The Iron Age 1936-11-12: Vol 138 Iss 20

NOVEMBER 12, 1936 Mil pay you write for now. the Bearing Problems not, complete and authoritative exposition mill bearing applications ever published. Timken Bearings rolling mills and equipment every kind. Fully illustrated drawings and pay you read this book carefully from cover before selecting any bear- ing for your mill roll necks. will sent bona fide mill operator equipment manu- promptly request. BEARING COMPANY, THE TIMKEN ROLLER NTON, OHIO — l, | ! >. —— | ; 2—THE IRON AGE, November 1936 THE IRON AGE, published every Thursday the CHILTON CO., (INC.), Chestnut 56th Sts November 1932, the Post Office Philadelphia under Act March 1879. year S., Canada $8.50, Foreign Vol. 138, | 4 | WELDER DETAILS This Strong, Built type ball bearing and grit, maintains true preventing vibration and me, trouble-free operation. COpper Strong and he: impregnated with Glyp- provide reliable through ducts provide maximum cooling, keeping well below safe temperature Adequate heat possible most efficient use materials. tion posit ive and correctly more compact set, reducing weigh alkyd menufectured tough, hard, con a ‘ — 4 Big IGGER bridges can built, longer bridge equal capacity will justified any other part the world for years come. Hence, are proud have estab- lished the ultimate size for the present. The work the San Fran- Bay Bridge started July 1933, nearly years ago, and that time has recorded many superlatives modern structures. world’s most notable bridge 814 miles long between terminals with length over water miles. Yerba Buena Island splits into two huge structures, twin suspension bridge and cantilever structure with truss and girder approaches. the world’s costliest bridge—$77,600,000. required more material than any other—200,000 tons steel, 150,000 tonsof which areinthe superstructure; 1,000,000 cubic yards concrete; 200,000 gallons paint. rests more supporting piers all—the smal- lest being big three story house 100-foot piles. Several, founded bed rock, deeper than any piers ever used before maximum 242 feet below water. The greatest va- riety intricate engineering prob- lems were encoun- tered the deep water, the mud and quicksand bottom, the tides and wind, tunneling through rock, the longest months after work — Baltimore Duluth Columbia Company, San Francisco, Pacific Coast Distributors Boston t ie 1935 Cables for the west suspension span, spun into individual strands, completed and ready for compacting. and heaviest cantilever the United States, twin suspension span. The towers over which hang the suspension cables are cellular con- struction, and range height from 470 feet 515 feet above water. Each tower has about 5,000 tons steel and required 110,000 field rivets. The cables each contain 17,464 wires, 0.195 inch diameter. Com- pacted, the diameter each cable 28% inches. Weight one ton per foot. Tensile strength the steel 231,000 pounds per square inch. Each cable will exert total average pull 40,000,000 pounds the anchor- 1936, units which combine the trusses and floor beams, were being and attached the rope Cincinnati New York Chicago Minneapolis Cleveland Philadelphia United States Products Company, New York, Export Distributors ages. The wire would wrap nearly three times around the equator. The cantilever structure the East Bay Crossing, with its 1400-foot span and 510-foot anchor arms, sets the record for height, length and weight this country and the third longest the world, exceeded only Quebec and Firth Forth. The bridge has maximum clear- ance 216 feet above low water. Traffic will flow along upper and lower decks, each feet wide. The upper deck has six automobile lanes. The lower has three truck and bus lanes, and two electric railway tracks. Estimated capacity 24,000,000 cars year the top deck and 6,000,000 trucks and buses the lower, with loads 40-ton trucks and 70-ton interurban cars provided for. American Bridge Company fabri- cated and erected the major portion the superstructure, including spin- ning the cables. The general contract was placed with Columbia Steel Company. steel shapes and plates were rolled Steel Corporation. Cable wire and sus- pender ropes were manufactured American Steel Wire Company. Other materials came from Colum- bia Steel Company, Cyclone Fence Company, Federal Shipbuilding and Dry Dock National ube Company, and the Tennessee Coal, and Rail- road Company. General Offices: Frick Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. Denver Detroit St. Louis 1936 Progress view from one the towers, all steel place ready for concrete roadways. \ ~ 4 q President VAN DEVENTER Editor Managing Editor Editor Emeritus Machinery Editor Art Editor Metallurgical Editor Associate Editors Resident District Editors Washington Chicago Cleveland Detroit Pittsburgh Editorial Correspondents London, England Cincinnati Boston Hamburg, Germany Milwaukee San Francisco CHESTNUT AND STREETS, PHILADELPHIA, PA. SANDERSON AsA ALLISON Sales Offices Toronto, Ontario Birmingham Newark, 239 WEST 39TH STREET NEW St. Buffalo Conten 12, 1936 Advanced Machine Tool Applicati. Packard........ Zinc-Alloy Die Castings 1937 Foreign Trade Machine Developments Bevel and Hypoid Gearing............ Automotive Industry .............. Statistics Metal-Working Activity.................. Owned and Published CHILTON COMPANY Copyright 1936 Chilton Company (Incorporated) Executive and Publication Offices, Chestnut and 56th Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. BAUR, General Advertising Manager MUSSELMAN, President DIX, Manager Reader Service FRANK, Executive Vice-President Member, Audit Bureau Circulations ADVERTISING STEVENS, Vice-President Member Associated Business Emerson Findley, 621 Union Cleveland Indexed the Industrial Arts Index. Chestnut JOSEPH HILDRETH, Published every Thursday. Subscrip- Hottenstein, 802 Otis GEORGE GRIFFITHS, tion Price: United States and Pos- Peirce Lewis. 7310 Woodward Ave.. Detroit EVERIT sessions, Mexico, Cuba, $6.00; Can- ada, $8.50, including duty; Foreign C. H. Ober, 239 W 39th St.. New York ERNEST HASTINGS, $12.00 year. Single copy, cents. Robinson, 428 Park JOHN BLAIR MOFFETT, Secretary { cA er A . 