The Iron Age 1936-02-20: Vol 137 Iss 8

192 on, ces est, ASPECIAL PROBLEM ALLOY ANALYSIS Practically every one the alloy anal- yses now recognized standard was originally developed meet the prob- lem consumer who had have better steel for given job. Many these analyses—notably the S.A.E. 4100, 4600, 4800 and 5100 steels—were first produced Republic’s alloy mills. Today, the early days the alloy steel industry, Republic most anxious study special conditions and cooperate with steel users the development steels meet defi- nite requirements. Avail yourself Republic’s knowledge and experience, and the facilities Republic’s Re- search and Metallurgical Laboratories, the largest the industry. Let tell you about the new steels now being developed for industry. RepublicSteel ALLOY STEEL DIVISION, MASSILLON, GENERAL OFFICES: CLEVELAND, OHIO When writing reference this advertisement please address Dept. 2—THE IRON AGE, February 20, 1936 THE IRON AGE, published every Thursday the CHILTON CO., (INC.), Chestnut 56th Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. November 1932, the Post Office Philadelphia under Act March 1879. $6.00 year S., Canada $8.50, Foreign $12.00. Entered second class matter Vol. 137, No. re CORPORATION REPUBL STEEL class matte 137, No, 3. Carburizin steels can either simple alloy- steel grade, but are in- variably within the low-carbon range. the carburizing process parts are given hard, wear- resisting, high-carbon surface, case, yet retain their tough shock-resisting, low-carbon core. The com- monest uses carburizing steels are for gears, pinions wearing machinery parts. obtain the desired combination properties carburized parts, the user has choice not only number different grades steel but also carburizing operations. each case the service requirements must balanced against the cost the steel and also the cost the treatment. general, can said carburizing steels that the cores carbon steels possess the least and that, the alloy steels, the S.A.E. 2515 has the highest combination core strength ductility. The fine- grained (A.S.T.M. E1933) have become more widely used because they have the property producing good refinement and minimum distortion with single quench. For light parts where extremely tough cores are required, the carbon content should preferably 0.18 per cent maximum. For heavy parts with cores carbon content should from per cent. The Society Automotive Engineers their HEM GENERAL OFF BETHLE ICES: 1935 Handbook give recommended treat- ments for all the standard grades carburizing steels, all which Bethlehem produces. When the double-quenching method used, the first temperature ciently high refine the core and dis- solve the free carbides the case, and the second temperature lower for the purpose —= — —= — == refining the high-carbon case and also tempering the low-carbon core. draw 250 400 degrees Fahrenheit follows the final quenching operation relieve the strains. Carburizing materials are either solids, liquids, gases; the solid materials being most generally used. The rate carbon penetration depends the carburizing agent used, the length time, and the degree temperature which the part exposed during the carburizing operation. Service requirements determine the final depth the hardened case. For most parts the car- bon penetration must sufficiently deep allow for the removal 0.10 0.15 inch material subsequent grinding. the part such sh: ape that unusual warpage likely occur, this allowance must increased. The case must sufficiently deep provide uniform hardening without soft spots and with- stand the required amount wear service. Unnecessarily deep cases increase cost and sus- ceptibility breakage severe shock. STEEL COMPANY EHEM, PA. THE IRON AGE, February 20, 1936—3 ‘ | 4 = | 2 4 7 4 i 4 Lape A | a <a BL STEEL 4 Su easy the feet reason why it’s easier sell floor plate not only safe. comfortable stand walk on. provides good traction for wheels. There are pockets which dirt might catch, hence easy sweep clean; and drains MULTIGRIP FLOOR PLATE quickly and completely. Yet, with all its advantages, Multigrip costs more than other floor plate. These Multigrip advan- tages give you big edge competition. Write for prices and complete information. Steel Corporation Pittsburgh Chicago Pacific Coast Distributors Columbia Steel Company, San Francisco 4—THE IRON AGE, February 20, 1936 Export Distributors United States Steel Products Co., New York 1? CHESTNUT AND 56TH STREETS, PHILADEL?PHIA, PA. Sales Offices 239 WEST 39TH STREET NEW YORK, N. Y. Owned and Published CHILTON COMPANY Executive and Publication Offices. Chestnut and 56th Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. MUSSELMAN, President FRITZ J. FRANK, Executive Vice-President FREDERIC STEVENS, JOSEPH HILDRETH, GEORGE GRIFFITHS, EVERIT TERHUNE, ERNEST HASTINGS, WILLIAM BARBER, JOHN Vice-resident lreasurer Secretary FRITZ FRANK, President J. H. VAN DEVENTER Editor Managing Editor Emeritus MILLER Machinery Editor Washington Chicago Cleveland Pittsburgh FRANK OLIVER GERARD FRAZAR Detroit Boston Cincinnati 20, 1936 Aluminum—From Element Industrial Metal Color Aid Finishing Operations Corrosion, Main Source Galvanizers Dross........ Conveyors Strip Mill Pickling Brazing New Type Tear Gas Shells................... Acme Uses Modified Laboratory Slab Developments Welding Copper Alloys Coordinated Design Features New Washington News .... Rate Activity Capital Goods Statistics Metal-Working Activity Markets Construction and Equipment Buying Products Advertised Index Advertisers Copyright 1936 Chilton Company (Inc.) BAUR, General Advertising Manager DIX, Manager Reader Service Member, Audit Bureau of Circulations ADVERTISING STAFF Member, Associated Business Papers Emerson Findley, 311 Union Bldg., Cleveland B. L. Herman, 675 Delaware Ave., Buffalo, Vublished every Thursday. Subscrip- H. K. Hottenstein, 802 Otis Bldg., Chicago tion Price: United States and Pos- Peirce Lewis, 7310 Woodward Ave., Detroit sessions, Mexico, Cuba, $6.00; Can- Charles Lundberg, Chilton Bldg., Chestnut ada, $8.50, ineluding duty: Foreign 56th Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. $12.00 Single copy, cents. Ober, 239 39th St., New York W. B. Robinson, 428 Park Bldg., Pittsburgh