The Iron Age 1936-10-29: Vol 138 Iss 18

There substitute for experience --- ball bearing design and application. q 3 » J j Ball-bearing steel and roller-bearing steel may well modern furnaces, perfected metallurgical control, regarded the test the steel maker’s art. the finest raw materials and skilled steels are subject more severe service All these Republic possesses, with most impor none bought more rigid specifications. tant plus factor—the experience its personnel. pioneer the production bearing steels, Republic’s electric furnace division are Republic today—as has been for years—the who have been working side side for twenty world’s largest producer these fine steels. Mil- years... pioneers the industry the men who lions and millions wheels turn bearings whipped many the early problems Republic’s Agathon Alloy Steel—more wheels than furnace melting. turn bearings any other steel. For data the latest developments make fine electric furnace steels requires furnace steels, write Department REPUBLIC STEEL ALLOY STEEL DIVISION, MASSILLON, GENERAL OFFICES: CLEVELAND, OHIO 2—THE IRON AGE, October 29, 1936 THE IRON AGE, published every Thursday the CHILTON CO., Chestnut 56th Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. Entered second November 1932, the Post Office Philadelphia under Act March 1879. $6.00 year S., Canada $8.50, Foreign 138, No. WORLD’S LARGEST PRODUCER — — « CORPORATION 239 WEST 39TH STREET CHESTNUT AND STREETS, PHILADELPHIA, PA. Sales Offices Owned and Published CHILTON COMPANY (Incorporated) Executive and Publication Offices, Chestnut and 56th Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. C. A. MUSSELMAN, President FRITZ FRANK, Executive Vice-President FREDERIC STEVENS, Vice-President JOSEPH HILDRETH, GEORGE GRIFFITHS, EVERIT TERHUNE, ERNEST HASTINGS, WILLIAM A. BARBER, Treasurer JOHN BLAIR MOFFETT, Secretary NEW YORK, FRITZ FRANK President VAN DEVENTER Editor Managing Editor Editor Emeritus Machinery Editor Art Editor Metallurgical Editor Associate Editors Resident District Editors Washington Chicago Cleveland Detroit Pittsburgh Editorial Correspondents London, England Cincinnati Boston Hamburg, Germany Milwaukee San Francisco Toronto, Ontario Birmingham Newark, Roy EDMONDS TURNER St. Louis Buffalo Con 29, 1936 Review the Metal Congress....................... Welding Society Papers ...... Now Let Business Alone ........... Automotive Industry Washington News ............. NEWS CONTENTS Index Advertisers ................ Copyright 1936 Chilton Company (Inc.) BAUR, General Advertising Manager DIX, Manager Reader Service Member, Audit Bureau Circulations ADVERTISING STAFF Member, Associated Business Papers Emerson Findley, 621 Union Cleveland Indexed the Industrial Arts Index. Herman, Chilton Bldg., Chestnut 56th Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. Published every Thursday. Subscrip- 802 Otis Chicago tion Price: United States and Pos- sessions, Mexico, Cuba, Can- Peirce 7310 Woodward Detroit ada, $8.50, including duty; Foreign 239 39th New York $12.00 a year. Single copy, 25 cents. W. B. Robinson, 428 Park Blidg., Pittsburgh Fd 4 ee ? | x rol, por who | | 18, . HOT ROLLED ALLOYS 2315, 2320, 2330, 2335, 2340, 2345, 2350, 3115, 3120, 3130, 3135, 3140, 3250, 4140, 6145, 52100, etc. Rycase (hot rolled, machine Rytense A.A. (hot rolled, machine straightened). COLD DRAWN ALLOYS S.A.E. 2315, 2320, 2330, 3115, 3120, 3135, 3140, HEAT TREATED ALLOYS Ryco (hot rolled, machine Nikrome (hot rolled, cold drawn, machine Ry-ax (hot rolled, machine Ry-arm (hot rolled, machine STAINLESS AND HEAT RESISTING ALLOYS Allegheny Metal (Sheets, Bars, Welding Rod, etc.). COLD FINISHED STEELS Std. Shafting, Turned, Ground and Polished, Special Accuracy Stock, Rycase High Screw Stock, 1020, 1035, 1112, 1120, etc. TOOL STEELS Ryerson B.F.D. Die Steel Ryerson Steel Ryerson Tool Steel Ryerson High Speed Tool Steel GENERAL STEEL PRODUCTS products such Bars, Structurals, Plates, Sheets, Strip Steel, Welding Rods, Tubes, etc., are carried stock for Immediate Shipment. Ryerson Alloy Steels full range special alloys, tool steels, stainless and heat resist- ing steels are immediately available through the Ryerson Steel-Service plants. Stocks include all major specifications. Heat Treated Alloy Steels The full value alloy steels secured after they have been heat treated develop their greatest strength and toughness. carry many sizes and types heat treated alloy steel stock, and also heat treat order any required specification. you not heat treat your own steel you will find this service helpful. The Ryerson Special Steels Division consists experienced neers and steel men who are position give unprejudiced advice and cooperation choosing the right grade steel for every par- ticular purpose. invite you use the facilities our Special Steels Department. You are as- sured expert technical cooperation. Joseph Ryerson Son, Inc., Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Louis, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Detroit, Boston, Buffalo, Philadelphia, Jersey City IRON AGE, October 29, 1936 THE IRON AGE ... ESTABLISHED 1855 Vol. 138, No. —_— HIS the Metal Congress report number The Age. customary, appears just after the annual meeting and exhibition number related tech- nical societies, including the American Society for Metals, the American Institute Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, the American Welding Society and the iron and steel and machinery divisions the American Society Mechanical Engineers. great many people from the metal-working industry convened these assemblies learn, through eye and ear, the progress that has been made these funda- mental branches American industry. Many, indeed most those who attended, marveled the strides that have been taken our engineers, our scientists and research workers improving quality and producing new and valuable products and methods for the advancement American standards working and living. How many them gave thought why and and how these advancements and im- provements have been brought about? How many them will have the imagination necessary picture the patient toiling thousands research men hundreds plants and laboratories scattered all over America that was the