The Iron Age 1937-04-08: Vol 139 Iss 14

FRITZ FRANK + President VAN DEVENTER Editor Managing Editor Editor Emeritus Machinery Editor Art Metallurgical Editor Associate Editors BINGHAM JURASCHEK Consulting Editor Washington Editors Resident District Editors Chicago Cleveland Detroit Pittsburgh Editorial and Executive Offices Editorial Correspondents 239 WEST 39TH STREET NEW YORK, McINTOSH FRAZAR London, England Cincinnati Boston Hamburg, Germany Milwaukee San Francisco SANDERSON ASA ROUNTREE, JR. ALLISON Toronto, Ontario Birmingham Newark, St. Louis Buffalo Contents April 1937 When the Consumer Needs Friend Solving the Skilled Labor Aircraft Engine Reduction Gears New Chuck Standard Provides Better Design .......... Balanced Type Machine for Quartering Wheel Sets...... Scrap Prices Show Economy Briquetting.............. Lifting-and-Shifting Equipment for Light Controlling Production Means Standards Statistics Metal-Working Activity Owned and Published Rate Activity Capital Goods (Incorporated) Plant Expansion and Equipment Buying 115 Chestnat and Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. 239 West 39th Street, New York, New Industrial Literature JOSEPH HILDRETH, Copyright 1937 Chilton Company (Inc.) ERNEST DIX, Manager Reader Service ADVERTISING STAFF Emerson Findley, 621 Union Bldg., Cleveland B. L. Herman, Chilton Bldg., Chestnut & 56th Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. Hottenstein, 802 Otis Chicage Published every Thursday. Subscrip- Leonard, 239 New York tion Price: United States and Pos- THOMAS L. KANE ecosions, Mexico, Cabs, 96.60: Can- Peirce Lewis, 7310 Woodward Ave., Detroit CHARLES BAUR ada, $8.50; Foreign $12.00 year. Ober, 239 39th St., New York Member, Audit Bureau Circulations WILLIAM BARBER, Treasurer 20° 2 > JOHN BLAIR MOFFETT, Secretary Member, Associated Business Papers JOHN VAN DEVENTER Indexed the Industrial Arts Index. JULIAN CHASE CARROLL BUZBY Single copy, cents. Robinson, 428 Park Bldg., Cable Address, ‘‘Ironage, N. Y."’ D. C. Warren, P. O. Box 81, Hartford, Conn. way Dig: = * 4 All set for the toughest, roughest battering all the day’s work for Bethle- hem Omega Tool Steel. Here’s tool steel that brings unique combination physical properties the impact- resisting jobs shop, mill mine. stands service that quickly breaks down anything but super- shock-resistant steel. That’s exactly what Omega is— super-shock-resistant. has the stam- ina withstand the most drastic punishment. When Omega quenched oil 1600 deg. and tempered higher temperatures further increases Omega’s toughness without materially reducing its impact resistance. result, Omega unsurpassed material for such tools matic and hand chisels, rivet sets and busters, blacksmith tools, beading tools, calking tools punches. Omega also being widely and suc- cessfully used for shear blades. the complete line Bethlehem tool steels you will find steels handle each the jobs the shop highly satisfactory way. \ a i 4 a ... THE IRON AGE... ESTABLISHED APRIL 1937 Vol. 139, No. When the Consumer Needs Friend MERICAN business has been based upon the principle that pays benefit the customer. Our most successful companies have practiced with consumers their products. When efficiency gains have been made, reducing costs, part the saving has gone those whose purchases keep the business going. Witness the automobile industry outstanding example. has learned that difference $10 the price car greatly the potential demand. Economists all schools unite the theory that national consuming power the thing need cultivate. Every one admits this during depression, but when the tide turns and seller's market appears, are likely forget all about it. then that the consumer needs friend. The Government not doing much for him unless incapable making living. earns wages salary, the Government regards him meal ticket principally for the support Government employees and the unemployed. The present seizing plants for ransom, which the popular indoor sport today, not doing the consumer any good. The hundreds millions dollars ransom money exacted higher wages come out pockets. The burden passed along until reaches the fellow the end the has so, otherwise makers products would out business. There may limit what the consumer will stand, but there decided limit what can spend, especially when the cost things increasing faster than his income. That when the consumer needs friend. the consumer friendless today? No, indeed! has plenty friends. you are wise manufacturer, you will give these friends his job your factory where they can work for you and for the consumer jointly. Modernized machines are the constant friend the consumer. They make profits for you share with him. 4 q - . eases assed yneu- and h ehem Solving the Skilled Labor roblem middlewestern plant, which manufactures light precision equip- skilled labor supply problem manner which simple and effective that will servance others whose problems have been and are like char- acter. The plan direct that involves neither contract, writ- ten agreement, nor declared set system which has built morale the highest point the history this old but modern concern. Previous 1933 this company sought the open labor market when need skilled help and de- pended almost entirely upon trades- men trained other shops. Labor turnover was line with that other shops the area and the supply men was large small; good, fair, indifferent quality depending upon general labor mar- ket conditions. that time, the management believed that gun and locksmiths trained abroad were necessary for many operations. was astonished find that Ameri- can young men, educated through high school, can trained ob- tain skilled results equal all re- spects those previously achieved 26—THE IRON AGE, April 1937 the imported craftsmen. Fur- ther, these American boys display self-interest degree which seldom found the skilled hands either the American foreign labor markets. 