W. C. Sweetser, 239 West 39th St., New York Cable Address, ‘‘Ironage, N. Y."' D. C, Warren, P. O. Box 81, Hartford, Conn. St f 4 = : it > 75 i wee Ag q 3 140 > Immediate Assured Thousands customers depend Ryerson for quick, accurate shipment all their steel require- ments. seldom Stocks, the largest the country, cover the full range steel and allied products—all shapes, sizes and kinds. Complete equipment for quickly cutting, bending and forming, manned experienced steel-service he crews, together with special dispatching methods assure prompt shipment every order. Ten plants are ready you. the one nearest you. Whatever you require, few bolts, carload structurals special alloy steels, your order will have quick personal attention. Write for the Ryerson Stock List. Joseph Ryerson Son, Inc., Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Louis, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Detroit, Buffalo, Boston, Philadelphia, Jersey City. 20—THE IRON AGE, February 20, 1936 THE IRON AGE ... FEBRUARY 20, 1936 ESTABLISHED 1855 Vol. 137, No. Rule Majority Russia, Germany and Italy know, course, that there not even pre- tense majority rule. Russia, approximately members the Communist party rule the remaining million the population who have voice the matter. so, this more democratic showing than made Germany and Italy which are both countries. the United States still Democracy, the sense that the majority rules within the Constitutional limits provided for the protection minorities, are veering toward minority rule, imitation our overseas neighbors? Let's make practical test this question. During the past three years the outstanding activities Federal legislation and administration have been characterized unmistakable swing the left. The Supreme Court has placed few obstructions the path this decided detour but nevertheless the intention move toward socialization has been un- mistakably evident. Was this tremendously important and administrative change American policy the result majority mandate? the approximately 40,000,000 United States citizens who voted the last Presidential election, 23,000,000 them voted for the Democratic candi- date, whose mandate was conservative but constructive platform. Sixteen million voted for the Republican candidate, who ran upon equally conserva- tive platform. Less than one million our citizens voted for Mr. Norman Thomas, who stood honestly and openly upon the platform socialization and trend the left. The American mandate, therefore, was for budget balancing, less government competition with business, economy and the curtailment Federal bureaucracy. Which mandate has been more nearly carried out—that the majority that the minority? The action the last Communist International convention, indorsing the endeavors our present Administration, should help answering this question. Beare q 4 = : 4. ¢ “4 Tp q - ¥ > 2 q ; tee ay d 4 ' ‘ \ is q : YOUNG experimenter, fresh from college, worked his laboratory and gave birth enormous industrial enterprise. the left are shown the original globules aluminum produced Hall time when the metal was selling for The acres aluminum ingots shown the panoramic view above constitute the inventory the Alcoa Works the Aluminum Co. America. The current selling price this Hall process metal about 20¢ 22—THE IRON AGE, February 20, FEBRUARY 23, 1886! Just one the three thousand days during the nineteenth century, the aver- age person may think. Admittedly just one day, but withal very significant one. For marked the successful culmination long Charles Martin Hall practical method for making aluminum. put the tweny-two-year-old Oberlin College graduate the proper fame, will desirable consider the history alumi- num three periods: (1) prior 1825; (2) 1825 1886; and (3) 1886 1936, period prior 1825. Although aluminum compounds are literally “common dirt” because they comprise important part clays and soils, the metallic nature the base was not suspected until comparatively recent the eighteenth century, stance was named “alumina,” fol- lowing Pliny’s reference “alu- men” which currently designated alum. 1807, Sir Humphrey Davy tried reduce the metal and only succeeded making alloy with the iron electrodes his elec- trical apparatus. However, was sufficiently convinced that new metal was imprisoned the alu- mina cell give the name “alumium,” which later changed The second phase aluminum’s history that period between 1825 and 1886. There has been much controversy whether the Ger- man, Wohler, 1827, the Dane, Oersted, 1825, was the first produce metallic torians are now accord that Oersted was the first achieve this result. succeeded re- ducing aluminum chloride with potassium amalgam, forming first aluminum amalgam which purified distilling off the mer- cury. an ~ | c 1 ° ° ° | Chemical ZAY JEFFRIES Aluminum Co. America Wohler later (1827) made very small amounts the metal direct reduction with potassium, but only produced gray powder. 1845, his best effort seemed the production pieces weigh- ing about milligrams which could hammered thin plates. these reported density measurement 2.67, which the first indication found the literature the extreme lightness the metal. was 1854 that French- man, Henri St. Claire Deville, made important Wohler’s method. substituted sodium for potassium and found that the reduced globules alu- minum would coalesce the fused bath sodium-aluminum chloride. 