The Iron Age 1937-08-26: Vol 140 Iss 9

LIBRARY Good Bearings Better After more than forty years’ experience precision manufacturing. the paramount objective New Departure remains un- alterably the make good bearings better. Today. the future when you specify New Departure ball bearings for your machines, you may with complete con- fidence that they represent the best that human skill. superfine materials and ultra modern equipment produced. NEW DEPARTURE WEST VIRGINIA 4 High-Nitrogen Ferrochrome improves High-Chromium Steel Castings amount nitrogen cast steels which con- tain over per cent chromium greatly refines grain size, reduces objectionable grain growth high temperatures, materially improves strength and toughness without sacrificing duc- tility and effects slight increase hardness. For example, per cent chromium-10 per cent nickel alloy steel, treated with nitrogen, showed tensile strength 22,500 pounds per square inch and elongation over per cent inches 1,600 degrees Fahrenheit after being held for one hour that temperature. Electromet metallurgists will gladly explain the advantages high-nitrogen ferrochrome and tell you the best ratio nitrogen chro- mium for your application. Write for full data. ELECTRO METALLURGICAL COMPANY Unit Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation Carbide and Carbon Building, East 42nd St., New York CHROMIUM SILICO- SILICON Low-Carbon Ferro- MANGANESE Ferrosilicon 15% All grades including Ferrosilicon 50% Silico-Spiegel Ferrosilicon 75% Ferrosilicon e or chrome (maximum MANGANESE 6.00% carbon) Standard Ferro- High-Nitrogen Ferro- manganese Refined Silicon chrome 82% High-nitrogen ferrochrome Chromium Metal Low-Carbon Ferro- especially advantage- Chromium-Copper manganese Sili- ous making high-chro- Miscellaneous Medium-Carbon Ferro- mium steel castings for heat ium Alloys manganese exchangers, cracking stills, applications. CALCIUM Manganese Metal All grades Calcium-Silicon Calcium-Aluminum- Man- BRIQUETS Silicon (Patented) nese-Silicon Chrome Briquets Manganese Briquets ZIRCONIUM CARBON CORPORATION TUNGSTEN See the Electromet Exhibit the National Metal 2—THE IRON AGE, August 26, 1937 THE IRON AGE, published every Thursday the CHILTON CO. (INC.). and Executive Offices, 239 39th St., New York, Act March 1879. Show, Atlantic City Auditorium, Atlantic City, J., October 18-22, 1937. Booth G-62 Publication Office, Chestnut 56th Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. second class matter November 1932, the Post Office Philadelphia under $6.00 year S., Canada $8.50, Foreign $12.00. Vol. 140, No. torial | | FINE ror QUALITY Behind every fine product story long experience, careful development and acquired skill. with Ludlum steels, the product years metallurgical progress, modernized methods and trained craftsmanship. Whether the steel you need stock item special analysis, the one recommended Ludlum will meet your requirements exactly. Ludlum fits the steel the job for manufacturers who are seeking higher production and reduced time losses. typical saving was effected for Maryland customer seaming rolls for cans used pack tomato juice. place the case hardened steel formerly used, Ludlum alloy high resist- ance wear and distortion was substituted. The new rolls ran for days 2,858,444 cans—nearly three times the run obtained with case hardened steel—and freedom from corrosion wasalso secured. Without obligation, refer your problems Just drop line Research Department, Ludlum Steel Company, 826 Street, Watervliet, N.Y. FINE STEELS SINCE 1854 CARBON ALLOY THE IRON AGE, August 26, — 4 VICTORY The battle for accurate shearing won. Sheets cut closer limits, sheared with machine tool accuracy, are now available the trade. With the Cincinnati Shear you need micrometer measure the error. \ ; J \ | f ‘ 4 14 4 4 j | € Large and diversified stocks steel meet your needs are carried J&L The Jones Laughlin Warehouse near you carries large and com- plete stocks high quality steel products meet your every need help you serve your present customers and gain new ones. veady-for-use form. Warehouses are fully equipped with modern machines for bending, cutting, welding and fabricating. ordering Jones LAUGHLIN STEEL SURE from your nearest Warehouse, you save money and prevent costly you get high quality steel time. Steel users, large and small, find Jones Laughlin Warehouse Service economical emergency needs. Save money and valuable time. Order from your Warehouse. Write today your letterhead for your copy the J&L Warehouse Stock List. PITTSBURGH MAKERS HIGH QUALITY IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTS SINCE 1850 THE IRON AGE, August 26, Vat, = | this Age Change, nothing has altered more drastically and dra- matically than distribution. The movement products from farm and plant market, home, and shop has been revolutionized Container Industry, working through the responsive medium Steel. Cans and pails, tanks and boxes, cases and drums, bring food for the table—oil for the car—paint for the house—tobacco for the pipe bewildering variety products common use, that are safely preserved and better protected because Steel. And again Steel demonstrates its great contribution the safety and comfort and enjoyment every-day living re-demonstrates its adaptability countless diverse applications. Great Lakes Steel Corporation keeps pace with constantly ex- panding list uses for Steel, continuous development. and Cold Rolled Sheets, 90” wide and 5/16” gauge, offer latitude size and analysis that has helped many manufacturers solve cult production problems. you are considering new product design, old product re-design, why not investigate what Great Lakes Steel can for you? GREAT LAKES STEEL CORPORATION, DETROIT, MICHIGAN District Orrices: Boston, 1001 Statler Bldg.; Chattanooga, Hamilton Bank Bldg.; Chicago, 1026 Builders Bldg.; Cleveland, 820 Leader Philadelphia, 605 Liberty Trust Bldg.; Louis, Hensel Co., Cotton Belt Francisco, Sharon Toronto, 6—THE IRON AGE, August 26, 1937 UNIT q y 7 ~ 7 a \ } aN 4 4 4 N é : NATIONAL STEEL; | ACIDS ALCOHOL ALUMINUM PAINT AMMONIA ANIMAL DIP ANIMAL SPRAY ASPHALTUM ANTI-FREEZE SOLUTION ASBESTOS MENT BENZOL BLACK STRAP BORAX BUTTER ATER PAINTS CHROME ORE GLUE HONEY RICATING COLORS MALTS OT, WHALE, MEDICINAL q PAINT DRESSING PARIS GREEN RUBBER SEED, LINSEED, f 2 te materials; STEEL CORPORATION THE IRON AGE, August 26, 1937—7 COPPER STEEL SHEETS ADD YEARS LIFE TO: Air Conditioning Equipment Buckets Caskets ‘Construction Equipmen Gutters Hoods Housings making equipment Marine equipment Roofing Siding Refrigerators Ranges Signs Spoutings Skylights Silos Tubs Tanks Ventilators Washing Machines Tanks and containers exposed alternate wet and dry con- ditions will save many times the slight extra cost Copper Steel through longer life and less maintenarce. Two roofs for the price one. Roofing and Siding constantly exposed corrosive industrial atmosphere last more than twice long when made from Copper Steel. 