4 ‘et > ce Hot Rolled Alloys 2315, 2320, 2330, 2335, 2340, 2345, 2350, 3115, 3120, 3130, 3135, 3140, 3250, 4140, etc., etc. Rycase machine straightened). Rytense A.A. (hot rolled, ma- chine straightened). Cold Drawn Alloys S.A.E. 2315, 2320, 2330, 3115, 3135, Heat Treated Alloys Ryco (hot rolled, machine straightened). Nikrome (hot rolled, cold drawn, machine straightened). Stainless and Heat Resisting Alloys Allegheny Metal (Sheets, Bars, Welding Rod, Cold Finished Steels Std. Shafting, Turned, Ground and Polished, Special Accuracy Stock, Rycase High Manganese Screw Stock, S.A.E. 1020, 1035, 1112, 1120, ete. Tool Steels Ryerson Die Steel. Ryerson Steel. Ryerson V.D. Steel. Ryerson High Speed Tool Steel. Ryerson Special High Speed Tool Holder Bits. General Steel Products All steel products such Bars, Structurals, Plates, Sheets, Strip Steel, Welding Rod, Tubes, etc., are carried stock for imme- diate shipment. Ryerson Inc., Chicago, Milwaukee, Cleveland, Detroit, Cincinnati, Louis, Boston, Buffalo, Philadelphia, Jersey City 26—THE IRON AGE, November 1936 and will here the When steel must hand certain time maintain uninterrupted schedule and you can't afford take chances delivery when some- thing breaks specifications wire write the nearest Ryerson plant. The steel Shipment assured. There are ten Ryerson plants ready serve you. Each plant strategically located for quick, eco- nomical distribution steel throughout its own in- dustrial area. every plant there strong experienced organization and complete facilities for cutting, bending forming the material your specifications. Draw the Plant Nearest You. | — | | i } | i i i | | City ESTABLISHED 1855 ... THE IRON NOVEMBER 12, 1936 Vol. 138, No. Charting the probably true that large majority the executives industry and business voted for the losing ticket the past election. That was their right and also their duty, their convictions dictated. also true that vastly greater majority the American people voted the winning side. That, too, was their right and their duty. Majority rule cardinal principle constitutional democracy. And the second most important rule beneficent democracy the protec- tion the rights minorities. American liberalism noted for observing that proof this were needed, might had the general reaction the attempts muzzle the Communist candidate one two localities during the campaign. Business and industry must now chart their course accordance with the situation. They must chart course that gracefully and without rancor bows the expressed will the people and yet best calculated preserve those natural rights that are essential the nation's industrial progress. This cannot done adopting continuing attitude antago- nism. Four more years cross-purposes between Government and business would damaging both parties. Particularly damaging would business, view the size the recent verdict. One need not apolo- gize for having fought when there appeared some chance winning, but one foolish continue battle that has been decisively fought conclusion. What then the answer for business? surrender? means. not believe that the President asks wants business surrender. What wants, needs and must have, accomplish objectives his Administration, the cooperation business the attainment certain definite ends. These main objectives, the accomplishment non-accom- plishment which will stamp his Administration either success failure, are: Reemployment the idle private enterprise, fair and square treatment labor employers, the maximum wages that can paid and the greatest degree individual security old age unemploy- ment that can attained. return for the cooperation which business gives Government these attainments, its comments practicality methods achieve- ment are welcomed and its constructive criticism considered, there need great apprehension for the future those who were numbered the losing side. | | | 4 2 + + ADVANCED MACHINE TOOL articles describing unusual operations the manufac- ture the cylinder block, crankshaft, connecting rods and pistons for the new Six. CONSIDERED one the most conservative the automobile makers, the Packard Motor Car Co. recent years has shown aggressiveness and willingness experiment that has few equals the industry. Pro- ducing and selling the Packard real volume basis was the first sign rejuvenated or- ganization. This new model year the challenge carried low- priced Six. produce this car meant buying practically all new equipment for motor block and component parts. situation this kind the com- 28—THE IRON AGE, November 1936 Faced with OLIVER Detroit Editor, The Age ° pany’s mechanical department could one two things: follow conventional practice laying out operations and play safe, step out ahead the crowd and adopt some new ideas, many which were being offered the machin- ery builders. Packard has done the latter. Cylinder block operations have become fairly well standardized recent years. have those crankshafts, connecting rods and Packard hasn’t suddenly thrown tradition into the discard, however, but here and there has cut loose from accepted practices and now doing things different- and less unit cost. case point the method finishing the top and bottom the blocks both for the 120 and the Six. Formerly drum-type miller was employed the 8-cyl- inder block. Now the biocks are broached, the first application its kind the industry. Broach- ing cylinder blocks not new. ° Bearing locks and like water pump seats have been finished that way for several years. fact, Packard broached the bearing locks the 120 last year. What Packard has done broach very large surfaces, neces- sitating enormous ported huge machines supply- ing plenty hydraulic power and special means clamping the work resist the work forces set up. Perhaps Packard would not have accepted the idea the Cin- cinnati Milling Machine Co. had not invested considerable sum experimental machine dem- onstrate that such broaching oper- ations are feasible large Pan Rail and Bearing Cap Seats Broached Simultaneously There are two Cincinnati Hydro- Broaches the new Packard line. One them performs the first operation both the and 8-cyl- inder blocks. This operation a ° | | | | ° ° ° IRST its kind. giant Cincinnati Hydro-Broach for broaching single operation the pan rails and main bearing