The Iron Age 1935-10-03: Vol 136 Iss 14

THOMAS STEEL ECIALIZED PRODUCERS COLD ROLLED STRIP STEE LIB. tw r 2—THE IRON AGE, October 1935 THE IRON AGE, published every Thursday the CHILTON CO., (INC.), Chestnut 56th Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. Entered second class matter November 1932, the Post Office Philadelphia under Act March 1879. $6.00 year §., Canada $8.50, Foreign $12.00. Vol. 136, No. 14. REPUBLIC EALED adequate protection Any coating iron steel affords protection against rust only the degree that adheres the base metal. because-of the adhesion the protective coating zinc Republic Galvannealed that these sheets are today being used for wide variety application, particularly the making devices where considerable forming the sheet involved. Made into stoves, cabinets, soft drink dispensers, refrigerators and industrial and institu- tional equipment all kinds, Republic Galvannealed affords true protection. its manufacture, iron steel sheets are dipped into molten zinc. Instead being permitted cool quickly galvanizing, the coated sheets are kept temperature high enough cause the zinc and the iron alloy. The resulting iron-zinc alloy thus becomes integral part the sheet with sharp line demarca- tion between the two elements. fabrication, this pro- tective coating aheres the metal. also affords fine surface for decorative finishes, requiring expensive preparation and taking paint, lacquer enamel far better than galvanized surface. Illustrated descriptive litera- ture sent request. GENERAL YOUNGSTOWN, OHIO . ty Ltd ga 7 — A ~ <a | » f £% it (CL 4 : a a q it aad 3 URN ] [ Soft-Working SHEETS.. Easy bend fabricate 4 GALVANIZED SHEETS are soft-working sheets that are easy bend fabricate. While satisfactory for any purpose, they are especially adapted use galvanized-ware prod- ucts applications where sheets are subjected severe double-seaming and ‘ For rust-exposed appli- are most economical. They are low cost yet, due their copper content, they have basic resistance atmos- pheric corrosion that from 2'/ times that ordinary steel. PRODUCTS WEIRITE QUALITY Tin plate special coated manufactur- ing ternes and black plate. Uniform for gauge and drawing qualities UNEX- CELLED method manufacture and uses. Pig Iron Open Hearth Steel Billets—Slab—Sheet Bar Skelp Angles—Beams and Channels and Bars Splice Bars and Reinforcing Bars Rails—Steel Plates Track Spikes Coke Tin Plate Kanners Special and Best Cokes—Charcoals Lacquered and Coated Tin Plate Tin Mill Black Plate (All Finishes) Copper Bearing Terne Plate lbs. Coated Sheets Galvanized, Black and Blue Annealed Corrugated Sheets—V Crimp Sheets Roll Roofing—Plain Brick Siding Long Terne Sheets (Common and Special Finishes Hot and Cold Rolled Strip Steel Strip Steel Sheets—High Finish Sheets Single Pickled Full Finish Auto Body Sheets Fender Stock Many gauges and grades seventy-five inches width are now available Coke Tar—Benzol—Toluol Ammonium Sulphate Ownership control mines, including both iron ore and coal, combined with complete supervision every manufacturing process finish marketable product, gives Weirton customers constant and definite assur- ance dependable quality. Save with Steel and Specify WEIRTON PRODUCTS WEIRTON STEEL CO. Division National Steel Corporation WEIRTON SALES OFFICES ALL PRINCIPAL CITIES 4—THE IRON AGE, October 1935 VA. | | 7 q | ‘ 4 aay ag ; 3 4 wt a } Dever Crib, Chicago, Inland Structurals New bridge Lakes Gulf Deep Piling again were used improve upon past methods. Marseilles, Illinois, was built entirely Steel Structural steel foundation more economical than Structurals. The Mississippi Valley Structural Steel other methods. Fender wall sheet piling. Modern Chi appearance achieved welding steel angles plate buttresses. EQUIPMENT INLAND STEEL Huge buggies work Grand Dam, Wash. New yd. scraper manipulated hydraulic power Built Inland Steel Tourneay, Inc., Rood Machinery Co., Aurora, Stockton, Cal. Plates, Shapes and Sheets used. Many builders and manufacturers heavy equipment long ago formed the habit com- ing Inland for Structural Shapes and Plates. They found that their exact requirements were promptly and carefully met Inland. INLAND STEEL CO., Dearborn St., Chicago, sories au 86585 THE IRON AGE, October y ROW TAPER BEARINGS ANOTHER 100% ORIGINAL EQUIPMENT INSTALLATION these bearings are used the roll necks Six 4-Hi Finishing Stands 53” 80’ Two 4-Hi Roughing Stands 26” 53” Bantam Taper Bearings were also specified One 54” 130” 4-Hi Broadside Mill One 36” 80’ 2-Hi Scalebreaker Two 20” 48” 84” 4-Hi Cold Mills One 36” 42” 4-Hi Cold Mill These thirteen stands are now being installed the Gary