necessary forerunner these concrete results. These men have performed their marvelous work, not under the centralized dictation regimented industrial economy but under the fruitful impetus original ideas and initiative, the good old American way. Ponder for moment these methods and results contrasted with what might expected under the procedure recommended America chief brain truster Rexford Tugwell. You may remember his classical reference the automotive industry and its development under private initiative and individual ideas and inspira- tions. the future, predicted, assuming planned economy, such improvements will not that manner, for instead being the fruit individual efforts they will brought about through discussions Washington. Ask yourself how much progress that you observed Cleveland would have been brought about through The answer may induce whole- some and tonicking belly laugh the naivety Rexie and his brain trust playmates who are busily prescribing the administration's remedies for our economic ills. | ne OCTOBER 29, 1936 a | | By | 7 ity | ? ITH unusually large at- tendance, extensive discussion technical sub- jects and exhibit that surpassed all former displays methods, material and equipment, and unusual amount interest shown the technical papers and exhibi- tion, the eighteenth annual Na- tional Metal Congress and Na- tional Metal Exposition held Cleveland Oct. was gen- erally declared the most suc- cessful that has ever taken place. The exhibition was held the Lakeside Exposition Hall adjoin- ing the Cleveland Public Audi- torium, registration being carried the latter building which many the technical sessions were held. Other technical meetings took place the Statler and Cleve- land Hotels. IRON AGE, October 29, 1936 METALS Eighteenth Metal Congress Most Suc- A.S.M.E. and A.W.S. Make Citations, Elect Officers and Award Medals. Participating the Congress were the American Society for Metals, Institute Metals and Iron and Steel Divisions the American Institute Mining Metallurgical Engineers and Amer- ican Society Mechanical En- gineers. The technical papers read and discussed numbered around 120, large increase over the number presented any previous meet- ings. All the technical sessions were well attended. Although there usually small attendance the first technical session the American Society for Metals there were over 500 present the open- ing session this Society Monday. One day five sessions this So- ciety were being held simultane- ously. The total registration during the week was over 20,000. The exhibits were 212 number and occupied 165,000 sq. ft. floor space. That they were more interesting and ar- ranged more attractive man- ner than exhibits previous shows seemed the consensus opin- ion. Wide aisles and colorful dec- orations the exhibit hall added the attractiveness the dis- plays. Departing previous custom the exhibit was “closed shop” until the last day, being limited persons directly inter- ested the display. During the closing day the doors were open men employed Cleveland and vicinity. The annual meeting the Amer- ican Society for Metals held the Statler Hotel Wednesday morning was attended approximately 500 members. Robert Archer, pres- ° ° ° ° | | | | | | | | jdent the society and chief metal- the Republic Steel Corp., Chicago district, presided. The Society has membership during the year. This was brought out the annual report Eisenman, secretary. Mr. Archer announced that award the Henry Marion Howe Memorial Medal for the best paper published the Society’s Transactions dur- ing the past year would made during this convention. Awards the future will made year after the judging period closes allow longer period time for consideration papers. Announcement was the Albert Sauveur Achievement Award, established two years ago recognize outstanding contribu- tions metallurgical knowledge, Indianapolis. This award was made Mr. Chapin recognition work performed several years ago connection with the quench- ing steel. The bell and gavel which are an- nually awarded chapter recognition its growth and ac- tivity during the year were given the Peoria, Illinois, chapter. This chapter, organized November, 1934, with members, its membership 243. Honors -were extended secre- taries ten chapters who have held office for ten more years. These men and their lengths ser- vice are: Alex Caswell, Northwest, years; Holden, New York, years; Walker, Pitts- burgh, years; Peterson, Rhode Island, years; Howard Handy, Boston, years and years. nominated spring were formally elected. The Edward DeMille Campbell Memorial lecture was presented the close the annual meeting the American Society for Metals Steel Co., Latrobe, Pa. The speaker discussed the carbide segregate and grain size high speed steel explain some puzzling phenom- ena its behavior. dealt with only one composition high speed alloy, steel containing 0.70 per cent carbon, per cent tungsten, per cent chromium, per cent vanadium and about 0.25 per cent manganese and 0.30 per cent silicon. educational course five lec- tures the physical testing metals and interpretational test re- sults was given Harry Churchill, Associate Professor Mechanics, Case School Applied Science. evening course X-ray analysis was pre- sented Dr. Kent Van Horn, research metallurgist the Alu- minum Co. America, one the educational features the Congress. There were over 800 guests the banquet the American Soci- ety for Metals held the Statler Hotel, Thursday evening. Those the speakers’ table included: Ben Fairless, president, Car- negie Illinois Steel Co.; Dr. Zay Jeffries, Aluminum Co. America, Cleveland; Dr. Albert Sauveur, Archer, Edgar Bain, the new president, and Mayor Harold The principal speaker was Kaltenborn, radio commenta- tor. Mr. Fairless spoke briefly. The presentation the Albert Sauveur award Mr. Chapin was made Dr. Jeffries. Mr. Chapin expressed his deep appreciation for the award and spoke enthusiasti- cally the metal exhibit with which was greatly impressed and having mind the outstanding developments the metal-working industry shown the exhibits, said hoped “economic royal- ists had done some good after all.” native Vermont, Mr. Chapin was graduated from the Alabama State Normal School and attended the