The Iron Age 1936-01-23: Vol 137 Iss 4

gin. “4 F And New Departure that the bearings produced, the ideas This finish firm Underneath the paint this attractive delivery truck Republic Galvannealed—a metal that among body builders and finishers has established reputation for two advan- tages: The ability take and hold paint, enamel and lac- quer without expensive preparation the metal. High corrosion-resistance which means long life, even though accident may mar destroy the painted surface. Republic Galvannealed manufactured coating iron steel sheets with hot zinc spelter. Instead permitting the coating cool and form spangles, galvanized sheets, the coated sheets are held sufficiently high tem- perature alloy the iron steel base metal with the zinc. this way produced surface that easy paint, that retains the paint indefinitely, that resists rust and that may formed desired body shapes without crack- ing, peeling scaling. Full information this Cpu modern metal that fast STEEL Steel becoming the choice body CORPORATION builders, finishers and own- GENERAL CLEVELAND, OHIO ers will promptly for- warded upon request. STEELS FOR EVERY AUTOMOTIVE US! 2—THE IRON AGE, January 23, 1936 THE IRON AGE, published every Thursday the CO., (INC.), Chestnut 56th Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. Entered second class matte November 1932, the Post Office Philadelphia under Act March 1879. $6.00 year S., Canada $8.50, Foreign $12.00. Vol. 137, 4 | as 4 ™~ J CHESTNUT AND 56TH STREETS, PHILADELPHIA, PA. Sales Offices 239 WEST 39TH STREET NEW YORK, and Published CHILTON COMPANY (Incorporated) Executive and Publication Offices, Chestnut and 56th Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. MUSSELMAN, President FRITZ FRANK, Executive Vice-President STEVENS, Vice-President JOSEPH HILDRETH, GEORGE-H. GRIFFITHS, EVERIT TERHUNE, WILLIAM BARBER, Treasurer JOHN BLAIR MOFFETT, Secretary class matter FRITZ FRANK, President VAN DEVENTER Editor Managing Editor News Editor Machinery Editor Editor Emeritus Washington Chicago Cleveland Pittsburgh Detroit Boston Cincinnati January 93, 1936 Ten Modern Precepts for Political Preference.......... Classifying Castings for Dispatch Machine Shop...... Paint Delivered Spray Guns Through Pipe Lines...... Portable Oil Distributing Effects Generator Characteristics Welding Costs... Federal Security Act Places Wisconsin Skyscraper Method Used for Steel Houses............ What the Walsh Bill Means Business............... Automotive Press Produces High Rate............... Construction and Equipment Copyright 1936 Chilton Company (Inc.) BAUR, General Advertising Manager DIX, Manager, Reader Service Member, Audit Bureau Circulations ADVERTISING STAFF Member, Associated Business Papers Emerson Findley, 311 Union Cleveland Published every Thursday. Subscrip- H. K. Hottenstein, 802 Otis Bldg., Chicage tion Price: United States and Pos- Peirce Lewis, 7310 Woodward Detroit sessions, Mexico, Cuba, $6.00; Can- Charles Lundberg, Chilton Chestnut ada, $8.50, including duty; Foreign 56th Philadelphia. Pa. Cc. H. Ober, 239 W. 39th St., New York Robinson, 428 Park Pittsburgh Sweetser, 239 West 39th St.. New York Cable Address, Y."’ Warren, Box 81, Hartford, Conn. $12.00 year. Single copy, cents. 4 % in < | vite: . 4 | New Booklet Shows The Beauty—the Popularity and the Endur- ing Radiance Allegheny Stainless inter- estingly presented the new booklet shown above. has innumerable applications all lines industry where longer life, im- proved appearance and increased salabil- ity products are important factors. The many and varied uses shown the book may suggest you new opportunities for Finer Possibilities making money through the use Allegheny Stainless. you now use stainless are considering the possible use this pre- cious metal industry—write your letterhead, giving the application and will send you copy this new book.* Address the nearest Ryerson plant. our supply very limited, find necessary confine the distribu- tion this seven color booklet those actually using considering the use stainless steel. JOSEPH RYERSON SON, Steel-Service Plants at: Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Louis, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Detroit, Boston, Buffalo, Philadelphia, Jersey City. 10—THE IRON AGE, January 23, 1936 | | | | | | ... THE IRON JANUARY 23, 1936 ESTABLISHED 1855 Vol. 137, No. The Ten Modern Precepts For Political Promise the economic kingdom Heaven your followers. There are plenty fools who will flock your banner. Seize the credit all beneficent happenings. Blame all past and present misfortunes upon big business. people disagree with your theories actions, label them rogues, rascals and ruffians. Imply that all opposition your deeds and opinions moti- vated greed and indifference public welfare. free your disposal public money, thereby making friends and followers without cost yourself and becoming benefactor those you benefit. Let your word good Peruvian bond. Let not oaths nor covenants deter you from attaining your ends. stribu- eee the Bend your knee submission organized minorities. Unor- ganized masses people not “deliver” the vote. established law, interpreted our highest court, cir- cumvents your purposes, vent your spleen upon the “nine old men” who are not politics. the Constitution keeps you from usurping unwarranted power, condemn outworn relic “horse and buggy days.” eee Steal reputation for yourself besmirching better men. you cannot show that living banker put into war, you can make headlines defaming the memory dead President. : 2 = ae * : a3 } Classi For Machine ° ° ° FRANCIS WESTBROOK ° LIKE some other large machine tool builders, the Brown Sharpe Mfg. Co., Providence, operates foundry mak- ing castings for its own use and also for outside concerns. either case whenever order comes for lot castings generally impossible turn out the whole all once, that the point where the cast- ings are sorted for distribution has been necessary make pro- + ° ° vision for keeping the incomplete lots classified and separated until the complete order has been as- sembled. The system installed for this purpose avoids the confusion that otherwise would result, and the same time very simple and economical operate. Conveyors Bring Castings Sorting Point The sorting point, transfer station, located the ground floor the foundry cleaning build- ing. The castings come down from the cleaning and inspection floor above tote boxes spiral gravity roller conveyor and out horizontal roller conveyor the transfer station shown arrive here with little at- tention their classification and they must sorted and kept sep- arate order avoid confusion. This particularly necessary be- cause frequently happens that part order wanted the come down from the cleaning and inspection floor tote boxes spiral roller conveyor and out from the IRON AGE, January 23, 1936 transfer station horizontal roller conveyor. -- PIECES BLDG. DATE DATE MCH TIME NO., SYMBOL DESTINATION SHEET 7 spect. 