The Iron Age 1937-10-14: Vol 140 Iss 16

CONGRES Att frontispieces this issue were drawn Charles Perry Weimer, using subjects photo- graphs supplied Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., General Elec- tric Co., Lincoln Electric Co., and various other companies. Selection, arrangement and handling the technical content this issue were under the juris- lurgical editor, The Presentation and art work were planned and executed Winters, art editor. Owned and Published CHILTON COMPANY Publication Office Editorial and and 56th Sts., Executive Offices Philadelphia, Pa. 289 West St., New York, OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS MUSSELMAN, President FRANK, Executive Vice-President FREDERIC STEVENS, Vice-President JOSEPH HILDRETH, GRIFFITHS, EVERIT TERHUNE, ERNEST LIAM BARBER, Treasurer BLAIR Secretary JOHN VAN DEVENTER JULIAN CHASE THOMAS L. KANE CHARLES 8S. BAUR CARROLL BUZBY BAUR, General Advertising Manager DIX, Manager Reader Service Member, Audit Bureau Circulations Member, Associated Business Papers Indexed the Industrial Arts Index. Published every Thursday. tion Price: United States and Pos- sessions, Mexico, Cuba, $6.00 Can- ada, $8.50 Foreign, $12.00 year. Single copy, cents. Cable Address, ADVERTISING STAFF Emerson Findley, 621 Union Bidg., Cleveland 8. L. Herman, Chilton Bidg., Chestnut & 56th Pa. 39th ©. H. Ober, 239 W. 39th St.. New York W. B. Robinson, 428 Park Bidg., Pittsburgh D. C. Warren, P. 0. Box $1, Hartford, Conn. OCTOBER 14, 1937 Metal Congress Technical Welding Mechanical Equipment Cleaning Metallic 185 Machining Technique for Electrical 209 New Gage 273 Statistics Metal-Working Activity 290 Washington 292 NEWS 308 Plant Expansion and Equipment vr in MICHIGAN With the opening NATIONAL METAL CONGRESS Atlantic City next Monday, AMERICAN SOCIETY for METALS enters its twentieth year service the membership and the entire metals industry. ACTIVE CHAPTERS industrial centers meet regular intervals hear selected speakers discuss technical sub- hold round table meetings make plant inspection trips. Many Chapters sponsor comprehensive courses metallurgy. The association publishes and distributes mem- PROGRESS, monthly technical magazine; TRANSACTIONS, scientific quart- METALS HANDBOOK, biennial data book; THE REVIEW, tabloid monthly news- and PREPRINTS Convention papers. DIGEST ACTIVITIES steer course voluntary not-for-profit group such AMERICAN SOCIETY METALS cannot continue existence for nineteen years unless, all times, gives liberally its members ex- change for the time, energy and money they give it. The fact that today enjoys the largest membership its history testimony the increasing service rendering each successive year. AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR METALS The association produces, connection with National Metal Congress, NATION- METAL EXPOSITION, the greatest annual event the metal industry. Other functions include educational work, book and library services and employment service. Certain the active chapters have few vacancies available men actively engaged the metals industry. letter company terhead, stating the nature your work, will bring you complete information the bene- fits membership. Address American Society for Metals, 7016 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio. the metals indus din Nineteenth Annual Metal Congress, WELVE eventful months have passed, October here again and October the metals industries means only one thing— their annual Metal Congress. This year New Jersey’s famed Atlantic City will the locale, and next Monday, Oct. 18, will the opening date. Over 250 corhpanies are now spending $250,000 put their products, new and old, before probable 30,000 visitors. Over 100 leading technical men are this week applying finishing touches treatises—a gamut what’s new theory, production, application and fab- rication the nation’s ferrous and non-ferrous metals. This year’s Congress will set new high records display space, new records scope and number technical papers, and undoubtedly new records atten- j dance. will the plus ultra conventions, far superior anything the American Society for Metals ever visioned back Chi- Technical papers the various societies are scheduled the Hotel rooms the Auditorium. The exhibition booths manufacturing compa- nies will located the main floor the Auditorium, with entrance directly from the boardwalk. This exhibition will start noon next Monday, Oct. 18, and will open from noon 10:30 each the first three days the week. Thursday, will open from noon m., and Friday from The American Society for Metals, sponsor the Metal Congress, Ritz-Carlton, Hotel Traymore, Hotel “Ambassador and meeting ae has technical program which features two-day symposium carburizing and other papers variety metal subjects. Two lecture courses will occupy the hours late afternoon and early evening— one comprehensive five-lec- ture series “Steel Making,” Earnshaw Cook, and the other consists three lectures Technic,” Vilella. The American Society Mechanical Engineers, one the cooperating groups, has one-day session planned, which will presented jointly with the American Welding Society, and will feature the mechanics welding and the relation design welding. This should prove very interesting and valuable discourse this important subject. well program has been developed 50—THE IRON AGE, October 1937 the American Welding Society, with sessions both industrial and fundamental research welding. Other aspects weld- ing now much the news, and forming the subject separate sessions, are fabrication welding, shipbuilding, welding railroads, and welding al- loy steels. The Fundamental Re- search Committee will again meet discuss work done and plan future projects. Monday morning, the Weld- ing Society will addressed Gibson, retiring president the Samuel Wylie Miller Me- morial Medal will presented BAIN, President, Ameri- can Society for Metais. WATERHOUSE, Vice- President, American Society for Metals. for “meritorious achievement contributing conspicuously the advancement welding and the Lincoln Medal will presented for, “the best paper the year the Welding Jour- nal; and president-elect Lang, Jr., will outline activities for the coming year. dinner