1855, Deville exhibited variety aluminum products the Paris Exposition. him must given the credit for starting the alumi- num industry. think today. The production was insignificant and the selling price was more than $100 per The outlet was mainly for jewelry and ornamental objects. triguing were the properties, how- ever, that Emperor Napoleon III France gave Deville government subsidy hasten the development work. The Emperor visualized the strategic value such metal for military equipment. The Deville process stage for about thirty-five years, the main improvements being equipment and lower cost sodium metal. Because these improve- ments and the increased produc- tion, the price was gradually re- duced from $100 about per lb. Prior 1886, Deville’s plant France never reached produc- tion exceeding 5000 lb. per year. Birth Modern Industry Aluminum’s history 1886 and 1936 particularly fasci- nating. difficult, with the modern tempo, think in- dustry thirty-two years old either infant weakling, but the aluminum industry 1886 has been characterized both. this year things happened fast. ton Castner, American, June 1886, was granted pat- ent for improved and cheaper method producing metallic so- dium. forthwith translated his improvement into the production cheaper aluminum using Oldbury, England, the plant Aluminium Company, Ltd. 1889 production 500 per day was reached, and total 250,000 lb. was produced the three years which ended with 1890. the midst this activity, which had all the earmarks per- manence and fruitfulness, came Charles Martin Hall’s invention which snuffed the life out the Deville-Castner process quickly that few people now living have even heard about matter history. When Hall was student THE IRON AGE, February 20, 1936—23 ° ° ° | “ Oberlin, became very much interested aluminum and, stimu- lated the encouragement and the teaching the principles chemistry Professor Jewett, staked his all his ability find more practical method for its production. had graduated the spring 1885, but continued his work home the city Oberlin, receiving such help could from Professor Jewett and the college. Among the many dent the final outcome, two de- serve special mention. First, made many unsuccess- ful attempts. The record shows that each experiment was made with the purpose gaining fun- damental fact. Each came rung the Hall Process ladder. never seemed discouraged these failures, but merely used them better define his problem. Second, solved the problem theoretically before achieved ex- perimental concluded that must find solvent for aluminum oxide more stable dur- ing passage electric current than the dissolved oxide. After several trials, found that the natural mineral cryolite after melt- ing would dissolve alumina readily about 1000 deg. His first attempt electrolyze such “hot” 24—THE IRON AGE, February 20, 1936 aluminum. confident was that his theory was correct began looking for reasons for the failure. His analysis prompted him the next experiment sub- stitute crucible for clay one used earlier. can only imagine his ecstasy when poured out the crucible contents and found globules molten aluminum the Hall electrolytic cells the modest plant the Pittsburgh Reduction Co. Smallman Street, This was the first com mercial venture using the Hall process. ° RIGHT MARTIN HALL who Feb. 23, 1886, when but iwenty-two years discov ered the electrolytic process for the production aluminum. This process revolutionized the entire industry. fused salt bath. knew had found the key for the extraction “gold” from the “clay bank.” Simultaneous Discoveries Hall obtained his aluminum Feb. 23, 1886. passing, should recorded that April 23, 1886, Frenchman, Paul Heroult, applied for French patent the same process. now develops that Hall and Heroult were inde- pendent Ha!l was granted the United States patent against interference Heroult, and the commercial application the Heroult process came only after Hall’s process had America. Lest assumed that the problems incident the commer- cial production aluminum were all solved Hall’s Oberlin experi- ments, should made clear that needed financial assistance. first went Boston, but failed make satisfactory connection. Re- turning Oberlin, spent months working negotiation which failed materialize. July 26, 1887, made option arrange- ment with the Smelting Aluminum Co. which - ABOVE ( ‘ gave him chance try out his ideas larger scale. April 23, 1888, the Cowles Co. gave the option rather than make the modest payment involved, leaving Hall free deal with others. was, however, convinced process would produce the expected results. went Pittsburgh and re- ceived for the first time enthusias- tic support both financially and morally. Alfred Hunt and George Clapp, the Pittsburgh Testing Laboratories, provided this support. Sept. 18, 1888, The Pittsburgh Reduction Co. was started with $20,000 cash working Thanksgiving, modest plant was operating Smallman Street, Pittsburgh, and producing aluminum per day. was soon demonstrated that this plant could produce the metal less than half the cost the Deville-Castner process, which was the best the then known meth- ods. The first Hall process alumi- num was sold about per but the metal accumulated rap- idly that was soon offered per lb. 1000-lb. lots. The sub- sequent history one ever in- LEFT HOTO flash bulbs with their all-im portant aluminum leaf. BELOW 32-cubic yard shovel dipper made possible through the use aluminun creasing facilities for production and reduction price around 20c. per the beginning this arti- cle, photograph shows the natu- ral size some the original globules aluminum from Hall’s experiments. With this picture, view given much reduced scale part the inventory new aluminum ingot about fifty later. Quite contrast! One might conclude that com- parison Hall’s showing its pathetic aspects. so, would like older but lesser people view- ing the baby Abraham Lincoln, ac- centing his helplessness rather than his potentialities. The modern pic- ture differs from Hall’s largely magnitude rather than kind. which can never extinguished consumed. Like the human THE IRON AGE, February 20, 1936—25 3 mind, the more used, the more potent becomes. With that equa- nimity could consider the vast- ness space someone could only cubic millimeter like! How simple would the aggregation billions aluminum atoms seem could but thoroughly under- stand one them! No, any thought the pathetic aspects the com- parison soon leads increased ad- miration for Hall’s achievement and finally, when learned that his method still used exclusively throughout the worid, the piain BELOW LUMINUM screw machine parts. The diversity appli- cation illustrates the adaptability the metal. a =} 26—THE IRON AGE, February 20, 1936 ABOVE LUMINUM tubes are used the packaging many commodities. tures are exhibits Hall Process aluminum. Magnitude Industry Hall died Dec. 27, 1914, but not until had witnessed most rapid industrial growth the alu- minum industry based his proc- well deserved financial success and colleagues when the Perkin gold medal, sponsored jointly