district. Take your Toughest Bearing job Bantam Send for new general catalog Ball and Roller Bearings. THE BANTAM BALL BEARING CO. SOUTH BEND, INDIANA CHICAGO YOUNGSTOWN DETROIT HUNDRE NEW ORLEANS WASHINGTON, 5 q | | long Trade Mark Reg. U.S. \ nine grades Bethadur for certain uses the well- ever-increasing extent industry turning stainless steels carry the burden resisting heat, acids, the attacks the atmosphere. Three major considerations govern the selection grade stainless for any given task—the corrosive agents that must resist, the fabricating operations must undergo, the physical properties must possess. Bethadur nine grades and Bethalon two grades offer the opportunity obtain any desired combination prop- These steels, developed Beth- lehem Steel Company laboratories, cover the entire range materials commonly stainless steels and irons. offer stainless steel for every use known Bethalon for intricate machined parts that must resist corrosion. The general characteristics each these steels are given the following page. For detailed information their properties and working, send for booklet Bethadur and Bethalon. Bethlehem also makes the lower-chro- mium-type steels the stainless group, containing from per cent chromium with various additions molybdenum, tungsten and vanadium. Prominent among Bethlehem Stainless Steel Products are the following: Bars, hot-rolled, cold-drawn, centerless-ground and polished; Plates and angles; Forgings, drop and hammer; and bolts and nuts. specialty made highly polished bars for the pump and valve industry. ~ oy . ‘ j ; BETHADUR type. possesses excellent corrosion-resist- ing properties either the heat-treated annealed condition. readily forged, can machined out great difficulty, and may heat-treated secure high physical properties. BETHADUR the type commonly known 18-8 stainless steel. finds application where extreme resistance atmospheric corrosion re- quired, particularly ornamental parts which must retain their lustre over long periods time without frequent cleaning and polishing. non-magnetic. BETHADUR steel and shows very little loss weight when subjected sulphuric hydrochloric acid mild concentrations. Therefore, finds particularly wide use chemical-plant apparatus, pickling equip- ment, and similar applications. BETHADUR requires heat-treatment bring out its maximum corrosion-resisting properties. Bethadur suitable for applications where high resistance atmospheric attack required, but where physical properties are relatively unimportant. Bethadur particularly recommended for exte- rior trim, ornamental objects, and all other purposes not requiring the exceptionally high corrosion-resist- ance Bethadur Bethadur the most malleable all straight chromium-iron alloys. This property makes partic- ularly fitted for purposes where drastic cold work encountered. Bethadur excellent heat-resisting steel. Under continuous service will resist oxidation about 1200 deg. F., and will stand temperatures 1600 deg. F., for short periods time without scaling. BETHADUR BETHADUR with unusually high chromium content, intended for use where exceptional corrosion -resistance required, dilute acids en- countered. extensively used the nitric-acid industry. Bethadur sometimes used heat-resisting steel, though the higher carbon content Bethadur makes the latter alloy more desirable from strength standpoint. Milwaukee, New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburg 4 District Offices: Baltimore, Boston, Bridgeport, Buffalo, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Dallas, Detroit, Houston, Indianapolis, San Antonio, St. Louis, St. Paul, Washington, Wilkes-Barre, York. PacificCoast Distributor: STEEL BETHADUR the hardening grade corro- sion-resisting steel, sometimes called the cutlery grade. used the manufacture non- corroding parts that must hardened. BETHADUR has high carbon content, making suitable for parts which higher degree hardness needed. commonly used where hardness abrasion-resistance required the presence steam, water, salt water, mine water, oil and oil products. Where extreme hardness required the higher carbon Bethadur should used. BETHADUR scale hardness can obtained when the steel quenched temperatures excess 1850 deg. Other characteristics are the same those Bethadur Bethadur because its high chro- mium content, corrosion-resisting steel, primarily intended for use parts subjected high temperatures. Temperatures high 2100 deg. not oxidize scale the surface Bethadur BETHALON BETHALON while easy-machining, possesses all the excellent corrosion-resisting properties straight carbon-chromium irons. Bethalon can turned, drilled, bored