The Iron Age 1937-03-18: Vol 139 Iss 11

Editorial and Executive Offices 239 WEST 39TH STREET NEW YORK, Owned and Published by CHILTON COMPANY (Incorporated) Chestnut and 56th Sts., Philadelphia, Pa., 239 West 39th Street, New York, ©. A. MUSSELMAN, President FRITZ FRANK, Executive Vice-President FREDERIO STEVENS, Vice-President JOSEPH 8S. HILDRETH, GEORGE GRIFFITHS, EVERIT TERHUNE, ERNEST C. HASTINGS, WILLIAM BARBER, Treasurer JOHN RLAIR MOFFETT. Secretary FRITZ FRANK President VAN DEVENTER Editor Managing Editor Editor Emeritus Machinery Editor Art Editor Metallurgical Associate Editors JURASCHEK Consulting Editor Washington Editors Resident District Editors Chicago Cleveland Detroit Pittsburgh Editorial Correspondents London, England Cincinnati Boston Hamburg, Germany Milwaukee San Francisco SANDERSON ASA ROUNTREE, JR. ALLISON Toronto, Ontario Birmingham Newark, Roy EDMONDS TURNER St. Louis Buffalo Contents March 18, 1937 Facing Some Facts Which Grain Size? Bolts and Nuts Keep Pace with Progress High School Boys Are Becoming Craftsmen ... Republic Opens New Cold Rolled Strip Mill New Equipment Rate Activity Capital Goods New Gary Rail Treating Furnace Statistics Metal-Working Activity Automotive Industry Washington News NEWS CONTENTS Plant Expansion and Equipment Buying 108 New Industrial Literature Index Advertisers 158 Copyright 1937 Chilton Company (Inc.) BAUR, General Advertising Manager DIX, Manager Reader Service Member, Audit Bureau of Circulations ADVERTISING STAFF Emerson Findley, 621 Union Bidg., Cleveland B. L. Herman, Chilton Bidg., Chestnut & 56th Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. H. K. Hottenstein, 802 Otis Bidg.. Chicage Published every Thursday. Subscrip- H. E. Leonard, 239 W. 39th St., New York tion Price: United States and Pos- sessions, Mexico, Cuba, $6.00; Can- ada, $8.50, including duty; Foreign C. H. Ober, 239 W. 39th St., New York $12.00 a year. Single copy. 25 cents. W. B. Robinson, 428 Park Bldg., Pittsburgh Cable Address, ‘‘Ironage, N. Y."’ D. C. Warren, P. O. Box 81, Hartford, Conn, Member, Associated Business Papers Indexed in the Industrial Arts Index. | RON EE | at x Hot Rolled and Cold Finished Carbon and Alloy Bars, Structural and Bar Shapes, Plates, Sheets, Stainless Steel, Tubing, Welding Rod, Babbitt, JOSEPH RYERSON SON, INC., CHICAGO, MILWAUKEE, ST. LOUIS, DETROIT, CLEVELAND, PHILADELPHIA, BUFFALO, BOSTON, JERSEY CITY IRON AGE, March 1937 a ' 4 THE IRON AGE... ESTABLISHED MARCH 18, 1937 Vol. 139, No. Facing Some Facts fundamental duty successful management face facts and act accordingly. Industrial and business ostriches that prefer bury their heads sand when trouble approaches are usually short-lived are also their companies. executive can afford, today, shut his eyes the fact that inflation has not only begun, but well under way. What not know yet where will stop. Inflation means higher costs for everything that you make and for every- thing that you buy. most cases has mean proportionately higher prices for everything that you sell. That, out business. Take example what has happened recently the steel industry. conservatively estimated that the higher wage rate, the shorter work week and the tremendous increase overtime pay, plus the decreased effi- ciency which follows radical labor unions, and the infiltration inflation will boost the steel wage cost from per cent. annual payroll $800,000,000, this means annual cost increase least $200,000,000. This for industry employing 500,000 workers. Inflation did not begin with the steel industry, nor will stop there. Soon will reach the farmer who has pay for machinery and motor cars with wheat, hogs, beef and chickens. And eventually will penetrate the pock- etbook every member the family John Public. Proportionate rises labor cost throughout the entire group our more than 40,000,000 wage earners would add $10,000,000,000 per year the burden, and that without producing one additional pound steel, motor car quart milk, over that previously produced for less. Some have said that industrial management should firmly resist this merry- go-round wage and price tag markup which gets one anywhere, espe- cially the boys who divide the union dues. But industry and its manage- ment are impotent make such resistance long the American public prefers the soothing and promising crooning the demi-god hearing and pondering the harder facts life. The wise tree bends the wind until the storm over. 5 xe 4 Pe waned tc ITY Which Grain Size? authors herein demon- strate the relationship be- tween hardenability and grain size and emphasize that the grain size important hardenability that formed the heat treating tempera- ture, and not that shown the McQuaid-Ehn test, unless the steel heat treat- under the conditions that test. major conclu- sion drawn that hardness penetration direct func- tion the grain surface the steel when this grain sur- face designated that present the steel the time quenching. Also, data are given show that the grain surface the time treatment the essential factor determining type response heat treat- ment. Reproduced cour- tesy the American Society for Metals. McBRIDE* and SINCE McQuaid and Ehn’s early work steel, the interest and applica- tion the McQuaid-Ehn test has increased the point where this test specified very large tonnage various grades steel, especially the carburizing and forging types. many grades, the test used deter- mine the grain size sample, and from this grain size certain general characteristics the steel are predicted. using this test the inference frequently drawn that the observed grain size that which exists the steel during heat treatment. Variations response heat treatment for given McQuaid-Ehn grain size are common, due the fact that the standard McQuaid- Ehn test does not indicate the grain size existing the steel except under the specific conditions the test. For example, steels showing Development and research depart- ment, Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa., and assistant engineer tests, Cambria plant, Bethlehem Steel Co. 26—THE IRON AGE, March 1937 mixed grain the McQuaid-Ehn test have been condemned for quenching operations was believed that the mixed grain structure would cause cracking