1933, the superintendent this plant detected the first signs better business picture and rea- soned that skilled labor shortage was the making. had labor department but felt was too occupied with routine take new project. Also, his ideas ap- prentice training for craftsmen had not then been fully crystallized nor completely sold all department heads. put this plan un- sympathetic uninterested hands would have meant either failure best mediocre results. The first impulse was write contract, course instruction and good set rules that every one concerned would properly tied agreement and would know exactly what expect during the training period. However, when the superinten- dent started put the plan into effect, found that simplicity be- came the watchword and all paper work except essential records was discarded. This put the important angle the plan that was one which the boy was wholly his own, treated young man who came into the shop knowing something ad- vance, and that could progress accordance with his own ability and ambition. There was and impulsive thought that high school boys can rushed through craftsmen’s standing and pay quick stop gap for labor shortage. The fore- man, responsible for quality, quan- tity and wastage his department, will protect himself not moving boys under him until they have at- tained the necessary experience and skill. merely acting self preservation. Boy Gets longer possible for boy spend eight years the same job and low pay. Whether not the boy asks for raise his case worthy his pay automatically raised. such recommendation can made for him after rea- sonable length time, which may anywhere from two six months, dropped because there boy found who can fill his shoes and who has the spark that will carry him upward. mid-1933, when the com- pany’s business was rapidly ex- panding, applicants were sought from among technical high schools and young men who had made | | | | - start college but could not afford carry on. From that time the present the superintendent has personally interviewed between 300 and 400 boys. Most them came recommended people already working for the company their friends. This alone tended form first tie the new job. The initial experience with these boys was the focal point about which has crystallized definite program which has been successful from the start. the interviews promises are made, signatures are re- quested. They are honest efforts determine how much the boy actually interested, how ambitious and what are his aims life. The fact the matter not treated boy but young man. labor and too freely took advan- tage the plight the young man seeking employment. Treated Like Men the interview with the superin- tendent the boy put through the routine being hired just any skilled hand would and then sent the foreman department where can make his best start. treated from the first like man. couraged discuss his problems and ambitions with his foreman. from the start and knows that full fledged craftsman and that full responsibility for his progress rests his own shoulders. This last point stressed the first in- EMPLOYEES SERVICE RECORD NAME DATE EMPLOYED EMPLOYED CLOCK NO. card, kept the general superintendent's office, shows glance the training each apprentice has had. Several interesting side lights are that only per cent the applicants interviewed voluntarily stated what rate wanted the start and not one among this number asked for rate high the 36c. hour which the company starts 18-yr. 40c. Five per cent wanted more than the starting wage, while per cent the boys would not much venture guess the figures which they wanted start. These interviews disclosed such low state expectations that they form indictment industry which too frequently dur- ing depression days literally abused terview and the boy told that the subject will not again brought up. will not lectured nor will persuasion used spur his interest should lag. has probation period which make good and passes that knows further ad- vancement must earned and that will come quickly earns it. After the first day proba- tionary period becomes eligible thereafter participate pre- mium opportunities the re- tion his department head. Since 1933 there have been only re- quests for more pay and that time the company has voluntarily (on merit) given 1500 raises. The first raise should come during the probationary period and the boy raises follow periods not exceed six months. This matter rates pay and raises looked upon the management one mutual benefit whereby both the company and the boy benefit. An- other point that raise means that the boy moves more important work. interesting note what has happened the course yr. those boys who were given employment trade apprentices. Out the 235 hired, could not make the grade and were dropped, four quit for better positions, have yr. completed training and are established full fledged craftsmen full pay. Six the boys developed flairs other tions and they have been transfer- red other kinds work. There remain 126 boys still training. About the 126 were hired 1936 and are not yet assigned. The thought arises that appren- EMPLOYEES PERFORMANCE CARD CO. For the month Dept. Work performed Workmanship {Average Character General Remarks Capable Supervisor Form 22 Printed in U.S.A. {Fast Production {Medium | Slow. Contented Discontented Disturber 2—All employees the shop, including apprentices, are reported this form the foremen. The work performed, data and rating are posted the card shown Fig. THE IRON AGE, April 1937—27 3 | | Te. | 1937 4 1 Fy > x tice training and advancement can- not expanded too far, otherwise given company will one day find saturation point beyond which cannot continue advancement. The plant question not reached such point which now seems farther away than anticipated when the plan was started. The exceptional boy will and does find his own level away from the company which trained him that company CARD NO. NAME DATE HIRED unable provide proper oppor- tunities. This brings the point the quality and ambition the boys undergoing this training. oc- curred someone determine what advantage the boys were tak- ing night courses offered nearby public schools and private institutions and was found that per cent the boys were volun- tarily taking courses study. Sev- eral boys were three courses each which prompted the management pass down word caution, suggesting that health must safeguarded and that time should taken for recreation. What the boys choose study? They run through the study list