University Alabama for two years. After leaving college his first employment was with the Cleveland Twist Drill Co., Cleve- land. left that company be- come connected with Atkins Co., Indianapolis, with which has been associated years and which director re- search. The award the Sauveur medal him was recognition research work which led his dis- covery 1914 that there criti- cal temperature point the heat treatment steel which the metal may safely straightened. New officers the American Society for Metals are follows: President, Edgar Bain, assis- tant vice-president charge metallurgy and research, Steel Corp.; Vice-president George Waterhouse, professor metallurgy the Massachu- setts Institute Technology. New trustees serve two years are: Ralph Wilson, Timken Steel Tube Co., Canton, Ohio, and Owen ALBERT SAUVEUR (left) interested onlooker Dr. Zay Jeffries, recipient the Sauveur award for 1935, greets William Chapin (right), re- search director Atkins Co., Indianapolis, who received the 1936 award. THE IRON AGE, October 29, on Ellis, Ontario Research Foun- dation, Toronto. Woodside, Climax-Molyb- denum Co., Detroit, who trea- surer, and William Eisenman, the secretary the Society, con- tinue the same capacities, hav- ing been elected last year for two-year period. The sessions the American Welding Society were largely at- tended and much interest was shown the practical application developments described the technical papers. The Society had charge the sessions during the first three days. The fourth day was under the joint auspices the Welding Society and the American Society Welding Engineers, and the welding practice symposiums, which were held the last day, were under the direction the latter society. Members the Welding Society visited the plants the Lincoln Electric Co., Well- man Engineering Co. and other Cleveland companies and the Gen- eral Electric Institute. The Samuel Wylie Miller Me- morial Medal the American Welding Society was awarded Henry Hobart, consulting engi- neer, General Electric Co., Schenec- tady. The award was recogni- tion Mr. Hobart’s outstanding services the advancement welding research. Mr. Hobart de- veloped mercury rectifiers and design dynamo electric ma- chinery, insulation and standard- ization. active promoting international and national electrical standardization and member the International Electro-Techni- cal founder and director the American Welding Society, 800 guests attended this banquet Hotel, Cleveland, the evening Oct, radio commentator, who described the probable Ben also future European political maneuvers. 7 | s he also former vice-president the American Institute Electrical Engineers and fellow the American Association for the Ad- member other engineering so- ber books electrical subjects. Born Boston 1868, Mr. Hobart was graduated from the Massachusetts Institute Tech- nology 1889 and during the next the American Society for Metals the Statler The principal speaker was able influence successful Spanish revolution spoke briefly. five years was connected with the Thompson-Houston Co. and later with the British company the same name. spent three years Berlin consulting electrical engineer and eight years inde- pendent consulting London. has been consulting engineer for the General Electric company since 1911. New officers the American Welding Society are follows: President, Gibson, execu- tive vice-president, Wellman Engi- neering Co., Cleveland. Senior vice-president, Fish, chief engineer boiler division, Hart- ford Steam Boiler Inspection Insurance Co. Divisional vice-president, Boardman, director research, Chicago Bridge Iron Co. Divisional vice-president, Zimmerman, development engineer, Linde Air Products Co. Divisional vice-president, Thomas, president Thomas Co., Philadelphia. Treasurer, Charles McCune (re-elected), secretary Magna- flux Corp., New York. Technical secretary, William Spraragen. Secretary, Miss Kelley. Barclay, president, British Institute Metals, was one the speakers the annual dinner Sk the American Institute Mining Metallurgical Engineers, Wednes- day evening. The Metal Exposition attracted large attendance visitors who showed keen interest the dis- plays which were educational character and covered wide range materials, equipment and proc- esses. Included the exhibit was considerable mechanical equipment that was being shown for the first time. Exhibitors reported good volume sales machines and other equipment. Many the leading steel com- panies had exhibits and was gen- erally agreed that these exceeded scope and attractiveness all pre- vious displays the Metal Expo- sition. Steel makers showed not only full lines their products, but many cases finished products made from their steels show the deep drawing, forging, finishing and other qualities the steel. Various applications alloy and high strength steels were exhibited and stainless steel was featured attractive displays table ware and other household equipment. The voice robot fabricated stainless steel explained the manufacturing processes the Steel Corp., talking picture the making steel Bethle- hem Steel Co., and motion pic- ture steel making the Great Lakes Steel Corp. model tilting type open-hearth furnace exhibited the Jones Laughlin Steel Corp. showed the tapping heat steel. 10-gage stain- less steel sheet 84x240 in., said the largest ever made, and in- tricate stainless steel etchings were exhibited the American Roll- ing Mill Co. Colored cold rolled strip new product that was shown the Acme Steel Co., Chicago. The made from 8-in. wide, 0.050 gage cold strip with either bright gal- vanized surface which applied coating various colors and supplied coils. This material, stated, can formed into almost any shape without chipping and designed for fabrication into dec- orative moldings, automobile mold- ings, bottle caps and other products. new process selective sur- face hardening electrical induc- tion, which was given its first pub- lic demonstration, attracted great deal interest. This, which has been developed the Ohio Crank- shaft Co., Cleveland, and desig- nated the Tocco process, per- mits the surface heating and quenching cylindrical sections with the hardened surface kept within close limits area and depth. The first