excessive warpage. These steels are general uniformly fine grained the usual heat treating temperatures, 1600 deg. lower, and behave such heat treating operations. The purpose this paper show between hardenability and grain size and emphasize that the grain size important hardenability that formed the heat treating tem- perature, and not that shown the McQuaid-Ehn test, unless the steel heat treated under the conditions that test. McQuaid-Ehn Test The test was first intended classify steels with respect their hardening char- acteristics after carburizing. The test consists carburizing sample 1700 deg. for hr., sequent examination the car- burized case and the core the test specimen. The grain size usually judged the case, al- though the core and the transition zone are sometimes used. During carburizing the steel absorbs car- bon the extent that the case, usually about 0.03 in. depth, con- tains from 1.00 1.10 per cent The core has the carbon content the sample used and the transition zone decreases carbon content from case core between these two limits. With the amount carbon present and with the slow cooling the box, cementite precipitated the austenitic grain boundaries and the observed grain size is, therefore, the true austenitic grain size the carbur- ized case the temperature carburizing. However, has increased carbon content from that the sample 1.00- 1.10 per cent, whereas the core has the carbon content the sample. This change carbon content has many instances effect the grain size the steel the car- = | | COARSE GRAINED (Steel No. MIXED GRAIN COARSE TENDENCY MIXED GRAIN FINE TENDENCY (Steel No. FINE GRAINED (Steel No. as Bs 1625 1700 a CARBURIZING TEMPERATURE—Deg. grain size with temperature the carburizing test for four types steel. Analyses for steel No. and are shown the text. The grain characteristics indicated the left are those shown the standard McQuaid-Ehn test 1700 deg. Photomicrographs 100 diameters, reduced per cent. burizing temperature. Further- more, must remembered that the observed grain size estab- lished during hr. temperature. When the carburizing tempera- ture varied, the observed grain size also varies, i.e., the lower the carburizing temperature the finer the grain. will shown pres- ently this change grain size with temperature very great im- portance heat treating opera- tions. The micro-structure the grain after the carburizing treatment often used judge the character the steel. The familiar terms “normal” and “abnormal” are used differentiate between two ex- tremes structure, follows: “normal” structure one which the grains are clearly outlined with continuous network cementite fairly uniform width, ternal grain structure exhibiting areas divorced ferrite. When the pearlite lamellar the alter- nate plates carbide and ferrite Metals Handbook, 1936, are straight parallel lines. “abnormal” structure one which divorced ferrite and globu- lar cementite appear either both network and internal grain structure, the network usually being variable width and dis- continuous. Inasmuch the car- bon is, almost all instances, uniformly dissolved the austen- itic grain after 8-hr. soak 1700 deg. F., evident that the McQuaid-Ehn test will show the relative rates coalescence precipitated carbides during the cooling period. normal steel has very slow rate coalescence carbide, abnormal steel rapid rate. It, therefore, follows that the degree abnormality can controlled varying the cooling rate after carburizing, and such actually the case. Temperature Effect Grain Size The fallacy indiscriminately utilizing the grain size observed the McQuaid-Ehn test for predict- ing properties developed treat- ments other than carburizing will now demonstrated con- sideration the austenitic grain size characteristics steel, and the relation between hardenability and austenitic grain size. indicated above, the tempera- ture which the carburizing test run determines the resulting grain size for given sample. The austenitic grain size may es- timated number simple test methods described Bain and the following experi- ments simple normalizing treat- ment has been used. Fig. shows the change grain size with tem- perature the carburizing test for four types steel. The steels were chosen that one was coarse- grained (A); one mixed-grained with tendency coarse (B); one mixed-grained with tendency fine and one fine-grained (D), the standard McQuaid-Ehn test. The analyses these steels are follows: Steel No. 0.51 0.46 Mn, 0.018 0.029 0.16 and 0.55 lb. per ton; Steel No. 0.48 THE IRON AGE, March 18, 1937—27 1550 1825 1925 | 0.82 Mn, 0.020 0.028 0.22 and 0.58 lb. per ton; Steel No. 0.42 0.78 Mn, 0.019 0.037 0.16 and 1.40 lb. per ton; Steel No. 0.39 0.62 Mn, 0.014 0.028 0.17 and 1.64 per ton. Fig. shows the change grain size the same steels the normalized condition. this treat- ment the steels were held tem- perature for hr. The close parallelism between the two types heat treatment readily seen. STEEL This steel coarse grained the McQuaid-Ehn test and medium grained, and rather uniformly so, when carburized 1550 deg. The most pronounced coarsening takes place between 1550 and 1625 deg. the normalized condition, the steel ap- pears quite similar the car- burized condition, except that the sample normalized 1550 deg. somewhat finer grained than that carburized 1550 deg. STEEL This steel mixed grained with marked tendency coarse the McQuaid-Ehn test. the carburizing tempera- ture raised, the steel becomes coarser but fine areas remain. lower carburizing temperatures the TABLE Grain Carburized Various Temperatures 1550 1625 1700 1825 1925 Steel No. Deg. Deg. Deg. Deg. Deg. 30.0 8.1 6.7 2.9 2.6 200° 180° 18.0 5.5 4.4 200° 182 100° 4.2 1.9 Estimated. TABLE Grain Size Normalized Samples, Heated hr. Various Temperatures, Air Cooled 1550 1625 1700 1825 1925 Steel No. Deg. Deg. Deg. Deg. Deg. 88.0 13.2 8.3 5.5 3.4 200° 140° 8.5° 3.4 Estimated. TABLE Coarse-Grained Steel—Change Grain Size with Temperature Grains per Sq. In. 100 Diam- Composition eters When Steel No. Grain Size 1550 Deg. ....