5—Transfer slip showing where the castings are sent. PR-8 3—The route card, made out the scheduling department gives the number pieces made, sequence foundry and allied operations, and other data. 4—This pink slip, made out the foundry office, placed the box with the castings and goes through with them the sorting transfer station. THE IRON AGE, January 23, 1936—13 = 2—Small castings are put compartments shelves and large castings are placed the floor adjacent numbered columns. HUB DIAMET 5-35 | | 4 | / v. Weig Poy, | = Nos ‘ “orn, =] machine shop, customer, before the whole has come through from the foundry. The actual procedure place the large number compartments shelves, seen Fig. and the large ones the numbered columns. However, the method keeping records that any casting may quickly located when wanted and the degree known which the order for given lot has been completed the keynote the whole system. Instructions Taken from Route Cards the first place should explained that the transfer castings the proper departments the machine shop, cus- tomers, handled the “inside transportation department.” Each similar that shown Fig. made out the Scheduling Department and sent the foun- dry office. These cards show the various operations which are performed from beginning end where the work next when department has done its part, how many pieces are made, etc. The clerk the foundry office makes out pink slip (Fig. which placed the box with the castings and goes through the sorting transfer station with them. This serves them, but the difficulty that those one box are not always the same kind, and any event they must kept separate and classified for distribution accord- ing the route cards. This slip also shows the number castings coming through, which may may not the complete order. this After the man who does the sorting (who member the inside transportation department) has stowed away the castings, takes the pink slip his office where makes notations the back his copy the route card, noting how much the order ready and where the castings are located. also leaves ticket the compartment stating how many castings there are and how many are required. this way knows exactly what cast- ings has hand, where they are located and what proportion the order has been filled the IRON AGE, January 23, 1936 supply the machine shop cus- tomer with material there any reason why not desirable wait for the completion the whole order the foundry. When the order complete transfer slip (Fig. made out showing where the castings are sent, the destination being taken from the route card, and placed with the parts which have been assembled the point where they are picked the transfer man who attends the actual trans- porting the various departments. The route card then sent back the foundry office show that the job complete and has been sent out. frequently happens that the orders are completed considerably ahead time, and not permissible send castings into the machine shop more than two weeks before they are scheduled, some means are called for make sure that they will delivered time. Under such circumstances the pink slip attached the route card and the two are placed horizontal file arranged accord- ing the dates when shipments into the shop may made. Every day the route cards are taken out, the transfer slips filled and the castings are assembled for dis- patching wherever they are go. Tickler File Kept Transfer Point Another interesting and helpful detail the organization this branch the inside transporta- tion department tickler file which kept the transfer point where the castings are taken charge for sorting and storing be- fore being sent out. This file arranged according the dates which the various orders for parts from the foundry are due. Whenever any part order received, notation made the proper card that the status all orders may determined moment’s notice without refer- ring any other records. Three men take care all this work. That efficient shown the fact that three-quarters day they handled transfers comprising 982 pieces, ing over, sorting and placing compartments hundreds other parts, making the loads send out, and attending the work. The old enormous accumu- lation odd pieces, due the foundry making number ex- cess orders, which resulted piles miscellaneous castings, has been entirely done Whereas was formerly necessary handle tons castings find some particular piece when wanted, now merely matter look- ing record and going directly Before this system was effect was often easier and cheaper make few odd castings than hunt through the piles and find what was wanted. The waste thus avoided obvious. There are few interesting com- ments with regard the men required handle this kind work which might not apparent without calling attention them. Good machinists capable oper- ating most the machines the shop can hired off the street, even though the trade highly skilled. But this not true the men the transfer work de- They must know the ins and outs this very large plant, they must have pretty thorough knowledge the products made and must know how handle them without injury. For this reason only possible assign men such work who have been the company for some time, who understand its organization, its physical layout and routines. Japanese interests will soon launch third mining venture Malaya. Deposits the Endau River area several hun- dred acres are being thoroughly examined. Malayan iron ore was first exploited the