angle head chuck capacity. for disks, 2700 Motor universal type HREE speeds are available the heavy duty portable disk tool brought out the Milwaukee RIPLE reduction, helical cut gears, ball bearings the armature and Timken bearings the chuck spindle are found the new line Skilsaw heavy duty drills. Co., 120 Water Street, Milwaukee. combines two-speed sander, feather-edger and polisher. The low speed used for feather- DISK cutter furnished with the new Van Dorn two-speed electric sander, that frazzled 9-in. disks can trimmed in. and run higher speed. edging with special sandpaper disk curved face flexible steel backing. The intermediate speed used with the 9-in flat nested spring steel backing pad for grinding off high spots, and the high speed available when the abrasive disk trimmed down diameter. ODEL new and smaller size disk sander made saw, Chicago, for grinding light welds and utility sanding. amply powered for this work and also for use with wire Straight line ventilation used for cooling and there air filter protect the commutator and windings from abrasive dust. Ball bearings are used all shafts. automatic valve control now available for use all Speed- Bloc pneumatic sanders made Ster- ling Products Co., 2457 Woodward Avenue, Detroit. This control auto- matically starts and stops the machine and controls the flow water when hose connected for wet sanding, thereby saving approximately THE IRON AGE, August 1 cu. ft. per min. under full load speeds DVANTAGES cited for the Stanley 3000 oscillations per min. with the new Nos. and 02H screw drivers are ITH this new Milwaukee three-speed automatic valve control found Sterling their light weight, compactness and bal- heavy duty disk machine, possible Speed-Block sanders. ance for close quarter long reach remove paint, sand, feather-edge and pol- work. Both sizes are available four ish the proper speeds. speeds and are equipped with adjust- able tension clutch. The No. 02H has pistol type handle, with per cent air ordinarily consumed double pole, trigger type switch. the operation this machine with manual control. Operating efficiency also improved since both the opera- tor’s hands are free manipulate the machine the product being sanded. tric saw. has 9-in. blade and cuts standard free speed 3600 r.p.m. and protected automatic telescopic in, long and carries 9-in. blade. num alloy. All shafts are mounted REATER power, ball bearings. blower arrangement ting speed, better balance and incorporated. new features are found the new model Skilsaw portable elec- NEW type duplex handle, with two triggers, makes the new Stanley W-60 light weight, heavy- duty safety saw easy handle any position. Made Stanley Electric (CONTINUED PAGE 66) KILSAW model disk sander has balanced streamlined body, 15% in. long. weighs 10% TANLEY W-60 safety saw comes packed metal carrying case, with combina- tion rip and cross-cut blade, ripping gage and three-wire cable. SSEMBLY the Stow portable screw driving and nut setting equipment mounted heavy caster Van Dorn No. trim saw has Thor torque-arm balancer supports base keep the center in. blade, weighs 11% Ib. and in. the weight the tool work level and gravity low. overall length. resists the reaction torque the same time. 38—THE IRON AGE, August 1938 inse the troy adv: i . wall gene beca been toge Production Methods for Composite Steels (CONTINUED FROM PAGE 33) find that microscopic tests disclose complete diffusion and uniform weld throughout the finished product. the casting process, where molten metal often poured around cold insert, the Armstrong method been used advantage; this case, the inserts are electropickled and elec- troplated prior placement ingot mold. The process especially advantageous cases where the cold = sembly method are usually found be: (a) better yields, (b) closer con- trol the relative proportions components, and (c) cleanliness the weld zone. The cementation process making composite steels also used widely this country. Cements perfected re- cently are often complicated combina- tions which the basic constituents are filings, 4 assembly method generally more costly than casting, but yield better and weld zone very clean. insert tool alloy steel, containing more than 0.50 per cent tungsten, chromium, nickel cobalt. Another successful method mak- ing clad steel involves placing spe- cial coating the side the mold wall prior casting. The coating chiefly composed ferroalloy the desired parent metal chemical catalysts that admixture the coating and cast metal ob- tained upon pouring. The casting method quently used for tonnage work and generally the least costly. assembly method the cost higher because the two steels have already been manufactured and must put together. The advantages the as- ferro-silicon, nickel and borax. effective are some these cements that only necessary squeeze the excessive cement out and, after hardened, good bond Temperatures the vicinity 2300 deg. are employed these cementa- tion processes; pressure applied after heating remove any excess cement and avoid distortion during cooling. recent refinement the general cementation process disclosed the cladding stainless steel wall board putting special cement the latter surface, placing the stainless sheet this and then putting the as- sembly through rolls bond the two components together. Main advantages, composite steel makers claim, include: hard work- ing area with tough backing; re- duction original cost when one the components expensive; and ability, composite tool steel, drill dowel holes, etc., through the soft backing steel after hardening. The possibilities the use and manufac- ture composite steels are compara- tively unlimited