application the process has been the harden- ing crankshafts internal combustion engines the bearing surfaces and this application the process was demonstrated. After forging, the crankshaft cooled, this cooling resulting the necessary normalizing. Without further heat treatment, ma- chined and rough ground. For hardening high frequency, current high voltage trans- formed into low voltage with high amperage. The current passes in- inductor blocks which surround 212 companies displaying their wares last week's eighteenth National Metal This view the upper level only partially some the larger booths. The picture gas | 4 | | | | | i | = but not touch the bearing area that hardened. The induc- tor block current induces cur- rent the surface the metal and this induced current heating factor. When the area heated has been subjected the high frequency current for the correct length time, the electri- cal circuit opened and the heated surface quenched spray from water jacket built into the inductor block. After the bearings are hardened shaft drawn low tempera- and processes over 165,000 sq. ft. floor space, Congress was the most successful record. reveals the attractive and instructive aspects above shows one aisle exhibits section. strains and ture finish ground. remove testing equipment, new, high speed Moore rotating beam fatigue testing machine was shown the Baldwin Southwark Corp., Philadelphia. This machine has rated speed 10,000 r.p.m., but tests the Exposition showed considerably higher speed. This speed compares with speed 1750 r.p.m. for previous type ma- chine. This company also showed for the first time new Universal hydraulic testing machine equipped with large load indicating dial that takes the place three small dials and provides two ranges the one dial. new feed fatigue testing ma- chine the fixed deflection type for testing sheet specimens, designed give uniform stress over con- siderable portion its cantilever length, was displayed Krouse, New Kensington, Pa. For fatigue testing wire Mr. Krouse showed new high speed fatigue machine provided with wire test- ing adapter having speed range 500 12,000 cycles per min. Exhibits welding and cutting equipment were very complete and several new developments were shown. There was wide variety flame cutting equipment, includ- ing automatic flame cutting and torch hardening equipment. There were also numerous displays welding rods all types. method automatic arc weld- ing with the complete protection the weld metal that was developed Una Welding, Inc., Cleveland, was demonstrated that com- pany. The welding rod protected rod and with tape which wrapped around the rod just be- fore reaches the are. This per- mits the replacement bare rods formerly used with automatic welding heads with tape coated rods and extends the use the shielded are automatic continu- ous welding. new automatic welding head using coated electrodes was exhib- ited the Harnischfeger Corp., Milwaukee. This head operated remote control and said permit the use higher current with welding heats much per cent above those used with hand machines. new dual continuous control for the shielded are SAE welder was exhibited operation the Lincoln Electric Co., Cleveland. making possible the selection any degree are penetration for each and every current setting, the new control, pointed out, pro- vides distinct advancement welding technique. Both voltage 4 | | GIBSON, vice- president, Wellman Engineering Co., Cleve- sion, land, and president-elect, American and current the welder can varied continuous sequence fine increments. Equipment for multi-layer oxy- acetylene pipe welding was demon- strated the Air Reduction Sales Corp., New York. This designed produce welds heavy wall pipe designed for severe service. This company also exhibited new surface flame hardening machine for hardening gears and flat sur- faces. new portable shape cutting FISH, chief engi- neer, Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection Insur- ance Co., and senior vice- ciety. president, Welding Society. velopment American machine was one the exhibits the Linde Air Products Co., New York. Several metal cutting machines were shown operation and at- tracted great deal interest. The general trend machines this type toward faster opera- tion. new semi-automatic cutting machine for cutting with saw light wall metal tubing and other light sections was demonstrated the DeWalt Products Corp., Lan- caster, Pa. This has capacity for engineer, Linde Air Products and divisional vice-presi- dent (New York and New England), American Weld- ing Society. New Officers the ne BOARDMAN, director research, Chicago Bridge Iron Works, divisional vice-president (Middle Western), American Welding Society. cutting tubing in. diam- eterat the rate cuts per min. The feed automatic. continuous sawing and filing machine for die work was dis- played Continental Machine Spe- cialties, Inc., Minneapolis. the base this machine brazing unit for joining the ends band saw after the saw inserted the work. What said the larg- est hack saw machine ever built was shown operation Arm- strong-Blum Mfg. Co., Chicago. GILL THE Campbell Memo- delivered Mr. Gill dealt with carbide segregation and grain size high-speed HOYT transverse notch bar tests, Dr. Hoyt discussed practical questions. GEORGE MAURATH HAIRMAN the en- tertainment commit- tee the American Welding Society. EDGAR BAIN EWLY elected presi- dent the A.S.M. and assistant the vice- president charge re- search, United States Steel Corp. 24—THE IRON AGE, October 29, 1936 J | | J j | ~ American Welding Society * > j 4 THOMAS, presi- Co., Philadelphia, and (Middle Eastern), Ameri- can Welding Society. and employs new principle roll stroke blade reciprocation. Exhibition electric furnace equipment included atmospheric control conveyor type copper braz- ing furnaces the General Elec- tric Co. ((in operation), and Leeds Northrup Co., Philadel- phia, showed new Homo temper- ing furnace. This smaller than the standard Homo furnace, being designed for tools and die temper- ing. Gas furnaces and burners were shown number manufactur- ers. rotary forge furnace for heating stock under controlled at- mosphere was exhibited the Gas Machinery Co., Cleveland. The use zinc base