The Iron Age 1936-04-23: Vol 137 Iss 17

out E. ress rer, avy ntil nd- ntil avy has ina out ich- ans ity, her bay gal, not me. ron sal, and us- atic etc. nt., ans 200 rise and ped ac- ude mill out HERE have been—and are—men who their courage and foresight charting their course through the men industry.’ single industry has played such large part industrial progress the steel industry. building, transporta- — tion, and steel and its allied products are constantly becoming i ¢ more important. Since the Wean Engineering Company equipment and arrangement, “wise men the steel are depending upon Wean equipment produce the high quality products the largest mills the world. Wean representative your service show you how you can make your plant most efficient. — it 200, 100 are ical ity, 4 APRIL 23, 1936 j eee 4 2 will out Rugged construction alone not enough. Real protection assured only passes the action test. Press down the shackle—listen for the sharp, snappy, business-like click that means perfect functioning Pin Tumbier the mechanism within And springs, big and little, are the motive power behind the vital inner mech- anisms which are responsible for the successful operation the simple padlock, the massive bank vault and practically every machine and device regardless its size. Everything depends the perfect operation these springs and the small parts which they ac- tivate Elephant Brand Phosphor Bronze springs, round and flat, are being specified for countless applications where dependable performance demanded. Investigate the advantages this enduring metal. TS Control the integrity ANT BRONZE THE PHOSPHOR BRONZE SMELTING 2200 WASHINGTON AVENUE PHILADELPHIA, INGOTS CASTINGS RODS WIRE SHEETS ROPE TUBIN 7 r J 4 q FRITZ FRANK, President J. H. VAN DEVENTER Editor Managing Editor Editor Emeritus Machinery Editor Washington Chicago Cleveland Pittsburgh Detroit Boston Cincinnati (HESTNUT AND 56TH STREETS, PHILADELPHIA, PA. Sales Offices WEST 39TH STREET NEW YORK, Contents April 23, 1936 Rustless Steel Output for 1935..... Low-Alloy, High Tensile Steels. Open-Hearth Technicians Review Developments......... Automotive Industry ... Statistics Metal-Working Activity. Gear Makers Hold Comprehensive Meeting........... Products Advertised ..... 122 Copyright 1936 Chilton Company (Inc.) Owned and Published (Incorporated) BAUR, General Advertising Manager Executive and Publication Offices, DIX, Manager Reader Service and Pa. Member, Audit Bureau Circulations ADVERTISING STAFF MUSSELMAN, President Member, Associated Business Papers Emerson Findley, 621 Union Bldg., Cleveland dexe 1 strial Arts Index. x 2 7 Ave. . Thursday. STEVENS, Vice-President Published every Hottenstein, 802 Otis Bldg., Chicago > T Sts ( 72 08- JOSEPH S. HILDRETH “ tion Price: United tates and Pos Peirce Lewis, 7310 Woodward Ave., Detroit GRIFFITHS, ada, $8.50, including duty; Foreign Philadelphia, Pa. EVERIT TERHUNE, $12.00 year. Single copy, cents. Ober, 239 39th St., New York 2 . W. B. Robinson, 428 Park Bldg., Pittsburgh ERNEST HASTINGS, Sweetser, 239 West 39th St., New York WILLIAM BARBER, Treasurer Oable Address, ‘‘Ironage, Warren, Box 81, Hartford, Conn. JOHN BLAIR MOFFETT, Secretary 4 : = =. 2 45 \ of B ING RESULT PLUS BETHLEHEM want BETHLEHEM PIPE that’s clean-threading Pipe” LEAN threading one the foremost the plus Welded Pipe, black galvanized, Beth-Cu-Loy factors Bethlehem Pipe that are constantly Copper Bearing, the distributor can offer Bethle- bringing repeat business distributors who handle it. This characteristic results from the uni- form metallic structure the pipe—its freedom from hard spots. Threading qualities alone are sufficient make many users express preference for Bethlehem Pipe. Yet the ease and consistency with which takes true, clean threads but one the plus factors that steadily pull for the concern handling Bethle- hem Pipe. Whether it’s Bethlehem Lap- Butt- hem Pipe with the assurance that its bend- ing and flanging properties, its strong, leak- proof welds, its straightness and freedom from scale, will measure the very highest standards. Once Bethlehem Pipe introduced, repeat busi- ness flows steadily. The ease with which can fabricated and the superior service gives make users out their way get Bethlehem Pipe again. Its plus factors win staunch friends. 20—THE IRON AGE, April 23, 1936 | a i — g sta > -Loy thle- leak- from APRIL 23, 1936 ESTABLISHED Vol. 136, No. “With Malice Toward our unemployment problem must come from business and industry rather than from acts the Administration Congress. may also right saying that suffers from lack cooperation from industry and business accomplish this highly necessary purpose. But might added such coopera- tion has been made impossible through his own actions and attitudes. ROOSEVELT quite right saying that the practical solution situation such face today calls for great statesmen and conciliators and not for demagogues. The need heal old wounds, not open new ones. man group cooperate with another man group that has demonstrated ingrained spirit animosity. That true human relationships both private and public. The laborer whose boss him may work because has but will grudgingly. The great conciliator, Abraham Lincoln, knew that his own attitude mind and heart was the primary and determining factor solving the Nation's perplexing problem. made this clear his second inaugural address, when said: malice toward none, with charity for all; with firmness the God gives see the right, strive finish the work are The bitterest Confederate knew that there was malice heart, knew that hated neither slavery nor the slave owners; realized that was not any individual, group class, but that his great compelling mo- tive was justice and charity for all. This attitude heart and mind saved and reunited our Republic. Lincoln's shoes would have ruined it. Lincoln's shoes would have stumped the country hurling re- criminations the slave owners, would have called them and reaction- would have ridiculed them and sneered them, building natural resentment that would have made true cooperation impossible when the belated olive branch had been produced. need today the best that industry and business can give the way help toward the solution our