law, English, management, ac- counting, psychology, economics, chemistry, mathematics, mechan- ics, apparently not stopping until they reach home economics and interior decorating. FOLDER PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE CRAFT NO. CRAFT NO. PROGRESS ABILITY PERFORMANCE EVALUATION QUALIFICATIONS AND ABILITY TO LEARN and consider “is success in learning new methods and grasping new ideas. QUANTITY OF WORK and success in turning out good work within reasonable QUALITY WORK with care, accuracy his ability constantly turn out work Consider energy anid the Self every detail; make| Follower and a b COOPERATION and his success in effectively working with fellow workers, supervisors and superiors. KNOWLEDGE OF WORK Consider hie present know- assigned to and matters DEPENDABILITY . Consider his ability to follow directions given without constan SUPERVISORY QUALITIES. Consider his im helping and directing STUDIOUSNESS ~ Consider if a ‘reasonable amount of spare time is given to some kind of study to enhance his carnings, if etudying ie boing done ir systematic manner under an most value for the effort HOBBY PURSUED ome evidenc thematics Public en en | Highly cooperative Correspondence Fair Under treatment Questionable Corrected 3—These record cards are kept the labor department for all men employed the company. Note how this card fits the 28—THE IRON AGE, April 1937 purpose apprentice records. 9 rn : be watched. é gai ci Trussed Left Color FLOOR RE-RATING REQUISITION LABOR DEPARTMENT | DATE DATE ErrEcTive PLEASE RE-RATE CHECK NO. | NAME PROM CRAFT NAME TO CRAFT NAME REASONS: FLOOR FOREMAN REMARKS RATE GHEET CHARGED BY FORM 4x6 vactoey ever. TO SE FILED IN EMPLOVES FOLDER IN EMPLOYMENT SUREAU PAY ROLL CARD CHANGED BY PRINTED IN U.S. 4. 4—When foreman decides that apprentice worthy pay rise may requisition it. The fact the matter that the mental caliber these boys, both apprentices and craftsmen, well above that the average skilled hand taken the open market. They readily work from blue prints and wastage far less than that usually produced the ordinary itinerant worker. Records made and kept are simple but effective keeping track progress made the boys and means matching them against the work schedule. Fig. shows the employees’ service card, copies which are filed the superintendent’s office. mo- ment’s notice reference these cards show the departments which boy has worked and therefore can quickly placed balance labor against the work load. Not only apprentice boys but all employees are reported foremen the cards shown Fig. This report made each month. shows the trend the character the man and his work. These cards are effectively used prevent oversight whereby man might overlooked forgotten and permitted stagnate menial job, one below his pabilities, potentialities. The employees’ service record shown Fig. kept the labor department and main- tained from the time boy starts until leaves the company. Ten major characteristics are recorded, plus numerous qualifications, well tardiness and absence from work. Craft skill also evaluated. This card shows glance what boy accomplishing and this record determined whether not boy entitled increase pay. Requisitioning When foreman comes the conclusion that boy entitled shown Fig. This form made duplicate the foreman and must have the approval the factory manager. The original copy goes the labor department and then the accounting division. The duplicate goes back the fore- man showing him that decision has been reached the matter. To PERSONNEL O€PT. CLOCK NO. anes NAME IN FULL REASON FOR LEAVING LEAVE OF ABSENCE OWN ACCORD LAID OFF AUTOMATIC DISCHARGED TRANSFER FROM CHARACTER OF SERVICE] DATE EFFECTIVE Transfers and dismissals are re- ported the forms shown Fig. Periodic written reports made foremen are not the only means following progress made the boys. informal gatherings, held times only week apart, boys’ records are scanned for the pur- pose realigning their duties and work step properly dis- tributing labor according the work schedule. capable boy may moved upward following any one these meetings. first impulse might argued that without contract and written rules this craftsman ap- prentice plan loosely gether, and that morale and ambi- tion can easily start However, must remembered that these boys are selected because they are interested themselves. They want work and they are ambitious gain advancement which comes not cut and dried matter stated intervals but the time deserved. The boy has notion perfunctory wait six months because knows raise will come less than that period and his work deserve it. Unhampered rules other than those which apply all work- men the shop, put important work from the start, and encour- aged bring his problems man and not boy school, result fast development and supply craftsmen which out- standing ability, morale and loyalty. EMPLOYEES REMOVAL OR TRANSFER NOTICE REINSTATEMENT RE-EMPLOY FOR THIS DEPT, RE-EMPLOY FOR THIS DEPT. ONLY FOR REASONS GIVEN BELOW REMARKS (GivE COMPLETE INFORMATION CONCEBNING REASON FOR LEAVING) HAVE PAY READY STATISTICS DEPT. SIGNED Form 80 USE CHECK (Vv) WHEN ANSWERING QUESTIONS PERSONNEL DEPT. HEAD OF DEPARTY EN’ Fic. 5—This record gives reasons and data regarding dismissal transfer. THE IRON AGE, April 1937—29 sve ‘ | | nO. | RATE 4 . 