+ 0.39 0.73 0.016 0.031 0.07 2 15 A-98 .. ee 0.49 0.74 0.016 0.032 0.22 2-4 29 ee er 0.51 0.77 0.021 6.031 0.24 2-4 29 0.33 0.44 0.011 0.029 0.16 2-4 32 0.45 0.78 0.018 0.0385 0.19 2-4 48 0.45 0.72 0.019 0.030 0.20 2-4 63 0.46 0.81 0.020 0.028 0.19 2-4 70 0.51 0.46 0.018 0.029 0.16 2-4 TABLE Time and Temperature for Major Coarsening Temper- Silicon Killed, Aluminum Treated ature Coarse Grained, Mixed Grain, Fine Grain, Deg. Minutes Minutes Minutes 28—THE IRON AGE, March 1937 the nor- malized samples much the same condition holds the carburized steel fine grained. tests, with two exceptions. First, there are fine-grained areas the two higher normalizing tem- peratures and second, there are coarse spots the sample normal- ized 1625 deg. which not appear the sample carburized 1625 deg. STEEL This steel has mixed grain with fine grain tendency the McQuaid-Ehn test. higher temperatures the steel coarse grained and lower tem- peratures, fine grained. The nor- malized structures show perfect parallelism with the carburized structires for this steel, and 1550 deg. the normalized struc- ture shows that the steel typi- fine grained. 1625 deg. there very slight coarsening, but the steel still fine-grained steel. STEEL This steel fine- grained steel the McQuaid-Ehn test and just begins coarsen about 1925 deg. under carburiz- ing test conditions. the normal- ized condition the steel fine grained the four lower ing temperatures, except for spot coarse grain 1825 deg. but 1925 deg. the steel definitely coarse grained. com- paring the 1925 deg. carburizing and normalizing treatments, evident that some factor the test has caused the coarsening temperature raised somewhat over that the normal- ized steel. From these results evident that steels which show mixed grain the McQuaid-Ehn test will fine grained when heat treated from 1550 deg. lower, par- ticularly the mixed grain has tendency toward the fine grained side. the mixed grain the McQuaid-Ehn test ponderantly coarse, uniform grain size obtainable 1550 deg., slightly larger than that steels which are finer grained the Quaid-Ehn test. steel this type there will probably spots coarse grained material matrix fine grains when heat treated above 1550 deg. both tests the austenitic grain which outlined, the car- burized pieces cementite, the normalized pieces Tables and give the grains per sq. in. for all samples. These grain sizes ~ _ 3 = COARSE GRAINED No. MIXED GRAIN COARSE TENDENCY 3 FINE GRAINED (Steel No. 1550 were either counted estimated from comparison with samples already counted. Steels which are coarse grained the McQuaid-Ehn test may show widely different grain sizes heat treating temperatures, trated Table III. apparent from data Table III that the results the McQuaid- Ehn test steels Type may entirely misleading. For ex- ample, different responses would expected from steels, C-3 and when heat treated 1550 deg. F., due the wide variation grain size this temperature. Many the variations heat treating characteristics steels any given McQuaid-Ehn test rating may attributed differences grain size the heat treating temperatures which were not in- dicated the McQuaid-Ehn test. has been shown’ that the major change grain size within Bulletin. Metallurgical Advisory Mining Board, ry, ae £ NORMALIZING TEMPERATURE—Deg. 2.—Change grain size the same steels Fig. only the normalized condition. Notice the close parallelism between the results shown here and those shown Fig. The char- acteristics the left are those shown the grain the McQuaid-Ehn temperature 1700 deg. 100 diameters, reduced per cent. the coarsening temperature range during the first few minutes temperature. lower tempera- tures, the rate grain growth with time decreases markedly; and for steels which are mixed-grained higher, the rate grain growth exceedingly slow lower tempera- tures. heating series coarse and fine-grained (McQuaid-Ehn test) 0.40 per cent carbon steels vari- ous temperatures, the actual time required temperature give the major amount coarsening was shown Table IV. After these time intervals there may some change grain size upon prolonged heating the temperature within the coarsen- ing range, i.e., steel which has grains per sq. in. when heated 1832 deg. for min. may show grains per sq. in. when heated for hr. the same temperature. However, steel heat treated well below the coarsening tempera- ture range, the case with grained steels, coarsening will even the steel held temperature for much hr. For normal heat treating opera- tions, involving fine mixed- grained McQuaid-Ehn steels, probable that the grain size estab- lished when the piece has come temperature will the grain size obtained after the prescribed soak- ing period. treating coarse-grained steels, gradual in- crease the austenitic grain size will occur with time until the stable grain size attained. The time necessary for the attainment this stable grain size varies with the being greater for the lower temperatures. Ed. Note: Next week the au- thors will complete this treatise grain size. The subject grain surface will discussed, and considerable attention will devoted grain size and hardenability, hardness penetra- tion and surface hardness. THE IRON AGE, March 1937—29 ‘ a 1625 1700 1825 1925 Ay | The Humble But Useful Brothers-in-Arms FRANCIS JURASCHEK Consulting Editor, The Iron Age THE success modern production methods de- pends upon the with which ma- terials and products various stages fabrication can han- dled. reduce several handling operations one almost inevitably means saving production cost out all proportion the time and effort required plan and ef- fect the change. One reason for this that any consolidation materials handling efforts based upon intelligent study the con- ditions involved usually points the way readjustment the flow production along more practical lines, readjustment the mo- tion economy of: operators the machines, and, often, more modern method applying power the machines; all giving rise other and frequently unsuspected means cutting unit costs. Even the seemingly minor point making the work easier for em- ployees often has surprising results speeding the quantity and improving the quality the work done. rare case indeed where conscientious study materials handling methods and the adoption carefully thought-out plan operations based such study, 30—THE IRON AGE, March 18, 1937 does not return the entire cost the