pressing economic problems. need the spirit cooperation contrasted with the spirit antagonism. shall not get and cannot get until there reborn, Washington, Government imbued, Lincoln's was, malice toward none, with charity for veg > 44 > = ~ AG can #254", ' : ip THE steel industry’s pampered brood children, corrosion and heat-resisting alloy steels, have developed some sem- blance adulthood. course, big-brother-carbon steel’s contribu- tion the family treasury still far overtops the comparatively paltry $55,000,000 returned last year rolled and and Cr-Ni alloys. However, all indications point ascending star des- tiny for the family favorites. They have reestablished reputation for dependability, they have attracted sizable and influential following, and high hopes are held for increasingly successful and profit- able future for these types steels. Like any youthful prodigy, the and Cr-Ni steels their child- hood were urged and even forced tasks beyond their natural ca- pacities. reaction was inevitable, and this reaction, combined with the widespread deflationary influ- ences prevailing between 1930 and 1933, resulted relapse which left the steels almost incapacitated. 22—THE IRON AGE, April 23, 1936 However, educational program publicize the correct steels for particular purposes, search develop improved physi- cal properties, and stable selling prices all served bring these steels well back along the road recovery. That this recovery has been sound proved the fact that 1935 production and Cr-Ni alloy steel ingots advanced 67,227 net tons, which represents per cent increase over 1934 production and per cent greater than the 54,949 tons, pro- duced the more carefree days 1930. Castings, likewise, had impressive production rise 1935. Output all cast and Cr-Ni alloy “irons” and totaled 3971 tons for the months, which per cent advance over the 1934 level and only per cent under 1929 output, the record year for the industry. The outlook for the current year and succeeding periods just significant the impressive ad- vance production during 1935. Undeniably, and Cr-Ni steels have secured for themselves com- fortable niche the industrial world, and all indications point constantly expanding markets. steels will ultimately occupy posi- tion overshadowing the now-domi- nant carbon plain steels. How- ever, realization this end will come only after many years research extend applications and reduce costs. far, the use and Cr-Ni steels has been costly, and for this reason they have been employed only where they could prove defi- nite economic esthetic advan- tage. High costs have effectively barred them from entering the great tonnage markets where they would direct competition with mild steels and certain non-ferrous metals, and, furthermore, all indi- cations point toward the mainte- nance this bar for some time come. Not that the many alloy makers are not endeavoring re- duce cost, but the nature the product makes difficult attain the desired end. few buyers assume that some price disorganization may obtain 1937, directly attributable the expiration certain basic Strauss and Haynes patents controlled the Chemical Foundation, Inc., and American Stainless Steel Co. re- spectively. However, consumer with this attitude fails consider the fact that other patents are im- pending, several which are such basic importance that and when they are issued the industry would dominated for the next years much the same manner — - j i r F Production for 1935 Establishes New Record Expiring Patents May Disorganize Markets that has been the case the past years. Furthermore, steel pro- ducers are hardly position make price concessions view the indisputable fact that even now more than one type steel sold near its cost level even below cost some instances. These few observations serve demonstrate the tions the manufacturing and marketing chrome and chrome- nickel alloy steels. One established fact that 1935 activity was far greater than for any preceding year. Equally apparent the fact that changes are the offing be- cause expiring and impending basic patents. Furthermore, con- siderable research work under way improve the performance and reduce the cost (at least frac- resisting steels. The patent situation complex exasperating degree. Never- theless the influence patents and the outlook for rustless steel pro- duction and consumption both are worthy more detailed treatment. Consequently they will again discussed the end this aritcle. The paragraphs which follow are immediate importance inasmuch they deal with the 1935 produc- tion figures. previous years, THE IRON LIPPERT Metallurgical Editor, The Age AGE has surveyed the industry determine the 1935 production corrosion and heat-resisting alloy steels both the rolled and the cast condition. Furthermore, this production broken down with respect broad analysis groups and listed according the individual finished steel products. The production and partial analy- sis breakdown for ingots shown graphically Fig. and more detail statistical presentation for both ingots and castings for the period 1929 1935 avail- able Table The 1935 output finished steel, listed both product and analysis, shown Table II. The 1935 survey believed slight improve- ment over its predecessors for the reason that two additional analysis groups are included, thereby result- ing more complete breakdown. Both primary and secondary pro- ducers cooperated give true picture 1935 finished steel pro- duction segregated into types products and analyses. pre- vious years, one primary and two secondary producers refused sub- mit figures, but certain deductions served effectively establish the activities these three mills. Thus the 67,227 tons ingots shown Table the total 1935 output believed accurate within several per cent. check this accuracy, note that 1935 production Cr-8 steel amounted 33,114 tons and the output Cr-12 steel to- taled 2827 tons. These two together amount 35,941 tons, which fair approximation the 41,714 tons reported officially the Chem- ical Foundation the total for all and Cr-Ni alloys. There difference 5773 tons between the two figures, but all this dif- ference probably represented various and Cr-Ni combinations included the “all