Ishihara Sangyo Koshi Co., established Singapore since 1920, whose ef- forts have met with considerable success. The shipment took place 1921 and 6,000,000 tons ore has been ex- ported since that time the com- pany mentioned. This organiza- tion also operates mine Batu Pahat and initial operations were begun with the export manga- nese ore, and since 1925 re- ported have shipped approxi- mately 250,000 tons manganese ore. | ~ i 7 | | showing both mixing and circulat- ing tanks. PAINT handling costs have been reduced and increased output se- cured the plant the Hupp Motor Car Corpn. means new paint circulating system handling spray- finishing materials. Delivery clean, fresh, uni- formly mixed materials through pipe lines the spray guns makes for better working conditions. eliminates the trucking paint through the plant, prevents any mess around spray booths, makes possible greater degree plant Delivered Spray Guns Through cleanliness and reduces fire hazard. There are containers clutter the booths and cleaned and refilled. Through series paint supply lines, the finishing material cir- culated constantly from the mix- ing room direct spray operators and returned the mixing room. Each pipe line carries different color kind material. Regu- lated paint outlets are provided the various spraying locations. The pressure the material cir- culating through the pipe lines higher than that required the spray gun outlets. The circulating system, incidentally, eliminates any tendency the part spray op- erators interfere with the paint mixture adding thinner suit their convenience. “Off and dirt troubles are also done away with. Finishing material delivered spray guns uniform pres- sure and applied the car sur- face the proper thickness, thus lessening sanding and polishing operations. operation, the finishing mate- rial for paint supply line put into mixing tank and thoroughly mixed motor-driven agitator. then drawn from the tank through the pump, strained and circulated through the line, re- the circulating tank. From the latter the material con- stantly makes the This true each the separate lines the system. THE IRON AGE, January 23, i % d in = Care at, ) } ‘X- tu 5 | ATTERY fluid regulators the production line. Spray operators can- not add thinner suit their conven- ime IRON AGE, January 23, 1936 ATERIAL lines are pipe with wide bends, the minimum radius view also shows the staggered fluid ulator arrangement the circulating There are mixing and cir- culating tanks, each 60-gal ca- pacity, mixing and circulating room. That is, there mixing tank and circulating tank for each the colors applied. Valves control the flow from each tank. OOK-UP fluid regulators touch-up line. Truck- ing paint elim- inated and there are containers cleaned and refilled. IRECT motor-driv- pumps provid- ing power operate the agitators the mixing tanks are lo- cated outside the mixing room. head crane but the thinner piped each tank from large storage tank, the flow being controlled through meter. Agitators the mixing tanks are the double paddle type and are driven gears from coun- tershaft along the top the tanks, which are mounted channels. The countershaft driven motor with gear reducer. Pumps are gear type and are directly driven gear motors. Pumps and are common base, which mounted channels set concrete. The pumps are placed outside the mixing room, being controlled vapor-proof push buttons placed each tank. Material lines are pipe with wide bends, the minimum radius which in. They are each about 2000 ft. long and hold gal. material. Each line has two gages, one just above the pump and one the return line just above the tank. Each line likewise has safety valve pro- tect the system. By-pass lines are arranged control the flow and The pump room and spray booths are located the same floor, but the lines from the pumps through the floor and run along the ceiling the room booths. Short lengths pipe are run through the floor the booths, having regulators the upper ends. The sheet metal line (fenders, splashers, etc.) the floor below the body booths. The paint circulating lines have drops them carry them down this line. Regulators are placed the lines staggered arrangement. The finishing material the lines kept constantly circula- tion through the system during working hours. night the circu- lation continued, but with re- duced pressure the material. Pressure regulated hand- control valve the pump room. The paint circulating system was installed the Hupmobile plant the DeVilbiss Co., Toledo, Ohio. THE IRON AGE, January 23, e is nk i | Portable Oil Distributing Plant Makes Extensive Use Steel New Bulk Servicing Unit for Large Isolated Projects CONSTRUCTION proj- ects remote areas call for numerous aux- iliary operating facil- ities for necessary handling the work and among these transporta- tion primary factor, not only for materials and equipment may needed the job but for highly essential supplies differ- ent kinds. Here where the motor truck has been brought into ser- vice excellent purpose, yet some- times increased expense and disadvantage, particularly where continual long hauls building site have been required. Gasoline and other petroleum products are highly important requisites for construction opera- tions and the constant need for replenishing such supplies from day day, the case may be, has effected increased cost many jobs distant territories. over- come this difficulty and make available oil products short call desired bulk, the Associated Oil Co., San Francisco, Cal., fected efficient portable oil dis- tributing plant—the first its kind developed. The new unit has attracted wide attention, for period few months has demonstrated its value and efficiency both from the economy and service standpoints. Steel tank cars, tank truck, steel drums and other steel equipment make this new and com- plete bulk plant, operating under standardized practice that simple effective. Long- distance haulage oil products un- questionably will replaced portable units this character the future. The plant consists four special railroad cars for all ordinary re- quirements. these, two are steel tank cars, each with capacity 12,000 gals.; flat car which carried tank truck, pumping plant, rails and