dance and entertainment for all members scheduled for Thurs- day evening, m., the Hotel Traymore. The American Institute Mining and En- gineers, another cooperating so- ciety the Metal Congress, scheduling all its fall meetings | > Secretary, American Society for Metals. WOODSIDE, Treasurer, American Society for Metals. _ 4 d ¥ Atlantic City, and will have total about papers over the five-day period. The headquarters the A.I.M.E. Metals Division will the Ritz-Carlton Hotel, technical sessions, science lectures, Metals Division dinner, and all A.I.M.E. committee meetings will held. The round table discussion the physics metals, which the A.I.M.E. joining with the several other societies desig- nated the program page 52, will held Monday night the Exposition Auditorium. The meetings the early part the week, namely, the round table discussion Mon- day evening, the technical ses- sion Tuesday morning and the science lecture Tuesday afternoon, will comprise se- quence meetings devoted the physics metals. The round table will cover discussions stress-strain relationships unilateral, bilateral and three dimensional stresses, true stress strain curves, and the transmis- sion energy through crystal- line media. The technical ses- sion physics metals will have papers the theory dif- fusion, study the flow a 4 =a F f metals with particular reference elongation the yield point, and paper the meaning impact tests. The science lec- ture, concluding this sequence the physics metals, will Virginia, speaking the sub- ject, “The Behavior Gases Metal Surfaces.” Other techni- cal sessions will devoted general metallurgy, metallogra- phy and open-hearth steel prac- tice. luncheon meeting the ex- ecutive committee the Iron and Steel Division will held Wednesday, Oct. 20; and the luncheon meeting the execu- tive committee the Institute Metals Division and the Open Hearth Executive Com- mittee will held Thursday, Oct. 21. The annual fall dinner the Metals Division will Wed- nesday evening. THE IRON AGE, October 14, H — q J ‘ if ip if | ia MONDAY, OCT. A.M. The Process Dry Cyaniding, Cowan and Bryce, A.S.M., Am- bassador Hotel, Renaissance Room. 10:40 A.M. The Mechanism Steel Hardening and Tempering Indicated Coercive Force Measurements, Dean and Clayton, A.S.M., Ambassador Hotel, Renaissance Room. 11:20 A.M. Effect Tempering Quenched Hyper- eutectoid Steels the Physical Prop- erties and Microstructure, Aus- tin and Norris, A.S.M., Am- bassador Hotel, Renaissance Room. P.M. Effect Carbon the Hardenability High Purity Alloys, Digges, A.S.M., Auditorium Ball Note Rapid Photomicrography, Mutchler and Willier, A.S.M., Auditorium. Spot Welding Characteristics Some Copper Base Alloys, Cramp- ton and Vreeland; Survey Low-Alloy Steels Weldability, Critchett; Physical Prop- erties and Corrosion Resistance Nickel-Iron Alloys Formed Welding Nickel-Clad Steel, Deppeler, Thiesinger and Flocke; and X-ray Methods Norton, A.W.S., Hotel Tray- more. 2:40 P.M. Precipitation-Hardening Cobalt Steel: New Tool Material, Harrington, A.S.M., Auditorium Ball Room. The Effect Grain Size the Siebert and Clair Upthegrove, A.S.M., Room 3:20 P.M. Quantitative Hardenability, Burns, Moore and Archer, A.S.M., Auditorium Ball Room. Structures Correlated, Carl Kinsley, A.S.M., Room Auditorium. 4:30 P.M. Open-Hearth Steel Making, educational lecture Earnshaw Cook, A.S.M., Auditorium Ball Room. P.M. Metallographic Technique, educational lecture Vilella; A.S.M. Auditorium Ball Room. Physics metals round table discussion, Room Auditorium, American Society for Testing Ma- terials and American Institute Physics; True Stress Strain Curves for Single Crystals, Strain Curves for Polycrystalline Materials, Internal Dissipation Energy Metals for Small Cyclic Strains. TUESDAY, OCT. 9:30 A.M. Fatigue Tests Butt Welds Plates, Wilson; Proximity Effect Welding Problems, Bennett; and The Heat Effect Welding, Traymore, 52—THE IRON AGE, October 1937 Correlated Technical Program A.M. The Rupture Strength Steels Elevated Temperatures, White and Clark; A.S.M., Renais- sance Room, Hotel Ambassador. ARTHUR BENTON Who will present the science lecture, his subject being, “The Behavior Physics Metals, A.I.M.E., Trellis Room, Hotel Ritz-Carlton. Theory Dorn and Oscar Harder; Some Fundamentals Concerning Impact Testing, Earl Smith; and The Problem the Temperature Co- efficient Tensile Creep Rate, Kanter. 10:40 A.M. The Heat Treatment High Speed Steels Salt Baths, Axel Hult- gren; A.S.M., Renaissance Room, Hotel Ambassador, 11:20 A.M. New Aplication for the High Temperature Tensile Test, Guarnieri Renaissance Room, Hotel Ambassador. Austenitic Grain Size Steel, Harry Tobin and Kenyon; A.S.M., Room. Science Lecture, Metals Division the A.I.M.E., Trellis Room, Hotel Ritz- Carlton; The Behavior Gases Metal Surfaces, Arthur Ben- ton. Fundamental research Traymore. Welded Girders with Inclined Stiffeners, Cyril Jensen; Welding Copper, Young; Static and Impact Tensile Properties Stainless Steel Welds Ordinary and Low Tem- Welded Clip Angles Beam-Col- umn Connections, Inge Lyse, and High-Speed Motion Pictures Flame Resistance Welding Fabrication, Cooper; Developments Large and Recent Developments Fusion and A.S.M.E., Hotel Traymore. 2:40 P.M. Some Factors Influencing Austenitic Grain Size High Steels, Mehl; A.S.M., Auditorium Ball Room 3:20 P.M. Relation Pre-Treatment Steels Austenitic Grain Growth, Dorn and Harder; Auditorium Ball Room. 4:30 P.M. Educational lecture, A.S.M., Auditorium Ball Room; Open-Hearth Steel Mak- ing, Earnshaw Cook. P.M. Educational lecture, AS.M., Auditor- ium Ball WEDNESDAY, OCT. 9:30 A.M. Fabrication session, A.W.S., Hotel Traymore; Carbon Welding Automotive Work, William Rich- ards; Automatic Resistance Welding, Harry Landstrom; and Welding —An Aid Dam Construction. 