equipment involved within brief period time, and thereafter continue earn substantial divi- dends reduced production costs. Frequently such studies will indi- cate the advisability installing such fixed systems mechanical handling equipment conveyers, overhead trackage cranes, will show the inherent advantages industrial trucks tractor-trains. But, between and all around these larger systems exist ample opportunities for the frequent use two lowly brothers-in-arms; the hand truck and the hand lift truck. Both these devices have one factor common they are wheeled platforms designed carry loads from place place. The principal difference between them lies the fact that loads must placed the hand truck, while the lift truck picks its own loads they have been previously placed skids pallets. Both are available innumerable styles suit particular conditions ser- vice. glance even briefly the va- rious styles hand trucks, skids and lift trucks now the market get liberal education the art the ingenious adaptation single principle complex needs. Before doing so, however, consider carefully two statements which de- serve widespread recognition. The first was delivered some years ago college president the course address the graduating class: immediate object modern industrial efficiency simply the greatest possible thrift time, materials and money, processes extraction, fabrication, dis- tribution goods. The motive profit; the basis, knowledge; the method, organization.” The second statement was made, after hearing the first, manu- facturer mechanical handling devices, offering his catalog equipment his customers: the greatest factor business success the value the idea. The finest quality any executive can possess the ability take idea, wherever may found, and work over until fits into his own business.” these two statements con- tained sermon remarkable power—and field may they applied greater advantage than the handling materials; for effective systems materials handling are built solely organ- izing the ideas found useful | | ° ° ° ° ' | Backus Slat Truck Dry Goods Truck Dolly Truck Compound Dump Truck LEFT REPAIR SERVICE TRUCK wide, 33” long, 42” high, with two compart- ments for parts. Service Caster Truck Co. RIGHT steel platform truck welded job throughout. Standard Pressed Steel Co. LEFT BACKUS woven slat truck, bushel size. Inside mea- surements, 50” long, 30” wide, 28” deep. sta- tionary wheels. Backus, Jr. Sons. RIGHT TUBE TRAY TRUCK. hinged trays, 78” long 31” wide. Used rubber companies handle tire tubes. Service Caster Truck Co. LEFT DRY GOODS TRUCK. Two- rack, wood platform, swivel casters. Platform, 48” long 27” wide. Balances center wheels. The Fair- banks Co. RIGHT PUSH-E-Z TRUCK. Sanitary hot galvanized finish gage solid steel platform, 24” 60”; two tons ca- pacity. Union Steel Prod- ucts Co. LEFT DOLLY TRUCK. For han- dling multiple uniform size cases. Cases fit inside channels. Built suit vari- ous size cases. Lewis-Shep- ard Co. RIGHT 3-WHEEL CART. Spring suspended push cart only 29” wide. Full steel frame and steel wheels. Handy for light parts. The Fair- banks Co. LEFT COMPOUND DUMP TRUCK. For handling liquids fine bulk ma- terials. Dump body tilts either side discharge. Service Caster Truck Co. RIGHT DIAMOND PARTITIONED FIBER TRUCK. Very light, very strong and waterproof. Reinforced with hardwood slats. Continental-Diamond Fibre Co. Hallowell Truck Tube Tray Truck Push-E-Z Truck 3-wheel Cart Partitioned Fiber Truck INGLE HANOLE ONE END CENTER CENTER END WHEELS SWIVEL CENTER The Charts: BOVE and the right are presented two diagrams which show, clearly and simply, the more common arrange- ments hand truck running gears and hand truck upper structures. Various com- binations running gear and upper struc- ture may had, suit particular require- ments. Likewise the materials from which the truck made may wood, wood and metal, all metal, fiber, combinations these. every case the use which the truck put will influence the choice both type and materials. FIVE RIGID WHEELS BALANCES SIX RIGID WHEELS Courtesy The Fairbar FOUR RIGID FOUR FIFTH FIFTH WHEEL WHEELS WHEELS TWO RIGID AND WHEELS SWIVEL FOUR SWIVEL The Lowly Hand Truck Has Many Repair Service Truck uck Has Many Uses—A Tabk CLASSIFICATION RUNNING GEARS TWO TWO TWO TWO TWO WHEELS OUTSIDE CENTER FOUR FOUR FLANGED| FIFTH FIFTH WHEEL ROLLERS WHEELS WHEELS OUR TWO RIGID AND SWIVEL FOUR SWIVEL BALANCES ON BALANCES ON TWO SWIVEL WHEEL. CENTER CENTER WHEELS SWIVEL FIVE RIGID WHEELS BALANCES SIX RIGID WHEELS CENTER Courtesy The Fairbanks Co The Charts: BOVE and the right are presented two diagrams which show, clearly and simply, the more common arrange- ments hand truck running gears and hand truck upper structures. Various com- binations running gear and upper struc- ture may had, suit particular require- ments. Likewise the materials from which the truck made may wood, wood and metal, all metal, fiber, combinations these. every case the use which the truck put will influence the choice both type and materials. Simple hand truck, found business, large terials, parts met ceived, shifted abou has need one servants man. the various types able been presented the ready fulness. Even the turers hand truc manufacturer makes This chart pres THE IRON AGE the great range than attemp field completely. purpose, therefore, been chosen with the unusual type: able, rather than the shipping rooms and ONE END CLOSED FLAT iRON WITH STRAPS FLAT IRON WITH RODS ROUND IRON AND PIPE SOLID METAL SHEET IRON STAKES WOODEN SLATS SOLID WOOD ide Suggested Combinations Yet Fundamental Part Mechanical Handling Systems small, wherein ma- merchandise must re- about, shipped out, but one more these humble man. Seldom, however, have ypes hand trucks now avail- esented form that permits sualization their varied use- the catalogues manufac- ind trucks not present picture, because one makes all types. presented the readers AGE more suggestion range hand truck styles attempt cover the entire tely. accordance with this the illustrations have with view showing some types trucks now avail- than the more common types every day the docks, and the factory. Merely glance these illustrations will sufficient for the imaginative execu- tive