other” group reporting finished steel pro- duction there bound slightly more attendant error than for ingots. For instance, primary mill may report production wire rods which would appear under the heading wire. But some these rods may sold converting mill. The latter mill’s report for wire production partial duplication that appear- ing the report from the primary producer. Careful checking the figures served keep this type duplication minimum. This survey production natu- THE IRON AGE, April 23, 1936—23 | = ~ ye ill is e 1s he er + TABLE Production Corrosion and Heat-Resisting Steel the United States (1929-1935) (Net Tons) Ingots: 1929 per cent and 8,per cent Ni... 21,074 per cent and per cent Ni.. 54,949 30,680 23,832 36,252 43,695 67,22 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 14,740 9,209 19,620 24,818 33,114 8,821 5,397 2,900 7,401 7,995 7,483 6,751 4,969 11,256 2,488 4,812 4,262 3,977 10,384 474 622 660 225 384 352 387 446 760 192 237 225 288 262 2,264 1,857 2,026 1,009 511 285 per cent (approx.)...... 14,552 per cent (approx.)...... 10,127 All others (Cr and Cr-Ni).......... 2,950 Castings: per cent and per cent Ni... 103 per cent and per cent All others (Cr and Cr-Ni)......... 3,035 rally included both high and low- nickel steels. Comparatively few valve steels are covered the re- port, and attempt was made secure production figures for steels running lower than per cent content. Neither are al- loys analyzing over per cent chromium per cent nickel in- cluded. number the less-com- mon Cr-Ni combinations and straight chromes are necessarily included the “all other” group Table inasmuch too elab- orate would complicate the survey. For instance, steel such the in- creasingly popular airplane con- struction alloy which analyzes per cent appears the “all other” grouping rather than individual classification. comparison the finished steel output Table and the ingot production Table dis- closes apparent average ingot yield per cent. That is, with ingot output 67,227 tons and total finished steel production total- ing 33,185 tons, there apparently only about per cent loss for conversion and finishing operations. Inasmuch most mills show con- version loss greater than per cent, probable that the 1935 ingot and finished steel relationship slightly awry, due carry-overs 24—THE IRON AGE, April 23, 1936 59,270 33,901 26,618 38,945 46,569 71,198 the first the year. Occasion- ally, for instance, some producers report sales rather than produc- tion, and carryovers such in- stances would exert distinct in- fluence. few words regarding the pro- duction figures shown Table might interest. For the sake simplicity, these observations will grouped individual fin- ished steel classifications. Sheets Sheet consumption 11,646 tons exceeded any one other finished steel group during 1935, and the and grade was the most popular analysis. The and com- bination sheet form favored architects for decorative pur- poses, for navy construction, rail- road trains, food containers, for restaurant equipment, consumption during 1935 was the per cent straight chrome grade. Low-carbon “stainless irons” this group are increasingly pop- ular, for they are cheaper (in the absence nickel), ductile and have excellent corrosion resistance. Chrome alloys this type are used the chemical industries, for automobile trimmings, cafeteria equipment, etc. The lower chro- mium grade (12 per cent with high carbon) finds appli- cation the cutlery and allied fields, and the higher chromium grade (over per cent and both high and low carbon) find their greatest uses low pressure apparatus which subject oxi- dation 2000 deg. F., furnace parts, annealing ovens, muffles, and for other high-tem- perature applications sistance corrosion and abrasion are paramount. Bars and Rods Steel this classification second sheets with respect yearly consumption, the 1935 total being 9159 tons, shown Table II. The uses and attributes bars and rods are very similar those stated for sheets the preceding paragraph. Besides be- ing used bars and rods per se, much this steel goes make rivets, bolts, nuts, ete. Strip Strip production for the year, which totaled 6203 tons, was some- what lower than was anticipated, view the well publicized uses form. the 4264 tons and made, about 300 tons went into the construction stainless steel trains, mostly gage and less than in. wide. Further- more, known that almost 2500 tons this type must into sim- ilar trains during the current year, provided the orders now books and being considered are carried through without delay. The auto- mobile industry took considerable strip during 1935, and consumption for the current year should even greater. Strip the and type ever popular for tectural details, table cutlery, etc. Table also shows sizable produc- straight chrome groups. These steels usually are low carbon, and, depending the heat treat- ment, they into many consuming outlets, varying from applications where strength more important than high corrosion resistance applications where resistance paramount and strength secondary. Wire total 1935 production 672 tons has been reported, with the and grade the most popular and the straight chrome “steels” and “irons” close second. good volume and wire was used for automobile steering GRAND TOTAL (ingots and castings) 53,472 om = Kage graph shows 60,000 yearly ingot pro- duction figures and tions for the past seven years and more detailed data listed Table The blank spaces shown prior 1933 repre- unallocated tonnages. Table data for Cr-12 and 18-30 alloys for the 1935 period, but these totals are lumped the 20,000 group here order that the consistent for the entire 50,000 40,000 30,000 Annual net tons period. 