locks. similar unit broaches the top both and 6-cylinder blocks. ° broach the pan rail and the bear- ing cap seats simultaneously. The rough blocks reach the machine roller conveyer the topside down position and any order, since the fixture designed ac- commodate either block. The height the block the same for both. the vertical position the block LOSE-UP the horizontal broach bar with inserted blades for finishing the side rails and broach inserts for the bearing seats. The fixture has been rotated deg. from its loading position and clamped hydrau- lically. clamped hand against five “foundry” spots, and then the en- tire work-holding fixture indexed deg. the operating position. This action accomplished hy- draulic plunger, rack and pinion through hydraulic circuit sepa- rate from the broach circuit. The fixture then locked two hydraulically actuated clamps. Broaching then proceeds. The broaches are carried horizontal holder vertical plane that chips may readily clear the work. clear the teeth they leave the work. This holder reality the side hydraulic cylinder which THE IRON AGE, November 1936—29 floats stationary ram and piston. guided its travel both top and bottom. Three 30- hp. Vickers constant-volume pumps operating parallel supply the hydraulic power. Pressure the line varies from 600 1300 lb. per sq. in., depending upon the sharp- ness the tools. For the pan rails, the broach cutters are the inserted-blade type, all ground the same height for simplicity resharpening. 30—THE IRON AGE, November 1936 They are set into the broach bars sets three slots varying depth provide the cut differen- tial. Some the blades are plain, others serrated break the roughing All blades are made special grade high-speed steel known Naloy, and supplied the National Broach Machine Co. The last blade each side tipped with Carboloy and gives fine shaving cut which leaves extremely smooth finish. For the this Ingersoll cam and crank boring machine, core drilling, semi-finish and finish boring ac- complished three steps. Cycle completely automatic, including shifting the block from station station and hydraulic elevation and clamping the work position. bearing locks there are large broach inserts, four each three sections. They are the same material mentioned above. Top Block Involves Heaviest Broaching similar machine used for broaching the top the block, ex- cept that this case the cutters extend the full width the broach bar and are set angle approximately deg. the ver- tical ease the load. Set-up the blades similar, there being four sets roughing blades con- taining all. The last finish insert tipped with tungsten car- bide. This probably heavy broaching operation known, since these cutters must operate the full width the top the block. Since there tendency for cast iron chip the edges when broached, lip has been cored each cylinder bore and subsequently removed the rough boring operation. Any chipping that does occur cannot ta — yt | extend into the bore. Fixture de- sign and operation also similar the first set-up except that torque-type electric motor used for clamping instead hand. While yet too early make any statements regarding cutter life, definitely known that cut- ters can changed approxi- mately two hours owing the sim- adopted. Over the former method producing the 120 block, produc- LOSE-UP the drum-type fixture Baush multiple- spindle, double-head hydraulic unit which 160 tools drill and ream all valve guide and tappet holes single set- ting. duplicate machine drills, reams and taps the oil pump and distribu- tor clamp screw holes. tion has been stepped from hour 50-55. The number set-ups the same, since previous- there was one milling and one broaching operation required. between these broaching oper- ations the distributer fuel pump and generator pads, well the manifold and valve cover faces, are milled single set-up Ingersoll four-spindle miller. The fixture mounted screw feed table and guided the top from the cross bridze between heads the machine. Hand clamping employed through large capstan wheels. Haynes Stellite J-metal the material used the inserted- blade cutters. Another milling operation follows this one sec- ond Ingersoll machine, which pro- vides planetary motion one head and straight across motion the other. The planetary mo- tion enables the cutter encircle the bearing housing half. this this Newton planetary miller, the front crank bear- ing straddle milled both sides and oil sling groove cut the bearing hous- ing. All cutters are carbide tipped. THE IRON AGE, November 12, ¥ machine there also angular head set deg. mill the oil pump pad. Both J-metal and car- bide-tipped cutter blades are used. Following the broaching the top, oil gallery holes are drilled Baker 2-way hydraulic machine. Then follows rough boring the cylinder holes and milling the angular valve clearance two separate set-ups Ingersoll ma- chines. Then comes series drilling, reaming and tapping the roller conveyer the first sta- tion. hydraulically actuated pusher bar moves the block from station station and alines ap- proximately under the locating dowels that engage the pan rail. With block each station hy- draulic plungers raise the work the operating position and clamp during the cutting cycle. Ina set-up this kind each hole bored heads with right-angle drives that the entire accuracy multiple tool heads and five work- holding fixtures the drum. They weigh 70,000 apiece. the first set-up the oil pump and dis- tributer shaft holes are drilled, bored and reamed and the distrib- uter shaft hole later counter- bored. number holes are also drilled and tapped the oil pump and distributer pads and the for- mer also finish spot faced. This particular set-up combines many this Natco 2-way drilling and tapping unit with trunnion-type fixture, holes are drilled and tapped ° ° ° multiplicity holes the block four Natco machines conven- tional type, followed two more drilling and tapping set-ups Natco machines after the rear face the front crank bearing rough milled and the rear bearing locat- ing spots are sawed special Newton miller. Chamfering oper- ations tapped holes, together with assembly the bearing caps with cap screws, are done hand with Hicycle electric tool. Core