see his mind's eye the possibil- ities the use these types, the adaptation other forms these types trucks the common materials hand- ling problems his own business. There are many ideas expressed here, all essen- tially practical. Some them will fit your needs exactly; others will suggest ways and means whereby you can lick problem with piece special equipment. The chances are that somewhere some time, someone else has wrestled with similar problem and has found satisfactory solu- tion. you don't see what you want, ask for slogan current among all manu- facturers hand trucks. The names manufacturers mentioned this chart are representative, but the list means complete. compre- hensive list may found such refer- ence manual Register Amer- ican Manufacturers. Or, the Editors THE IRON AGE will glad tell you where equipment may purchased. YLES UPPER STRUCTURE STAKES, SLATS, ETC. CLOSED CENTER CLOSED ONE RACK TWO ENDS TWO SIDES AND SIDE AND CLOSED CLOSED END CLOSED CLOSED SIDES AND SIDES AND Courtesy The Fairbanks Co. es—A Table Suggested Combinati Simple Yet Fundamental Part Mechanical Handling Systems SWIVEL EELS Fairbanks Co. hand truck, its many forms, found everywhere. industry business, large small, wherein ma- terials, parts merchandise must re- ceived, shifted about, shipped out, but has need one more these humble servants man. Seldom, however, have the various types hand trucks now avail- able been presented form that permits the ready visualization their varied use- fulness. Even the catalogues manufac- turers hand trucks not present comprehensive picture, because one manufacturer makes all types. This chart presented the readers THE IRON AGE more suggestion the great range hand truck styles than attempt cover the entire field completely. accordance with this purpose, therefore, the illustrations have been chosen with view showing some the unusual types trucks now avail- able, rather than the more common types seen every day the docks, shipping rooms and the factory. Merely glance these illustrations will sufficient for the imaginative execu- tive see his mind's eye the possibil- ities the use these types, the adaptation other forms these types trucks the common materials hand- ling problems his own business. There are many ideas expressed here, all essen- tially practical. Some them will fit your needs exactly; others will suggest ways and means whereby you can lick problem with piece special equipment. The chances are that somewhere some time, someone else has wrestled with similar problem and has found satisfactory solu- tion. you don't see what you want, ask for slogan current among all manu- facturers hand trucks. The names manufacturers mentioned this chart are representative, but the list means complete. compre- hensive list may found such refer- ence manual Register Amer- ican Manufacturers. Or, the Editors THE IRON AGE will glad tell you where equipment may purchased. STYLES UPPER STRUCTURE RACKS, STAKES, SLATS, ETC. SIDES AND ONE END RACK TWO ENDS TWO SIDES AND SIDE AND SIDES AND CLOSED CENTER CLOSED CLOSED CLOSED ENDS END CLOSED CLOSED FLAT iRON WITH STRAPS FLAT WITH RODS ROUND IRON AND PIPE SOLID METAL SHEET IRON ETC. WOODEN STAKES WOODEN SLATS SOLID WOOD Courtesy The Fairbanks Co. WHEEL ON AXLES nr i | | | | | | ems strations execu- possibil- the types hand- There essen- fit your ays and The time, similar solu- ant, ask manu- ntioned but the refer- Amer- tors chased. airbanks Co. Freight Cargo Truck Foundry Trailer Metal Box Truck Scrap Type Truck 17 LEFT FREIGHT CARGO TRUCK. Typical line half hundred similar types two-wheel, two- handle hand trucks. The Fairbanks Co. STOCK CART. RIGHT Designed speed order filling. 32” high, 30” long and 16” wide, two shelves. Four large rubber tired casters. Lyon Metal Products. LEFT FOUNDRY TRAILER. steel, Timken-bearing equipped. Running gear insulated against heat, and dust-proof. Service Caster Truck Co. INSIDE-OUTSIDE Truck. The caster- equipped truck loaded the large- wheel truck for outdoor handling. Service Caster Truck Co. LEFT METAL BOX TRUCK. gage steel body, 30” 60” 30”, Push-E-Z chassis, gives capacity two tons. Service Caster Truck Co. RIGHT CABLE-REEL TRUCK. Winch picks cable reel, lift handle raises forward end truck, and away she goes! LEFT SCRAP TRUCK. small dump truck catch and handle scrap metal. Hopper gage steel, arc- welded. Service Caster Truck Co. COAL TRUCK. 1800 coal. epard Co. AT RIGHT Handles Box mea- sures 40” 66” and 24” deep, with hinged side flap. Service Caster Truck Co. LEFT PAPER ROLL DOLLY. One the various types dollies made suit many different handling prob- Lewis-Shepard Co. RIGHT FLOOR TRUCK with four shelves and rubber tired wheels. Superstructures may have many combinations shelves. Lewis-Shepard Co. Stock Cart Inside-Outside Truck Cable-Reel Truck Coal Truck Floor Truck AND CLOSED THE SHIPPER END PROCESS STORES STORES (5) (9) STORES LOAD HANDLING AT EWO OF TO FINISHED PROCESSES PROCESS (2) STORES MOVING FROM END MOVING PROCESS PROCESSES STORES FIMISHEO PROCESS LOADING FROM END PROCLSS STORES MOVING FROM FIMISHED STORES TO CARS THE RAILROAD OUTGOING INCOMING CAR CAR ee see ssa LOADING CAR TRUCK TO TRUCA MOVING FROM MOVING FROM CAR To STORES CARS TORES SHIPMENT MATERIAL WITHOUT THE USE SKID PLATFORMS INCOMING CAR MOVE MENT BETWEEN PLANTS CAR MOVEMENT PLANTS SHIPMENT MATERIAL WITH SKID PLATFORMS STORES RAW MATERIAL STORES UNLOADING CAR | UNLOADING TRUCK LOADING TRUCK TO INCOMING RAW MATERIAL MOVING FROM CAR TO INCOMING THE RECEIVER START OF PROCESS UNLOADING TRUCK START PROCESS FROM INCOMING STORES (12) MOVING FROM WCOMING STORES TO START OF PROCESS THE RECEIVER START PROCESS MOVING FROM UMLOADING (COMING STORES TRUCK AT TO START OF START OF PROCESS PROCESS operations involved the physical distribution goods with and without the use skid platforms. Courtesy how they may adapted your particular conditions bring you profit. The Hand Truck its simplest form the hand truck merely platform provided with wheels and handle. But look the many ways which this may done! The accompany- ing chart merely suggests some the more common styles hand trucks made available various equipment manufacturers. ably the common ancestor them all was the wheelbarrow—a body, one