threaded easily ordinary screw stock, with the same tool set-up and the same feed, speed, and depth cut. Excellent threads can cut 150 surface ft. per min.; can smooth-turned 200 surface ft. per min. BETHALON possesses corrosion-resisting properties equal those Bethadur and recommended for all uses where the rapid performance intricate machining operations important. Bethalon not quite machinable Bethalon and must machined somewhat lower speed than screw stock, though approximately twice the cutting speeds standard 18-8 stainless can used. The cutting speed some extent dependent the type screw-machine used, but speeds from surface ft. per min. can maintained without the necessity for too frequent regrinding tools. | 1 4 4 — “= q q 7 4 This Morgan Engineering Company soaking pit crane powered six motors. Westinghouse mill and crane mo- tors, and matched control are design- for long life and low maintenance the most severe steel mill EAVY DUTY CRANES call for Drives that can IT” scores cranes Morgan you find proof that Westinghouse Motors and Control are built for pendable performance toughest jobs. Driving heavy-duty cranes calls for electric motors and control that can take plenty hard knocks and yet pro- vide ample power, smoothly and accurately controlled. Westinghouse motors with matched control cranes many steel mill today have proved their users that they stand tough service. They are de- signed and with thorough know- ledge crane operating requirements. Electrically and mechanically, they have had right win the confidence crane builders and users alike. When you buy modern, improved cranes and hoists, remember that the power drive them equally important the mechanical design the machine itself. sure get Westinghouse motors and control and get power that cor- rectly engineered fit the job. 52142 WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC MFG. CO: PITTSBURGH PENNSYLVANIA { Gee SKILL... Surgery, the practice Law, Architecture, yes—even the manufacture Springs, the individual interpretation and application knowledge specific problem. Many people have knowledge—but lack skill. our seventy-five years Spring-making, have picked much knowledge regarding the action and life spring materials, the heat*treating metals, and the proper design all types springs for varying uses. Also, fortunately, have staff men skilled applying this knowledge the spring demands tomorrow. May show you how some early date? THE WALLACE BARNES COMPANY Springmakers for Three-quarters Century BRISTOL, CONN. IRON October 1935 _ > € , FRITZ FRANK, President VAN DEVENTER Editor Managing Editor News Machinery Editor Editor Emeritus Washington Chicago Cleveland Pittsburgh Detroit Cincinnati CHESTNUT AND S6TH STREETS, PHILADELPHIA, PA. Sales Offices Buick Improves Quality and Cuts Costs Simplicity Achieved Steel Garden Chair............. Minimizes Gage Variations Flat-Rolled Steel......... Huge Castings Support Golden Gate Bridge Cables..... Washington News ................ Construction and Equipment BAUR, General Advertising Manager DIX, Manager, Reader Service Member, Audit Bureau of Circulations ADVERTISING STAPF Member, Associated Business Papers Emerson Findley, 311 Union Bidg., Cleveland Owned, Published and Copyrighted Herman. Buffalo, tion United States and Pos Peirce Lewis, 1310 Woodward Detroit sessions, Mexico, $6.00; Can- Charles Chilton 56th Sts., Pa. CHILTON COMPANY ada, including duty; 39th New York (Incorporated) $12.00 year. Single copy, cents. 428 Park Pittsburgh Executive and Publication Offices, W. C. Sweetser, 239 West 39th St., New York Chestnut and Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. Cable Address, Warren, Box 81, Hartford, Conn. Presideat FRITZ FRANK, Executive Vice-President FREDERIC STEVENS, Vice-President JOSEPH HILDRETH, GEORGE GRIFFITHS, EVERIT TERHUNE, ERNEST HASTINGS, WILLIAM BARBER, Treasurer JOHN BLAIR MOFFETT, Secretary t 4 £ STEEL-SERVICE FOR THE IMMEDIATE SHIPMENT EVERYTHING STEEL AND ALLIED LINES. BEAMS AND HEAVY STRUCTURALS CHANNELS, ANGLES, TEES AND ZEES RAILS, SPLICES, SPIKES, BOLTS, ETC, PLATES—SHEETS STRIP STEEL, FLAT WIRE, ETC, STAINLESS STEEL HOT ROLLED BARS—HOOPS AND BANDS COLD FINISHED SHAFTING AND SCREW STOCK EXTRA WIDE COLD FINISHED FLATS ALLOY STEELS—TOOL STEELS HEAT TREATED ALLOY STEEL BARS BOILER TUBES AND FITTINGS WELDING ROD—MECHANICAL TUBING RIVETS, BOLTS, NUTS, WASHERS, REINFORCING BARS AND STEEL BUILDING PRODUCTS COPPER AND BRASS BABBITT METAL AND SOLDER PERMITE LEADED BRONZE BARS JOSEPH RYERSON SON, INC. Plants at: Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Cincinnati, Detroit, Cleveland, Buffalo, Boston, Philadelphia, Jersey City. Write for the Ryerson List— Key Immediate Steel. 