ties, well portable loading rack; and spe- cially equipped steel box car, used combination warehouse and operator’s office. Where additional oil commodities larger tankage may necessary for certain project, increase the number tank cars the train simple matter. When the portable distributing plant operation, temporary spur track laid location con- venient the job site, using the ties and rails carried part the regular equipment, noted, for this purpose. The storage tank cars are stationed the end this temporary track, the flat car being flat car equipment for transportation construction site, carrying tank truck, rails, ties, etc. IRON AGE, January 23, 1936 . ; q | next line and the box car fol- lowing, coupled the other end the flat car. The tank truck unloaded from flat car and made ready for short- haul service between the portable plant and the actual job site; the loading rack and gasoline-operated pumping unit are set up, the latter being located the end the flat car near the tank storage cars. Piping and connections are placed position, including hose coup- lings tank car and from loading rack terminus for tank truck. will readily understood, the pumping plant used for loading gasoline from the storage tank cars through the loading rack into the tank truck for immediate cation” deliveries. The flat car serves also loading platform for oil products steel drums and other containers carried and stored the box car. The end doors the latter are arranged open onto form, facilitating the handling and distribution the packaged com- modities from the portable plant ultimate job destination. The interior the box car arranged with special racks and shelves for storage the various petroleum products systematic and efficient way. Buckets, tools, fire extin- guishers and required office facili- ties form part the regular standard equipment the box car. When becomes necessary re- plenish the tank car storage the portable plant, the new gasoline supply moved the destination other tank cars and loaded into the former means the plat- form pumping unit noted. Should Diesel fuel oil required for such type engine service the con- struction job, this provided through the installation special pump for receiving and delivering the product. Any number vari- ety oils and lubricants are made available the job through the portable distributing facilities. Commenting the advantages this new plant unit, the company points out that construction proj- ects has serviced frequently have been situated far 100 miles from its nearest permanent bulk oil distributing station, leading heavy and expensive tank truck haulage for proper decided convenience and econ- omy the contractor have practically unlimited supply gasoline and other commodities CARDWELL DRAFT GEAR ARA, NOQ BRAKE DUMPING units and connections, set up, ready for service. available the job, making pos- sible immediate tank truck deliv- eries any part the project desired. The value such facilities are evidenced regardless the particu- lar nature the construction oper- ation, for practically all cases effective servicing oil products distinctly essential for the work. The first application the new portable unit and highly success- ful one was late last summer connection with 28-mile highway resurfacing project, Alturas, Cal. Practically all-steel develop- ment, this new oil distributing plant the Associated company was designed George Hast- ings, operating manager, and Brown, superintendent construc- tion and maintenance. box car showing special racks, shelves and other equipment. THE IRON AGE, January 23, GENERATOR design- ers have for years been improving the welding performance weld- ing generators and have been labeling their machines “surge- less,” “droopless,” “fast,” “smooth,” “flexible,” etc. Purchasers have been subjected expositions the subjects current transients, stability factors, mutual induc- tances, etc. Rarely, however, has anyone shown the purchaser those less abstract data involving the cost welding, which far more vitally interested. Some data this point are available, and this paper will pre- sent first some features gen- erator performance which affect the welding operation and second the results tests conducted evaluate these effects. paper presented before the American Institute Electrical Engineers 1931, the writer ex- pressed some theories how welding generator should perform make welding easy and also how this improvement performance affected the metal transfer during welding. The fundamental idea this paper was that the generator should designed minimize current changes during welding. This deviation the welding current from the average value shown the meter may caused several ways. Current-Voltage Relationship Each type welding generator has definite relation between the voltage its terminals and the welding current for given cur- rent setting. This relationship known volt-ampere curve and usually plotted shown Fig. This shows the current-voltage relationship for six different cur- the Fall meeting (1935) the American Welding So- ciety. 20—THE IRON AGE, January 23, 1936 Some ects rent settings through the range this particular set. Now as- sume that our set adjusted one these curves shown Fig. and our ammeter shows welding current 175 amp., arc voltage volts can see volts the current rises 185 amp. short circuit the current rises 210 amp. However, brought out the paper mentioned above, the weld- ing current supplied erator rarely coincides with the current indicated the volt-am- pere curve the generator. This generally due harmful induc- tances the generator which act electrical inertia prevent the generator from changing its voltage and current output rapidly the changing conditions the arc require. Thus, instead the are current will change shown Fig. Thus the volt- age increases from zero volts, instead the current changing from 210 165 amp., may ac- tually droop below 165 amp. during the change and will often low 140 amp. Similarly when the voltage decreases from Amperes zero the current may overshoot surge maximum value 300 amp. instead just increasing 210 amp. would indicated the volt-ampere curve. The volt-ampere curves Figs. and are called the static char- acteristics and therefrom shown