10 A.M. Annual meeting the A.S.M., Renais- sance Room, Hotel Ambassador; The 1937 Edward Mille Campbell Memorial Lecture, presented Sykes, General Electric Co. P.M. Diffusion Carbon from Steel Into Iron, Grimshaw; Investiga- tions Lead-Magnesium Alloys for the Prevention Lead Poisoning Waterfowl, Dowdell and Green; and The Effect Chromium the Grain Growth Brass, Bruce Gonser and Carlos Heath; Trellis Room, Hotel The Effect Mass Upon the Mechan- ical Properties Cast Steel, Briggs and Gezelius; A.S.M., Auditorium Ball Room. 2:40 P.M. The Fatigue Resistance Steel Af- fected Some Cleaning Methods, A.S.M., Auditorium Ball Room. 3:20 P.M. Influence Heat Treatment Creep Carbon-Molybdenum and Chro- mium-Molybdenum-Silicon Steel, Aborn and Wright; Auditorium Ball Room. 4:30 P.M. Educational lecture, A.S.M. Auditorium Ball Room; Open-Hearth Steel Mak- ing, Earnshaw Cook. i! | P.M. Annual dinner, Institute Metals and Iron and Steel Divisions, joined Machine Shop Practice Di- vision, A.S.M.E.; Hotel Ritz-Carlton. Dinner speaker, Harvey Davis, president Stevens Institute Technology; subject: The Place the Engineer Modern Life. P.M. Educational lecture, A.S.M., Auditor- ium Ball Room; THURSDAY, OCT. 9:30 A.M. Symposium alloy steels, Hotel Traymore; Low-Alloy Steels, Kinzel; High-Alloy Steels, Holmberg and Vincent. 10 A.M. Iron and Steel Division, A.1.M.E., Trellis Room, Ritz-Carlton; Effect Silicon Steels for High- temperature Service, New- ell; Notes Microstructures and Hardness Alloys Consisting Es- sentially Iron, Chromium and con, Anderson and Eric Jette; and X-ray Study the Effects Adding Carbon, Nickel, Manganese Some Ternary Alloys, Eric Jette and Anderson. Symposium Carburizing, Renaissance Room, Hotel Ambassa- dor; Review Some Fundamen- mann. The Initial Stages Barnett; A.S.M., Rainbow Room, Hotel Ambassador. Institute Metals Division, Main Dining Room, Hotel ton; Age Hardening Aluminum Alloys, Hardness Peaks. Use Tellurium Copper-Base Lawson; and Sulphur, Selenium and Tellurium Copper-Base Alloys, Cyril Smith. 10:40 A.M. Symposium carburizing, A.S.M., Renaissance Room, Hotel Ambassa- dor; Theoretical Discussion the Action Solid Carburizing Agents, McQuaid. X-ray Study the Ar, and Points Iron and Iron-Nickel loys, Sidney Smith; A.S.M., Room, Hotel Ambassador. 11:20 Symposium A.S.M., Renaissance Room, Hotel Ambassa- dor; Gaseous Media for Carburizing, Williams. Graphitization High Purity Carbon Alloys, Cyril Wells: Rainbow Room, Hotel Am- bassador. P.M. Open-hearth steel practice, Trellis Room, Hotel Ritz-Carlton; Extensive Control Features Open Hearth Practice Lackawanna, Kinyoun; Basic Open Hearth Slag Control the Use the Combined Carbon; The Factor Quality Basic Pig Iron, Ralph Sweetser; and Progress HARVEY DAVIS Who will address the on, “The Place the Engineer Modern the Use Venturi Porta Open-Hearth Furnaces, George Danforth, Jr. Shipbuilding session, A.W.S., Hotel Traymore; Welding Building Assembly Plant for the Weldivg Barges, George Phases Testing the Welding Naval Vessels, Lieutenant Commander Roop; and All-Welded Symposium Auditorium toom; Factors Governing Selection Type Car- burized Case, Boegehold and Tobin. Solubility Copper the Grain- Boundary Material Solid Solu- Auditorium. 2:30 P.M. Auditorium Ball Room; Furnace At- mospheres and Decarburization, J. A. Webber. 2:40 P.M. The Rate Austenite Transformation Wood and Girardi; toom Auditorium. P.M. Symposium Auditorium Ball Room; Steels Used McMullan. 3:20 P.M. The Effects Columbium and Other Addition Agents Low-Chromium Steels, Russell Franks; Room Auditorium. 3:30 P.M. Symposium Auditorium Ball Room; Harden- ability Test for Carburizing hold. 4:30 P.M. Educational lecture, Open- Hearth Steel Making, Earnshaw Cook. FRIDAY, 9:30 A.M. Railroad session, A.W.S., Hotel Tray- more; Building Locomotive Driv- Gas Cutting Railroad Work, and Welding Railroad Roll- ing Stock, Willoughby. A.M. Symposium A.S.M., Auditorium Ball Room; Production Effects Longitudinal Scratches Valve Spring Wire, Zim- merli, Wood and Wil- son; A.S.M., Room Auditorium. 10:40 A.M. Symposium A.S.M., Auditorium Ball Room; Study Commercial Carburizing Containers, Recovery Cold-Worked Nickel Annealing, Erich Fetz; Room Auditorium. 11:20 A.M. Symposium Auditorium Ball Room; The Physical and Chemical Characteristics Car- burizing Compounds and Their Han- Room P.M. Symposium Auditorium Ball Room; Commercial Gas Carburizing, Gable and Rowland. sions Alloy Steels, Hare and Gilbert Soler; A.S.M., Room Auditorium. 2:40 P.M. Symposium Ball Room; Light Cases colm. Problems the Production Low-Carbon Non-Continu- ous Mills, Samuels and Al- fred Room Auditorium. 3:20 P.M. Symposium Auditorium Ball Room; Liquid Bath Some Relation Size Spheroids Tool Steel ite and Roda; A.S.M., Room Auditorium. 4:30 P.M. Fiducational Lecture, A.S.M., Auditorium Ball Open-Hearth Steel Mak- ing, Earnshaw Cook. THE IRON AGE, October 14, em incite hase, the remain- pots probably are ailed show any color 1600 pper-rich > the dark also, but have copper-ric <= c a c = © c <= = c colored stringers and spots are der iron-rich phase. Many 54—THE IRON AGE, October 1937 | CYPRITIC ALLOY, ENTIRELY NEW SPECIES THE GENUS STAINLESS STEEL LIPPERT Metallurgical Editor, The lron Age IT’S downright metallurgical her- esy keep pouring additional phase into steel deliberately add new element quantities far greater than the base metal can assimilate cooling. But this heresy has been com- mitted, and therewith high corrosion-re- sistant steel widely variant character has resulted, all which well worth detailed examination. But let’s bow orderly sequence the commercial laboratory Aldwych, London, England, and, retrospect, look over the shoulder consulting engineer while indulges some metallurgical obstetrics. The engineer, yclept Digby, experiment- ing with iron-free acid-resisting alloy, made nickel, chromium and molybde- num. True enough the alloy very acid resisting, but equally true that costs are exorbitant. Perhaps entirely new alloy may offer acid-resistance low cost. perhaps, might worth the try the whole hog and step far out metallurgi- cal bounds; Mr. Digby dumps per cent copper into iron-chromium alloy, and gets just about what you might expect—a hell mixture erratically immiscible the laboratory furnace. When cast the two- constituent steel solidifies like mother’s raisin pudding iron-rich alloy shot through with gobs copper-rich alloy, the latter often big golf balls. see this mixture heavily enceinte with cop- per the birth new breed commercial alloys requires particular kind dogged courage—but Mr. Digby has it, and works for ten years justify himself. The years THE IRON AGE, October 14, : ig 4 were devoted primarily chart- ing