225 tons Copper Steel Galvanized Sheets went into this ventilating system. For all types air conditioning equipment that must stand hu- midity, copper steel the most durable material use. orth when spent for Copper Steel Sheets LITTLE COPPER ADDED STEEL MORE THAN DOUBLES ITS RESIST- ANCE CORROSION HEREVER steel sheets are exposed atmospheric corrosion, the slightly in- creased cost Copper Steel worth many dollars terms longer life. Count- less service installations and laboratory tests during the past years definitely prove the superior rust resistance copper steel. well-known chemical engineer says, not know single instance which copper bearing steel has not outlasted every other type commercial iron steel available.” Copper Steel Sheets are unsurpassed for use roofing, siding, culverts, air condi- tioning equipment, tanks, barrels, drums, tubs and host other products. Outside inside, where conditions are alternately wet and dry, the endurance and money-saving advantages Black and Galvanized Sheets are too important overlooked. United States Steel Engineers originally developed copper steel. other improve- ments were demanded, they met the require- ments with better sheet steels. our mills are equipped with the most modern machinery produce any type steel required. Copper Steel Sheets can readily formed and fabricated and are adapted all uses when increased re- COPPER STEEL SHEETS CARNEGIE-ILLINOIS STEEL CORPORATION Pittsburgh and Chicago COLUMBIA STEEL COMPANY San Francisco TENNESSEE COAL, IRON RAILROAD COMPANY Birmingham United States Steel Products Company, New York, Export | + > 4 : : f ¥ 5 | THE WORLD'S These mill tables were built Mackintosh for the 44-inch blooming mill shown above. COMPANY shear for this 44-inch mill. Macki for the world’s largest Exceptionally high tonnages are being rolled Special Alloy Steel Rolls which have recently been developed Mackintosh-Hemphill for Blooming Mills. Freedom from fire-cracking has been characteristic rolls cast Mackintosh-Hemphill for Strip Mills. Comparable qualities are present the Mackintosh Rolls for sheet, bar and billet mills and for other kinds rolls. Mackintosh can produce roll for every type mill, with exactly the qualities you need for any stand. Mackintosh experience the making rolls for more than 130 years and the designing and manufac- ture much steel mill machinery enablesthis com- pany produce exceptional qualities rolls. Let talk over your roll problems with MACKINTOSH-HEMPHILL EQUIPPED MAKE ALL AND MIDLAND, PA. TYPES STEEL CASTINGS, ALL SIZES ; > q 1 ne The AND FCC Air Hardening Tool Steel Cast Shape delivers the job you already half done. With only trim machined off, even the most intricate shapes, your dies can put into production more quickly and great sav- ings you. FCC Air Hardening Tool Steels are produced variety analyses, each possessing distinctive properties. These alloys offer unusual resistance wear THE FORGING AND COMPOSITE STEEL DIES TOOL AND ALLO BRACE-MUELLER-HUNTLEY, INC. Syracuse, EDGCOMB STEEL COMPANY Philadelphia, Pa. EDGCOMB STEEL CORPORATION Newark, Chicago, Ill. 14—THE IRON AGE, August 26, 1937 FERNDALE MICHIGAN Distributors LUDLUM STEEL COMPANY Les Angeles, Calif. St. Leuis, Mo. San Calif. LESS COST and abrasion. Because uniform quality, the result laboratory control from analysis an- nealing, they are readily machined, tapped and drilled. FCC Air Hardening Tool Steels are specially adapted all kinds and sizes blanking, form- ing, drawing, swaging and dies, bushings, cams, anvils, shears, rolls and many other purposes. Write for the FCC Book, detailing spe- cial analyses, properties, applications and other useful data. MOORE-HANDLEY HARDWARE CO. Birmingham, Ala. RUTLAND SUPPLY COMPANY Rutland, Vt. P. O. Box 1047, Atlanta, Ga. Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Pa. Springfield, Mass. | is 2 q bed 7 | 4 ; 4 4 ; CHANGE YOLOY INCREASES PAYLOAD 25% Youngstown Alloy adds cubic yards payload Gar Wood hydraulic scraper, decreases failures, increases corrosion resistance More profitable capacity because lighter longer life because greater and corrosion better service because less metal —all these are assured when you build buy equip- ment made Yoloy, the special nickel copper alloy Youngstown Sheet and Tube. Gar Wood Industries found they could increase the pay- load their 10-yard road scraper two cubic yards pay dirt, increase strength 10% 20%, and minimize ordinary strength light weighis. The day ponderous tonnage for powerful machinery ended. You who rightly buy machinery profit, not pounds, will want the whole remarkable features. Write for full data how Yoloy can assure more production, longer life, more net profit your equipment because its lighter weight, greater strength. THE YOUNGSTOWN SHEET AND TUBE COMPANY Manufacturers Carbon and Alloy Steels GENERAL OFFICES: YOUNGSTOWN, OHIO HIGH-TENSILE STEEL YOLOY AVAILABLE STRIPS, PLATES. BARS, SHAPES. AND WELDING SEAMLESS AND ELECTRIC WELD PIPE. a Thread Machines these machines, screw threads are produced rolling the blanks between two dies— one stationary and the other reciprocating like rolling pencil between the palms the hands. Accuracy lead and thread form characteristic this method threading. The blanks are fed from hopper, — Maximum size automatic, diameter, threaded length; hand machine, diameter, threaded length. shows auto- matic, rated per minute for work average length. Farrel Foundry and Machine MACHINERY FOR BOLTS, SCREWS, RIVETS. NUTS. RODS, SPOKES, ETC. HOME OFFICE AND WORKS: Waterbury, Conn. SALES