die castings product manufacture was shown interesting exhibit the New Jersey Zinc Co. Among the more intricate castings shown was gear case for Universal wind- ing machine weighing and re- placing assembly castings. Another was lid for high speed industrial sawing machine having speed 7000 stitches per min., this lid having heretofore been made numerous parts. Oil line inserts tubular brass are cast the piece. die castings used the 1937 Buick car amount- ing lb. were shown and along- side them were about dozen similar castings which were all McCUNE, secre- tary, Magnaflux New York, and treasurer, American Welding Society. technical Society. that were used the same car ten years ago. Heat corrosion and abrasive re- sisting alloy castings were featured attractive displays. Exhibits coating processes and materials including working dem- onstration electrolitic plating with cadalyte the Grasselli Chemical Co. and duPont demon- stration bright zinc barrel plating process. New equipment SPRARAGEN, secre- tary, American Welding ENRY METCALF HO- BART, consulting en- gineer, General Electric Co., and recipient Samuel Wylie Miller Me- morial Medal. for research work was shown the Bausch Lomb Optical Co., Rochester, tungsten lamp furnishes the light source. This equipment designed that the same instrument will light, dark and polarized light work. new high speed automatic tap- ping machine was shown the George Scherr Co., New York. feature claimed for this machine that the breaking taps elimi- nated. OBERT Archer (left), retiring president the A.S.M., and Edgar Bain (right), president-elect, congratulate Gill for his valuable and informative Edward DeMille Campbell Memorial Lecture. THE IRON AGE, October 29, 1936—25 | C (a if attendance the eigh- National Metal Congress Cleveland last week and the enthusiasm exhibited the tech- nical conventions may consid- ered substantial evidence the country’s industrial recovery. record attendance was registered the exposition and, even more encouraging, the attendance most the technical sessions the American Society for Metals greatly taxed the capacity the auditoriums provided for the lec- tures. The schedule papers during last week’s five-day session was un- doubtedly the most inclusive and probably the ever prepared the A.S.M. since its initial venture sponsor exposition 1919. that 26—THE IRON AGE, October 29, 1936 PAPERS Tocco Hardening Attracts Great Interest Presents Valuable Stainless Steel Data—Ameen Reviews Dimension Changes Tool Steels. time the A.S.M. was known the American Steel Treaters’ Society, and, even now, the society has tendency emphasize the heat treatment steel notwithstanding its change name. the separate technical manuscripts presented from Mon- day Friday last week, many dealt with fundamental research, there were seven educational lec- tures, sessions heat treating, grain size and physical properties, four papers the melting steel, symposium the plastic working metals, three papers the use X-rays and three papers dealing with fundamental data testing phenomena. this enor- mous amount technical matter, obvious that only small part can segregated and treated the following much the heat treating sessions were particularly popular, and, be- cause many readers THE IRON AGE are specifically interested this subject, the three papers this group will given special consideration. Tocco Hardening “Differential Hardening In- duction,” Tran, Park Drop Forge Co., and Benninghoff, Ohio Crank Shaft Co., attracted great interest, partly because the equipment was actual public operation the show for the first time. The new (abbreviation The Ohio Crankshaft Co.) proc- { | | | | | ess procedure whereby metal surfaces are hardened very quick- ly, inexpensively and with accurate and uniform results. The Tocco procedure currently confined mostly hardening the bearing sections crankshafts and sections other symmetrical automobile parts. expected, however, that this method differ- ential hardening will soon branch out into many other directions. pointed out the authors, industry’s search for wear re- sistant metal surface combined with resilient core has led many developments. Carburizing, being many centuries old, probably was the first many methods producing hard surface soft metal core. More recently, cyanid- ing followed carburizing, and nitriding, Chapmanizing and, some extent, chromium plating subsequently followed order industry searched for processes suitable for particular applica- tions. All these methods require the addition absorption other ele- ments the surface hard- ened. Some methods require time long hr., and also the use high temperatures. Dis- tortion often results, many times the products require many subse- IG. Tocco machine for dif- ferentially hardening shafts. The inductor blocks (as indicated here arrows) fit over faces the Note the small holes the blocks through which cooling water squirted, quent grinding finishing opera- tions, and, finally, has become evident that not economical heat 1000 lb. metal, for instance, order harden lb. Thus industry has become more and more convinced that ess needed harden metal sur- faces differentially but still not re- quire the addition absorption another element. Likewise, important that the entire opera- tion can accomplished very short time. The first approach this end was the use flame hardening (Shorter process, etc.) which traveling flame heats certain parts and these parts are immediately hardened pressure water emerging from directly be- neath the burner tip. The authors pointed out, however, that the use this procedure crankshafts often resulted distortion, and furthermore, was neither uniform nor predictable. The Tocco process, described the authors, procedure where- the part treated heated very quickly and accurately above the AC; point high fre- quency induced current and there- after immediately quenched means pressure water streams. This equipment permits very ac- curate control temperature ‘ § location and depth, and the heat- ing rapid prevent un- desired heating adjacent areas, especially fillets parts such crankshafts. The power output Tocco equipment may regulated auto- matically manually the op- erator’s discretion. quency current high voltage from