the boundaries the strange ternary alloy, making the im- miscible steel miscible, mak- ing the unforgeable steel forge- able, making the excessively un- machineable material highly ma- chineable, and laying down least the groundwork treating cycle secure the flexi- bility inherent the copper-chro- mium-iron analysis. warked reliable, albeit spotty, laboratory history, the new stain- less steel has been fed out English steel mills and fabricators, and sufficient commercial data have accumulated during the past year and half indicate that the in- dustry has this new Digby cypritic’ alloy brand-new type stainless steel possessing worthy possibilities. All the physical data far es- tablished reliable European laboratories suggest that the very unconventional chrome copper stainless steel certain respects able approach conventional al- loys engineering metal; also, meriting consideration the insis- tence the inventor that cost reductions will accrue from the sub- stitution cheaper copper for dearer nickel, and the (claimed) ability several grades chrome- copper steel (with various heat treatments) match the greatly varied physical properties nu- merous conventional stainless loys now marketed. What the physical properties are, how the steel made and what re- sults have been secured service date, all will treated the following paragraphs much detail existing information per- mits. course, the chromium- copper stainless steels are still their infancy, and many ramification needs yet explored completely establish their correct commercial position; but this, the first public mention Digby cypritic steel, the author will take some liberties bridge gaps, order present coordinated account what undoubtedly very unique and, perhaps, lurgical development. Monypenny Came Close Copper, one the first known and one the cheapest metals, has had hazardous history alloying agent steel. century ago adventitious copper often ran 0.3 0.4 per cent iron and steels, but early producers were early attempt forge cypritic steel showed this result—the alloy has broken along the copper-rich phase boundaries. successful heating and forging cycle was educed, and the steel forged with ease. 56—THE IRON AGE, October 1937 hardly (if all) cognizant its presence. Then, prior the turn the century, copper acquired most evil reputation, and usually was first cursed heat went hay- wire, particularly cracked went pieces the hot mill. But, shortly thereafter, copper mi- nor alloying element mild steel was championed few brave metallurgists, such Buck gland and Pierre Breuil France, with the result that many mills proceeded turn out thou- sands tons copper-bearing (about 0.20 Cu) steel shapes and sheets, having most predomi- nant characteristic worthwhile increment corrosion resistance. And, within the past few years, there has been flood low-alloy high-strength constructional steels (Cor-Ten, Mayari, Hi-steel, RDS, Yoloy, all containing copper, from 0.30 1.50 per cent. Thus, the obvious conclusion that the role copper ordinary steel commendable, that commendable when confined less than per cent. the so-called stainless steels, copper has been (and is) occa- sion deliberately added few per cent, and most cases has acquitted itself with credit. 1924, claimed that 0.5 1.5 per cent copper steels (particularly with increases the non-corrodible prop- erties and decreases high-tempera- ture oxidation, and the same year Strauss and added 1.08 per cent copper 22.44 Cr-0.24 stainless steel, and hesi- tatingly suggested that after quenching from high temperature the impact value was increased. Several years later Mochel* added per cent copper medium- chromium stainless iron (10 per cent Cr, 0.12 C), and reported the resistance salt water salt spray was increased and there was decrease mechanical properties. Later, Saklatwalla and alloyed per cent cop- per stainless iron containing 1The term “cyprite’’ designating the copper-rich phase was obviously in- spired England’s isle Cyprus. which the bronze age supplied all the copper used Egypt and Greece. 2B. Saklatwalla, AGE, 1924, pp. 1209-1213. Strauss and Talley, Pro- ceedings American Society for Test- ing Materials, 24, part 1924, 217-258. *N. Mochel, Transactions American Society for Steel Treating, 10, 1926, pp. 353-394. 5B. Saklatwalla and Dem- Transactions American Society Steel Treating, 15, 1929, pp. 36-48. | | | 1 | ti ~ | per cent chromium, the result being appreciable increase strength and hardness; and only few years ago was favor- ably impressed with “new rust- less iron alloy” containing about per cent chromium, per cent sili- con, per cent copper, 0.40 manga- nese and not over 0.10 carbon. All these ventures enhanced cop- per’s reputation, and rightfully so; but note particularly that all the work (also other experiments not reported here) has been confined low copper contents. Experimenta- tion with copper per cent (as the new Digby alloys) has been practically nil, and the author’s knowledge only one man, ventured introduce large quantities copper into stainless steel. one instance Monypenny went 9.85 per cent copper (15.7 Cr, 0.16 C), but had little say about the result other than the copper had in- fluence similar nickel, but con- tradictorily did not lead the production austenite, when pres- ent fairly large amounts. It’s not wondered that thoughts high-copper analyses have been horrendous; for even ten- tative ventures over per cent have supposedly disclosed det- rimental trends such definiteness that per cent alloying addition (to mild steel ordinary stainless) could result little more than some appalling mélange hardly suitable for casting into sash That the cold solubility iron copper very low, the order few tenths per cent, experimental fact, which naturally indicates that much larger additions copper could re- *R. DeVries, pp. 49-51. Monypenny, “Stainless Iron and Steel,” John Wiley Sons, Inc., course, these statements apply alloys having large nickel con- tents, nickel addition serves carry large quantities copper. For example, consider the very useful aus- tenitic Ni-Resist cast iron, the Ductile metals, copper, alumi- num, nickel, all have face-cen- tered (austenitic) and steels and other alloys excellent ductility have similar