10,000 1929 wheels last year; some this pro- duction appears under wire and some under rods Table II. The wire tonnage includes the pro- duction welding wire, small drawn shapes, wire cloths, screens, Heretofore the high-chrome grades have had particularly the fine wire sizes. However, the production figures Table show that these analyses are increasingly popular, probably because their low base price and average excel- lent corrosion resistance. Larger have found better outlet cold forming and heating operations in- asmuch corrosion resistance usually satisfactory and die wear less than for the and analysis. Tubular Goods Since the initial manufacture 1922, there has been average upward trend the demand for tubing made from corrosion heat-resisting nickel-chromium straight nickel steels and “irons.” The 1935 production 3323 tons quite impressive. The and austenitic type was the most popu- lar analysis, with the chromium ferritic type second place. Contrary general expecta- tions, 148 tons the per cent (low carbon) tubing was made 1935. This grade en- 1930 1932 1933 joying more popularity, particu- larly because its moderate cost, high strength when heat treated and fair degree corrosion re- sistance. Equally surprising the 146 tons per cent chro- mium-iron tubes produced 1935. These analyses are usually sold hot finished sizes inasmuch cold drawing attended with many difficulties. Steels having per cent are sold large quan- tities tubular form steam plants and the petroleum industry. but they are not included the survey they are not truly stain- less, though they have consider- able chemical stability. Forgings Most the chrome-nickel and straight chrome steels and irons are forged without any great dif- shown Table II, the and grade was the most popu- lar forging analysis 1935, with the per cent chrome grade close second. Most forgings are small and find applications where strength, toughness, hardness, abrasion and corrosion resistance are paramount. Castings Production Higher For accuracy’s sake, the admis- sion must made that tonnage re- turns from foundries have not this year the past been accurate All Others (Cr and Ni) 1934 1935 those from ingot producers and converting mills. Three large pro- ducers castings and several small melters refused supply either their total tonnage breakdown figures, but, the case the ingot survey, attempt was made estimate these missing figures. The totals shown Table for castings are believed accurate within per cent. The refusal full foundry co- operation springs directly from the negative sentiment for such pub- survey the part the Alloy Casting Association, Inc., the trade association alloy founders. The Alloy Association’s raison d’étre the protection member compa- nies, and, for this reason, its stand well taken one respect, i.e., publicity showing mand for and Cr-Ni castings naturally encourages many small foundries enter what purport- edly active and lucrative field operation. Many these foun- dries turn out poor alloy castings which turn give rise consumer resentment against alloys gen- eral. Furthermore, their efforts secure business, some these foundries drive prices down un- profitable levels. Despite the rapid growth de- mand for corrosion and heat-resist- ing castings, the idle capacity this country still almost four THE IRON AGE, April 23, 1936—25 tee” | | ° )- n tA ers times the 1935 production. Also, the capacity that being operated fill current needs not particu- larly profitable because recur- ring price weakness, the general vicissitudes alloy foundry oper- ations, and the necessity financ- ing extensive experiments solve their own production problems and help their customers secure satisfactory analysis for certain application. Nevertheless, statistics cast- ings production are increasingly important view the many changes taking place the indus- try. For this reason, 1935 activity for foundries making corrosion and heat-resisting irons and steels shown Table evident that alloy founding has enjoyed pleasant increase business during the past year, for total production all analyses amounted 3971 tons, represent- ing per cent increase over 1934 activity. The 1935 output, however, was still somewhat under the 4582 tons made during the peak year, 1929. Castings the Cr-12 group (CN-36 37) were evident- rayon industry, for resistance nitric, phosphoric and some organic acids. The and analysis was the second most popular casting 1935, with production about 446 tons. Only about foundries make and and this grade steel has never been popular with founders has the rolling mill. finds its greatest applica- tions for pump fittings, gas blow- ers, and host other uses where resistance corrosion pri- mary requisite. The straight chrome grades (under per cent show siz- able production record for the year. These alloys find their greatest use resisting exposure high tem- peratures and under the oxidizing conditions sulphur, nitrogen, oxidizing, the alloys perform safe- ly, therefore they also find use industrial furnaces, conduct car- bon monoxide and resist flue gas. Expiring Patents, Uncertain Future The foregoing demonstrates the blanket entire industry, and, notwithstanding, foster the indus- try’s growth. The history the chrome-nicke] “product” patents generally known. Early the century, when Harry Brearley Sheffield was ex- amining chrome steels for gun lining alloy, German professor, Dr. Benno Strauss, secured valu- chromium nickel alloys. Original patents were filed 1913, but the war shifted ownership two the most important patents from Krupp, the original assignee, the government-established alien prop- erty custodian, which turn trans- ferred them the Chemical Foun- dation, Inc. This latter organiza- tion has since administered the patents. The Foundation’s royalty charge not large and has part been devoted research the indus- try’s behalf, licenses have been dis- tributed widely and has con- stantly urged all companies charge profitable prices for their products. Producers use recom- mended base prices and extra lists, and many sellers admit that gen- eral acceptance these quotations the most popular with users multiplicity application and during 1935. Production this growing consumer acceptance has definitely improved the status category totaled 760 tons. Several belonging the the industry. concerns prefer this analysis for and heat-resisting groups. Mani- The two Benno Strauss patents castings which must welded into festly such growth new in- broadly cover all articles which are rolled steel assembly made dustry the result of, primarily, used for resisting corrosion and and Oddly enough, the 25-12 intensive research work perfect which contain per cent chro- analysis functions better such new analyses and extend applica- mium, per cent nickel and assembly than and cast- tions, and, secondary impor- not over per cent carbon, the ing for certain applications. The tance, period helpful patent proportion chromium increasing sulphite and paper industries use administration. The patent situ- the proportion nickel de- castings the Cr-12 near- ation has long been interest creases and vice versa. Likewise groups, and castings the inasmuch perfect example covered are all articles which Cr-9 type (CN-33) are used how certain basic patents can must have great strength and great TABLE Product and Analysis Breakdown for 1935 Production Corrosion and Heat-Resisting Alloy Steels (Net Tons) Analysis Groups, Per Cent Composition Strip (hot and cold-rolled).............. 