three national chemical societies, was awarded him. Now what the structure which has been built this foundation? One should first consider the mag- nitude. The largest world pro- duction aluminum any year was almost 280,000 tons 1929. But quite probable that the 1936 production will register new peak. place the aluminum in- dustry the calendar with re- RIGHT boom. The use aluminum construction the boom insures qreater reach, speed and ca- pacity. spect other metals, may in- teresting ascertain the dates when the other metals having great- production attained the same foot production that aluminum 1929. They were, for pig iron, about 1810; for zinc, about 1907; for copper, 1911; and for lead, 1912. More cubic feet aluminum were produced 1929 than zinc, copper lead Over period years, the uses have been distributed the United States shown Table Aluminum used many places where other metals could also used. Where adopted for such uses, must course prove some superiority either utility economy, both, be- cause there intense competition among the suppliers engineering materials. The economic value aluminum resulting from such uses would alone provide ological justification. There are, however, many uses which have made new industries and which have turn enriched our lives. For instance, difficult visualize what the vacuum cleaner industry would today were not for aluminum. The aircraft and hence the air transportation industry has been built around alu- minum. Here find splendid example the expansion all industry result the devel- opment new one. there any doubt about the generous use copper the electrical industry increasing the steel business? Are not more steel and copper and alu- LEFT 25-ton dump truck construct- strong alumi- num alloy. minum used the automotive in- dustry than would obtain lead were not available for storage bat- teries and tin for bearings? Will not the aircraft industry still fur- ther increase the consumption steel and copper? The aluminum industry believes this true. Aluminum even now occupies such important place indus- try that, were suddenly de- prived its further use, the re- sult would nothing short THE IRON AGE, February 20, is ° ° ° fgg 4 ts a> ~ engineering calamity. Where would one turn duplicate its effects deoxidizer the manufacture steel? Important alloys which unavailable. Could turn readily away from the safe, silent, smoke- less, photoflash lamp graphic work the older means? What dislocation the giving aluminum paint and aluminum foil for packaging would make! The aircraft industry would forced try new beginning. would deprived much new knowl- edge astronomy now being gained the use the large re- telescopes. But why The world not deprived this useful metal. are have more and more the future. Its properties, cost and abundance nature assures this. The newer alloys, heat-treatments and surface finishes provide even greater ver- satility than that upon which the present industry has One the new alloys, for exam- ple, was used salvage the Smith- field Street bridge across the Alle- gheny River Pittsburgh. Here 350 tons the new alloy was em- ployed the bridge floor and re- duced the load the trusses 750 TABLE Percentage Aluminum Used Various Industries the United States Per Cent Transportation (land, air and Electrical conductor......... 16 Cooking: utensils. . 14 Machinery and electrical ap- Iron and steel metallurgy.. Building construction........ Miscellaneous foundry and Food and beverages........ 2 Miscellaneous tons. This weight reduction was sufficient increase the life the structure for least years. The heat-treatment aluminum alloys now common the heat-treatment steel. Surface finishes such the anodically treated surfaces, colored not, are making aluminum adaptable for use many new places. specially treated surface for the reflection light and radiant heat now process profoundly changing the lighting industry. new wrought strong free properties brass has just been put the market. Alloys with surprising resistance various forms cor- rosion are now available both cast and wrought products. The wrought aluminum products range from leaf 0.0002 in. thick forgings and plate weighing ton more. Castings vary from pieces the size thimble ones weighing more than two tons. Alu- minum fabricated practically every process common the metal working art and the culiar these processes are avail- able engineers. The amounts used various units range from aluminum ink used for dash millions pounds used struc- tures like the Empire State and Rockefeller Center buildings. Research new alloys, new processes, new and improved prod- ucts, and new applications pro- Many new developments have been made the past fifty years, and they are being made ever increasing rate. All these and more have been built the foun- dation laid fifty years Charles Martin Hall. Modern Steel Home for the Modern Family ENERAL HOUSES, INC., Chicago, has just announced what probably one the most completely prefabricated houses yet introduced. All materi- als except that which used for concrete work ready for immedi- ate assembly. The frame consists copper-bearing steel columns and beams. The exterior walls are made cement and plywood panels with 28—THE IRON AGE, February 20, 1936 built-in aluminum foil insulation, while the interior partitions are made prefabricated plywood panels and copper-bearing steel studs. The illustration one group houses designed sell from $2,500 $4,900 completely erected and equipped. Equipment includes oil-fired warm air heat- ing system, winter air-conditioning plant, oil-fired automatic hot water heater, complete bathroom with accessories, kitchen sink and four steel kitchen cabinets, two-compart- ment laundry tub, all interior and exterior painting, electric wiring, water, gas and sewer piping within the house and 220-gal. oil storage tank. national system dealer- distributers being developed General Houses handle its prod- ucts. Howard Fisher dent the company. | ANY things besides wages and dividends dropped during the depres- sion, among them being vo- cational training. With many workers going out skilled jobs and finding new ways make living and practically one replacing are faced with skilled labor shortage. The effect serious be- yond