crystal pat- tern. There hidebound rule that the two phenomena are inexorably cor- related, but distinct exception has been found. These new cypritic steels, although martensitic are none-the-less duc- tile and easily worked, but not the extent true austenitic steel. common term which merely means brittleness. Its origin probably lies the use shortening pastry make crisp. Hot red-short metal brittle rolling forging temperatures. metal also may cold-short, i.e., brittle room tem- Metals and Alloys, DIGBY, who has brought the steels their present stege develop- ment. Mr. Digby has had some years practice consultant Westminster, Englend, particularly problems dealing with the handling and corrosion metals, the strength steel its relation the duty required, investigations mechanical vibration and designing power and pumping equipment. member the (British) Institution Electrical Engineers, Institution Mechanical Engineers and Association Consulting Engineers. Intimately associated with Mr. Digby his work cypritic steels his brother, Everard, who received his early technical training London University, and has more recently been interested many steel and allied developments England. ° sult nothing much more than the precipitation out nearly pure copper solidified steel, with possible disastrous results me- chanical properties and working characteristics. Furthermore, al- though the solubility chromium copper none too definitely known, extremely low none- the-less. Thus, for combination the three, iron-chromium-copper, any possibility getting decent alloy very high concentrations has been remote that experi- menters have not even bothered investigate solubility diagram for this region. ° ° Another factor discouraging ven- tures into high copper has been the prediction that ferritic structure would ensue, austenitic structure with its attendant ductil- ity has been considered the sine qua non high grade steels.” And still another negating factor has been the suspicion that high copper contents would result so-called hot-shortness” which turn prac- tically obviates rolling forging the metal. Now consider the Digby cypritic stainless steel, which contains about per cent copper and about THE IRON AGE, October 14, ; i 4 tH] 5 ’ § j ti i Bit ; | mi | 4 i in i | i a a | Bo tia - ities i nae = AGS i if j 2—Microscopic examination hot-rolled and annealed cypritic steel (13.19 and 9.58 Cu). (Left) typical view regards non-metallic inclusions, unetched and 100 diameters. Some the inclusions are two-phase (probably the chromium- iron oxide-sulphide type), but the number inclusions not excessive and their distribution fairly uniform. (Middle) The same sample etched with ferric chloride and 100 diameters. The copper-rich stringers appear black the photograph but show brilliant copper color under visual examination. (Right) Same view, but 1000 diameters. The cyprite phase black, appearing stringers and fine particles scattered throughout the matrix. per cent chromium, and note its many characteristics opposition the foregoing denigrations. FIRST: The cypritic steels are not red short the practical sense, least small-size ingots— they can forged rolled with ease, once radically different work- ing techniques and heat treatments have been educed and verified. That the heat treatment major im- portance well illustrated the two forged samples shown Fig. Even casual glance the structure cypritic alloy would indicate that should very difficult hot-work. The cyprite phase probably melts around 1995 deg. F.—and opposed this the fact that certain the con- ventional chromium-steel analyses are difficult roll such low temperature. Even at, say, 1900 deg. the cyprite phase probably plastic, and for this reason the hot-reduction cypritic steel the exceptionally low temperature 1900 deg. would seemingly about satisfactory rolling sponge full water. Tempera- tures even high 1900 deg. are not necessary, however, according the inventor, proved the numerous small ingots successfully rolled here and abroad. But whether very large ingots shot through high-speed mills the typical American duction manner can with equal facility still moot question. SECOND: There segrega- TABLE Mechanical Properties and Stainless Steel Alloys Per Cent Room Chromium, Temperature Annealed Ultimate strength, per sq. Yield point, per sq. Reduction area, per cent......... Izod impact, Brinell hardness number............ 140 Per Cent Per Per Cent Chromium, Cent Chromium Quenched Per Chromium, and and Drawn Cent Cold Per Cent Chromium, Worked Nickel, Deg. Annealed (Wire) Annealed 230 175 185 270 135 165 Digby Digby Per Cent Cypritic Steel, Cypritic Steel, Chromium Per Cent Per Cent and Chromium Chromium Nickel, Per Cent Per Cent Cold Worked Air Cooled Air Cooled (Wire) and Tempered and Tempered 105 300 105 130 180 170 460 250 260° 300 315° Values taken from “Book Stainless Steels,” edited Thum. data one England’s largest steel mills. Average values: Lower figure for air cooled and tempered, higher figure for water quenched and tempered; certain specimens higher chrome grade showed hardness near 230, and lower chrome grade near 430. 58—THE IRON AGE, October 14, 1937 | | if | t - tion pure copper, but rather precipitation stringers “cyp- high-copper constituent (certainly containing not more than few per cent chromium and iron solid solution), which rather than being detrimental credited the inventor imparting valu- able properties the steel. These cyprite stringers are shown the photomicrographs page and Figs. and Dr. Bradley, England, has taken X-ray powder photographs cypritic steels, and all have shown structures largely the body-centered cubic type, would expected. The chromium- iron lattice therefore like that iron, which chromium and some copper atoms into solution. Dr. Bradley reported trace second constituent the chro- mium-10 copper alloy, but the chromium-8 copper alloys both show traces second superim- posed pattern face-centered constituent, which undoubt- edly the copper rich phase. photo- graph taken slowly cooled conventional specimen, containing chromium-8 nickel also shows the body-centered cubic pattern. Thus, the copper-chromium cypri- tie steels (as mentioned foot- note 9), are essentially the type and