drilling, semi-finish and finish boring the cam and crank bores single set-up are per- formed special Ingersoll 3-sta- tion boring machine. The machine completely automatic opera- tion once the block pushed 32—THE IRON AGE, November 1936 depends upon the precision with which the cutter bearing supports are initially line reamed. The roughing cutters are multi-tooth type cut from solid Haynes Stel- lite J-metal. The semi-finish cut- ters and the finish boring tools have two inserted tungsten-car- bide blades. percentage the output checked for alinement and need be, hand reamed assure alinement all the bores. far this has not been found nec- essary. the 120 line the finish boring performed second set-up with conventional boring bars. Next line come pair Baush machines, each having two hydraulically-actuated both ends the crankshaft and the flange single set-up. This six-station machine. any the machines the new Six the second Baush machine, which identical general de- sign features with the first, the valve throats are core drilled and the valve guide and tappet holes are drilled and reamed. addi- tion four water circulating holes are drilled. The core drills this particular set-up are tipped with tungsten carbide. There are spindles this second unit. Blocks are loaded both machines vertical position electric hoist carried I-beam circle overhead simplify transfer the block between the two units. the 120 line there are five ma- chines that handle this same oper- | \. ation. was intended first include also spot facing opera- tion the valve spring seats, but because engineering change the diameter the seats, this was found impractical the Baush set-up. Hence this work spindle facing and chamfering ma- chine after the cylinder bores have been chamfered Moline drill press. similar machine also used finish line ream the valve tappet and valve guide hole. Straddle Milling Cutters Carbide Tipped Next order comes planetary milling operation the front crank bearing both sides, to- gether with milling the chamfer and oil sling groove Newton (CONTINUED PAGE 116) RIGHT LOSE-UP broach. the straight cutter pulled upward the feed stroke, the entire head fed into the work rack-and-pinion actuated screws operating the crosshead seen the left. Coolant jets under high pressure force the chips out the teeth. Lathe tools are the right. 4 ABOVE the crankshaft has been rough turned the standard center-drive Wickes hydro-lathe, auxiliary head descends and finish broaches the main bear- ings. This broach operation, which performed while the crank being rotated high speed, eliminates rough grinding operation. The economy this single set-up for dual job obvious. THE IRON AGE, November 1936—33 1937 CARS PROBABLY exhib- its industrial prod- ucts attract such gen- eral and nation-wide attention the annual automobile shows. They are significant not only the industry directly in- volved, but scores other indus- tries. They more less set the style for certain other industries groups manufacturers who make automotive products, witnessed, for example, the un- counted “streamline” this and that product offered today. For this reason, the progressive manufacturer follows the details the products offered see whether any the new ideas incorporated materials used offer possibilities adaptation his own lines. helpful, therefore, consider some the more important classes products going into the assem- bled vehicles displayed; note how they have changed years and why they have gained lost importance. 34—THE IRON AGE, November 1936 ° HERBERT CHASE ° For consideration this article, die castings are selected, they constitute one the several im- portant groups parts. Even the casual observer who knows what die casting must impressed the extent which they enter into the modern car. They are em- ployed, course, because, aside from meeting structural and other general requirements, they are in- expensive. The basic materials, which are largely the zinc alloys, are moderate cost, and the cast- ings are made rapidly, accurately, with surfaces remarkable smoothness and requiring mini- mum machine work suit them for assembly into the finished prod- uct. Many extremely complex castings are employed, but large proportion are simple though irregular shape. They are thus readily adapted for use either mechanical parts, which may hidden, decorative parts which are accented contribute the beauty and public acceptance the complete car. ° This year, the die-cast, zinc-alloy radiator grille continues the most conspicuous die-cast element. ap- pears most attractively plated forms but somewhat smaller number models than last year. This because certain conceptions front end styling have changed and because facilities for the pro- duction die castings this rela- tively large size are still quite limited and have not kept pace with production requirements. That such grilles have been entirely sat- isfactory and have proved defi- nite sales asset, proved their continued use the largest past users, such Oldsmobile, Buick and Nash and the LaFayette, which the lowest price range cars with die-cast grilles. Chrysler models have dropped the grille proper, die-cast form, but have added long die-cast, skii- shaped louvers which, effect, form the upper portion grille and serve also attractive and striking ornamentation for the lower edges the central hinged | | | | portion the hood. These cast- ings are some in. length, yet weigh only three pounds apiece be- cause the light section which they are cast. Several other models are equipped with die-cast louvers their equivalent. These include the Cadillac, Stude- baker and the two lowest priced Packards, among others, some them employing this type hood decoration for the first time. Sev- eral cars which not have grilles completely die cast have the frame moldings for the grille produced this method. Packard and Cord convertible models are fitted with still larger die casting than any the grilles, namely, windshield frames. One such casting, least, weighs lb. and measures some in. over all. These are not the first die-cast windshield frames but are indicative the large size which this form casting has attained. has proved economical make the very large dies required for part this