Fig. the dy- namic transient characteristics. Low Current Droop Results Crater the are current droops too low the arc lengthened, either due the static dynamic character- istics the generator, the arc will out. This results crater which must carefully worked over prevent its being bad place the weld, and the least harm this excessive current droop can slow the work. The welding are short cir- cuited many times per second the molten globule steel which forms the end the electrode and gets larger finally touches the work. Excessive increase the welding current due this short circuit will vaporize some the metal the molten globule, thus blowing part the globule 200-amp. welder showing current-volt- age relationship for six different current settings through the range this particu- lar set. enerator 90 | | > away from the seam and leaving some gas pockets the remainder. This short circuiting the are the molten globule occurs much less with coated electrodes, which have longer arcs, than with bare electrodes, and possibly one the reasons why better welds are obtained with the trodes. Therefore assuming desir- able keep the current constant welding can see that should have generator with steep volt-ampere curve—one with minimum change current for any change voltage and also one with excellent transient character- istics, that one which forces the current and voltage follow closely the static characteristics during changes the arc. Another School Thought Whereas the above one theory, there another school thought which argues for constant power the arc. There always has been, and probably always will be, con- troversy between the proponents volt-ampere curves indicating constant current the are and those indicating constant power 100 Amperes ened volts the cur- rent rises 185 short circuit the current rises 210 amp. Characteristics Welding Costs JOHN BLANKENBUEHLER Westinghouse Electric Mfg. Co. the are. There is, first glance, logic the idea that should have constant power the arc re- Less than one-half the heat the used melting steel, however; the rest being wasted warming the plate and air, etc. Increasing the are length will therefore increase the power re- quired the are because the length the arc stream radiating heat the air increased. Even more important the fact that volt-ampere curve giving approx- imately constant power with chang- ing are voltage gives very great change current for change voltage and short circuit that tremendously greater the welding current. This extra large short circuit current makes the electrode stick when starting the and increases the spatter and porosity. number tests were run effort learn whether these theories which indicated that the generator should maintain the current constant during welding were correct. Several generators were tested determine their volt-ampere curves static characteristics shown Fig. and their tran- sient current surge overshoot when short circuited. Using these data empirical figure based each generator’s ability hold the current constant was set up. This figure was made two factors, and Factor was the ratio the short circuit current Fig. the welding current Fig. 2). Factor was the ratio the maximum current surge the final steady short circuit cur- rent Fig. 3). Multiplying these two factors and together gave empirical factor which indicates the current constancy. The less this factor the more constant the current and the bet- ter the generator should weld. this point theories how curves and the dynamic character- istics may affect welding have been presented. Quite logically, transient characteristics—or the deviations from the static and 125 s0 75 200 225 250 275 WO Amperes THE IRON AGE, January 23, eg , | 60 60 - —¢ \M f Mi ony the next question how prove these theories actual tests with generators different character- istics. Tests Complicated Tests corroborate this theory are extremely complicated and re- quire exceptional attention de- tail. The general plan have operator weld with the different generators exactly the same current arc voltage and with the same electrodes. This impos- sible. Minor differences cur- rent and voltage will always occur and will introduce other variables which are difficult evaluate and make necessary discard and repeat many tests. Even though all tests are run from one box electrodes the differences between individual rods are considerable. The only reasonable way elim- inate this variable make each test rather long use great number rods and thus cause the rod differences aver- age out. The factors involved welding costs are principally: (1) Pounds weld metal deposited per hour; (2) pounds weld metal de- power consumed the welding set, and (3) pounds weld metal deposited per pound electrode purchased. factors only they are affected the welding generator weights and times must accu- rate, and all times should include only that time which current actually flows. Including idle time and cleaning time operator and electrode and not the generator. Results Tabulated The following table gives the re- sults four comparative tests be- tween pairs generators. These tests were all multiple-pass butt welds between thick steel plates and all with the current adjusted give the best weld quality. Phys- ical tests the weld metal de- posited have not yet been made. Each test included the deposition volved the use weld rods. The time was automatically recorded relay-operated electric clocks. The deposit efficiency was figured the ratio the increase weight the plates being weld- the weight rod melted, which did not include the weight the stubs. This, course, higher figure than the actual pounds weld metal deposited per pound electrode purchased, but the portion this factor which generator characteristics are involved. The arc voltage and current were recorded recording meters and the value tabulated the ef- fective average throughout the test. The input and output the welding set were taken record- ing wattmeters and are totaled for each test. The results shown the table indicate that the generator giving more constant current does give from per cent more metal per kilowatt hour generator out- put, and also raises the deposit efficiency the electrode, and the pounds deposited per