not like conventional austen- steels. THIRD: Corrosion resisting characteristics are not impaired any extent the copper addition, but rather are apparently actually improved certain instances. The inventor has stated that the cop- per-rich constituent (cyprite), has been produced independently induction furnace, and itself shows extremely high corrosion resis- 3—Full cross-section hot-rolled chromium- copper stainless steel sheet, after etching with ferric The elon- gated stringers copper- rich constituent give this steel fibrous appearance. The seam shown here the left-hand surface was one many the one surface this particular sample. looks tough. This hot- rolled chrome-copper bar, mag- nified two times, has been sawed half-way through and broken the remainder the way. Notice the fibrous structure and the way the metal tears along the cyprite cords, presenting fracture somewhat like wrought iron. tance. Furthermore, some solu- tions, the electromotive force be- tween the copper-rich phase and the surrounding iron-rich phase has been tested and found very low. FOURTH: Mechanical proper- ties are surprisingly satisfactory, according the information far hand. little intergranular corrosion after welding would expected. Under carefully controlled production con- ditions, the presence copper the stainless steel seems impart greater strength and impact value without any loss high corrosion resistance given chromium. one the two main varieties the cypritic steel, the tendency form tough adherent dendritic structure without brittleness seem- ingly (but most surprisingly) fecil- itates the rolling sheets and the drawing wire and tubes having very high strength. Also, the cop- per-rich inclusions seem retard grain growth, effect desirable castings. Corrosion-Resisting Properties Since the potential market for these cypritic steels the main corresponds that present occupied conventional chrome- nickel and straight-chrome steels, would advisable see how they compare visually and corro- sion resistance selected media. Mr. Digby the opinion that his steel has more pleasing tint and velvety mirror surface. The author’s visual examination, how- ever, failed detect any particular difference, although faintly possible that the tint slightly more silvery and softer than today’s commercial stainless steels. There is, however, tendency for the cyprite phase drag during polishing, with resultant surface pits. This problem will require considerable additional experimen- tation. With respect corrosion resis- tance, examination data Table will indicate that several alloys the cypritic group possess conventional straight per cent chrome alloy and chrome-2 nickel steels. But the resistance not quite equal that the pop- ular Cr-8 type stainless, very high order respect corro- sion the atmosphere, tap water, THE IRON AGE, October 14, 3 1 | tig | ° ° ° if weak sodium chloride and sodium sulphate solutions. all the other reagents listed Table the cypritic steels are inferior the conventional and grade, but note that most acids very use- ful degree corrosion resistance evidenced. The laboratory tests Table cover only very short time inter- vals, and the results shown are rust has accumulated the surface fine rust-resisting produce price which will allow ready sale.” large Pelton wheel bucket, cast well-known English foundry passed the tests predicated equally well-known engineering firm, even though this bucket was cast before the technique con- brewery equipment has likewise been commendable. One En- gland’s largest equipment makers has written regarding tests made several the larger British breweries: “We tried many steels, and even where steel test- right the hardness working and the cost fabrication did not Surprised with the results (for TABLE Corrosion Tests for Digby Chromium-Copper Cypritic Stainless Steels and Conventional Types Stainless Steels (Figures indicate total loss weight terms gm. per sq. cm. surface area) (Most common grades shown boldface type) CORRODING MEDIA 1.42 Per Cent Running B.P. ANALYSIS STEEL, PER CENT Sea Cent Acid, Water Spray Boiling 17.56 10.18 0.09 0.25 0.019 17.55 15.16 0.08 0.23 0.019 ANALYSIS STEEL, PER CENT Citrie Water Cent Cent Am- Acid, (duPont at10 Sodium monium Boiling Deg.C. Chloride Sulphate Sulphate 0.0003 0.0009 0.0004 nil nil 0.0001 0.016 0.40 0.0002 0.0006 0.0006 0.5108 nil 0001 0.0002 0.0002 0.0004 0.0027 0.0006 0.0008 0.4852 nil 0.0001 0.00005 0.35 0.00045 0.0002 0.0032 0.0565 0.0008 nil 0.00007 0.00004 0.0003 0.015 0.28 0.0002 0.0005 0.6207 nil 0.00007 0.0002 0.0001 0.00015 0.3144 0.0001 0.0092 nil 0.0002 nil nil nil 0.0001 0.00015 0.0001 0.0001 0.0186 nil 0.0001 nil nil nil 0.0001 nil nil nil 0.0038 nil nil nil nil CORRODING MEDIA Acetic Nitrie Acid, Acetic Lactic Cent, PerCent 10Per *Tests made 1935 major English steel company. Period test equaled seven days mean temperature deg. C., unless otherwise stated. complete analysis not given. Probably commercial grades. Tests made steel firm Sweden. All test pieces ground edges with emery paper. Size test pieces about mm. Period test equaled hr. Cold-rolled Digby steel, annealed 750 deg. for min. with air cooling. This particular sample contains 0.35 molybdenum. spotty and inconclusive. Long- term tests actual commercial applications are far better criteria, and for this reason the following experiences may cited. thin sheet cypritic steel has been exposed the roof Sheffield, England, steel company for the past six months, the report from the company stating that “is perfectly good condition, and 60—THE IRON AGE, October 14, 1937 trolling crystal size had been com- pletely mastered. With respect the bucket, the former firm has written “how extremely pleased are with the splendid results ob- tained,” and the latter firm has said “we have run one bucket much 480 hr. and another 336 hr. without any sign corrosion tak- ing place.” The record the cypritic steel cypritic steel), and desire make tests over longer period.” large brewer states, tested over longer period semi-im- mersion beer for one month laboratory temperature. before, faint high water mark was ap- parent which easily rubs off. Test- for iron and found 0.04 grains per gallon. Acidity developed the beer during the test was 0.75 