OFFICES: Cleveland, Chicago and Newark, 16—THE IRON AGE, August 26, 1937 | 4 — | q ' | 1 most exacting basis for judging wire rope perform- ance AVERAGE SERVICE. This the basis advocated which rope cost per ton material handied, per other unit service measurement, based not the service single rope but the average service several ropes. John Roebling’s Sons Trenton New Jersey 4 Z | ~ LAKE SUPERIOR IRON ORES ALL GRADES CLIFFS SHAFT LUMP ORE FOR OPEN HEARTH FURNACES COAL FOR ALL REQUIREMENTS : | af 3 | | | | 3 { 4 4 j 8—THE IRON AGE, 26, 1937 August 26, There are sound reasons for the increasing use Southwark HYSPEED Hydraulic Presses. For they bring industry the ac- knowledged advantages and economies hydraulic operation, combined with produc- tion exceeding that any other type press—size for size. For greater production, lower die costs, longer die life minimize rejects, waste material and repressing costs im- prove product quality and eliminate all danger machine breakage your plant, investigate Southwark HYSPEED Hydraulic Presses. Write for bulletin No. 127. Tek is To. dre aulic Pre: Pr Ses Pacific THE PELTON WATER WHEEL San VEN The safest connector between two moving parts! American Flexible Metal Hose Tubing Standard Equipment Incorporating American Flexible Metal Hose and Tubing original parts your product excellent insurance against the need for future servicing. any case where flexible connector conductor needed take movement parts where vibration threatens crack rigid pipe, American Flexible Metal Hose and Tubing will answer. For carrying air, oil, water, has years successful experience rec- ommend it. Your customer recognizes has definite sales value you. Maintenance Work American Metal Hose used hundreds applications save time, avoid shut down machinery, cut costs. Steam, air, oil, water, cutting compounds, dust, chips, smoke and other materials can success- 20—THE IRON AGE, August 26, 1937 fully conveyed through American Flexible Metal Tubing. need make expensive pipe bends when “American” used because flexible and yet can safely used under high pressures and tempera- lasts longer. Write detail about your available without cost. THE AMERICAN BRASS COMPANY General Offices: WATERBURY, CONNECTICUT One instance how American Flexible Metal Tubing used product design. Protecting Capillary Tubes recording maintenance, too, Ameriean Metal Hose widely used. Open hearth furnace door cooling demands rugged, flex- ible metal hose unquestionable quality. Send for Bulletin SS-3. Just the press and packed with valuable information for your engineering department. 37495 a fi t | ‘ q ? | How ATTAIN consistently profit- able yield from your presses the main thing the Armco Man thinks about when you call him talk “cold-rolled.” Toward this end drives with all his resources. merges your broad knowledge, his own and his company’s solving your individual problem. This why find Cold-Rolled Sheets and Strip giving top results hundreds stamping plants why prime yield (profit yield) hits new and holds them—why production costs dwindle and quality steadfastly maintained. Order your cold-rolled sheets from modern continuous mills. strip coils cut lengths. approve their fine finish, uniform analysis and temper and, best all, their ability deliver the goods. The American Rolling Mill Company, Executive Offices: 620 Curtis Street, Middletown, Ohio. Offices all principal cities. THE IRON AGE, August 26, 4 the USING could say lot about the savings that can made through using hearths heat treating furnaces savings made possible the high heat con- ductivity its high refractoriness, its resistance abrasion. But nothing convincing the experience actual users. Read the right what some them have say. CARBO Sales Offices and Warehouses New York, Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Detroit, Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, Grand Rapids Here’s what typical These extracts from letters users will give you idea what can your own furnaces. nace has given fuel saving 25% *Carbofrax’ hearth has increased pro- duction spring annealing furnace with fuel reduction 20%. Increase pro- duction due faster comeback furnace. the life fireclay hearth carburizing fur- nace, does not seem wear down from constant sliding boxes.” Our nearest representative can give you further examples such savings (Carborundum, Aloxite and Blastite are registered trade-marks of The Carborundum Company) 22—THE IRON AGE, August 26, 1937 | Th | | | | . | OMPANY, REFRACTORY DIVISION, PERTH AMBOY,N. Save Using Inland Sheets Today’s preference for Inland Cold Rolled Sheets follows from records smooth, cost- the exact surface and other characteristics best suited given process finished “¥ 4 4 4 aa 5 eq an 7 a*? 4 4 + j 4 he q tye 7 aye production experience many hundreds plants. Inland field men and metallurgists are often able solve difficult problems for manufacturers determining product. Their co-operation regular part Inland personalized fit the needs the individual customer. STRIP TIN PLATE BARS RAILS REINFORCING BARS PLATES FLOOR PLATES PILING ices: a] Cost Cutting Record Depend upon LANDIS Collapsible Taps reduce your threading costs. The Central Forging Company, Catawissa, Penna., depends upon LANDIS Style Receding Chaser Tap, illustrated above, cut their threading cost Union Heads one-third the cost previous methods. This Tap completes Standard pipe thread seconds, permitting total production pieces per hour. average 2000 pieces are tapped between grinds the chasers. Use LANDIS Taps for cost cutting performance. LANDIS MACHINE COMPANY, Inc. Tap Division Waynesboro, Penna. 