the inconvenience caused, for the supply FROM the cry that has gone from many in- dustrial sectors, the skilled worker seems among the vanishing Americans. mid-western city two-week search for six highly skilled me- chanics brought applicants, out which only five men could qual- ify for the job. another instance, manufacturing firm admitted having men working for them who are not their requirements because skilled men have not been available. Just recently, Ohio manufacturer was forced import skilled men from Pennsylvania and Indiana fill his production re- quirements. Whether the condition Skilled Labor The Making JOSEPH CLOSE Toledo Associates skilled labor determines the use unskilled labor well. Thus factory operations are curtailed scarcity men fill the key positions skill, cannot ex- pand reemploy the un- skilled. The Toledo vocational training plan, described this article, producing re- sults and deserves the carefu! consideration groups elsewhere. general industrial circles can- not definitely stated. some sectors, manufacturers shortage. Union leaders claim they have men capable filling any in- dustrial need. that may, the fact that shortage skilled labor does exist certain sectors may taken the “handwriting the wall,” which means greater opportunity for the alert worker who will prepared fill any emergency requirements for highly skilled craftsmen when and becomes general. should serve warning industrial em- ployers that the possibility skilled labor shortage something which they will facé unless steps are taken avert it. not hard see that short- age skilled labor may exist. Many factors the past five years have tended make fact. The prime reason the almost com- plete breakdown the American apprentice system during the de- pression years. Following 1929, sales and orders were continually decreasing. Industries went the “red.” Highly competitive selling conditions made necessary orders through with skeleton working force keep costs down. Manufacturers had all they could keep losses prentice system almost completely passed out existence. The highly skilled mechanics who had take enforced layoffs, being the more aggressive type workers, drifted into other lines work. Many them started small businesses their own, took selling engaged farming small scale. Some found their new work more stable than the uncertainty industrial production during de- pression and have remained it. And the highly skilled laborer was usually the older class workers, death, too, has been factor, taking its toll from the ranks the skilled labor supply. This outgoing movement among THE IRON AGE, February 20, 1936—28-A nar 3 ee me : te ° ° ARS > a + = skilled labor was net loss—for, with apprentice system oper- ation, their place industry has not been filled. this gap the ranks skilled labor not felt date, for you can’t expect take these men out the ranks, cut off the source supply, and arrive any other result—unless labor and management take some steps remedy the situation. Other Factors Work But there are other factors which have been quietly work for years developing small group skilled workers. The most potent factor and the one which has played prominent part its service management and labor the na- tion’s vocational school system. Generally speaking, service which this educational force rendering industry not fully ap- preciated. Changing times have placed greater importance upon the part our educational system will play providing for the welfare our workers. The great indus- trial interests the United States and their steadily increasing devel- opment has made essential that upon the foundation academic education must built the super- structure vocational training better equip the younger genera- tions earn living and enjoy life. The sooner management and labor realize the important influ- ence vocational training has upon the development industrial rela- tions, efficient production and the welfare workers, the better will for all concerned. Let’s take the Vocational High School Toledo example be- cause the second oldest train- ing school the country, and be- has developed one the most complete and advanced pro- grams trade-school training the country. The purpose this school primarily advance the individual helping youths choose, learn and master trade. effect course training for so- cial security improving the qualifications the young men meet the greater demands indus- try for highly skilled workers and increase their earning power. Industry derives benefits through the development each year small number young, potential skilled workers who have thor- oughly sound fundamental knowl- edge trade and who will ad- just themselves more readily in- 28-B—THE IRON AGE, February 20, 1936 dustry. The community gains be- cause better worker better citizen. Planned Program The manner which these re- sults vocational training are achieved through carefully planned program. Unlike ordinary high schools, the Toledo Vocational High School maintains close con- tact with Toledo industries. ap- plies classroom instruction prac- tical training the school shops and includes actual experience the trade. These factors have brought advantages both the young men training and in- dustrial plants. The curriculum this leading training school con- sists instruction seventeen trades, including pattern making, mechanical drafting, machine shop practice, electricity, cabinet mak- ing, carpentry, printing, plumbing, commercial art, sheet metal work, welding, auto- motive electricity, aeronautics, commercial office practice, and re- tailing plus twenty-one related subjects. This training offered through four courses: Full-Time Course—Classroom and tion throughout four school years. Half-Time Cooperative Course (a) years, full-time course; (b) year, half-time school, half-time job. Trade Extension Plan—(For full- time apprentices industry—to give them instruction subjects technical- related their jobs) hours week school such subjects job analysis, blue print reading, sketching, drafting, layout work, shop organiza- tion and Employee Training In- struction worker the job his process; (c) the following related subjects—blue print reading and sketching, applied drafting and layout work, shop theory, job