per cent acetic. The iron after one month was higher than that found after two weeks, and from chemical point view this metal has excellent properties for resist- ing any action beer contact with it.” The same brewery equipment makers have later reported, made seven cuts with one hacksaw blade through bar (cypritic steel) which measured in., and the steel cut just easily mild steel machined the balance into hexagon headed valves for fit- ting combination plugs for fineing beer machining was great success, and will bring down pro- duction costs considerably wish obtain quantity bar steel for the purpose machining plugs for dispensers carbonated fruit drinks trying for years find steel that can ma- | tf 16.2 1.18 0.27 ..... chined easily and yet beneficial and satisfactory the brewer.” This cross-section independent opinion commendable. Next in- terest see how the steels line physically. Physical Characteristics The mechanical properties the cypritic steels, set forth Table are quite surprising. The fig- ures shown are averages from sev- eral different laboratories and are consequently erratic. But, general, evident that the physical characteristics may compared with those steel the ferritic type containing per cent chromium, manufactured and treated the same manner. Table that the most remarkable feature the me- chanical tests the high im- pact figure. feature all the steels extremely fine grain size, this being particularly marked steels lower copper content, e., per cent. important English steel pro- ducer has written say that copper-chrome steels have been tween and per cent copper and per cent chromium. All these analyses have been forged. The “mechanical properties are re- markable for types steel, ultimate strength from 85,000 134,000 per sq. in., yield point ratio per cent and upwards, per cent elongation in. ranging from per cent, and Izod impact figures from 115 That the steel tough demonstrated the fracture shown Fig. Also, particular interest are the characteristics the cypritic steels when drawn into wire. large Scottish steel rope producer has reduced quantity 0.50 in. diameter rod (18 and Cu) 0.100 in. diameter, and some 0.050 in. diameter. The material drew mechanical tests, was discovered that the torsion figures showed drop the cold working increased, followed sudden rise ap- per cent reduction. similar condition exists for con- ventional and stainless steel. laboratory British government department indicate astonishingly great strength under corrosion- fatigue conditions. fact the ex- BASE METAL 5—Chromium-copper and chromium-nickel hot-rolled sheets were welded together, using chromium-nickel welding rod both cases. Polished sections through these two welds are shown here diameters, the Cr-Cu steel above and the conventional Cr-Ni below. Note the small grains developed the Cr-Cu steel near the weld and the larger grains developed the Cr-Ni near the weld. The former was etched with ferric chloride and the latter with aqua regia glycerine. perimenter did not think that any metal had yet given such high fig- ures, although galvanizing, long continues effective, has pre- vented corrosion-fatigue with fa- tigue limits 50,000 per sq. in. steel wire. Although the time writing Haigh had CHROMIUM CK CHROMIUM KEL OPPER not yet determined the strength the cypritic wires supplied him, has good reason expect that the steel will stand more than the 60,- 000 per sq. in., which was appar- ently the approximate limit for 11,000,000 cycles in. the 1%-in. bar 116,500 per sq. in. tensile 6—Intergranular corrosion tests for chromium-nickel (18 and with columbium titanium) and chromium-copper stainless steels. Welded samples immersed hr. solution per cent nitric and per cent hydrofluoric acids temperature 160 deg. Note the over-all attacked zone the steel and the comparative slight influence the chromium-copper alloy. The structure the affected areas may seen the top this page. THE IRON AGE, October 14, ° ° c | CHROMIUM NICKEL if | = H strength. Note that the 60,000 per sq. in. corresponds over per cent the ultimate strength the metal. This quite nor- mal value for the ratio. not expected that the same ratio would maintained wire, be- cause the surface cannot ideal that the smoothly finished Wohler test pieces; but even the ratio falls, may expected give fatigue limits higher than are usually obtainable carbon steel wire, even air. From the nature the cypritic steels, would seem that the metal would weld poorly, but such not the case experiments conducted prominent American labora- tory. The welding trials have shown copper very effective retarding grain growth elevated temperatures. Its effect this respect seems similar that nitrogen, particular- with alloys higher chro- mium content. The supposition that the freedom from excessive grain growth adjacent the welds the chromium-copper steels probably due the “mechanical welds ordinary 18-8 usu- ally explained the fact that carbon solution ordinary temperatures rejected the form chromium-rich carbides the grain boundaries in- termediate temperatures. The metal the immediate vicinity the carbides impoverished its normal chro- mium content, and hence resistance corrosion markedly reduced points carbide precipitation which are the grain boundaries. Heat treatment the 18-8 steel effective removing the intergranular corrosion but such treat- ment can the excessive grain growth adjucent the welds; all heat treating effects are only in- crease the grain size and never re- duce where there allotropic transformation present. 