4,264 268 698 667 269 6,203 Total (by analysis).............. 16,815 1,680 3,802 5,219 302 5,367 33,185 GRAND TOTAL, all finished steels, analyses 33,185 net tons. 26—THE IRON AGE, April 23, 1936 “We The Midvale Co. USTLESS steels are born the electric furnace. It's expensive alloy, and makers realize that the tonnage markets will not theirs until costs are curtailed. technological price reduction anticipated the near future, but much effort directed toward this end, and success will the inevitable result. The Wild process, the Wiles hollow-electrode furnace. Fields experi- ments high-carbon ferrochrome, attempts employ the open-hearth are all small steps toward the distant objective. resistance against the action acids, said articles being made from steel alloys containing from per cent nickel, not over per cent carbon and not less than per cent iron. apparent why all principal resisting steels must operate under Strauss patents inasmuch prac- tically every analysis they make comes within the chrome limits specified. One Strauss patent expires Sept. 23, 1936, the other expires May 1937, and the two less-important patents that Krupp retained cease functioning 1939. course, the Strauss patents not cover the high-chrome “steels” and “irons” used for re- sistance against heat and acid cor- rosion. Many these alloys, how- ever, came within the range specified the Haynes patent, administered American Stain- less Steel Co., and controlling all products used for heat and corro- sion resisting purposes which analyze per cent chromium and 0.10 per cent carbon and permits the inclusion number other elements such molyb- denum, vanadium, etc. Much rolled steel and many castings come within this range. The Haynes patent expired April 1936, and, excepting the Clements and Cox patents, was about the last the basic patents high-chrome al- loys. That the entire field will soon free many patent basic pat- ents apparent. But this freedom deceptive for Milton’s words “confusion worse confounded” descriptive the situation. the offing multitude other pat- ents which, and when granted, will exert definite influence the industry. Also, further com- plicate the picture the fact that over 257 other patents exist today which cover minute divisions the industry but have broad in- fluence. dramatic development would the announcement new analysis which even better than the original Strauss alloys, or, similar influence, new process which would superior and cheap- than existing ways mak- ing rustless and corrision-resisting alloys. The former the more likely the two. Such develop- ment might such basic value that all would seek li- censing arrangements, thereby ex- tending domination similar that enjoyed the Chemical Foun- dation for the past years. event the past year was effort Krupp Nirosta Co., Inc., and Benno Strauss secure United States patents alloys which are essentially like those covered the original Strauss claims only that the carbon content The new Strauss claims, advanced Krupp Nirosta Co., cover all metal articles which, although welded, must resist active corrosive influences without subse- quent annealing, said articles being made austenitic chrome-nickel steel having per cent chro- mium, per cent nickel, and the carbon content (less than 0.07 per cent) determined that the austenitic texture the alloy does not get lost even heating within 600 900 deg. The pat- ent, therefore, covers the procedure whereby grain boundary corrosion minimized through lowering carbon. Such corrosion can pre- vented reheating, which common practice, through the use titanium, columbium, etc., practice which daily finding more favor. The Commissioner Patents re- fused accept these claims, and the Supreme Court the District Columbia upheld the patent of- fice decision handed down March this year. This deci- (CONTINUED PAGE 99) THE IRON AGE, April 23, 1936—27 = | 0 r - B > 4 y 3 \ aly natural resources, agricultur- products, the reformers the American System would have the Nation be- Has the Constitution outlived its usefulness? Fourth Series Articles the preservation the American System Enterprise. seems the fash- ion these days for cer- tain loquacious Govern- ment officials preach the approaching end our Na- tional resources and the need for tightening our belts and altering our entire social, political and eco- nomical system. Men good sense stand aghast the havoc being wrought the complex and bal- anced mechanism, which Nation, these ebullient amateurs. The weak-kneed and unthinking, in- deed, are taken the very vol- ume and dogmatism the utter- ances men the highest posi- tions Government and agree that there nothing for but throw our tried and staunch Constitution out the window and adopt the gentle system the U.S.S.R.—to exchange Washington for Stalin. Why? Because, they say, have reached the same stage ex- haustion natural resources have the European nations. 