hour. The results indicated the amount deposit per kilowatt hour input the motor the welding set show that with sets and which had the same elec- trical efficiency the improved gen- erator saved power but with sets and the greater electrical ef- ficiency set overbalanced its generator’s inferiority and gave the least power cost. The other factors involved welding costs such labor and power costs when not actually welding, factory overhead, scrap, electrode stubs, must also considered before the actual cost welding can figured. The test has therefore shown that improvements generator characteristics obtain more con- stant current will give faster and better welding both because im- proves the metal transfer the arc and also because makes easier for the operator start and maintain the arc. The office the division engi- neer, North Pacific division, Corps Engineers, has recently com- pleted report entitled, “Available Raw Materials for Pacific Coast Iron and Steel Industry.” The re- port, prepared Dr. Edwin Hodge, consulting geologist, resumé and analysis present available information domestic and foreign suitable supplies ores, fluxes, with probable cost these raw materials delivered the lower Columbia River area, with some data relating markets for finished products. Copies any all the four mimeo- graphed volumes comprising the re- port may seen the office the division engineer, North Pa- cific division, 523 Pittock Block, Portland, Ore., the office the Regional Planning Commission, 220 United States Court House, gon State Planning Board, 802 Spalding Building, Portland, the Public Library, 801 Tenth Avenue, Portland, may obtained from the office the division engineer, North Pacific di- vision, 523 Pittock Block, Portland, price $1.25 per volume. Portland, the office the Ore- Pounds Weld Metal Per Kwh. Per Kwh. Generator Motor Deposit Electrode Set Amps. Volts Hour Hour Output Input Efficiency No. heavy 129 100 129 306 28.3 5.8 0.673 0.361 63.0 coated in. 131 325 296 29.7 5.71 0.0193 0.646 0.354 59.9 No. heavy flux 139 100 139 282 0.0242 0.710 0.412 64.3 coated in. 142 325 461 271 35.0 6.45 0.0242 0.681 0.404 63.0 No. bare 190 285 196 15.5 0.0187 1,235 0.441 94.0 3/16 in. 125 345 431 194 16.5 3.51 0.0181 1.104 0.484 89.0 No. bare 190 295 204 13.8 3.12 1.108 0.372 92.0 3/16 in. 198 14.7 2.95 0.0149 1.018 0.425 89.5 22—THE IRON AGE, January 23, 1936 Excellence Factors | | 3 | Federal Security Places isconsin Manufacturers Dilemma UNDER our present legislative and judicial system any number laws known the set unconstitutional can passed Congress. These laws may irreparable damage before they are finally declared invalid. Such law the Federal Social Security Act passed the last session Congress. Employers are peculiar posi- tion regarding this law and find themselves the point where they are required make guess the constitutionality the Federal law immediately. other States have until January, 1937, before they are affected the Federal act. Wisconsin has had unemploy- ment reserve law the statute books for several years. Contribu- tions toward the accumulation reserve started July 1934. The law originally set provided for the employers’ maintaining their own reserve fund under so- called “exempted” plan, the em- ployer desired so. other words, the employer could set plan his own pro- vided met with certain stand- ards set the State law. These plans exempted the employer from complying with the unemployment reserve law for period five years. the employer did not file approved plan with the Indus- trial Commission, was then re- quired come under the compul- EUGENE CALDWELL General Manager, Washer Mfg. Co., Milwaukee. ° ° OME the complications attending the enactment State unemployment insur- ance legislation conform with the provisions the Federal Social Security act are indicated the experi- ence Wisconsin manufac- turers, related the author. Wisconsin had unem- ployment insurance act be- fore the passage the Fed- eral law. The State act has since been amended, presum- ably meet the require- ments the Federal law. Wisconsin manufacturers have been forced decide whether they will accept the amendments, though they have means knowing whether the Federal law will remain force after the courts have passed constitutionality. sory State plan and have his unemployment funds and benefits handled directly the State. Those employers, who, like our- selves, two years ago spent vast amounts time and effort study- ing the problem compiled “exempted” plans, are now being high-pressured into re- leasing their rights under these plans and are being more less forced into accepting sions the revised law. you doubt know, now have five-year contract with the State which cannot changed without our consent. However, every effort being made make operation under these “exempted” plans undesirable. Revised Wisconsin Law Chapter 446, passed Sept. 11, 1935, attempts bring the Wis- consin law within the standards set the Federal Social Security Act earn credits against the new Federal payroll tax. Vari- ous features this new law placed penalties upon not accepting its provisions before Jan. 1936. Objections Revised Wisconsin Law comparing the new revised Wisconsin law with our present ex- empted plan, which are being asked give up, find the fol- lowing objections listed the or- der their importance: All control lost over the reserve funds. Our reserve now being carried trust fund the bank. Under our present plan drafts are drawn against the fund the event with- out bothering the Industrial Com- mission. accept the new law must immediately send the In- dustrial Commission check for the total amount the reserve. remains their possession, and THE IRON AGE, January 23, 1936—23 i - 4 of ; all payments and claims thereafter are handled through the Industrial Commission. Number employees coming under the Unemployment Reserve increased. Under our present plan reserve set salaries $250 per month and over, but accept the revised law, pay- ments connection with such salaries will have made be- ginning Jan. 1937. Contribution rates will in- creased beginning Jan. 1938. Whereas now are contributing per cent our payroll, ac- cept the revised law will pay 2.7 per cent our payroll begin- ning 1938. After 