4 at iN FULL Engine Reduction Gears ° ° FORD PRESCOTT Senior Mechanical Engineer (Research) Power Plant Branch, Materiel Division, United States Air Corps discussing important application gearing, this article will interest manufacurers gears and gear making equipment well designers the air- craft industry. from paper presented Mr. Pres- cott the National Aero- nautic Meeting the So- ciety Automotive Engi- neers, held Washington, March and 12. the present era high performance and high power aircraft en- gines the subject re- duction gearing has come occupy position prime importance connection with aircraft engine de- sign. long the power aircraft engines remained the range from 100 450 hp., little necessity existed for the use reduction gearing. Engine speeds were not excessive and the necessary diam- eter the propeller give effi- cient performance was not great and therefore little necessity exist- for introducing the added weight gear. With the advent the Lib- erty engine and others which were developed approximately the same time giving horsepowers 30—THE IRON AGE, April 1937 excess 450, the desirability in- troducing some form reduction gear became apparent. Propeller designers tell that the resultant tip velocity pro- peller should not exceed 900 ft. per derived from the propeller. ex- ample the effect tip speed efficiency found certain mili- tary airplane incorporating di- rect drive engine 600 hp. with normal crankshaft speed 2400 The pitch the propeller was increased without sponding compensation for pitch distribution error that the speed the engine was reduced 2100 r.p.m., and the writer’s recollection that the speed the airplane was increased approximately miles per hour. appears that much energy dissipated use- less work the air when the re- sultant tip speed the propeller approaches the velocity sound air. Under these conditions great amount energy radiated noise and, course, does good far propulsion con- cerned. Another factor contributing the necessity for reduction gearing the desire increase the horse- power output engines without greatly increasing the size the power plant. This can economic- ally accomplished operating en- gines higher crankshaft speed than would efficient for propeller operation. this case however some 120 weight must added the form reduction gearing and also considerable amount weight added the propeller order withstand the increased torque and thrust loads the propeller blade shanks and hub. usual, therefore, the matter choosing the reduction gear ratio becomes matter compromise the design between condition low power plant weight and low propulsive efficiency and increased power plant weight with higher propulsive efficiency. With present day engine designs the crankshaft speed far exceeds the economical However the reduction gear ratio and propeller diameter creased the optimum value from the standpoint propulsive effi- ciency, the weight some cases prohibitive. general, the types reduction gearing which have been success- fully used fall into approximately seven groups, each one having par- ticular advantages and disadvan- tages and each capable more less limited range reduction gear ratios. Fig. shows, diagram, re- duction gear the single reduc- tion spur gear type. This prob- ably one the simplest well one the oldest. employs only two spur gears and capable providing considerable range A ° ° | ~ ty mts | ABOVE IG. Re- duction Spur Gear Type RIGHT 2—Double Re- duction Spur Gear Type reduction gear ratios. For engines 1000 1500 hp. this type re- duction gear may become quite cumbersome especially view the fact that ratios from 2-2.5 will required. This would neces- sitate propeller shaft gear considerable size may result higher weight than could obtained with other forms reduction gearing. this gear the propeller rotates direction opposite that the crankshaft. The effect this crankcase stresses will mentioned later discussion. Double Reduction Spur Gear Type Fig. shown double re- duction spur gear type which jackshaft utilized some such manner the back-gearing lathe. this type difficulty exists getting all the range gear ratios which may de- sired. has the advantage compactness, can made quite light weight and adapted for quite large horsepowers. this type gearing the propeller ro- tates the same direction the crankshaft. variation this design would consist utilizing two more jackshafts, thus distributing the tooth loads over more teeth with resultant saving gear face width and probable saving weight. This gear has the advantage being concentric with the crank- shaft and would ideal for engine the V-type, either up- right inverted, which the jack- shaft centerline placed the the engine. Fig. shows the Farman type bevel reduction gear. prac- tice the crankshaft gear and the stationary gear are universally mounted equalize the tooth load between the spider pinions, which usually are three number. This gear capable range ratios from about 1.5 2.5 l,a ratio being obtained with the spider arms perpendicular the crankshaft centerline. also provides propeller shaft center- line with the crankshaft and therefore adapted both in-line and radial type engines. calls for precision manufac- ture and believed that some difficulty exists the matter grinding bevel gear teeth. Other- wise appears that this type gear deserving the consider- ation has received from aircraft Bevel Gear Reduction THE IRON AGE, April WN8|E | | “5 BEN F's. 4—Spur Gear Planetary Type 5—Spur and Internal Gear Type engine designers. The direction rotation the propeller shaft the same that the engine. Spur Gear Planetary Type duction gear that utilizes spur and internal gearing and incorporates some the advantages the Farman type. This gear its best reduction ratio ap- structurally rather narrow band ratios from about 1/3- 12/3 This gear concentric and the propeller rotation the same direction that the crank- shaft. possesses unique fea- ture that the planet pinions ro- tate the same direction the spider. Therefore, the friction torque the planet pinion added 32—THE IRON AGE, April 1937 the propeller torque, thus giving reduction gear exceptionally good efficiency. variation this type reduc- tion gear consists mounting the central pinion the engine shaft, which case either the spider the internal gear held stationary the reduction gear case. the internal gear stationary the spider drives the propeller the direction rotation the central pinion. the spider stationary, the internal gear drives the pro- peller direction opposite the rotation the central gear. These variations this type are limited narrow band ratios ex- many six planet wheels have been used this type gearing order reduce the necessary face width transmit power. minor disadvantage this type gear high pitch line velocity the internal gear when driven di- rectly the engine gear shaft. Spur and Internal Combination Fig. shows type reduction gear incorporating spur pinion meshing directly with internal gear. The extreme simplicity this gear and the large number teeth contact have made this gear favorite among engine de- signers, although basic defect re- sides the fact that ex- tremely difficult provide