28—THE IRON AGE, April 23, 1936 Eye must, therefore, use the same means dole and diet—not extricate ourselves from world depression brought and prolonged their mania for wars—but forevermore. With this thesis, sharply dis- agree, the very simple ground that de- monstrably without word truth. Whatever one’s business may be—mak- ing steel, sell- ing using it—it good idea step away from once awhile and see what looks like from the outside. This get back perspective, lost living too close the job. That perspective will soon return and, with it, new ideas try out business and new strength make them work. The same thing true the whole complicated business Nation. have been close slid downhill, that are still wondering whether has hit bot- tom, the upgrade just standing still. Indeed, there fair number our fellow-citizens, who are wondering whether things will ever the same again. Per- haps all have had least one fleeting impression that that might so. Let see. MORGAN \ a = - Me = } \ Ns guy, ey \ { + | | om Ww FARRELL Economic Research When are frightened about thing the proper procedure take long, careful look it. nearly every case shall see that there nothing frightened about. Now, impossible read the headlines day after day, without feeling little panicky. “Germany occupies Rhineland—France mans border forts—Baldwin says war Japan faces Soviets Mongolia.” Very cheering. And home: new taxes must raised—Workers and farm- ers must unite says So-and-so— Sixty-five billions for housing Eleven million still unemployed.” Director, Chilton Bureau hard keep one’s head amid all the clamor, hard re- member that sensational press always beating the war- drums, aided and abetted the hysterical antics their radio and news-reel competitors. equally hard keep before one’s eyes America, the strong, solid land with all its resources, its railroads, cities, people, really is, not the alarm- ists would have see it. take detached view this land ours, today, see has changed much that brand new way living and working called for—or whether the old way will do. passenger plane, flying from coast coast, gets true im- pression America—of thou- sand miles rolling meadow land the northeast; thousand miles pine forests the southeast; thousand miles fertile prairies west the Mississippi—all flanked the mineral-packed towers the Rockies and the coastal orchards the Pacific shores. There seems plenty room for development here. does not look though had skimp using our natural resources. Cer- tainly does not look though the Government has take over meager output food and goods see that they shall around. are not talking here Emer- gency Relief but the normal course living. Take land. There are just under three million square miles the United States. Since the cus- tom these days deal astro- nomical figures, call 1907 million acres which is. this, 500 mil- lion acres are forest land, almost 1000 million farm land, including 413 million acres grazing land. The rest just land and moun- tains, rivers and lakes, deserts and swamps. the thousand million acres farm land, little over half im- proved—by cultivation, planting Therefore worth the effort THE IRON AGE, April 23, 1936—29 4 4 £ k / = 5 ie = ((\ AD ° | ’ = | ‘ 7 | other agricultural effort. And this half-billion acres, nearly all have borne crops distant date the past. But they are not need- any more. 1932, 360 million acres were crops. 1934 this had shrunk 290 million. Secre- tary Wallace says his 1935 re- port that this about the acreage needed present. There are several reasons for this decrease crop acreage. First, ten million horses and mules have disappeared since the advent the tractor; second, ten million steers have disappeared because people eat less beef, both releasing im- mense areas hay and grain land; third, intensive methods cultiva- tion produce more yield per acre than the increase population re- quires. Thus have nearly twice much improved farm land re- quire and more than three times much over-all farm acreage. way comparison, France, fair- self-contained nation, feeds her population, which one-third numerous ours, one-fifth the arable land—which all she has. would seem, then, that not have worry about insufficient farm land, especially the best authorities assure that our popu- lation, the present rate go- ing, will reach about one hundred and fifty million twenty years and decline again something like the present number.* Horses, Cows and Chickens for farm animals, have some million horses and mules, million cattle, million sheep, million hogs and less than 412 million chickens. have six times many animals (less the chickens) Great Britain and five times many France, each with one-third our population. even have one-third more than the *See “The Population Problem and World Depression,” Louis Dublin, vice-president and statistician, Metro- politan Life Insurance Co. 30—THE IRON AGE, April 23, 1936 Soviets although their population one-third greater than ours. Another resource, which ample for our needs despite the sinful waste it, timber. the 500 million acres forest land, 180 million bear big trees suitable for lumber. These trees will make 1-2/3 million million board feet lum- ber. This what that figure looks like: 1,667,000,000,000. Nearly all the forest land could made produce under proper clearing and replacement, although present are committing the needless crime using timber five times fast Nature can replace it. Here, the case our resources, the warning sign posted: “Replace this.” his latest report, the Secre- tary Agriculture made plea for the protection wild-life both law and sanctuary, lands best suited for food and fur-bear- ing wild creatures. That one resource can and should replace. Another our fresh-water fish supply, which will instantly res- urrected soon stop using our streams open sewers. Minerals and Oils Turning our chief minerals, coal, oil and iron, there seems dearth worry about. Pru- dence, sure, dictates that resource, which, once used gone, should not wasted. Here one place for Government regulation— see that those things are not wastefully extracted. have been mining over 400 million tons coal year, since the nearly Nineteen Hundreds and there still apparent diminu- tion the available supply. Ac- cording competent authority should last for centuries. Obviously the pools petroleum trapped rock pockets and con- tained vast subterranean beaches oil-soaked sand, have very definite life-span. There are about twelve billion barrels known pools and use 900 million bar- rels year. Some new pools will doubtless discovered but, even they are not, have oil-shale deposits enough produce 100 bil- lion barrels, according President Byles the American Petroleum Institute. After that can fall back upon the distillation soft coal, the supply which prac- tically