24—THE IRON AGE, August 26, 1937 4 4 } 3 q vi 3 i 4 q q e ig | A ad q “~- a q { Ba | | | FRITZ FRANK President VAN DEVENTER Editor Managing Editer Editor Emeritus Machinery Editor Art Bditor Metaliurgical Bdstor Editors RICCIARDI JURASCHEK Consulting Washington Editor Morrerr Resident District Editors Pittsburgh Chicago Cleveland Detroit Editorial London, England Cincinnati FRAZAR Boston Hamburg, Germany Milwaukee San Francisco Asa ROUNTREB, JR. Toronto, Ontario Birmingham Newark, N. J. St. Lowis TURNER Buffalo Owned and Published CHILTON COMPANY Publication Offices Chestnut and 56th Philadelphia, Pa. Editorial and Executive Offices 239 West 39th St., New York, OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS MUSSELMAN, President FRITZ FRANK, Executive FREDERIC STEVENS, Vice-President JOSEPH HILDRETH, GEORGE GRIFFITHS, EVERIT TERHUNE, ERNEST HASTINGS, WILLIAM BARBER, Treasurer JOHN BLAIR MOFFETT, Secretary JOHN VAN DEVENTER JULIAN CHASE THOMAS L. KANE OHARLES BAUR CARROLL BUZBY BAUR, General Advertising Manager DIX, Manager Reader Service Member, Audit Bureau Circulations Member, Associated Business Papers Indexed the Industrial Arts Index. Published every tion Price: United States and Pos- sessions, Mexico, $6.00; Can- ada, $8.50; Foreign, $12.00 year. Single cents. Cable Address, ADVERTISING Bmerson Findley, 621 Union Bidg., Cleveland B. L. Herman, Chilton Bidg., Chestnut & 56th Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. Hottenstein, 802 Otis Chicago Leonard, 239 39th New York Peirce Lewis, 7310 Woodward Ave., Detroit C. H. Ober, 239 W. 39th St., New York Robinson, 428 Park Bidg., Pittsburgh Warren, Box 81, Hartford, Conn. AUGUST 26, 1937 New Rule Every Minutes Labor Negotiations Gold Fish Bowl Classification Machine Power Transmission Equipment Metal Finishing Economics—Silver Plating Steel Ingot and Finished Steel Capacity Pig Iron Capacity the United States Automotive Industry Statistics Metal-Working Activity Washington News ................ NEWS CONTENTS Plant Expansion and Equipment Buying Just Between Two Products Advertised Index Advertisers Copyright 1937 Chilton Company Studies Casting Stresses Chilled Rolls 110 119 119 146 | | many years, products made zinc-coated wire looked fairly well the store warehouse, but their good looks did not last. service they soon lost their lustre, grew dingy, rusted out. They had little claim either sales appeal durability. Then came bethanizing. Manufacturers were quick realize that this unique electrical method apply- ing zinc wire does two important things for them. First materially improves appearance and sales appeal. Bedsprings, bicycle seat springs, clothesline, tricycle wheel spokes, farm fence and scores other products made bethanized wire gleam like polished silver—and keep right gleaming indefinitely. 26—THE IRON AGE, August 26, 1937 PRODUCTS MADE WIRE BETHLEHEM And the better looks are backed with solid values. The extreme purity, uniformity, ductility, tightness bond and the extra weight the bethanized coating increase both durability and the range products that can made zinc-coated wire. Now, chain-link fence can made wire zinc-coated before fabrica- tion. Wire-mesh conveyor belts can woven zinc- coated wire instead more costly materials. Strand made more resistant industrial atmosphere. you use wire any form, you are interested improving the appearance and increasing the dura- bility your product, you will find worth while investigate the possibilities bethanized wire. { 4 { — 4 3 3 ‘ | | i 4q ae | ESTABLISHED 1855 August 26, 1937 New Rule Every Minutes SYCHOLOGISTS tell that the child pitied who inflicted with nervous relatives. You know the kind—father and mother, aunts, grandparents and what have you who are continually saying the victim arrives maturity without be- coming anarchist, psychopathic case, professional social reformer nervous wreck, she likely best spend the rest life avoiding policemen and dodg- ing imaginary brickbats. child who suffers from too much personal management pitied, what about the present-day business man? Think the bombardment don't's and do's that undergoing these days the New Delirium. The President and the Cabinet have been working overtime think harsh names call him; Congress has passed has contemplation all sorts laws regulate him; the N.L.R.B. has set out prosecute and persecute him; John Lewis making horrible faces him; William Green sticking his out him; Senator Wagner boost- ing his costs and Secretary Morgenthau sending the tax collector grab his profits. But that only the beginning. are overlooking the Federal agencies, betical designation, each which making rules which have the force law. And these agencies are turning out new rules regulate and regiment the employer and business man the rate one every minutes each working day! Hard believe, isn't it? Let quote Notice All issued the National Archives the United States, division the Federal Register. This official publication the United States Government urges the employer sub- scribe cost $10 per year that perusing its monthly may keep up-to-date the official do's and don't's. why should, the circular states that Federal agencies, for the period from March 1936, through May 13, 1937, filed with the division (of the Federal Register) 4802 documents having general applicability and legal effect. This material forms the body the current Federal ad- ministrative Four thousand eight hundred and two do's and don't's, having the force law, launched business period months! the basis working days per month, do's and don't's (or suffer the consequences} are coming from Washington the rate per 8-hr. day, one every minutes. Can you beat this outside Alice Wonderland even tie insane asylum? the American business man survives the mass production and the New Deal, likely dodge policemen and duck imaginary bricks the rest his life. And when gets Heaven will instinctively ask St. Peter for the book rules. Vol. 140, No. a q q q q | q q They Put Fish ° Negotiations ° FRED ARMOND ° nous works Walter Pitkin has said that writing consumes certain amount mental en- ergy, public speaking somewhat more, and directly dealing with people most all. Assuming that this appraisal correct, one might point another activity which de- mands more mental energy than either these, because combines all three. That labor negotiation —an activity very much the fore just now. Business executives the whole have shown notable ineptitude this direction. Unaccustomed meeting their employees role and unfamiliar with the strategy professional labor leaders experienced “strike diplomacy,” they have blundered sadly. Victory after victory has been added the union scalp belt because industrialists have given way where they should have stood pat and punched when they should have ducked. And they placing themselves bad light doing under duress what they might