out- board bearing for the shaft which the pinion operates. For this reason the utility this form gearing has been quite limited. believed that present there are two engines which have successfully utilized this form gearing. This has been done utilizing very rigid crank cheek and front crankshaft journal order reduce minimum the deflection the crankshaft, which causes difficulty shifting the gear teeth loads the rear corners the pinion teeth. number unsuccessful at- tempts have been made utilize this form gear because the inherent simplicity and attractive- ness the design. The direction rotation the propeller shaft the same that the engine but the gear not quite concentric. The large size the bearing which carries the internal gear objec- that this problem has been satis- factorily solved. This capable ratios from about 11/3 increasing the physical size beyond practicable limits. Differential Type Dual Rotation Gear type dual rotation gear which the propeller speed the same the engine speed, but which two propellers are driven opposite directions order eliminate propeller torque reaction. ap- pears that this form gearing powers 800 900 since under these conditions only 400 450 hp. need taken from each propeller. Fig. shows somewhat more attractive form dual rotation gear employing all-spur-gear | yyy Ss 7) b train and rotating two propellers opposite directions. This form gear practicable over range the propeller-shaft gears attain such size run into excess weight. further variation this type gear would consist in- cluding primary pair gears such shown Fig. which any desired reduction gear ratio could obtained and the gear would the concentric type. This type gear would well adapted engines 1000 2000 hp. Crankcase and Engine Mount Stresses The various types reduction gears should studied from the standpoint stresses the crank- cases and engine mounts. any case may readily seen that the propeller torque reaction will transmitted the engine mount- ing. this respect the dual rota- tion types reduction gear have decided advantage that the re- sultant torque will probably near zero under all operating con- ditions. possible exception may arise the provision one fixed and one controllable peller. Present indications are, however, that both front and rear propellers will fully controllable that most conditions oper- ation the torque will balanced. the matter crankcase stresses those reduction gears which turn the propeller the same direction the crankshaft give gear case torque stresses considerably lower than those types which the pro- peller rotates the direction op- posite the crankshaft rotation. Gear Tooth Forms and Load Equalization The use stub teeth gearing with its increased tooth strength has largely been discarded late creased life well reduce the tooth pressure per contact. Utiliz- ing long addendum gears pos- sible increase the number teeth contact and secure better ground gear life. The devel- opment means whereby gear tooth profiles can ground production has added immeasur- ably increasing the life highly stressed gears. Where the drive through single contact the single re- duction spur type has been found 6—Differential Type Dual Rota- tion Gear 7—Single Re- duction Spur Type Dual Rotation Gear advantageous utilize the her- ringbone type gear. This gear provides especially smooth drive and transmits the load from one tooth another without shock. This matter great importance from the standpoint the life highly stressed gearing. reduction gearing the mul- tiple-contact type such the Far- man and spur and internal epi- cyclic type, efforts have been made produce equalization the loads the various planet pinions em- ployed. Some designs have incor- porated system linkage intend- equalize the loads among the planet pinions. Other designs have incorporated sufficient flexibility the spider arms and pinions se- cure equalization permitting de- flection the reduction gear parts. is, course, apparent that load equalization essential securing the best life the gearing where two more contacts are utilized, the types mentioned. Propeller Shaft Speeds For the present and the near future appears that engines the neighborhood 1000 hp. will available for those designs where the most economical propel- ler speed appears 1100 1500 r.p.m. the near future, engines 1500 2000 hp. become available will essential re- duce the propeller shaft speed 800 1000 r.p.m. order avoid the loss due operating propellers tip speeds excess 900 ft. per sec. the same time, con- siderations power plant design appear indicate crankshaft speeds the neighborhood 3000 From this consideration seen that reduction gear ratios 3.5:1 will essential. This matter greatly simplifies the selec- tion reduction gear type view the fact that ratios the order are more econom- ically obtained with double reduc- tion types gearing. THE IRON AGE, April 1937—33 ¢ % i lathe spindle noses and the new American Standard chucks re- cently approved the American Standards Association are shown the accompanying illustrations, which with the data herewith are the March issue Standardization and Commercial Standards Monthly, published the A.S.A. with the cooperation the National Bureau Standards. Mr. Lovely vice-president and chief engineer, Jones Lamson Machine Co., Springfield, Vt., and chairman the technical commit- tees spindle noses and collets and chucks and chuck jaws the Sectional Committee Small Tools and Machine Tool Elements. new American Standard These new standards serve long-felt need enabling the user interchange chucks and fixtures 34—THE IRON AGE, April 1937 spin- dles with Ameri- can Standard spindle noses. The complete series comprises two smaller and two larg- noses, seven all. New Spindle Nose and Chuck Standards Provide Better Design different types turret lathes, automatic lathes and engine lathes. addition, they represent great advance design and per- formance. The new spindles furnish more rigid mounting chucks and fix- tures than previous threaded noses, earlier forms flanged spindles, and provide degree accuracy alinement and interchangeabili- previously considered impos- sible. They overcome the recognized objections the threaded nose, re- move danger chucks coming loose high speeds