the frequency charger transformed into low voltage with high amperage through water cooled transformer from which passes into inductor blocks placed around the surface hardened. inductor block acts the primary coil transformer in- ducing current the magnetic object heated, through min- imum air gap, which has been pre- determined and maintained. This circulating cur- rent induced the surface the journal heated the prime heating factor. Heat is, therefore, generated the steel itself. The heating the result two losses the steel; first, hysteresis loss, and, second, eddy current loss. Both these heating effects are their maximum the start the heating cycle as, the critical point, there hysteresis loss and eddy current loss great- reduced. Thus the surface THE IRON AGE, October 29, 1936—27 fe the steel cannot overheated even exposed twice long re- quired, since further application the current only serves drive the heat toward the center the piece being heated. Built into the inductor block and integral with water jacket. Instantaneous quenching accom- plished pressure spraying through orifices the inner faces the blocks. picture Toc- hardening machine with two in- ductor blocks shown Fig. operation, the two parts the block fit down over the part treated. The contour this in- ductor block controls the contour the particular surface hardened. The k.v.a. seconds re- quired produce desired hard- ened area estimated from graphs compiled from ments, with due allowance being made for the mass effect ad- jacent areas. This calculation then substantiated experimenta- tion. Fig. shown com- pletely automatic Tocco machine. The authors the paper differ- ential hardening are demonstrat- ing the method operation. using the Tocco machine crankshafts, preference had for steels having McQuaid-Ehn rat- ing 6-8, with only slight de- gree abnormality. This slight abnormality together with the fine grained steel produces martensi- tic structure the hardened zone without the customary martensitic cracking. The authors, Tran and Benning- hoff, stated that completely in- sure the success this process, particularly producing good bond, the steel used should either previously heat treated predominately sorbitic structure normalized obtain grain size that approaches treated structure. This structure may obtained accelerated cool from the normalizing tempera- ture. The heating cycle used the Tocco process rapid that tor ened differentially. Note how how the thrust-face and bearing are hard- ened, leaving the fillet unaltered and soft. The total time required this job was average power imput 110 kw. permits little diffusion time, which necessitates having the steel the proper condition before hardening. desirable that the steel used quite free from surface imperfections and the micro-constituents should show minimum tendency toward segre- gating into bands. After hardening, entire shaft drawn low tempera- ture completely remove stresses. finish grind remove 0.020 0.030 in. metal pur- posely left the diameter before hardening completes the shaft. then subjected thorough ex- amination for surface defects means the Magnaflux process and checked 100 per cent for hard- ness, which held minimum Rockwell “C.” There are number typical metallurgical hardening induction. The cus- tomary surface decarburization and grain growth does not occur due the rapidity the heating TABLE Chemical Analysis Crankshaft Steels That Can Tocco Hardened Carbon Max. Max. Nickel S.A.E. No. 1045 0.40 to 0.50 0.60 to 0.90 0.040 0.050 No. 1050 modified 0.45 0.55 0.70 1.05 0.040 0.050 S.A.E. No. T1345 0.40 0.50 1.60 1.90 0.040 0.050 Mola. 0.588 1.16 0.014 0.015 Nil S.A.E. No. X4340 0.35 0.45 0.50 0.80 0.040 0.040 1.25 1.76 S.A.E. No. 4140 0.35 0.45 0.50 0.80 0.040 0.040 No. X3140 0.35 0.45 0.60 0.90 0.040 0.040 1.10 1.50 Foreign 0.382 0.38 0.011 0.021 2.74 Foreign 0.32 0.38 0.30 0.50 0.020 0.030 2.50 3.00 Foreign 0.294 0.25 0.008 0.008 8.91 Foreign 0.350 0.63 0.008 0.009 0.65 Foreign 0.516 0.59 0.018 0.037 0.96 Foreign 0.376 0.74 0.029 0.039 0.08 Cast alloy 1.198 0.66 0.019 0.033 0.19 Zee metal 2.50 0.170 0.095 Graphitic Stee] 1.50 0.40 0.015 0.020 28—THE IRON AGE, October 29, 1936 Chrome Moly. Max. 0.030 0.25 Max. 0.030 0.030 0.21 0.15 0.70 0.90 0.15 0.25 0.80 1.10 0.15 0.25 0.030 0.70 0.90 0.88 0.80 1.00 1.07 0.51 1.06 0.95 Nil Nil 0.33 Nil 0.42 Nil 0.90 1.82 0.94 6.80 ° { ° ° ° if | | i | | | j Sec. Sec. Sec. Sec. 4—Transverse sections specimens taken from bar SAE 1045 steel, showing the penetrations obtained using constant power imput with different heating times. cycle, which measured sec- onds and tenths seconds. The resulting martensite extremely fine grained, even 1000 diam- eters and the usual large needles are absent, thus producing excep- hardened area. The combination instantaneous pressure quenching and split second heating cycle pro- duces bond (that is, the cohesion between the hardened areas and the core) which largely troosti- tic, blending gradually into the core structure without any marked precipitation free ferrite below the gradation zone. Core structures remain entirely undis- turbed after surface hardening the Tocco process, since the ex- = tremely short time cycle combined with the skin effect peculiar high frequency current does not permit the heat penetrate into the core. demonstration the high IG. 2—This automatic Tocco hardening unit shown here with crankshaft place. Power automatically applied the bearing and maintained con- stant value, then released, after which the quenching medium applied automatically proper pressure and for correct time interval. The authors the paper differential hardening are also shown here—M. Tran the left, and Benninghoff degree precision hardening ditferentially, consider Fig. which shows longitudinal section bearing hardened the Tocco method. Note the sharpness and the uniformity the surface hard- ened area and the unaltered con- dition the fillet and major part the bearing. The manner which the depth hardness varies with time pictured Fig. and total list all the alloys far successfully hardened the Tocco machine listed Table few foreign steels are in- cluded. Continuous Gas Carburizing The method carburizing gas which the work enters THE IRON AGE, October 29, 1936—29 