1938 the rate Under the revised law pay- ments made into the fund can never recovered, even case the company goes out business. This not true with our present “exempted” plan. The five-year contract provi- sion eliminated under the revised law. Various other miscellaneous changes not related Federal standards have been made the revised law, including changes the waiting period and eligibility part-time workers. These changes are made the guise simplifying the necessary account- ing procedure, but reality they all make the unemployment re- serve more expensive the em- ployer. Advantages Revised Wisconsin Law The only advantages the em- ployer can find accepting the revised law are follows: Benefits are postponed six months, until July 1936. Those not accepting the revised law were required begin the pay- ment benefits the event unemployment Jan. 1936. very slight reduction ef- fected the payments required made monthly the Industrial Commission for administration equal 1/20 per cent the payroll. The original Wisconsin law gave the Industrial Commis- sion the power adjust the rate contributions the administra- tion fund within certain limits. Even prior the present revision the law the Industrial Commis- sion ruled that those employers making payments directly into the 24—THE IRON AGE, January 23, 1936 State fund should pay the low limit 1/20 per cent for ad- ministration for the reason that this class caused the commission the least clerical effort. Those em- ployers (like ourselves) who main- tain separate reserve funds but who accepted the previous general revision the law (Chapter 192, effective June 26, 1935), causing less clerical difficulties, were re- quired pay 1/10 per cent administration. But those employ- ers who refused accept the June revision the law were required pay the maximum limit equal 2/10 per cent. would seem, therefore, that this discre- tionary power given the commis- sion were being used force adherence certain features unemployment reserve which many students the subject have felt were objectionable. Dubious Advantage Revised Wisconsin Law Another advaniage has been pointed out accompanying the acceptance the provisions the new revised Wisconsin law. are told that not accept the new provisions will required pay double unemployment re- serve—once under our “exempted” Wisconsin plan and again the full Federal payroll tax specified the Social Act, inasmuch our “exempted” plan qualify under the standards laid down the act. But this advantage rests upon two suppositions, both which are very problematical the present time, follows: (a) First, assumed that the Federal Social Security Act con- stitutional. Practically any attor- ney well informed constitutional law will tell you, his opinion, this law unconstitutional, attempt enlarge the power Congress under the interstate com- merce clause the Constitution and also improper use its taxing power for purposes regu- lation rather than raising revenue, both which have repeatedly been denied the Supreme Court the United States. (b) Second, even the act found constitutional, the as- sumption that the Wisconsin law has now been amended will mea- sure the standards the Security Act and will ap- proved the Social Security Board. The Social Security Board has not yet begun functioning, and anticipating the decisions made board almost before appointed best hazardous. true that certain provisions the revised Wisconsin law have saving clauses which allow the law revert its former status the event the Federal act held in- valid. This applies objections No. and No. above, but the other objections are not included. appears the Federal Social Se- curity Act being used force permanently these other objection- able features upon the manufac- turers the State. Necessity Immediate Decision seems that Wisconsin manu- facturers are the spot with regard the Federal Social Se- curity Act. Employers other States have more than year decide what concerning the Social Security Act inasmuch the first payment not made un- til January, 1937, although they begin accruing Jan. 1936. During this time there may oppor- tunity test the validity the law, changing administration may modify it, anything else can happen. But Wisconsin employers had decide before January, 1936, whether they desired release their binding contract with the State and governed the re- vised law based upon the Social Security Act. The important thing that even the Social Security tional, the Social Security Board fails approve the revised Wis- consin law, Wisconsin manufac- turers will tied with and bound the new law upon ac- ceptance it, creating condition not compatible with other States. Former Major Revision Law seems that the Wisconsin Un- employment Reserve law has been revised now contains all the features its proponents advocated when was first passed. However, certain public spirited individuals Wisconsin spent untiring efforts attempting have incorporated into the law such limitations necessary make reasonable and workable and somewhat pala- table the manufacturer. These efforts were successful. Nevertheless, since its first pas- sage, interest has waned such A | | | efforts have been made have been ineffectual. unfortunate that the vast amount work put this subject being lost this manner. The previous major revision the law, constituting Chapter 192, effective June 26, 1935, was pre- sented Wisconsin manufacturers with only two days which ac- cept reject. our opinion that the Wisconsin Manufacturers’ Association entitled some measure criticism for partici- pating that high pressure pres- entation. true the Manufacturers’ As- sociation held meeting Milwau- kee few days previous the passage that major revision, which time general discussion was held relative the new law. However, the writer was unable attend this meeting because being New York. written analysis the new law whatever was presented members the association, and the writer found the matter his desk upon his return from New York, with only few hours accept reject it. easily possible that others were also unable attend the meeting Milwaukee. Inasmuch there was time whatever analyze the situation, agreed release our rights under our “exempted” plan and bound Chapter 192, this