when the spindle brake applied the spindle reversed, and they allow chucks changed easily and quickly. These new American Standards were approved the turret lathe group and the automatic lathe group the National Machine Tool Builders’ Association about two years ago and are now avail- able most the new models turret lathes and automatic lathes made this country today. addition two prominent engine lathe builders are furnishing all their machines with the new spindle noses and most other en- gine lathe builders are position furnish them. Fig. shows group lathe spindles with and 11-in. type American Standard lathe spindle noses. The complete series comprises two smaller and two larger spindle noses, the largest nose the series, the 20-in., ac- diameter. turret lathe equipped with 6-in. type standard lathe The mating American Standard 2—Turret lathe equipped with type stand- ard lathe spindle nose. this case the mating Amer- ican Standard chuck attached socket head cap screws passing through the chuck inside the scroll. | | | | 4 Peal | 3—This turret lathe equipped with 6-in. type standard spindle nose. The chuck held six cam lock studs which are en- gaged cams pro- vided with square sockets the flange the spindle nose. This form nose provides for quick changing chucks and fixtures. chuck also shown this case at- tached socket head cap screws passing through the chuck inside the scroll. Fig. shows another turret lathe equipped with 6-in. type American Standard lathe spindle nose. The mating 10-in. standard chuck the same that Fig. except that held position the spindle nose means six cam lock studs shown projecting from the back the chuck, which are engaged the cams provided with square sockets the flange the spindle nose. This form nose provides means for quick change chucks and fixtures. Both the types and spindles have the same diameter taper pilots and the same location the outer bolt circles, that chucks and fixtures may made interchangeable both types. All these spindles are pro- vided with taper pilot and all fixtures and chucks are made give tight fit the pilot when 4—Six, 10, 12, and sizes the new American Standard chucks. They are now obtain- able from most chuck manufacturers. drawn back against the flat face. This feature allows the spindle reconditioned any time should the pilot become worn the face mutilated, because the original size the taper pilot may obtained grinding back the face and regrinding the pilot. group the new American Standard chucks pictured Fig. Controlling dimensions all chucks from in. dia- meter both and heavy-duty types have been es- tablished. Both these types have master jaws the tongue and groove type and dimensions have been established making the top jaws interchangeable. extra- heavy series chucks with ser- rated master jaws has also been provided. Dimensions have been es- tablished for power and hand-oper- ated chucks the and jaw types, the top jaws being inter- changeable power and hand- operated chucks the same out- side diameter. The new American Standard chucks may mounted directly the American Standard lathe spin- dles without having fitted the individual spindle. The taper pilot and the flat face the spin- dle insures chucks and fixtures running true within fraction thousandth inch even when transferred from one machine another. These spindles may used equally well the work-spindles grinding machines, well many types special machines. Dimensions, specifications and work- ing tolerances these new lathe spindle noses are given A.S.A. bulletin B5.9-1936, obtainable from the American Standards Associa- tion, West Thirty-ninth Street, New York, from sponsor bodies, 50c. copy. The standards chucks and chuck jaws are con- tained pamphlet A.S.A. 1936, obtainable from the same sources 45c. each. THE IRON AGE, April 1937—35 in bs a ‘ =. % Quartering Locomotive SPECIAL machines for the quartering loco- motive wheel sets and the turning crank- pins while position the set have found increasing market the nation’s railroad shops. Successful operation the loco- motive running gear depends upon the accuracy parallelism between the axes the pins and the axle, accurate quartering, accurate posi- tioning for stroke, and the absence taper the crankpins them- selves. important that these accuracies are taken care the machine and are not dependent upon the operator. shops where modern quartering machine has been installed sup- plant older methods, discover almost unbelievable errors the quartering their wheel sets when they are passed through the quar- tering machine for the first time. many cases hard under- stand how the locomotive running gear functioned properly with the vidual wheel sets. Fig. shows wheel set with right-hand lead its normal bal- anced position rests upon the shop floor. The center line through the crank pin, axle and counter- weight the front wheel makes angle deg. with the vertical center line and extends from the upper right the lower left corner. corresponding center line the rear wheel also makes angle deg. with the vertical center line 36—THE IRON AGE, April 1937 Wheel Sets ° ° ° ° ° IRST detailed de- scription new Niles “one man” ma- chine designed as- sure normal balanced position the driving wheels during chuck- ing and machining op- erations. but extends from the upper left the lower right corner. ob- vious that this normal balanced position maintained during the handling the set the sling chains, and during the chucking and machining operations, there will tendency for the set turn during these operations. This the principle around which the driving wheel set its normai balanced position rests upon the shop floor with the counterweights down. new Niles balanced quartering and crankpin turning machine shown the accompanying illustrations was designed. Figs. and show views the opposite sides the new balanced machine. The axle the wheel set placed the adjustable V-blocks and centered stocks both ends. The V-blocks will handle axles in. diameter, and additional set blocks provided handle roller ball-bearing axles with the outer races place. The two tailstocks are similar and are bolted fixed positions the bed after being lined tongues and grooves. Triangular Slides each end the machine alongside the