kind, even when the production required not large, the saving finishing over sand casting, which must ground prior plating, considerable. Another important and relative- new application the die cast- ing, the hub for the popular banjo type steering wheel with flexible steel spokes. These hubs range weight from about and the users include Ford, Chevrolet, Pontiac and all the higher priced cars the Gen- eral Motors line, well Pack- ard, Nash, LaFayette, Hudson and Studebaker, and probably some other makes, the total tonnage zine alloy required large. Orig- inally, the hubs for these wheels were cast two parts with the spokes clamped between them. Now, most not all are cast one piece, but with steel inserts. The latter drilled the same time that the radial spoke holes are drilled, and after the spokes are inserted, their inner ends are welded the steel, strong one-piece assembly. Brackets for both head and tail lamps are being die cast large quantities, Ford being among the cars having tail lamp bracket this type. Some rear brackets in- clude neatly faired mountings for the license plates and hold the lat- ter where affords cleaner ap- and produces less air HIS smart die-cast grille (Above) appears the Nash Six. Die-cast louvres (Below) are popular, such these used Cadillac and Lincoln THE IRON AGE, November 1936—35 % wag Fag 2 $64 3 ROUP several die-cast steering wheel hubs such serve both ornamental and structural purposes many the 1937 models. resistance than older forms mountings. Most lamp mountings, including many ornamental type for front fenders, are given streamline form keeping with efforts reduce the wind resist- ance all protruding parts. Horns, which earlier years were usually exposed, are now quite generally concealed not detract from the much desired clean external appearance. Many horns have been die cast the past have had die-cast bells and air passages. This year still more will die cast and those which have been aluminum are converted zine alloys. This not only decreases the cost the cast- ings but yields the important ad- vantage better tone quality primary reason for the change. Many cars will fitted with pair these horns, including most not all the models the General Motors and Chrysler lines, and die castings for The use zinc alloy said improve tone quality. 36—THE IRON AGE, November 1936 therefore accounting for another large tonnage zinc. More cars than ever carry unit heaters equipped with motor-driven fans for forcing air through the core and out into the driver’s com- partment, many these being pro- vided accessories extra cost. Shells, brackets and other parts these heaters are zinc-alloy die castings largely because econo- production. Drawn shells sheet metal would require more ex- pensive dies and would difficult make with supporting lugs, whereas the die-casting dies are moderate cost and the resultant product has integral supporting lugs. also easy finish and does not show rippled surface out shape buffed for plat- ing, which are important factors production economy. Many supplementary parts for radio installations are also die cast. They include decorative grille panel for the instrument board the Buick models. Cadillac again using instrument board die cast one piece but provided with separate die-cast glove compart- ment door. This long thin- sectioned casting which probably could have been stamped but which would then have required more ex- pensive dies and several operations which the die casting avoids. This year, this panel being buffed and finished clear synthetic varnish instead continuing the pigment- finish with chromium trim used year. Other cars, including some the Chrysler line, have die- cast instrument mountings and there are other examples die-cast parts combining structural and decorative features and around instrument boards. This season, for many years past, nearly all interior and ex- terior body hardware, well many other decorative parts, are die castings. The chief differences this year marked tendency toward heavier handles, especially for exteriors, give more massive appearance keep- ing with body lines. Pontiac offers example pleasing hardware design which the “silver streak” motif forms part the individual castings. Radiator ornaments have been decreased size and prom- inence some designs but others are accented and more graceful than ever. Hudson and Terraplane continue the use ornaments which the die casting combined . | | | | 4 | with transparent ruby castings the phenolic plastic, Catalin, but the design differs from that em- ployed 1936 models. Among the innovations strictly mechanical parts made die-cast zinc alloy, that employed the new Bendix Weiss universal joint probably the most novel. This joint has forged steel hubs with projecting yokes and has hereto- fore been entirely steel, the yokes having hardened curved sur- faces for contact with the steel balls which give the universal ac- tion and also provide for endwise motion. Such yokes involved dif- ficult machining operation. now made, the curved bearing members for the steel balls are machined separate pieces and are hardened. They are then used inserts casting, the hub forging, being joined the latter die casting the zinc alloy around the unfinished surfaces. Thus the zinc acts locating matrix be- tween the steel parts which are held rigidly and correct relative posi- tion the casting. The tempera- ture rise the hardened ball races resulting from the casting the zinc around them too small affect their hardness, and the re- sulting assembly presumably much less expensive than the former all-steel type. The zinc compression which its strength such provide ample fac- tor Other die-cast parts performing structural, opposed partly chiefly decorative purposes, include many items such carburetor and fuel pump parts, windshield wip- ers, speedometer parts and the like for which die castings have long since become standard through proven economy manufacture and satisfactory service, thanks part the exclusive use stand- ard alloys the required purity. Among the newer minor parts now being die cast zine alloys, the following may mentioned: pis- ton rod guide for shock absorbers, door check link, adjustable seat rollers, window regulator