have done voluntarily, what need not have been done all the same degree intelli- gence that goes into merchandis- ing production had been brought bear labor relations. course, this requires tact and high concentration the faculties, not unlike the diplomacy that exercised around the council board 28—THE IRON AGE, August 26, 1937 ° nations. Imagination goes back the great Hall Mirrors Versailles where Woodrow Wilson was out-maneuvered Lloyd George and Clemenceau, both men with mental powers inferior his; the victory Charles Fran- cis Adams the Joint High Com- mission that decided the Alabama Claims. Then there was the as- tonishing open strategy which Charles Evans Hughes upset the Old World diplomats the Wash- ington Disarmament Conference. The officers the Caterpillar Tractor Company Peoria, recently demonstrated industrial diplomacy high order during the labor disturbances their plants. well did they handle the matter that account should highly suggestive for others who may facing the same music. has been said that there are three ways getting out scrape— push out, back out keep out. Caterpillar pushed out, success- fully. Heacock, president the Caterpillar Company, and his as- sociates accepted the Wagner Act mandatory order bargain collectively with any and all groups employees, either directly through that they might designate. But how bar- gain with various groups and not play favorites nor discriminate against those employees who did not choose join any union was the precise problem they sought solve. Previously they had tried ear- nestly give every worker square deal, but never had signed any contracts. When or- ganizers came with the usual set demands Mr. Holt, the exec- utive vice-president, agreed with- out hesitation bargaining con- ference. But, much the surprise the men, this was very different from the usual such af- fairs. When representatives management and the Amalgamated Association Iron, Steel and Tin Workers met the appointed time approximately 100 employees rep- resenting every department the big Peoria plant were present, well business agents the eral craft unions with Caterpillar members. Several gen- tlemen the press were hand, also expert court reporter. All the proceedings this and suc- ceeding conferences were recorded, published booklets and distrib- uted promptly all employees. Addressing himself strictly the union representatives, Mr. Hea- cock opened the conference with speech which reality was di- rected all workers the com- pany. pointed out simple but forceful language that the cus- tomers—the buyers tractors—- were their bosses, that nobody can force customer buy, and that “too little production and too high f q 4 | 7 q q ‘| | § OW | 4 4 | ° 4 4 | ai ii pi | | 4 j | ' | aa an | | | | | Al wages are bound produce an- other depression.” Then read telegrams from the agents sev- strongly any contract which would grant sole bargaining rights Three conferences were un- der these same conditions. Fol- lowing the second meeting the management put into writing its policies toward all employees. thus dealing openly and under the full glare publicity they were, effect, bargaining with all other interested unions and with non- union employees who did not choose have any agent represent them. the meantime sit-down closed the Peoria plant. the second day the strike there was mass meeting Caterpillar em- ployees which vote was taken the question returning work. local minister and cit- izens’ committee supervised the balloting, which resulted 5,151 votes out 5,500 for going work. When they saw how the wind was blowing, the leaders, save their faces, has- tened ask permission sign the company’s statement employ- fe ment policies, which reality promised nothing that they had not been doing prior this for- mality. Next morning the plant re-opened peacefully. Later Mr. Heacock went San Leandro, Calif., and there nego- tiated substantially the same terms union. Practically the only dif- ference was that satisfy the pride the union chiefs they were permitted have hand re- phrasing the agreement. the published transcript this con- ference occurs this passage be- tween Mr. Heacock and Mr. Huy- brecht the union. Mr. Huybrecht: They (the men) have laid down. They feel, how- ever, that they had nothing HEACOCK, presi- dent, Caterpillar Trac- tor Co., Peoria, and birds- eye view the plant. Mr. Heacock introduced the fish idea into labor negotiations. with the making it; that there were certain things should added it, some yours taken out and some ours added. Mr. Heacock: You have indicated the membership didn’t like our contract. un- derstand it, the fault lay the fact that had written a | q | q | 4 3 F 4 THE starts the ball rolling. Here the committee which called the Caterpillar management. Third from right the district organizer and man extreme left leader who gave advice and counsel. it, and they hadn’t, but other- wise was good contract. The strategy used handling these negotiations well worth detailed study business execu- tives. the first conference Peoria Mr. Heacock went record the effect that his company could not share management responsi- bility and authority. The view- point employees and their agents would given consideration any time, but they could not obli- gate themselves advance ac- cept it. case disagreement they could not abdicate favor any “impartial arbitrator.” reminded the labor spokesmen that already have our courts im- partial umpires decide between two interpretations contract. 