62—THE IRON AGE, October 1937 obstructions” growth undis- solved copper particles.” Fig. shows the grains de- veloped welding hot-rolled cypri- tic steel compared with con- ventional chromium-nickel steel. Intergranular corrosion may said essentially absent the chromium-copper alloy, and comparison this respect shown Fig. the chromium-nickel specimens (evidently not treated with columbium titanium) there zone adjacent and both sides the welds which tacked, but outside those zones region severely corroded the acid. Note the sand-like edge the specimen completely cut tic stainless steel. (Left) forged—Brinell value 255; (Mid- 179; (Right) quenched—Brinell value 363. All photos 350 diameters. through Fig. The chromium- copper alloy showed such zones weld decay, although there was somewhat general attack near the weld, which apparently not in- tergranular character. Tests have indicated that little loss plasticity seems intro- duced adjacent the chromium- copper welds, only two repeated bends through 180 deg. around radius were obtained, against bends for the base metal. This difference would probably great- the base metal were the annealed condition. large independent English pro- ducer has the cypritic steels quite extensively, and has written describe his ex- periences follows: “We have carried out commer- cial melts our are furnace, and have encountered difficulties other than those usually present making chromium steel. Not only castings but easily forgeable ma- terial has been produced Photomicrographs forged cypri- tic steel are shown Fig. and the structure prior forging may “We have manufactured products commercially follows: road studs, cast and forged; Pelton wheel buckets; beater arms for food preparation machinery; and bread knives. “The copper-chrome steel cast- ings and forgings have shown properties over the period during which they have been examined follows: corrosion—very little dif- ferent from chromium-nickel sub- jected corresponding conditions; physical properties—harder than nickel-chromium, cast, but the same forged; tensile strength— castings annealed 90,000 lb. per sq. in. tensile with per cent elonga- tion, against annealing and quench- ing conventional nickel-chrome obtain approximately the same properties; ductility—low; heat re- sistance fair; machineability— better than nickel-chromium alloy. “Undoubtedly the steels (lower chrome cypritic) possess cer- tain features very great in- terest. The big advantage the copper-chrome type over the Cr- harden the former heat treat- | i! i i} | * | ment, and have obtained Brinell figures high 300. Quite number rollings special heats have been made. “The question cost course great importance, and the saving large tonnage, are factors considered. However, present the tonnage copper-chrome produced has not enabled demonstrate the full effect this saving.” This question possible cost ad- vantage should certainly consid- ered greater detail, what with the constant consumer pressure this country secure better quota- tions their stainless steel re- quirements. Possible Cost Reduction The claim that cypritic stainless steels will have cost advantage over conventional stainless alloys is, course, merely prophecy the part the inventor, and cannot backed actual production figures. pound conventional stain- less alloy, containing per cent chromium and per cent nickel, the actual nickel cost 35c. per is, course, 2.80c. the cypritic al- loy, the chromium content stays approximately the same, but the nickel replaced by, say, per cent copper. The copper cost thus becomes for copper selling per The difference, alloy which might sell for 30c. Ib. the finished state (because heavy scrap losses rolling). But, nonetheless, even this small saving would desirable. compete with conventional straight-chrome alloys, evident that the cypritic steels start off with initial disadvantage; for they contain copper where there was copper before, and thereby per added the cost. But totally apart from these initial variances cost, Mr. Digby claims that the cypritic alloy will save ad- ditional money because ingots and finished products may rough machined more cheaply, and the steel extremely flexible meet- ing greatly varied set physi- cal demands, merely through the manipulation simple form heat treatment. This question having few varieties steel meet the major demands stainless consumers, merely varying heat treat- ment, certainly attractive; for chro- mium-copper stainless steel be- fore forging. (Left) cast, pol- ished but not etched; Brinell value (Above) cast, polished and etched with ferric chloride. The dark portion this view the iron constituent, the light net- work the cyprite constituent. Both photographs are 100 diameters. there denying that the trade currently confused the flood patented and special mixtures sold under the general title stainless steels. With each shift composition meet particular demand the steel maker may come forth with new name, the result being many varieties that the mere enumeration the names the permutations covers closely printed pages “The Book Stainless Steels.” Perhaps cypritic steels will merely add one more name this list, perhaps they may actually match the inventor’s optimism and really introdace some badly needed simplification the current confusing commercial pic- ture. Conclusion all the foregoing paragraphs the author has emphasized that the novelty these cypritic stainless steels does not rest upon some rela- tively small addition altera- tion existing steels, but upon the fact that they constitute entire- new group stainless steels with qualities certain respects apparently commensurate with existing types. The data presented all cases have been checked the best the author’s ability—prac- tically all has originated well-known abroad whose reputations are unimpeach- able, but whose names for the time being are deliberately withheld. Admittedly, much work must yet performed the alloys, but their present stage development they certainly show much prom- ise even more promise than the great mass other alloys, now commercially prominent, during their early history. The advisability having much copper-rich phase present found the cypritic steels natu- rally might questioned. Perhaps certain properties would changed markedly lowering the copper content several per cent; machin- ing properties might made less desirable, but possible that forgeability might improved that better surfaces could ob- tained—this latter characteristic being particularly desirable. also might said that corrosion resistance probably imparted for the most part the copper solution rather than that the second phase (cyprite). But the contrary, also possible that since the rolling carried out low temperature, the numerous copper-rich stringers actually im- prove the forgeability. Undoubted- there optimum copper con- tent copper range above which real benefit derived from ad- ditional copper, and m