unlimited. Eighty-five per cent the iron ore mined each year comes from the Lake Superior district, where the ore can stripped from the surface the ground great shovelfuls and loaded directly into the cars. There seems end the deposits hematite ore con- taining eighty-five per cent iron. Here are skimming the cream and can continue indefi- nitely. And when are through, ever, there plenty more good ore Alabama, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Colorado, Arkansas, Mis- souri—in fact about every moun- tainous State the Union. Besides these have nearly every mineral needed modern in- dustry abundance except very few like manganese—and may find them. Water Power and Climate Add all these natural re- sources the water power our great rivers. The total horsepower generated fourteen dam operations now being carried the Government 7,808,000 hp., al- most one-fifth the power used all our manufactures. Lastly, consider that our climate the most favorable the promo- tion the greatest human activi- ties for the longest period during the year—that the Temperate Zone. There have bird’s eye view which Nature has generously endowed us. Seen their true perspective, they are ample in- | sure the continuance and ad- our way living for long time come. you see anything this pros- perous inventory our natural goods which would for moment suggest the abandonment our American System development through the initiative every one us? The Constitution Yet that precisely what great many our people actually propose. would serious mis- take for business men, industrial- ists, property and home owners and all having substantial share America, overlook the ominous implications that fact. are not speaking here the subversive elements among us, the communists, who bluntly announce their fixed purpose the destruc- tion the Government the United States. No; are talking the man who lives next door, sits the next desk comes into town every day the eight-fourteen. amazing hear these average citizens calmly express the opinion that there nothing sacred about the Constitution, that should amended however and whenever considered necessary, that ex- ists serve the people not vice versa and that the people want new one, the old one ought go. They, themselves, have seldom any suggestions offer what form instrument, interstate con- tract set rules and regula- tions supersede the Constitu- tion, which they regard lightly. Indeed they are rarely more defi- nite than state that they would have objections the amend- ment even the elimination the Constitution. Communistic Aims course, the ruthless and de- termined men and women the Communist Internationale who are behind the incessant propaganda against the Constitution have very definite ideas what they are driving at. Among the twenty-one conditions admission into their organization are: the special obligation carry vigorous and systematic propaganda the army” (i.e. our army) also “within the trade unions, the worker’s and shop councils, the consumer’s co- operatives and other mass organ- izations workers.” has “de- clared war upon the whole bour- geois world and all yellow social Democratic Parties.” All quotations are from the con- tract between the Third Interna- tionale and the Communist Party the United States. Your attention particularly invited this one: “In nearly every country Europe and America the class struggle entering upon the phase civil war. such circumstances the Communists can have confidence bourgeois legality. their duty create everywhere paral- lel, illegal organization machine, which, the decisive moment, will helpful the party fulfilling its duty the revolution.” you think these the pronounce- ments negligible minority con- sider this: The House Special Com- mittee Un-American Activities was given, year ago, list six hundred communistic organiza- tions, whose aim operate among the employed every trade and the unemployed everywhere else, convert them the Third Internationale. Their membership cannot far from 600,000. The record the testimony before this Committee would interest those simple souls who close their eyes the cancerous operations these fanatics, both alien and home- grown, upon the healthy body our Country. These leaders sedition are the men who want discard the Con- stitution. They have among them gifted writers, artists, producers, whose abilities are devoted the spread propaganda aimed the complete subversion our cher- ished institutions. The poison seeps through the veins the body poli- tic. Parlor socialists, theorists and visionaries take the disease un- til finally plain John Citizen in- oculated and suddenly erupts into the opinion that the time may ripe for change: Maybe have outlived the Constitution, maybe this longer land plenty, maybe must hit the trail Moscow. have seen earlier paper this series what manner men those were who signed the Decla- ration; who wrested their inde- pendence from the mightiest Power Earth and who framed the Con- stitution for their own self-govern- ment. Probably never before since have men such high char- acter and attainment joined their knowledge and talents devise free people. all know what Gladstone said about it. These men represented the last word human evolution. their great-hearted Leader, the Father his Country, may safely say: “We shall not look upon his like again.” Read again the Constitu- tion they wrote. perfect, timeless their own elevated purpose. “We the people the United States, Order form more perfect Union, establish Justice, in- sure domestic Tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings Liberty ourselves and our Posterity, ordain and establish this Constitution the United States America.” Balances and Checks Then follows, the first three articles, simple, even elementary, definition the powers the legislative, the executive and the (CONTINUED PAGE 99) THE IRON AGE, April 23, e t ~ - a re 4 OMPLETED weighing only 2.6 per hp. The engine weighs less than per hp. running. ONE the most inter- esting developments metallurgy during the past year has been that low-alloy, high-tensile steels type suitable for fabrication the as-rolled condition. Broadly speaking, such steels are not new witnessed the Eads