tailstocks, triangular bases are bolted the bed. Each triangular base has ways planed angle deg. with the ver- tical. Each base positioned with its ways parallel the center line through the axle and crankpin the wheel nearest its position. The angle between the planed ways the two bases therefore deg. triangular slide adjust- able hand along the 45-deg. ways each base, each slide having horizontal ways planed its top surfaces along which the headstock and its spindle are longitudinally adjustable. The height the planed surface top the slide and the height the spindle center above the planed surface are such that the triangular slide adjusted & ey | | t ~ (\ 4 along the 45-deg. surface the triangular base, the center the spindle will travel along passing through the center the wheel set and making angle deg. with the vertical center line. This angular adjustment along the triangular base there- fore the means which the head- stock spindle set for obtaining the throw the crankpin. The accuracy this adjustment ob- gage blocks which are placed be- tween the triangular slide, upon which the headstock mounted, and the base the tailstock. sufficient number these gage blocks provided position the RIGHT 4—View one end machine. Tailstock the left; triangular base the right. The triangular slide with the headstock ad- justable along the degree surface the triangular base suit the throw the crankpin. ° ° ° BELOW 2—Triangular base one end machine shown the foreground. The spindle drive motor the rear the head- stock. The headstock power traverse motor ceiling- mounted. LEFT 3—In this view the opposite side the machine, the tailstock may seen the fore- ground the right and base the fore- ground the Clamps for holding the wheel set are position. spindle centers for engine strokes intervals. Drive and Feed Mechanism The drive and feed mechanism for each spindle mounted entirely the head stock and entirely enclosed. Each spindle driven range. alternating current, multi-speed motor used. The motor drives the spindle V-belts and worm and worm-wheel, the wormwheel being mounted directly the spindle. The driving worm shaft and the spindle are mounted THE IRON AGE, April 1937—37 { f + 5—Closeup view crankpin turning operation. the tools feed toward the wheel, the pin enters the hollow spindle. Timken bearings. The front end the spindle large diameter and hollow for the re- ception the largest diameter and longest crankpins. The pin turn- ing tools and burnishing rollers are mounted adjustable holders the mouth the spindle. Change from pin turning quartering made removing the tool holders and applying flanged members into which the boring bars fit, the flanged members being bolted di- rectly the mouth the spindle. The boring and turning feeds are driven from the small end the hollow spindle. Four changes feed are built into the head- stock, the final feed drive being combined bevel gear and rotating nut the feed screw which positioned between the ways the triangular slide. The feed screw resistance against turning cause remain fixed when the nut rotated, which causes the headstock feed along the slide. The feed mechanism non-reversing and feeds direction the wheel set. Hand feed obtained from large hand- wheels, duplicated each side the machine for each head, which rotate the nut the feed screw when the feed change lever neu- tral. The feed change levers are arranged operated from either side the machine, making either side the operating side and making one-man machine. Rapid power traverse, either 38—THE IRON AGE, April 1937 direction each headstock, pro- vided 1-hp. gearmotors con- nected directly the feed screws. When the screw rotated, the nut will prevented from turning the locking action worm and wormwheel the feed gear train. With this type construction interlock necessary between the feed and traverse mechanism. Both headstocks are unit con- struction and are exact duplicates each other. assist handling the dif- ferent tools when the operations are changed from turning and burnishing boring and vice-versa, each headstock provided with small jib crane and chain block. When the wheel set centered the heavy U-shaped clamps shown Fig. prevent rotation. Different Bases for Thirding The machine may arranged for thirding the substitution different triangular bases. Bases with ways planed angle deg. with the vertical instead deg. are substituted. When the same triangular slides with the headstocks are adjusted these bases, the angle between the lines adjustment each end the machine will 120 deg. instead deg. When the ma- chine arranged this manner, the minimum stroke engine that can thirded in. When the crank axle wheel set three cylinder locomotive being thirded, the journal the inside crank may turned the same time with special attach- ment which may located the bed-plate midway heads. For use locomotive manufac- turing shops, the machine may arranged handle wheel sets with both standard and broad gage making the units one end ad- justable along the bed plate. 6—Closeup quartering operation. The boring bar and tool about enter the crankpin hole. The boring bar held flanged member bolted the mouth the hollow spindle. ; i 4 BENJAMIN FAIRLESS, President, Stee! Corp. Drawn John Frew for The Age. ix 4 % : a Present Scrap Prices Show Economy Briquetting Turnings and Borings NOWAK Baldwin-Southwark Corp. present-day quotations iron and steel scrap prices show iron borings and machine shop turnings the one hand, and heavy melting steel the other hand. The fact that turnings and borings are lower indicates that their true metallurgical remelting value, compared with the remelting value heavy melting iron and steel, also proportionately less. The lower value caused melt- ing losses, due oxidation and interference with the normal opera- tion the melting furnace and also with the desired analysis the resulting melt. Chemically the borings and turnings are identical with the corresponding iron and steel, but physically, due their aggregate state, given weight them has combined surface great many times more than the surface the solid heavy melting piece iron steel correspond- ing weight, which combined surface, when exposed the hot furnace gases, causes this excessive oxida- tion. Briquettes