parts in- cluding bearings hood latch parts and variety brackets and at- taching members. some large- production models, the total weight such minor parts four pounds more, hence they are means minor their effect the total consumption zinc. Alloys other than those the popular unit heaters, showing the assembled unit and also the several die-cast parts used its construction. base, though having their merits for many applications, show little gain over last year auto- mobile applications die castings, far particulars yet avail- able reveal. Buick using, how- ever, some aluminum alloy die cast- ings for valve rocker arm supports, partly because the temperature service may exceed that which zine alloys are recommended. There also considerable use alumi- num alloy pistons hydraulic brake cylinders, these pistons being die cast multiple-cavity molds (CONCLUDED PAGE 114) universal joint, showing how die-cast matrix serves join the steel hub and yoke the hardened steel bearing races. THE IRON AGE, November 2. 3 4 interesting and timely analysis foreign trade statistics from address before the 35th annual con- vention the National Ma- chine Tool Associa- tion, held Hot Springs, Va., Oct. Mr. Lovely emphasizes the importance foreign trade the ma- ASKED some time ago speak our foreign trade, wrote the Association office ask- ing for some information, and re- ceived response number sta- tistical figures that thought you might interested in, and had attempt bring these figures out graphically. have realized for some time what important factor foreign trade our industry. have States Department Commerce. 38—THE IRON AGE, November 1936 TRADE MACHINE TOOLS With Particular Reference the United Kingdom LOVELY Chief Engineer, Jones Lamson Machine Co., Springfield, Vt. chine tool industry. points out that the past two years United States ex- ports machine tools have equalled those 1928 and 1929, and states that probable that the present rate our foreign business will continue throughout an- other year. known what was our own busi- ness and thought probably meant more than the industry whole. not sure whether still does, after reviewing these statistics. When you look Chart No. showing that during the de- pression more than third our business was for export, you really get feeling that most im- portant part our business and that ought look rather critically. 1932 orders dropped pretty low, but this small amount the foreign orders were almost half ° our domestic business. The same thing held true 1933. This chart based members’ returns the Association. Along 1932 and probably something like per cent the total amount business that was done was reported; 1934, and possibly per cent. The export machine tools from the United States given perhaps better dollar figures that date back 1927. They are shown note that the last two years our foreign business has equaled that back 1928 and ’29. Just where this business goes another thing are all interested in. Chart No. brings out the fact that different periods have had demands from different coun- tries. That always will so. Right now the biggest demand coming from Russia and Great Britain. Combined they account for consid- erably more than half our total exports. 1930 and Russia was taking the bulk it, time i | | / | | | | | ; | | 9125 MILLIONS 1931 1932 1933 UNITED STATES ORDERS ABOVE Chart No. 1935 1936 LEFT Chart No. FOR MACHINE TOOLS when England, France, Germany, and other countries were relatively inactive buyers. was requested deal particu- larly with conditions England. Chart No. shows rather quickly and graphically the fact that for some little time our exports En- gland have not been big factor the situation they are today. That business, course, right now matter competition between ourselves and other foreign coun- tries which are producers ma- chine tools. Chart No. made from the only figures could get the for- eign trade other machine tool producing countries, and may give others export. very evi- dent that Germany our strongest competitor. take the figures pig iron production and steel production indicative the in- dustrial development different countries, the picture something like this: The United States pro- duces about twice much pig iron and steel Germany, and Germany produces about twice much England. This year Russia very close Germany. exports probably haven’t amounted very much, but think may look for- ward with some thought what part she may take international trade later on. Charts Nos. and show the ra- tio exports and imports ma- chine tools and out the Brit- ish Isles over period years, and months for the year just passed June, 1936. The broken line the value imports pounds far 1934. converted that dollars for the monthly figures the last year because the foreign ex- change ratio has been fairly steady around $5.00 the pound, whereas 1930, ’31 and the rate was considerably fluctuating. see that from 1913 1934 the ex- ports were way ahead the im- ports. Back 1913 the imports for the whole year were worth only something like £300,000, equivalent that time about million and half dollars, and climbed 1929 close two million pounds (ten million dollars). July 1935 imports were close $700,000 month, close the average month- rate for 1929, but May, June and July this year imports have reached total about million TOTAL rate twice great year ago, the high point 1929. Now let look our share that business, Chart No. Back per cent. During the months May and June, 1936, Chart No. (the same thing held true for July), our share the total imports into England was around per cent. cent and fell June and then went per cent July. Chart No. again shows that Germany our strongest competi- tor. other competing country getting appreciable share. Swit- zerland next with about per cent. know the machine tool in- dustry Switzerland rather small. Business Switzerland very poor. One two three ma- chine tool plants there are quite busy, but they haven’t much business they would like and the prices their machines are high. The business they are getting about the percentage they are equipped get. Other countries, you will see represented the small sections, are not very great factor. Let’s look the situation En- gland, Chart No. Before