2 Sec. 3 Sec. 4 Sec. ae a8 Contro/ Couple Thermo- rge line Gate Thermo- Thermo- couple Section A-A 5—Laboratory furnace used determine the effect various atmospheric conditions upon the process continuous gas carburizing. one end and discharges the other end elongated muffle cham- 1931. has been successful commercial use since that time. the interval from 1931 the ent date, vast amount in- formation regarding the operation these units has been accumulat- ing. Much these data were cor- related and described last week the Surface Combustion Corp., and, addition, the article summarized results obtained group ex- periments, using, turn, city gas, cracked gas and natural gas under various atmospheric conditions. All this experimental work was undertaken determine the effect various atmospheric conditions upon the process continuous gas carburizing. the experimental work small laboratory furnace was set which was adapted for continuous operation. The material could carburized controlled atmos- phere and allowed cool slowly before removing into the air. The parts carburized were placed steel trays, which were charged one end the muffle, moved progressively along the furnace length and discharged the op- posite end the muffle. The de- tails the furnace used are shown Fig. According Mr. Cowan, this furnace was operated continuously for considerable period time for the carburization samples steel which were then polished and examined microscopically order study the depth and character the carburized case obtained conditions. SAE 1020-90 steel was used for these studies. The time 30—THE IRON AGE, October 29, 1936 temperature was adjusted produce these specimens rather deep case approximately 0.070 in. This was done order avoid conclusions based shal- low case depths. There were trays the furnace one time each with test specimen; there- fore, when was decided make change any kind there was period time when certain the samples within the furnace were subjected both treatments. the graph Fig. attempt made show means shaded areas and the cross hatch lines just where these transition periods oecur between tests. The following series tests were run the author: (1) city gas only, concurrent flow cu. ft. per hr.; (2) city gas only, flow cu. ft. per hr.; (3) city gas only, counterflow cu. ft. per hr.; (4) natural gas with flue gas; (5) cracked gas with propane de- hydrated activated alumina; (6) same (5) without dehydra- tion; (7) cracked gas with pane, dew point deg. F.; (8) cracked gas with propane, dew point deg. F.; (9) cracked gas with propane, alloy trays; (10) cracked gas with propane, alloy muffle, and (11) cracked gas with propane, using oxidized trays. the base the chart shown appropriate numbers the different series tests given above. The transition zones between tests are marked out already described. The numbers shown represent in- dividual specimens each which was taken from single tray. The carburized depth each re- corded graph placed above each specimen number. The tem- perature was held 1750 deg. (955 deg. C.). The author pointed out that number unexpected results were found this program tests. was surprised the first place find that higher flow city gas caused lowering the case depth. was also surprised when was found that completely de- hydrated gas was not found when the addition moisture Note: eres transition zone 720 = S .060 Concurrent Flow Flow 1:1 Gas Only Gas Cracked Gas with Flue Gas with Propane @Q C 4 11: Alloy Cracked Gas with Propane effect various atmospheric conditions the case depth continu- ous gas carburizing. | | | J this gas raised the carburizing effi- ciency. The effect alloy the carburizing reaction well known and expected, but was believed that the use alloy the muffle would have about the same effect alloy the tray. This proved wrong; for the effect alloy the muffle was found rather slight. The use ox- idized trays material covered with mill scale known have effect upon the carburizing rate. The author, however, did not be- lieve the effect was great that indicated. concluding his paper, the au- thor listed the following five re- tests: (1) The matter gas flow important and should care- fully established for each installa- tion; (2) the carburizing gases not need thoroughly dried but will function efficiently the presence considerable water vapor; (3) alloy trays containing per cent nickel and per cent chromium have effect upon the reaction which must taken into consideration (ex- perience has shown that after hav- ing passed through the furnace several times and having been thoroughly carburized this alloy effect greatly reduced); (4) the alloy that used the muffle has but very slight effect, any, upon the carburized material, and (5) the presence mill scale upon work carburized accelerates the carburizing rate. This observa- tion has been confirmed practice. excellent discussion the re- sults obtained Mr. Cowan was public Steel Corp. was em- phasized Mr. McQuaid that his experiences have shown that the rate flow very important factor obtaining the maximum rate carburizing, whether gas compound. Also, his ex- periences would indicate that maximum speed flow gas over the work usually restricted com- mercially questions expense and cost circulation. Mr. Quaid checked the maximum rate flow indicated Mr. Cowan’s paper and arrived rough fig- ure in. per min. through the empty tube and, depending upon the size the sample, this figure would, course, considerably increased the test pieces. Mr. McQuaid was the opinion that more accurate indication the effect speed the gases over the work might have been found the thermo-couple were actually contact with the test piece the tube, that the cooling effect the gas the surface the work might known. This very important consideration and determines many commercial number years Mr. Cowan has conducted extensive ex- periments the inter- est gas carburizing and has expended great deal effort develop practical pro- duction process. For the past two years has been engaged re- search metallurgist for the Surface Combustion Corp., Toledo, prior which spent years malleable foundry and steel making re- search, applications the maximum rate flow the carburizing gas. Mr. McQuaid was also the opinion that there would