decision being based entirely upon the rec- ommendation the Wisconsin Manufacturrs’ Association. The Industrial Commission played the fact that the revised law had been approved their Advisory Committee, consisting three rep- resentatives the Wisconsin State Federation Labor and three rep- resentatives the Wisconsin Man- ufacturers’ Association. Subse- quent analysis Chapter 192 makes difficult for detect any concessions made the repre- same true the present revision under question—Chapter 446. The only advantage offered un- der Chapter 192 was postpone- ment benefits for six months (until Jan. 1936). Incidentally, check this time discovers that would not have had pay one cent benefits view our hav- ing had unemployment. The disadvantages were not adequately brought out, but the scope the employees covered the act was greatly increased, benefits were in- creased, part-time workers were eliminated, and various other con- ditions changed which were said for the purpose simplifying accounting. have since felt would have gained casting our lot with the employers the State who filed “contrary notice.” Alternatives Thus view the situation connection with the present amend- ments the law (Chapter 446) have two options, follows: can elect operate under our present plan and retain for years (1% years the five-year contract having expired) features feel are considerable advan- tage. would run the risk the Federal Social Security Act’s be- ing adjudicated valid, the Social Security Board’s approving the Wisconsin law now stands, and thus our having pay the Federal tax addition our pres- ent contributions under our State “exempted” plan. will also required pay any benefits accru- ing because unemployment be- tween Jan. 1936, and July 1936. This would not necessary under the second can release our estab- lished rights under our “exempted” plan and thereafter operate under the State law now stands may revised the future. Note that electing operate under the present law places the same position those manufactur- ers who did not work out ex- empted plan suited their par- ticular conditions but were com- pelled comply directly with the law. With Option course, would bound all the undesir- able features even after the Fed- eral Social Security Act declared unconstitutional. Sees Good Future Low Cost Housing ELIEF that 1936 will see im- portant revelations the low- cost home building field was ex- pressed recently Bennett Chap- ple, vice-president, American Roll- ing Mill Co., Middletown, Ohio, and chairman committee associ- ated with the Purdue Housing Re- search Foundation. “The prospective home owner can now get steam the boiler for his ride into new environments and new comforts for his home and family,” Mr. Chapple said interview. credited the Federal Housing Administration with working dili- gently perfect reasonable pro- gram for Government-insured bor- rowing, order that homes may purchased the instalment plan. his opinion, this was the spark needed before any real start could made. “One disturbing factor which has held this opportunity, espe- cially the lower income bracket,” Mr. Chapple said, “is the cost building houses. The problem re- solved itself into one finding out how build house that the working man could afford own and live in. The challenge went out architects, building material manufacturers, contractors, real estate men, and home appliance manufacturers. “If one could have lifted the cur- tain for peek behind the scenes during 1935, sure would have found many wrinkled brows. one section the country ar- chitects were struggling with mul- tiple small house designing; an- other, brick, lumber and cement men were huddled together bring the commonly used building materials into the lower bracket cost. New material manufac- turers came over the horizon with their products looking for place the great house building pro- gram. Steel, plywood, cork, cinder block, glass, pressed wood, con- crete block, concrete slab—all these materials and many more made this marching army. Hundreds inventors and engineers burned the midnight oil quest lower cost, combined with practical util- ity and economy.” “The year 1935,” said, “rep- resented time trial and error, hope and despair, failure and success, trying meet the housing problem, but out all has come stronger and more de- termined group—those who are sure that 1936 will see important revelations their chosen field.” THE IRON AGE, January 23, 1936—25 H 5 ~ iat | | | 2 ; \ { - l Se ABOVE which the McKay sys- tem steel framing used. & the same building the inner LEFT and outer walls. VIEW showing The steel frame carries 4 the entire load. January 23, 1936 26—THE IRON AGE THE skyscraper building construction being used the erection all-welded small commercial build- ings and dwelling houses the McKay Building Engineering Co., Cleveland, which has developed type steel framing which designated the McKay direct- bearing and interlocking structural steel frame, protected patents granted and pending. The method construction has been devised provide small building rigid skyscraper type. Construction costs, claimed, with the McKay method steel framing, are comparable with costs kyscraper Method Used and when wood building frame used. lowering the cost steel building construction ing well-insulated and fireproof structure higher cost than wood frame building, the com- pany looks for more general adoption the steel structure for small commercial buildings and residences. The McKay company has been engaged for several years de- signing applications steel for building construction has striven cut the cost steel frame buildings order that steel may better compete with other building materials. reduce the cost buildings erected steel, the company has aimed design buildings that would use little steel possible without sacrificing strength and durability, instead mall Commercial Buildings trying see how much steel could used. Standard building ma- terials and standard rolled steel beams and channels throughout the construction the McKay system buildings. The ends the studs columns are fastened the bottom and top I-beam sills and headers steel clips. The floor joists bear directly the sill header and are at- tached ‘thereto clips. The