went England this summer had re- port that the government was de- manding such large portion the product the English machine tool builder that they had threat- ened cause the English manu- facturers stop good deal home market. The report had was that this probably was going open quite field for our own exports other countries which England had been exporting. With THE IRON AGE, November 12, 1936—39 | MILLIONS INTERNATIONAL EXPORTS MACHINE TOOLS EXPORTS MACH. TOOLS Chart No. Chart No. that mind, occurred that look minute see where English exports have gone, where they are going today. During May and June per cent went Italy, per cent Aus- tralia, per cent India, and about per cent Russia. France absorbs about per cent. British Isles exports the Dominions take you will turn back Chart No. you will find that England doing quite well maintaining her rate export machine tools. not think can reasonably be- lieve can take over much these British markets. are interested seeing just what portion this total business that going England the field manufacture that are tables which were presented “British Machinery” issues the last months. EXPORTS MACH. TOOLS United States were made IMPORTS MACH. TOOLS per cent lathes, per cent RETAINED KINGDOM grinding machines, per cent milling machines; and all other ma- Chart No. 40—THE IRON AGE, November 1936 STA t ] 125,000 BRITISH EXPORTS AND IMPORTS FROM JULY 1935 JUNE 1936 Chart No. Germany United States America $1,597,090 58.0% Machine Tool Imports 1936 Chart No. 7 | Hi UNITED KINGDOM IMPORTS FROM COMPARED THEIR IMPORTS FROM ALL OTHERS Chart No. chinery per cent. don’t know just how those reports are collected, nor what these “other machines” include. They may include high- production machines special gun- making machines various kinds special machinery. may compare our share imports into Great Britain with that our strongest competitor, Germany. There very small section the British imports from the United States that includes punch presses and shearing machines. very large portion that equipment comes from Germany. lathes are somewhat ahead Germany. England bought $338,000 from and $241,000 from Germany. (These amounts were reported pounds the British figures and have transposed them into dollars five the pound.) Out the total got about twice much Germany. Naturally want know how long this going last. Perhaps knew what field these ma- chines were going into and how long present conditions would con- tinue England, would know the answer. have the idea that large portion this increase THE IRON AGE, November 12, — | | Shy | 500,000 > | | and Possessions 5.86 Machine Tool Exports and June 1936 Chart No. imports caused the rearma- ment program that know go- ing England. got the im- pression over there, however, that possibly that wasn’t quite account- ing for much the large in- crease were inclined be- know any figures that are avail- able prove disprove im- pression. apparent, however, that except for the coal and textile industries, all commercial activities England are going along pretty high rate. Conditions England have been pretty general- prosperous for the last two years. Construction still running high. good many people En- gland feel that building being overdone. The banks not ap- prove much it. The work being financed houses quite simi- lar our building and loan asso- ciations. However, the terms which house may bought are favorable that practically all the houses are being occupied just quickly they are completed. There large increase the amount manufacturing space. You see new buildings being put everywhere for manufacturing. large number the machine tool 42—THE IRON AGE, November 1936 16.1% Other Machs. companies are building additions their plant structures, and seems that the demand from all this work outside munitions probably accounting for very large portion what are send- ing over there. The shipbuilding industry go- ing faster clip than has for years. fact, England today building just about much ton- nage the rest the world to- gether. get some idea what that means dollars when they are laying down two new battle- ships that may run into $40,000,- 000 $60,000,000 each. they build two year equivalent the total amount business our in- dustry does. don’t think are competing very well with them machinery for the shipbuilding industry. They are perhaps better equipped build heavier machinery than are. They also are more inclined get machinery that kind from Germany. The automobile demand the one most familiar with, probably because the equipment that our company builds that particu- lar type. They are building about Grinding Machs. $260,840.% 10.3 Lathes 21.2% 14.8% Machine Tools Imported Info Britain from UNITED STATES 1936 Chart No. = 40.0% Machs. MBROSE SWASEY, chairman the Warner Swasey Co., has been cited the board award representing the four founder engineering societies the second recipient the Hoover Gold Medal, established 1930 and “Awarded engineers fellow engineer for distinguished The presentation Dec. precedes less than three weeks the celebration Mr. 90th birthday, which occurs Dec. 19. Drawn John Frew for The Age. . | ; one--tenth the number automo- biles are this country, that doesn’t, course, form market that comparable ours. They are feeling very nervous about their position the air, and are doing what they feel much they can put themselves bet- ter position. cannot, course, expect the present rate our foreign business keep indefinitely, but all the factors could get hold indicate might last another year. They have done good deal stimulate imports. One the most interest- ing things that under certain conditions where British tools are not available for long delivery, they will reimburse the purchaser, the importer, for the duty expend- ed. seems quite easy get rebate the duty you can prove that the British equivalent not available time permit the purchaser complete certain contracts has hand. That applies with good deal force government contracts. The duty per cent, you know, and the duty tacked our prices puts very great disadvantage with both Germany and England. the field high-production machinery should, however, con- tinue have decided advantage over the British manufacturer well the German. have big field here which develop new ideas and new methods produc- tion our automobile industry, VALUE Other Machs. 