analysis, ap- plied science, and practical mathe- matics. But that only part the service which the Toledo School provides. offers industry the facilities for leads foremen’s conferences, plans conference leadership programs. also performs special services industry, two recent typical ex- amples which are lishing complete program eleven Quality Control meet- ings for the DeVilbiss Co. Toledo, and conducting series the employees the Gray Print- ing Co. Fostoria, Ohio, were interested. addition, the school maintains employment service which serves supplying employ- ers with young workers trained their trades. Idea Should Widely Adopted When one has complete picture the facilities and operation schools like the Toledo Voca- tional High School, easy see the important place occupies the industrial world. Fortunate in- deed are the communities that have schools this type their city help promote industrial ef- ficiency. Alert industrial executives everywhere will well promote the development and extension the nation’s facilities for voca- tional training. They can take their cue from group Toledo busi- ness men who have organized movement secure government financial aid for new building and new equipment for the Toledo Vocational High School that its benefits workers and industry may increased. simple and effective means skilled labor that open every industrial executive and one that easily used the training workers foremen. rule foremen are strategic position this work. They have knowledge their trade and its specific application the particular type work the plant. They work shoulder with the men under them and are familiar with their capa- bilities and deficiencies. They are able judge the type work that each man qualified perform. Often, they are able arrange jobs and work schedules develop the skill men along the desired lines. Many manufacturers have recog- nized the important part their fore- men organization can play the development skilled men. They are giving their foremen free hand advancing this program. They are working closely with foremen’s clubs and encouraging their men join means broadening their knowledge practices and methods other plants. all helps build the supply skilled labor. Another factor that advancing skill industrial crafts the de- velopment hobbies. How can hobby possibly affect the supply skilled workers? For anyone who } has studied the hobbies indus- trial workers, the effect ap- parent. There cases where skill hobbies has de- veloped entirely new products, few examples which are the kid- die car, pork rind fishing bait, miniature boats, toy building sets. Hobbies related the employees’ shop work have increased the ef- ficiency workers their trades. many hobbies have devel- oped new talents which have com- pletely changed the profession worker. What Hobbies Toledo where two large hobby shows were held this year, study hobbies revealed many interest- ing facts. Nearly 1200 products spare time workmanship were ex- hibited the two shows sponsored the Toledo Scale Company for its employees, and the Fore- men’s Club for all industrial work- ers. surprisingly large num- ber cases, the products leisure workmanship were closely related the worker’s trade. Fourteen per cent the exhibits Toledo Scale employees were products which pertained their trade. the city-wide hobby show sponsored the Toledo Chapter the Fore- men’s Club the same condition ex- isted. These facts are convincing evi- dence that hobbies and spare time work are factor developing skill workers. And looking from another angle, they give industrial execu- tives insight into previously un- known talents their employees which may result their being placed work for which they are better qualified. Industrial execu- tives will well promote hob- bies among their employees for has proved another important approach greater efficiency industrial workmanship. The development skilled craftsmanship among industrial workers through vocational train- ing, instruction foremen and the promotion hobbies move- ment that will become increasingly important business conditions continue improve. Because their effect upon industrial produc- tion, alert industrial executives with eye the future will everything possible promote them. NTIL recently pioneer coun- try, the United States has excelled things utilitarian, the abundant natural resources that invited conversion into useful products. the other hand, our conceptions art were, for years, derived from foreign sources and our esthetic taste was not highly developed. But America truly coming age. years utility alone has failed satisfy popular cravings. The American public has become style-conscious, and far-reaching change the design manufac- tured products, and especially con- sumer goods, has taken place. Em- phasis design has been followed greater attention finish, and now enthusiasm for finish being augmented rising interest color. Color’s appeal the eye great music’s appeal the ear, but knowledge color almost negligible compared with the widespread knowledge music. has been difficult describe color was difficult describe music before standard method musical notation was adopted. The use color has been left indi- vidual taste and success select- ing and combining colors pro- duce pleasing impression has been regarded art for which standard rules existed. will come surprise, there- fore, those who have heretofore taken only casual interest color, that science color being developed and that facts thus far disclosed are immediate practical advantage all manu- facturers using color. monographs, beautifully illus- trated color, the International Printing Ink Corpn., Varick Street, New York, discusses Chemistry,” “Color Light” and “Color Use.” From practical point view manufacturers fin- ishing their products color will most interested the volume “Color Use.” This monograph makes clear that there really “rhyme and reason” the selec- tion effective color combinations. Not merely book but real tool for use, this monograph discloses how describe color correctly; defines the three dimensions value and chroma; points out how the effects back- grounds may anticipated; how visibility, legibility and power can controlled; defines color rela- tionships; sets forth