con- siderable value study which circulation the gases the car- burizing retort was obtained fan the retort itself, that in- stead fresh gas being admitted the rate indicated, the hot gases would recirculated prevent stagnation any gases recesses, the work. According some the experi- ences Mr. McQuaid, there maximum rate which the sur- face austenite can absorb carbon any given temperature, and, also, diffusion rate which fixed the temperature that all that can expected recir- proach this maximum uniformity all parts the exposed surface the work. Mr. Cowan’s observations re- gard moisture checked with Mr. McQuaid’s experiences also did the conclusion regard upon the work carburized. Continuous Heat Treating Cold-Rolled Strip With two large size commercial continuous heat treating furnaces operation cold-rolled strip, the general subject continuous heat treating one which latterly has attracted much interest. general review the subject well examination the re- sults obtained the first experi- mental unit were described paper entitled the Heat Treatment Cold-Rolled Strip,” Goss, Cold Metal Process Co., and Bechtel, Electric Furnace Co. was pointed out that the past decade has seen tremendous ad- vancement the production low- carbon steel strip form, that is, long continuous lengths. The demand for such strip, particularly the “broad” variety generally speaking, widths above in. come primarily from automotive users. Such production has become pos- sible the main two major de- velopments, which, least from the standpoint commercial ap- plication, may considered having been brought out during the 1926-1936 period. These two developments were the continuous hot strip mill and the continuous cold rolling mill. the processing this strip, there are usually re- quired some heat treatment one more points. general this treatment consists process an- neals put the material shape for further cold rolling and final heat treatments the form an- nealing normalizing, some- times combination both, make available the proper physical conditions for stamping other fabrication into the final product. shown the authors, con- ventional annealing practice may vary that the strip may either annealed coil form sheared and then annealed the flat, and, the present time, principally THE IRON AGE, October 29, | { — t “4 accomplished batch type fur- naces one form another. Normalizing may considered fundamentally continuous fur- nace operation and carried out most mills, with the mate- generally cut short lengths and carried between rider and cover sheets ordinary di- rect fired furnace. However, would seem quite logical that, having accomplished the rolling the strip long lengths continuously, would seem the best practice heat treat like manner. That is, the coil would unreeled one end the furnace, passed continuously through the equipment and recoiled the discharge end. After the perfection cheap process for producing atmosphere for furnaces 1932, the Cold Metal Process Co. installed furnace for bright annealing and_ electrical (high silicon) strip both the hot and cold-rolled forms. The first experimental furnace was installed 1933, and the construction and operation this furnace was de- scribed THE IRON Feb. 21, page 23, 1935. Suffice say, the furnace heated electrically; the effective heating chamber measures ft. ft., powered 120 kw. and has productive capacity eight ten tons per day low steel strip. The cooling chamber, which the sectional water-jacket type, about ft. length. The conveying equip- ment consists series heat- resisting, alloy rolls the heating chamber and brass rolls the cooler section the cooling chamber. Two large size commercial fur- naces this general type have been built the Westinghouse Electric Mfg. Co. One these, now operation the Ford plant, has overall length 250 ft. and heat treats 18-gage strip maximum speed ft. per min. Descriptions this furnace and data dealing with the heating and cooling temperatures and ranges were considered detail page 45-A the Oct. 1936, issue IRON AGE. The product furnished this method heat treatment, accord- ing Goss and Bechtel, char- acterized uniform grain size. above the point, coupled with 32—THE IRON AGE, October 29, 1936 the proper time temperature, steels having unusual deep draw- ing properties were developed. Sev- eral examples steel with this deep drawing characteristic are shown Fig. The one view the middle Fig. shows cup 0.016 in. thickness made one cup and one draw without anneal- ing. the production this part was absolutely necessary that the cup draw uniformly, without ears and that there evidence tearing the bottom edge. The deep drawing shown the left was made from round blank 0.022 in. thick and was made with one cup and two drawing operations with intermediate anneals. The piece the right, Fig. was made possible for the first time deep-drawing steels continuous furnace heat treatment. Note the perfect rim, which was important due the small projections nec- essary the upper edge. The authors pointed out that grain size and yield point are re- lated. steel normalized the continuous furnace, the finer the grain the higher the yield point and the elastic limit, and the larger the grain the lower the strength for any given material. Therefore, when stamping have extreme strength fine struc- ture desirable, whereas for deep drawing operations larger grain size naturally preferred. Stainless Alloys splendid contribution the literature covering austenitic stain- less steels the chromium-nickel variety was presented Krivobok the Carnegie Institute Technology and Allegheny Steel Co., and Rush Lincoln the Allegheny Steel Co. The manu- script contained the results great mass experimental work, mostly relating characteristic data chromium-nickel steels high strength resulting from cold working. preparation for the experi- ments, 30-lb. ingots were made with carbon content approxi- mately 0.05 and 0.015 per cent and with chromium ranging from per cent, and nickel from per cent. These ingots were re- duced hot and cold rolling strip 0.038 in. thick, which was an- nealed dissolve carbides. The effect composition the mechanical properties was deter- mined both annealed strip and strip after different degrees rolling. The and elong