22.2% Punch Presses and Shearing Mchs. Machs Drillin Machine Tools Imported Into GERMANY and June 1936 Chart No. and other large industries, and equipment that has been produced here and tooled shows de- cided advantage over equipment that has been imported from Ger- many which made England. tinue our foreign position ma- chine tools, when consider the competition are getting from Germany and England, that have got maintain our superior- ity design and our superiority performance, for are bound get very strong competition from both these two sources. THE IRON AGE, November 1936—45 on ORMATE gears and the machines and cutters make them; spiral bevel gear with teeth; spiral gear jobbing system that makes manufacture; and uni- versal testing machine that permits checking all types gears for quietness and tooth bearing operating speeds THE accompanying se- ries photographs and diagrams has been se- lected show the de- velopment methods, equipment, and product during the last eight ten years. Fig. recent view the Gleason Works shop where large generated spiral bevel gears are cut. This work done the plan- ing-generator type machine, the first which was put into opera- tion just ten years ago. The ma- chine the immediate background the original and, when built, was 46—THE IRON AGE, November 1936 ° CANDEE Gleason Works, Rochester, are developments outlined this article, which from highly-interesting extempo- raneous address Mr. Candee the recent con- vention the American Gear Manufacturers Associ- ation. Several industrial ap- plications, representing ad- vanced practice, are also de- scribed and illustrated. diameter. has recently been re- built increase its range diam- eter 104 in. The picture shows cut just started large pinion blank for steel mill job. The largest gear seen lying the floor about in. diameter, used for boring-mill drive. The pile gears the left for steel-mill work. The smaller ones the foreground have 192 teeth D.P. and are used bevel gear generating machines. The planing-generator type machine used cut spiral bevel gears diameters, say, from ft., with pitches D.P. The large generated bevel gear com- ing more and more into general in- dustrial use. Fig. shows double-reduction, right-angle gear unit which the second reduction pair the large generated spiral bevel gears. This British design for sugar- mill drive, rated 1300 hp., the bevel gears reducing from 1000 264 The gear diameter in., with teeth D.P. and 7-in. face width. The usual American practice double-reduction unit this kind use the bevel gears for the first reduction rather than the second. Fig. shows the other extreme the range spiral bevel gears. This pair angular spiral bevels for the shutter mechanism Cine-Kodak, 46.5 D.P. One gear brass and the other bakelite. These represent the smallest spiral bevel gears commercial produc- tion. Straight-tooth bevel gears have been generated small D.P. the outer ends the teeth, and proportionally smaller the inner ends. Hypoid Gears and Industrial Applications Fig. shows pair hypoid gears mounted testing machine. This type gear was developed 1925 and 1926, and was first used Packard automobiles. Since then the use hypoid gears has gradu- ally increased, particularly the higher priced cars, until now there are about many kinds cars using hypoids spiral bevels for the rear-axle drive. you see, hypoid gears appear very similar corresponding spiral bevel gears, the principal difference being the offset the axes. the automobile this lowers the propeller shaft and thus advantageous the design cars with low bodies. The difference spiral angle be- tween the gear and pinion can noticed, which one the neces- sary features hypoid teeth. The gears shown were generated with the same type cutter that used for most spiral bevel gears. the shop, the work production prac- tically the same for spiral bevel gears. Fig. have four hypoid pairs with the pinions mounted continuous drive shaft. These gears were designed for wire- drawing machine. The mounting pinions continuous shaft one the important reasons for apply- ing hypoid gears industrial pur- poses. The other reasons that may cited are that easy place bearings both sides the gear and the pinion, and that some cases the lowered raised position the pinion allows arrangements machinery which would not otherwise possible. Fig. suggested arrange- ment hypoid gear units drive large rolls for paper-drying. Here again the pinions are connected di- rectly line. actual installa- tion, steam was fed the rolls through the gear shafts, which were hollow. This could readily done with the crossing the possible the hypoid arrangement. previous practice the rolls were connected trains large spur gears, with idler gears fill distances between centers; and there was large amount back- lash resulting from the many gear contacts. With the hypoid design the backlash for each roll was re- duced the amount required only one pair gears. Although hypoid gears are perhaps better than spiral bevel gears smooth- ness and durability, the determin- ing reason for using them the general arrangement the other equipment which they are drive. When the offset position the pin- ion desired, the gears can gen- erated with the same degree correctness and precision corre- sponding bevel gears. Fig. shows pair hypoid miter gears cut the large planing-generator machines. The teeth appear nearly straight, but have slight amount curva- ture. spite the fact that the number teeth both gears, there difference diameter and difference spiral angle. dif- THE IRON AGE, November 1936—47 Fig. ference can also seen the pres- sure angles the two sides the teeth. The hypoid arrangement con- sists unsymmetrical position the pinion with respect the ge Fig. 3. Fig. 2 e 1. n n n a Fig. gear. off center; and.in order produce equal arcs action and equal amounts tooth contact both sides, necessary these gears adopt unsymmetrical pres- sure angles. ° ° ° Fig. ° ° Fig. shows the opposite extreme from miter gears, namely, hypoid pair with one-tooth pinion. Such pinion naturally looks very much like worm. This pair gears, however