Bridge, constructed 1874 metal sup- plied the Chrome-Steel Co., the silicon steel the Mauretania, the time-honored nickel steels many bridges, and the medium-manga- nese steel the Kill van Kull Bridge, well great many other applications. Most the steels have strengths least 85,000 per sq. in. and 0.20 per cent more carbon. The newer types may distin- guished from the older, mainly that the carbon content runs from 0.20 per cent down; addition 32—THE IRON AGE, April 23, 1936 they contain other alloying ele- ments improve either the me- characteristics the cor- rosion resistance, This may stated another way— namely, that the newer types steels increasing importance has been placed ductility, weldability and corrosion resistance. Ductility and Uniformity Desirable The characteristics desired high-strength, mild-alloy steel may reviewed with profit. Higher ultimate strength obviously the first criterion. With this, however, necessary that there suf- ficient ductility for fabricating pur- poses and sufficient lack sensi- tivity minor variations rolling conditions, rates cooling and types cooling from the welding operation, that difficulties these scores will not encountered and the finished strength would still seem the major criterion for steels for light- weight construction, with ductility and insensitivity welding operations the prime adjuncts, and with im- locally well generally—con- tain steel having the desired duc- Design Fiber Stress Determination take advantage the im- proved properties, the engineer uses higher design stress. For the last century more, the en- gineering profession has arrived this figure dividing the tensile strength the material fac- igh- } | ‘ | ‘ } ‘ proved corrosion resistance desirable feature, states Doctor Kinzel this interest- ing paper, presented the March meeting the New York Section the American Welding Society. tor safety. this factor safety, allowance made for the combination ignorance the properties the steel, ignorance ignorance service overloads the structure, and ignorance uniformity the materials and their behavior under special stress conditions. Gradually, learn more about steel and the properties measured and considered ensile Steels our structures, the various factors ignorance with regard the material are being reduced. Yield strength and ultimate strength are two the first prop- erties consider determining suitable factor safety. the design column, for instance, yield strength very important because probably the deter- mining factor with respect pos- sible ultimate failure. the other hand, applications where failure might due repetitive stresses induced either directly vibra- tion, are less interested yield strength than the fatigue limit, which direct function the ultimate strength. The ultimate strength this case the control- ling factor. matters little which several alternative meth- ods final design figure obtained, provided that this figure itself high enough utilize best the RANKCASE for cylinder, 450- hp. radial diesel. fabricated two halves which are Main stress members such the main wing, main web ribs are chromium- type steel. ° ° ° KINZEL Chief Metallurgist, Union Carbide and Carbon Research Laboratories, Inc., New York properties the materials and still result safe structure—one that can stand any local overload- ing general overloading which may subjected service. Experience over many years has shown that factor safety ap- plied the ultimate strength re- sults safe structures. two steels, each having strength 80,000 Ib. per sq. in., one may have yield strength 50,000 Ib. per sq. in. and the other yield strength 70,000 per sq. in. either case, design figure 20,000 lb. per sq. in. can ob- tained, dividing the ultimate strength thus applying fac- tor safety the ultimate strength; but the yield strength the case the lower strength higher strength steel. the higher yield strength figure were divided THE IRON AGE, April 23, 1936—33 ~ 3 ° ° = iy stress would result which certainly would not safe the 20,000 lb. per sq. in. value arrived the more conventional method. Too High Ratio Yield Tensile Strength The possibility having too high ratio yield strength tensile strength should also con- sidered, especially when member dimensional stress. This applies particularly ratios excess those current the high-strength low-alloy steels developed the last féw years. The measurement ductility normally carried out single-dimensional stress; but when member subjected two- three-dimensional stress, the ef- fective yield strength increased. Poisson’s ratio approximates 0.3 for steel. This means that equiv- alent two-dimensional stress effect would result apparent in- crease tensional stress about one-third. long the effective yield strength increased point below the ultimate strength, plastic deformation can take place before failure. If, however, the in- crease effective yield strength due the two- effect such that the yield strength reaches the ultimate strength, the structure will fail the effective yield point without plastic deforma- tion. Thus, there reason main- tain definite spread yield strength and ultimate strength, lest the ductility the steel fail play its role given type service. Were structures actually stressed service point approximating the relatively high yield strength some the newly envisaged steels, the situation might well viewed with alarm. Knowledge service conditions however, and the factor safety, which present because limitations both the material and the design, redeem the situation. sum this matter choos- ing design fiber stress: Most en- gineers today agree that neces- sary consider each the various properties the steel. Alloys for Uniform Strength and Ductility Ductility essential for great many purposes, not only ordi- nary fabrication steel mills but also later the shop, where the 34—THE IRON AGE, April 23, 1936 steel must formed successful- and worked into the final structure with the optimum results. manufac- tured the mill large-scale produc- tion cooled soon comes from rolls. For most economical production and par- ticularly where large masses are involved, further heat treatment practically out the question; that is, the steel must used as-rolled. As-rolled steel should re