rules for color balance, the use complemen- taries, neighboring colors and triads, and includes copyrighted device for selecting color schemes. THE IRON AGE, February 20, 1936—29 The other two monographs are essential better understanding color and are couched lan- guage that anyone with knowl- edge high school physics and chemistry can understand. “Color Chemistry” begins with résumé the early natural sources color, but quickly brings the reader the modern synthetic sources. Emphasis placed the organic compounds, since most modern colors are this type, more than 2000 individual color compounds built around carbon being con- stant use, contrasted with hardly more than 100 colored materials derived from any the other elements. “Color Light” discloses that the visible spectrum part the much larger electromagnetic spectrum. this volume emphasis placed the measurement and specification color through the use transmission and reflectance curves such are produced auto- matically the new Spectro- photometer made the General Co. and invented Dr. Arthur Hardy the Massa- chusetts Institute Technology. The three volumes may ob- tained from International Printing Ink Corpn. for $10, plus postage. - v I | what | al toe ae Corrosion Pickling Source Dross ° ° WALLACE IMHOFF Consultant for Zinc Coating, Vineland, first this three-ar- water rust, and the darker ticle series which appeared 1935, discussed the reducing action molten zinc galvanizing bath tempera- tures ferrous sulphates, ferrous chlorides, yellow order bring out, contrast the differ- ences the reducing action molten zinc the magnetic oxide iron found this series experiments, well briefly call attention the most important facts disclosed 30—THE IRON AGE, February 20, 1936 brown and red rusts ferric face work while drying. This second article discusses the same action, under iden- tically the same experimental conditions, the magnetic oxide iron. the initial section this article which appeared the Dec. issue AGE. These points are follows: All the iron salts and iron oxides were very easily re- duced the molten zinc. (2) The alloying, reducing ac- tion, began once, taking place slowly 800 deg. and finally reached violent ac- tion, thermit reaction, 1100 deg. F., giving off much light and heat. (3) That temperatures well above galvanizing tempera- tures the zinc completely re- duced the iron oxide forming first the zinc-iron alloy, then the dross crystals the same found galvanizing baths, and the higher tempera- tures zinc-iron alloy crystal different form. the same time large amount the zinc was oxidized zinc oxide. The results are differ- ent for the action molten at, and above galvanizing bath tem- peratures, the magnetic oxide state where this magnetic oxide iron found. this connection may said the middle, half way condition between the un- pickled raw scale the one hend, and the completely pickled and i | AS ° SERIES ZINC AND Ths 4 obtained when molten zinc and iron oxide (magnetic oxide) are indicated, the tests were made various temperatures throughout the galv easily corroded surface the other. represents condition the surface not being pletely” pickled. many cases the work galvanized when all the scale and iron oxides have not been removed, This always re- quires longer submersion time the zinc, and higher bath temper- ature obtain perfect coating. This second part will reveal why this the case, and what happen this unpickled magnetic oxide iron. the articles leave the pickle the surface may look clean, but em- bedded deep down the surface are the very fine particles scale and black magnetic oxide iron. When the work lies the dryer, down this magnetic oxide iron into rust, the ferric oxide iron. This may not complete the time the work goes into the gal- vanizing bath that here per- haps condition where there rust, there magnetic oxide iron, and perhaps even some small particles scale present. The rust acted once and the iron easily reduced described part 1565 dea. one. But the magnetic oxide iron embedded the surface still, and the scale are not easily reduced. The action the molten zine the magnetic oxide iron will now given. Experimental Procedure The method conducting the tests for the reducing action molten zine the magnetic oxide iron was the same that used for the action iron salts and the ferric oxide iron. (See THE IRON issue Dec. 5.) weighed amount and magnetic oxide was placed clay crucible which was absolutely free iron any form. Melts were made 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1100, 1300, and 1565 deg. Each crucible was placed defi- nitely controlled furnace where was heated the required tem- perature. was held there for hr. and every hr. the melt was stirred thoroughly with stirring rod. the end the 6-hr. heating period the gas the fur- nace was shut off, and the melt al- lowed slowly the furnace eated together for hr. and cooled slowly. izing range, final temperature overnight. The next day the melt was examined. One-half was used for making chemical analyses and other chemical tests; the half was carefully prepared and examined under the microscope. The results these tests will now briefly described. Fig. shows the melts after they had all been removed from the clay crucibles. well bear mind that the galvanizing range un- der 900 deg. There are times when the bath does exceed 900 deg. practice the results the higher temperature therefore take more importance. Attention called the fact that the oxida- tion the melts seen 1100 deg. the lighter color. Those under 1100 deg. are seen blacker the figure. the previous article this series, attempt will made into too much detailed discus- sion. The remarks will limited mainly those points which seem important enough mention. Fig. 2(a) shows part the melt after the molten and magnetic oxide iron had been de- scribed the temperature 800 2—Zinc and magnetic oxide iron heated (a) 800 deg. F.; (b) 850 deg. [illustration from top melt); 900 deg. [illustration from bottom and (d) 950 deg. each case the mixture was maintained the maximum temperature for hr. and slowly cooled the furnace overnight. Stirred every two hours. THE IRON AGE, February 20, Each picture taken diameters. sit F \300°F VOD } : deg. This illastration was made solid part