are highly compressed blocks such cast iron borings steel turnings. The former are compressed with pressures high 60,000 lb. per sq. in., giving blocks, briquettes, in. diam- eter in. high, weighing ap- per cent density compared with solid iron. The steel turnings are taken from the machine tools without crushing them and are compressed with 18,000 lb. per sq. in. pressure into briquettes in. diameter in. long, weighing approximately lb. each, per cent density. these turnings are compressed without crushing, exceedingly strong briquette, capable with- standing the roughest sort handling without undue abrasion losses, obtained. The equipment required for briquetting installation very sim- ple, consisting the machine proper, storage facilities and con- veyors for the borings turnings and for the produced briquettes. The machine proper fully auto- matic and operates high speed, producing cast iron bri- per min. There are now ma- chines operating various installa- tions prominent manufacturing plants, the first one having been installed 1921. The briquettes have fully proven their value their continuous use over period many years. For cast iron borings, the following facts have definitely been proven experiment and actual practice. quality the metal itself the percentage good castings produced can found when using per cent borings briquettes the cupola charge. The machinability the resulting castings not the least impaired. additional flux any addi- tional coke are necessary the charge. There change the melting rate the cupola nor the temperature the iron the spout the foundry. The briquettes melt much does any other heavy melting scrap the cupola. They not disin- tegrate the melting zone, has been evidenced many times the bottom drop the end heat. Steel turnings briquettes are used cupolas addition iron charges, electric and open-hearth furnaces. the cupola and elec- tric furnace they melt any other heavy meltingscrap. open-hearth furnaces they have shown distinct advantages per cent faster melting rate, less height the charge the less handling, less charging boxes, and shorter charging time. Most turn- ings are covered with cutting oil compound and one particular in- stallation this fact resulted considerable saving permitting substitution considerable per- centage pig iron with these briquettes without loss carbon the melt. The practice producing and re- melting these continu- ously extending and the prediction can confidently made that some future date large portion the available cast iron borings and steel turnings will melted briquette form. Stainless Steel Bank Vault TILIZING the outstanding char- acteristics stainless steel the utmost, the Farmers Deposit National Bank, Pittsburgh, recent- installed bank vault which re- quired tons stainless steel. No. gage stainless Allegheny metal sheets and half-inch plates were used the construction the bank vault which was fabri- cated the York Safe Lock Co. + ‘ % > $ THE IRON AGE, April ‘S ° ° ° ° ° ° : > ray vat ~ ASW Bi: i} ra { { + Lifting-and-Shifting Equipment for Light Loads ° FRANCIS JURASCHEK Consulting Editor, The Iron Age ° the preface page handsome booklet re- cently issued man- ufacturer materials handling equipment appears this quotation: “The biggest cost sav- ings today and tomorrow are likely come from moving rather than from making. This the dec- ade mechanical transportation.” keynote this statement in- finitely sounder and more sagacious than all the labored “keynotes” political party conventions, Pres- idential years otherwise. Like majority self-evident truths, the same spirit when mother fed sulphur-and-molasses the early spring. The subject mechanical mate- rials handling deserves more wide- spread recognition; first, because provides one the chief reduci- ble items labor cost, second, be- cause holds the key logical methods speeding production without resort inhuman slave- driving tactics, and third, because lightening labor promotes greater degree care the part the machine operators, with resulting better quality work- manship. 42—THE IRON AGE, April 1937 ° The movement materials and parts from process process the manufacturing plant, and par- ticularly the placing work upon machines job calling for the use the lowest grade un- skilled labor. The effort involved comes entirely from neck; brains are used. re- quire skilled labor high rates wages perform these tasks even part the use muscular ef- fort alone sheer waste money, say nothing the slow- ing down productive processes. mechanical handling methods for human mus- cle may temporarily displace un- skilled labor the one hand, release skilled labor the other for increased productive effort. either case yields production dividend which eventually, mon- circulates faster, provides other jobs for the unskilled laborer and increases the value the skilled mechanic. This the fundamental economic fact, often proved that today beyond all question: Decreased production costs permit lower prices for product; low prod- uct prices, long they include fair profits, expand markets; ex- panding markets result increased employment. The consideration and adoption ways and means lightening human labor through mechanical handling methods should not, there- fore, looked upon merely matter the substitution ma- chinery for men. should regarded, rather, logical step the progress man toward more complete mastery the mechanical forces which have lifted him from untold drudgery. The economic proof-of-the-pudding that lightening his labors enabled produce better things more rapidly. profits, his em- ployer profits, and the world large profits likewise. One the principal ways which this labor-lightening process has been made manifest lies the development hoisting equipment. The term “hoisting equipment” covers very wide field—much too wide included within the limits single discussion. The subject must divided into con- sideration first the simpler hoist- ing equipment available for the lifting and shifting loads about tons, then the larger cranes especially designed for very heavy work, and finally the very special but infinitely useful combi- A ' = K ° 2, ” Me nation trolley-hoists and over- head monorail trackage. Chain Blocks Probably the simples