large wheel and two handles. Instead the one large wheel, put two small wheels, and have the family the cargo trucks, which one manufacturer alone lists such variations warehouse, bag. barrel, dry goods, grain, milk, hotel carpet, freight, sugar dock, paper and cotton trucks! Or, take two large wheels and one smaller, and have capable several adaptations according the type body used. use four (or six) small wheels and flat platform, even open platform frame, come the clan the dolly; and the dolly add handle, ascend the multifarious tribe the hand truck proper. And here the combinations and permutations style and design become almost numerous the sands the shore. Glance the chart; note Barrett-Cravens Co. the different arrangements run- ning gear suggested, then the va- riety body construction types listed. These will doubtless suggest you still other variations meet further require- ments. would take many pages merely list the names the dif- ferent styles hand trucks now being manufactured “standard equipment” American equipment makers—and practically every one make for special design suit your particular whim. Now, point held mind when considering the hand truck this: the load must placed the truck before the truck can its useful work transferring the load from one place another. many cases this is, course, the ideal procedure. others en- tails extra, avoidable handling the loads. And always there must 1G. 2—Yale model multi-stroke hand lift truck. Lifting mechanism inclosed oil-filled chamber. duty trucks. fairly smooth floors forms, with grades, any all, the slightest. Pushing hauling hand trucks matter pure muscular effort. Normal loads should not greater than can handled easily one man. Hence the type truck must gaged the load. This one reason why there are many varieties hand trucks. most cases ex- perience has dictated the design make the handling effort easier and quicker. Hence, the selection the right type for any job large- matter the load conditions that job. If, any job han- dling which must done continu- ously, one particular type truck enables average man handle larger load easier and more quickly, then manifestly will pay use that type truck rather than any other. Suppose found desirable Typical the modern heavy THE IRON AGE, March 18, q Z | ; ‘ : hydraulic lift truck and Lyons skid table loaded with 3500 Ib. punched metal. Table proper height for operator the punch press. avoid the extra handling (loading onto and removing goods from the truck) which essential part the use hand trucks. Then must progress the skid-and- lift-truck method, which the loads are placed, and kept during the entire process point-to-point transfer, storage and shipping, raised, portable platforms, called skids pallets. Skids and Pallets skid small platform sup- ported two attached legs blocks running the length the permit the platform lift truck being run under the skid platform form skid with three similar legs blocks (one running under the middle the platform pre- vent sagging under heavy loads) and requiring the use fork- type lift truck. Pallets are used for heavy loads material, such tin plate paper. Skids (but not pallets) may had with many forms super- structure the bodies hand trucks. Basically, skid noth- ing more than flat platform hand truck with the wheels replaced legs blocks. Consequently, they hand trucks. Their functions are two number: keep the loads 32—THE IRON AGE, March 18, 1937 off the floor during temporary permanent storage, during ship- ment, and eliminate rehandling times transfer from point point. Loads skids may set side side the floor, may 4 RUSCON metal work boxes with integral skid runners, light yet very strong combination. Extra skids place them the right height for the machine operators. tiered skid racks, which are sim- ply bins arranged that the skid loads may stored one above the other, requiring lift trucks the high-elevating, tiering type put them place and remove them. this connection should remembered that although rent for the use storage space charged the square foot basis, the use storage space only truly effective cubic foot ba- sis. Consequently, wherever possible store goods vertically well horizontally, increased value had from the storage space avail- able. few years ago, confer- ence representative manufactur- ers, warehousemen, shippers and common carriers with the Division Department Commerce, unani- mous agreement was reached the question adopting the fol- lowing standard clearance dimen- sions for skid platforms: Clearance heights from floor level the underside skid platforms, in. and in. Minimum horizontal clearance dis- tance between inside runners, legs, other supports skid platforms, in. This was accordance with Indus- try’s Simplified Practice recommen- dation No. 95-30. today stand- ard for practically all equipment 4 hand truck with hand-powered elevating platform, raising pallet sheets position for feeding into coating machine. available the American market. Consequently lift trucks are built conform these clearances. Illustrating graphically the elim- ination load-rehandling when the skid-load and lift truck system used, the accompanying small chart given. The comparison shows clearly how simple this method is, wherever can applied. Lift Trucks typical modern lift truck multi-stroke type Yale, model KA. pumping motion the handle actuates lifting mechanism (com- pletely inclosed oil-filled chamber) which draws the lift- platform forward and up. posi- tive hydraulic oil-check controls the speed load-lowering, and release trip prevents the handle flying when the load lowered. the many different types hand lift trucks the market, the es- sential operating principles are similar. Such trucks these are designed permit the lift plat- form the lowered position roll readily beneath any standard skid platform containing Where the load pallet with three blocks, fork-type lifting truck must used, the middle leg runner the pallet will block the entrance the continuous end the standard lift truck platform. The operation hand lift trucks clearly shown the accompany- ing illustrations. While so-called “standard practice” involves the use skids in. 12-in. clear- ance between floor and the under- side the skid