the melt. The facts obtained from closely study- ing all parts this melt are, (1) Very large crystals zinc are present. (2) alloy present. (3) Undigested particles magnetic oxide iron were seen the top the sample. (4) The zinc-iron alloy has impreg- nated all the zinc crystals more less extent cutting them into small blocks cakes. (5) actual dross crystals could found. (6) segregation rich granular alloy could seen. Fy (2) The many particles undi- gested magnetic oxide iron. The alloy formed the areas the magnetic oxide iron particles. (4) The zine area filled with zinc-iron alloy. (5) This microscopic examination clearly shows that there less action the magnetic oxide iron than the ferric oxide iron the same temperature, Observations 900 Deg. Passing Fig. 2(c), the re- ducing action the molten zinc 900 deg. F., the ordinary limit galvanizing bath temperatures slow cooled the furnace overnight. Stirred every two hours. The view the left was taken the top the melt, and the view the right was taken the bottom the melt. Each photo diameters. (7) The top the sample was very porous and contained large amounts undigested magnetic oxide iron. (8) rich granular zinc-iron alloy could seen the bottom the melt. (9) Very small amounts zinc oxide could identified the porous part the melt the top. (10) The reducing action the molten zinc (oxidizing action the iron oxide) very much less than that the ferric oxide iron the same Turning from the 800 deg. the one 850 deg. F., the illustration shown Fig. 2(b) was taken the top the melt. The picture the boitom the melt was much like that just de- scribed Fig. 2(a), that the top has been selected 850 deg. show what the looks like. This clearly shown Fig. 2(b). summary the important ob- servations made connection with Fig. 2(b) follows: (1) The spongy porous character the metal. 32—THE IRON AGE, February 20, 1936 reached. Most galvanizing done bath temperature considerably under 900 deg. The points interest this melt may sum- marized follows: (1) The large zine are not quite distinct. (2) The increase the amount zinc-iron alloy. oughly impregnated and contaminated all the zine crystals (4) There are segregated areas zinc-iron alloy. (5) dross crystals could found. (6) The alloy formed sufficient quantity settle the bottom the melt. (7) The porous character the melt the top. (8) The undigested magnetic oxide iron this porous area. (9) The alloying action much weaker, less, than with ferric oxide iron the same temperature. (10) Very faint blocks zinc-iron alloy are beginning develop. many previous articles the has called attention the fact that the critical point, far temperatures are concerned galvanizing, point between 900 deg. and 950 deg. This fact again brought out clearly the results found when the melt 950 deg. was examined. Fig. 2(d) illustrates the point which definite dross crystals can recognized. Here the first con- clusive evidence that formed the reducing action molten the oxide iron. But the clean-cut proof there; well-defined dross crystals can plainly seen everywhere. The large black crystal the top the figure shows one the larger dross crystals. again em- phasizes the importance not hav- ing temperatures above 900 deg. any point galvanizing bath. The evidence plain, and un- mistakable that dross will quick- formed such temperatures. The important points seen Fig. 2(d) are follows: (1) The development medium- sized dross crystals. (2) The alloy the base the figure. (3) The area above the alloy area. (4) The contact zone between the two areas where the dross crystals can seen developing. (5) Definite evidence that dross formed the reducing action molten zine the magnetic oxide iron. the results are interesting that two views are reproduced herein. Fig. (left) illustrates what hap- pened the top the melt, and Fig. (right) shows what was go- ing the bottom the melt. Special attention called the shape the particle the center Fig. (left). will noted that the shape that six- sided figure, hexagon. Also note that the particles magnetic iron oxide have been segregated into these distinct crystal outlines the forces This indeed remarkable since very few dross crystals can seen. The facts observed the melt 1000 deg. are exceedingly in- teresting. summary the fea- tures seen Fig. (left) follows: (1) The large undigested areas magnetic oxide iron various spots the melt. (2) The hexagonal shape the large area the middle special | forces crystallization are strong that they draw the particles iron oxide into the form the dross crys- tal even before the iron has been re- duced, and the zinc-iron alloy formed. Attention also called the orienta- tion the other particles iron oxide tending also form hexagons. large dross crystals were found the top the melt. Turning now the results found the same melt the bottom, € shown Fig. (right) find, (1) Plenty dross crystals dis- seen floating the zinc. (2) The zine area filled with dross while none are seen the iron oxide. This figure shows very clearly that the dross crystals form they settle the bottom the melt. Other experiments have shown the dross heavier than the zinc, and for this reason the crystals settle the bottom the melt. (3) This microscopic view shows very clearly that magnetic iron oxide reduced molten zinc, and that zinc-iron alloy and ordinary dross result from the action. Passing the still higher temperature 1100 deg. F., the results show that the magnetic oxide turned completely into dross the reducing action the molten Fig. 4(a) shows the melt this temperature. again referring Fig. will seen that marked change takes place 1100 deg. and oxidation the zinc sets in. The features importance here are the presence dross and the oxidation the zine. The features special impor- tance Fig. 4(a) are follows: (1) The entire melt made en- dross crystals. (2) The zinc-iron alloy which sur- rounds the fragments dross crystals The dross crystals were broken stirring. (3) The fragments dross crystals. Dross crystals were formed but were broken stirring. (4) The darker phases the zinc- iron alloy. (5) The oxidation the zinc-iron alloy. This traced the alloy be- coming lighter and lighter, and finally white and yellow zine oxide appear. again referring the melt seen that temperature has n