30—THE IRON AGE, August 26, 1937 BEFORE negotiations the “gold fish bowl” had more than begun, small minority pulled Loyal workers flocked the office ask what do. violence, boys," said President Heacock (indicated arrow). Remembering that was speak- ing all his employees and the public well, the Caterpillar president recalled that originally had been bookkeeper for his company; that remembered Mr. Connor, one the vice-presidents, foreman little tool room; that the general factory manager had been machine shop foreman; and that other members the ex- ecutive personnel had come from apprentices other lowly jobs. After the union’s proposed con- tract had been discussed the com- pany representatives asked for and were granted some two weeks consider it. Sometimes labor eontroversies not possible get this much time, but would seem wise most cases ask for least. the second conference Mr. Holt, speaking for the company, sprang something different labor diplomacy. explained that be- fore the negotiation proceeded fur- ther the company felt should have certain information about the union—facts which all its employees would interested. then submitted number ques- tions, including the following: Who the Steel Workers Or- ganizing Committee? Has been duly authorized rep- resent the Amalgamated As- sociation? Has the Amalgamated Associa- tion any by-laws and consti- tution? May have copy | . ° | ° ° ° 2 | . | | hi a) ae i ik bia them? there any way whether the “succes- sor” (mentioned the con- tract) Amalgamated will have the same entirely different set by-laws? How much dues and initiation fees you contemplate col- lecting from our employees? Will there different initia- tion fee for members who join later? When came taking clause clause the substitute agreement offered the company codi- fication its whole attitude and policy toward all employees, much election under the jurisdiction citizens’ committee. patience combined with firmness was required. course, the union conferees wanted incorporate specific items such restriction the number apprentices and provision that men who worked certain shift should have their free hours week one un- broken period else draw extra pay. all such points the atti- tude the management was keep the terms broad and general —confined principles and the machinery bargaining such way that all workmen who have grievances may sure receiv- ing attention from management. HEN the loyal employees arranged mass meeting the State armory and Out The union representative who brought the matter con- tinuous 48-hour rest period was rather persistent, and the disposi- tion this point has some interest handled the representative State Labor Department, Mr. Vin- cent, who asked the chairman: “Will not the transcribed minutes this meeting into the con- negotiated?” After having been assured that would, the union member con- ceded this with the remark that Mr. Vincent’s point has put the Caterpillar boys marched work after what they called “forced vacation” two days. 4 “ts q ee 4 q } i | | 1 : | 2 ¥ him ease, since the minutes would show had carried out the instructions those who had charged him bring con- ference. one point Mr. Heacock as- sured all the 100 employees attendance the conferences that they would not lose any pay reason the time out, and that some other hour for succeeding meetings would please them better would try arrange it. “It doesn’t matter me,” added, “as hours are much longer than any you have.” That scarcely could fail impress workers with the price that management pays for its authority and Nothing about the Caterpillar negotiations quite significant the intelligent use publicity the company. Throughout the present upheaval agitators and re- formers have captured nearly all the headlines, probably because, Ortega Gasset has expressed it, contemporary history generally hours drama, and not its daily life; history its frenzies and not its normal pulse; short, not history all, but act the gold fish drama was the signing agreement confirming the company's labor policies and protecting the majority independent workers well the various union minorities. headline.” But Mr. Heacock and his associates succeeded making the organizers just gold- fish bowl. And doubtless these Track and Frog Bolts been little change, generally, the methods used manu- facturing heat treated track and frog bolts. The accepted practice consists the following opera- tions: the years there has IMPACT RANGE FROM BOLT (1) Heating for forging. (2) Hot heading. (8) Rolling thread while hot. (4) Time quenching from forg- ing heat (usually oil). (5) Drawing with residual heat. FIG. shows the wide variation impact values that exists between shank and threaded end time quenched blots, compared with treated” bolts. 32—THE IRON AGE, August 26, 1937 gentlemen themselves will admit that goldfish they lose some the terror with which they have cowed industrialists. ° ° CHARLES FASSINGER Vice-President, Oliver Iren Steel Co. ° analysis this practice showed that the point quenching, satisfactory conditions quench could consistently se- cured. This fact indicated that the temperature losses incident the early and prior the quench, were not sufficient lower the temperature the bolt under that necessary produce satis- factory hardened state. The pfactice time quenching involves exactly controlled period time the quenching bath order retain the correct amount heat necessary for partial quench that will produce given measure ductility. Ob- viously the usual practices (as noted above) not permit the exact control temperatures the time entry into the bath, and therefore there must occur variable residual heat con- (CONTINUED PAGE 81) q ‘ Simple Classification Mechanical Power Transmission hensive series the Eco- nomics Industrial Power Transmission. ° ° far this series discussions, seven ar- ticles have been devoted the fundamental economics industrial power transmission systems, and ten ar- Equipment ° ° FRANCIS JURASCHEK Consulting Editor, The lron Age ° ° ticles the purely electrical phases such systems. Twenty more articles will now devoted the descriptions and applications the mechanical phases industrial power transmission. tracing this subject logically from the source power the actual use the power the ma- chine, will necessary shift slightly the angle approach hitherto maintained, and make two assumptions. The first assump- tion that the advantages and disadvantages, for any given situa- tion, the various systems in- dustrial power trarismission have been carefully studied relation the production problems the plant, and that the proper and economic selection the system used has been made. The second assumption that the electrical factors involved the system selected have likewise been care- fully considered; the distribution POSITIVE, direct-coupled drive. Lincoln motor driving one the ventilating fans the East Boston traffic tunnel. THE IRON AGE, August 26, | 4 | q | { q q ~~ 4 — : current planned the best ad- vantage, the best type and