platform, there are many variations for this that again must said the condi- tions the job will determine the type equipment used most effectively. For instance, one illustration high skid shown loaded with parts fed punch press. This height makes easier for the punch press operator pick the material from one skid, feed the press and remove another similar skid. The skid load shown weighs 3500 The skid may picked from any one four sides hand lift truck fork- type power lift truck. > skid-rack system storage. Lewis-Shepard lift truck transfers Another illustration shows cor- rugated metal parts boxes with permanently attached metal skid placed position punch presses extra skid platforms raise them the proper height for the operators the machines. this case power lift truck picks the skid-box and leaves the ex- tra skid standing position for another skid-box parts. special type hand-powered elevating platform hand lift truck shown lifting pallet tin plate into the proper position feed the sheets into the coating machine. Still another illustration shows portable fork-type cantilever jack used raise packages tin plate blocks that standard hand lift truck with split platform may used for handling the pallet loads. Still another illustration shows more clearly than words the work- ings the skid-rack system storage. The boxes have legs runners convert them into skid- boxes. They are transferred from point point standard hand lift trucks. the storage point portable hand-powered platform elevator picks them and places them into position the skid rack, thus conserving valuable storage space. Finally there combination skid platform and dolly (or, (CONTINUED PAGE 48) boxes, and hand powered elevator tiers them into the rack. THE IRON AGE, March 18, aly | * sow | { said that the most es- sential things daily life are taken for granted. Air and water for example. cannot without them but long they are available, give them little thought. the industrial world have somewhat parallel sit- uation with regard nuts and bolts. These are in- dispensable the field broadening demands indus- try for better fastenings made the many new steels and non- ferrous alloys has kept the bolt, nut and rivet manufacturers the jump for the past years. standards accuracy, greater physical properties and more in- tricate heading operations have de- manded expansion bolt and nut plants include completely equip- ped engineering staffs, more versa- tile heat treating operations and large plating departments. Closer tolerances have been made possible through development more rug- ged and accurate heading upset- ting machines and better die steels. There fascinating story progress the bolt today and that considered the best possible product just one decade ago. pace with the ever- Standards applicable the en- tire bolt and nut industry are now generally adhered largely through the efforts the Amer- ican Institute Nut, Bolt and Rivet Manufacturers. These stand- ards cover dimensional tolerances that products all reputable manufacturers are standard and interchangeable. 34—THE IRON AGE, March 1937 metal-working air and water are human exist- ence. And too many in- stances, little appreciated. hope that all our readers will obtain, from this article, true picture the brains and effort that are being applied keep nuts and bolts step with progress. Bolts are now being made numerous special unusual designs and materials for special purposes. Some these products actually have little resemblance bolts, but they are upset “headed” fastenings produced modern bolt-making equipment, and largely cold heading. Many such parts had heretofore been milled from the bar screw ma- chines were cast forged. Contributory Industry The bolt and nut industry contributed its full share en- abling manufacturers other products destined for home and factory use reduce their manu- facturing cost, improve their prod- uct and create mass demand. some instances parts formerly re- quiring assembly two three and even more pieces are now being produced one piece siderably lower cost they could produced any other known method. improved prod- uct its physicals the usual attending result and the savings assembly time sometimes large factor. the use the wide variety alloy steels has spread, bolt manufacturers have had give more attention heat treatment. Familiarity with the precipitation hardness certain alloys now regarded routine manner, well the intelligent use the McQuaid-Ehn test for the proper selection carbon steels for spe- applications. spection during processing and the finished products, once merely routine, now tightened rigid practice. Chemical, physical and metallurgical laboratories for both development and research are maintained the leading bolt and nut manufacturers not merely meet requirements customers they arise but anticipate them The bolt salesman’s work many instances must augmented that experienced engineer with broad knowledge general manufacturing procedure and pro- duction problems. There little excuse today for refrigerator builder, for example, allow the interior his white enameled cabinet marred the rust streak from bolt, nut other fastening. The bolt manufacturer has developed into specialist many respects not second any other manufacturer specialized knowledge. The Automotive Stimulus This growth importance and skill the part the bolt maker has course been largely stimu- lated and directed the auto- motive market. Always stickler for precision parts complete in- terchangeability, the motor car manufacturer growing more ex- acting his specifications and with his own knowledge the possibili- Bolts and Nuts Keep ap ° ° ° 4 With Progress ties has spurred the bolt manufac- turer new standards im- proved physicals and closer toler- ances. Less latitude properties bolt and nut products has resulted from each step for- ward the bolt maker until today the modern fastening may require careful manufacture fine piston. many cases consumers now insist upon more rigid specifi- with regard heat and corrosion resistance well fundamental physical properties fastening. decided trend toward fabrica- tion stainless steel the bolt and nut industry has created entirely new set problems which have been met, one one, they arose. Low alloy SAE steels are used for bolts where high impact the spe- cial fastenings that are now being produced bolt making machines. strength, toughness and resistance fatigue are required. With im- provements die-making, dies are now designed that even the toughest steels will flow proper- while being formed up- setting machine. After upsetting, the alloy steel products must scientifically heat treated develop their full values. Purposes heat treatment bolts are increase tensile and impact strength, toughness and hardness, and resistance fatigue failure. Heat treating this in- dustry also includes cyaniding, gas nitriding for sur- face hardening resist wear and abrasion. Since the use stainless steel for bolts, nuts, special upset parts. Technical Assistant Vice-President, Lamson Sessions Co. cotters, and has become rather common today, special equipment has been installed for their improved production. One the leading bolt and nut manufac- turers makes these products two grades austenitic stainless steel, the 18-8 and the 25-12 grades, the latter intended primarily for high temperature service. This company also makes bolts and nuts per cent and per cent straight chromium stainless steel. Stainless steel bolts and nuts are being used considerable quanti- ties the building motor cars and motor buses, assembling electric stoves, toasters and numer- ous other appliances where appear- ance counts for great deal. De- pending upon their application, stainless steel bolts are used for THE IRON AGE, March 18, 1937—35 | 4 corrosion and heat resistance often for the sake appear- ance. One the most recent ap- plications stainless steel was for U-bolts and nuts used the articu- lated concrete mats installed the banks the Mississippi River un- der the supervision Government engineers connection with flood control development. Among the non-ferrous alloys commonly used for bolts and nuts Monel metal, for fastenings re- quiring corrosion, heat and acid resistance. Screws are even being made Invar, containing 35.5 per cent nickel and the remainder iron, having less than per cent manganese and silicon the composition. With the coef- ficient thermal expansion very low, screws made this material are being used the manufacture precision instruments, the ac- curacy which must remain unaf- fected changes temperature. Some industries are using bolts and nuts made aluminum alloys because corrosion resistance and light weight. Many such are used the aircraft builders because their tensile strength sufficiently 36—THE IRON AGE, March 18, 1937 high and they will not rust upon exposure the elements. Here lightness weight obviously important consideration. some states, highway signs porcelain fused steel are fastened their supports with aluminum bolts and nuts. Were aluminum not used, expensive maintenance would ensue due the rusting and discoloration the faces these important highway signs. Alu- minum bolts are also used freely the manufacture cooking uten- sils, for fastenings refrigerators and for assembling furni- ture. There are course long list other applications. Upsetting Technique technique for upsetting vari- ous brasses and bronzes has been developed and fastenings made these metals are being used in- creasing quantities for corrosion resistance and appearance. Foremost among factors making improvements bolt and nut manufacture economically practi- cal are the new type upsetting equipment Nuts are commonly hot forged, cold punched milled from hexagon bar. With the nut machine now use insome plants the raw mate- rial the form round wire fed into the machine and making the hexagon nut only about one- third much metal punched out older methods, and much better nut results. The modern nut “work hardened” purpose. With the use the modern “bolt- battery modern bolt making machines used Cleveland bolt manufacturer. maker” machine the round wire fed into one end the machine and the completed -bolt ejected from the opposite end, operations involved including heading, trim- ming, extruding, pointing and threading. very accurate prod- uct wide range sizes made this equipment. Some machines developed within the bolt and nut manufacturers’ own plants are course special types for special purposes and not the market for competitive use. Plating fastenings produced the bolt and nut manufacturers has become such important phase activity that the producer who sup- plied the views shown herewith considers major operation Approximately | ten thousand square feet floor space devoted the plating de- partment here this Cleveland plant. Modern equipment includes facilities for electro-deposition the plating. Such finishes applied plating are usually for appear- both. However, some products are plated facilitate subsequent oper- ations, such applying tin the portion the surface which welded another part, the tin facilitating the welding operation. Another purpose prepare the surface for painting. Coatings in- clude nickel, chromium, cadmium, brass, copper, tin, lead, zine and the application special rust pre ventive processes such Parkeriz- ing and Sherardizing, etc. There definite trend toward greater volume cold upsetting. This largely because the cold- headed products’ finish better and tolerances are more closely held. scale produced and needed. Bolts with rolled threads are now said favored over cut threaded bolts ever in- creasing number users. This attributed largely the improve ments manufacturing practice, the quality steel wire avail- able and thread rolling dies which permit the rolling better threads than were possible produce this method few years ago. AINLESS steel bolts are being used increasing quantities, these being made the austenitic well other grades stainless material. This picture shows machine used for roll threading both stainless steel and plain carbon bolts. & plating department Cleveland bolt making plant. THE IRON AGE, March 1937—37 | NOT many years ago apprentice meant ordinary boy the age thought wanted work, and may have had general idea what wanted do. His educa- tion was necessarily limited, and leaned decidedly toward manual labor, with skill attained largely matter the hands rather than the head and the hands. Today apprentices are chie