size motor determined for each drive, and the related questions control worked out detail. The problem then reaches the point determin- ing what the connection shall between the motor shaft and the machine spindle. This problem concerned solely with the mechanical phases power transmission equipment. this field that many the worst examples faulty applica- tion and use industrial power are still found. Rule-of- thumb methods have been and are used frequently the matter the selection types and sizes mechanical power transmission equipment that intelligent and con- scientious power use surveys re- veal daily scores points where minor equipment changes will save many production dollars. There are two reasons for this. The first due the fact that practically item mechanical power transmission equipment can selected strictly scientific basis. Most formulas for applica- tion are empirical; that is, they are deduced from observation and ex- perience. Conditions use vary much that impossible formu- late hard and fast rules. For in- stance, friction clutch never installed shaft transmit exactly the power desired the driven member. Experience says that should have rating least per cent greater for safety be- cause the inertia overcome starting the driven load. Now, per cent over-rating may excessive for many operating con- ditions, and much too low for others. Rule-of-thumb calculations creep when doctors disagree. Yet not difficult matter test the load for any given condition, least not based guess-work. The seeond reason lies the lack mechanical engineering edge which, until years, has been the great fault many maintenance and pro- duction men industry. con- good many the older plants still use mechanical power transmission methods and equipment Vic- torian vintage. ‘There possibly third reason. bewildering array mechanical transmission equipment offered the buyer today, all recommended 34—THE IRON AGE, August 26, 1937 the initiate classify this equip- ment properly function, much less use all the best pos- sible advantage. One well-known writer industrial power trans- mission subjects advocates clas- sification based the terms “rigid” and “flexible,” neglecting allow for the obvious fact that there can such thing rigid drive. Rigid means “stiff, firm, inflexible,” and stiff, firm, inflexible drive would cause instant damage either driving driven mechanisms, both, soon the power was applied. One remind- the ancient class-room prob- lem the irresistible force meeting immovable body; which the only answer is—catastrophe. Real- izing that fact, majority the couplings made today (classified the system question “rigid”) are purposely designed be, and are called, “flexible.” Again, that system classification, chain drives are called flexible, and placed the same category with belt drives, which the dominant flexible characteristics are due slip and the elasticity the ma- terial—both being qualities cer- tainly not found chain drives. Another confusion ideas found that same system classifica- tion lies the naming modern group drives, whether using chain belts, flexible methods. But modern group drive not merely mechanical drive method, any more than individual motor drive. Both are systems power application, which the electrical equipment plays large role the mechanical equipment used. fact, most the economic ad- vantages claimed for modern group drive may traced directly back improved motor operation and lower electrical costs. Both mod- ern group and individual motor drives must considered today unit problems, all the way from the meter the machine. Neither can effectively considered from the mechanical the electrical angles alone. Logical Classification The real importance logical classification mechanical power transmission equipment lies the fact that, correctly made, immediately differentiates be- tween the types machine loads encountered, and thus furnishes least partial clue proper application. Approaching the clas- sification equipment then way the even more fundamental clas- sification loads, found that all loads may simply grouped two basic types. One type the steady, uniform load, the load which varies slowly and regarded steady during brief periods. This type load may found centrifugal pumps and fans, conveyers, wire-drawing ma- chines, cement kilns, mixers, etc. some these drives the starting torque very high; but, once, operation, the machine load quite steady and the flow power smooth. The other type load either pulsating character, or, while normally steady, subject sudden shock effects which im- pose sharp stresses the driving mechanism over and above the normal torque effort. Such loads are found compressors, punch- ing and forming presses, ma- chine tools with reciprocating motion such and broaches, shears, crushers, stamping mills, weaving looms, flat-bed printing presses, etc. all these machines the load varies from low point high point, sometimes regularly and sometimes according known time-cycle. For most work this character portion the driving energy stored flywheel during the low-load period order permit the machine meet successfully the high-load moments. The slower the succession high-load periods, impact-blows, the larger and heavier the flywheel; the case extremely rapid, light blows, the shuttle weaving loom, the flywheel effect the rotor the motor may sufficient in- sure smooth operation. The point emphasized here that the first type load the smooth, even flow power par- ticularly well adapted for posi- tive type drive; while the second type load the recurrent shock stresses require not only the wheel smooth out the load, but certain degree resiliency the drive absorb such shock not completely taken the wheel. interesting this con- nection see just what the word “resilient” means applied mechanics. The definition “ca- pable withstanding sudden shock without permanent deformation rupture.” | € op 4 4 ‘ i 4 | eh | ‘ i j | j Now, machine loads vary de- gree smoothness jerkiness. between the very smooth action centrifugal fan and the extremely jerky action heavy metal- forming press there are many shades difference, with one more machines classified belonging each shade. And many types mechanical power transmission equipment are being successfully used drive machines practically all types load characteristics. Nevertheless, all major types mechanical drive equipment, virtue certain in- herent characteristics, may very simply and logically grouped into two main “methods-of-drive” clas- sifications; according whether they may termed “positive” “resilient.” therefore sug- gesting new method classifica- tion mechanical drive equipment, depending the way which the drive reacts the load im- posed. This classification given detail the accompanying chart. dockets every essential item industrial equipment, electrical and mechani- cal, logical order. This chart will used guide for the next twenty discussions this series articles, has been used already for the articles which have hitherto dealt with the electrical phases industrial power transmission. chanical section this work, brief explanation the terms “positive drive” and “resilient drive” order. Positive drives are drives which the transmission power ESILIENT, flat leather belt drives are ideal for driving batteries light stamping presses, shown this New England elec- trical fixture factory. accomplished through the positive contact relatively materials, involving minimum slip between members, minimum elastic distortion materials, and maxi- mum transfer energy. cluded within this classification are direct couplings all types, gear drives all types, and chain drives. Drives the positive type are not suited shock loads; shock loads are encountered, small portion the shock load taken between the members the coupling, the teeth meshing gears, the slack chain drive and the clearances between pins and links, but the major portion transmitted back the motor, which must slip avoid damage the machine and the drive. Resilient drives are drives which the natural elasticity ma- terials, the slip between mem- bers,or the tension-adjusting mech- anism the drive, the com- pressibility the power-transmit- ting medium takes the major portion the shock load; reliance being placed upon the resilient qualities the drive well upon the flywheel effect the ma- chine and motor mechanisms, absorb the shock momentarily, and transmit maximum the energy thus temporarily stored up, together with the normal driving energy, the driven shaft after the shock load has passed, without damage the driving, the power THE IRON AGE, August 26, 1937—35 q | | =. transmitting, the driven mech- anisms. Direct coupling calls for two conditions: 1—Driving the machine shaft the same speed the mo- tor (or engine) shaft, and 2—Lin- ing the motor (or engine) shaft directly with the machine shaft. Wherever possible, integral base plate should used; that is, common base for both motor and machine, motor base plate which part the machine frame. Otherwise combination base should used; that mo- tor base plate fastened the ma- chine frame rigidly, motor fastened the machine means flange plates. Flexible-type couplings are preferred for the shaft connection. Sometimes found desirable insert clutch, either the friction the mag- netic type, between the coupling and the machine mechanism, permit the machine stopped without stopping the motor. Gen- erally this clutch built into, and made part of, the machine itself. Gear drives are used where necessary decrease increase the speed the driving mechanism suit the operating speed the machine. Gears may cast metal (iron, steel non-ferrous metals), cut metal, molded cut fibre plastic material. There are three principal types reduction gears: Spur-gear units have gears with teeth cut straight across the face, and have the driving and driven shafts line. They may non-planetary transmission. the planetary transmission, idler planetary gears held spider keyed the slow speed shaft mesh simultaneously into encircling internal gear and the centrally 36—THE IRON AGE, August 26, 1937 placed high speed pinion. the non-planetary idler gears are compound and are fixed that they not revolve planet-wise about the central high- speed pinion; the ring gear re- volves instead and keyed the slow-speed shaft. ABOVE ESILIENCY provided unit mechanisms for special ma- chine tools means draulic pneu- matic transmis- sions. Here such mechanism; automatic drill- ing unit driven Wagner hp. motor through combination cam and hydraulic drive. RIGHT RESILIENT drive, made motorized New Departure variable speed transmission, Dayton cog belt connected the fly-wheel notching press. Simple worm-gear units are rigt-angled drives; that is, the in- put shaft lies line degrees from the line the output shaft. The worm shaft usually the high-speed shaft. compound worm-gear permits both input and output shafts located along parallel lines. Herringbone-gear units have input and output shafts along parallel lines for single and triple reduction, and may have them line along parallel lines for double reduction. Motorized gear units, motors, may be.the combination any type gear drive with motor, one casing, the two units fas- tened together with the motor supported and the gear over- hung, the gear supported and the motor overhung. any case, the pro- longation the motor shaft the input shaft the gear member, usually with- out the interposition any coup- ling. There is, however, least one so-called motorized gear “unit” available which motor and gear reducer are compactly as- | | | j | q . Ba Ba CF is if ° POSITIVE, gear motored drive. General Elec- tric double reduc- tion hp. squirrel cage motor driven copper tube draw- bench. Output speed ° sembled, the shafts flexibly coupled, and the motor supported ex- tension shelf the reducer hous- ing. When not desired reduce increase the speed the input shaft, but simply tively “around bevel miter gears may used. These gear types are never used for heavy loads, however, they can- not balanced, and the friction POSITIVE, chain belt drive. Two parallel Diamond chains transmit the power from engine shaft stern pad- dle-wheel Mississippi River steamboat. ° load increases rapidly propor- tion the driven load. Chain drives may the roller type, the “silent” (inverted tooth) type. The chain actually metal belt running over two more pulleys having sprocket teeth engage the links the chain. Since there slip, and since the small amount play the chain due entirely the take the slack side, plus the