12—THE IRON AGE, October 1935 j GY 7 4 | THE IRON AGE OCTOBER 1935 ESTABLISHED 1855 Vol. 136, the Keepers the Pocketbooks HIS editorial addressed the keepers industrial pocket- books; men who, knowing when say have kept their heads above water during the depression deluge red ink. Without doubt, gentlemen, your ability say many suggestions for capital expenditures during the past four years was life-preserver for the con- cerns whose assets you safeguarded. doubt, too, even so-called normal times, the part wisdom say much more often than The two- letter negative will help you keep what you have got, but takes the three-letter word yes, spoken the right time, get you more and make your company places. All this preliminary opining that the time has arrived say intelligent plans for capital improvements. One reason for this that are now the early stages what has the decided earmarks long-term cyclical upturn. Successful companies must make the bulk their profits the up-swings and attempt hold position curtail losses the down turns. course, you believe that the going away with cycles, this will not have much weight but you believe, do, that these cyclical causes are more powerful than the professors, you will deem good business put your houses lowest cost, highest profit order early the Another reason for prompt action that your money will buy more now than will later on. Increasing demand and inflation will combine bring this about. The index machine tool orders, reflecting demand for typical division capital goods, has steadily increased from 62.3 March 125.8 August this year and undoubtedly will climb much higher during the coming months. for inflation, think that you will agree that Administration can spend billions dollars four years the cost enormous deficit without driving down the buying power its dollars. Many other reasons for making capital goods expenditures could cited, but perhaps example furnishes stronger than precept. When concern like the United States Steel Corpn., already committed capital expenditure program seventy million dollars, announces that its intention double that investment, that real food for thought for you keepers the pocketbooks. t | | ‘ We. the operation machinery equipped with anti-friction (ball and roller) bearings, correct lubrication major im- portance. ranks with correct mounting and the selection proper type and size bearing for its particular duty. Because the operation anti-friction bear- ings simple and carefree, in- adequate attention frequently given the subject lubrication. little wonder, however, that the subject lubrication fre- quently not given the attention that deserves because review the writings the subject re- veal many conflicting opinions the proper type lubricants and methods application. But pretty generally agreed both the users and manufacturers these bearings that the patent func- tion lubricant for these fourfold one: protect the accurately and highly polished surfaces from rust and wear minimize friction between the stationary and moving parts aid the dissipation heat generated the deformation 14—THE IRON AGE, October 1935 R Rigid Bal! Elastic Track the load-bearing parts and friction form supplementary seal between stationary and rotat- ing parts, which prevents the ingress dirt, dust and other abrasive materials mizes the leakage from the bearing. Anti-friction bearings are accu- rately made; tolerances are fre- quently held limits 0.0001 in.; surfaces are ground and lapped ultra-fine finishes. Naturally, such surfaces are susceptible rust un- less protected all times correct neutral lubricant. Rolling friction much the same nature sliding friction. Upon perfectly rigid plane sur- “creeping between ball and elastic track. Note that the creep always the opposite direction the mo- tion the surface the ball. faces the friction rolling would zero but such surfaces, course, cannot produced and in- equalities remain, which interlock and thus offer resistance free motion. Furthermore, pressure causes slight deformation both the surfaces the races and that the ball roller; that contact takes place not point line but more less circu- lar narrow rectangular area. the ball roller moves along fresh portions the surfaces dis- tortion occurs and sliding takes place. This action may made clearer referring Fig. which shows hardened steel ball rolling plane rubber surface. The ball sinks into and compresses the rub- ber immediately under it. The rubber forced the front slides over the surface the ball the reverse direction the mo- tion the ball, thereby hindering its motion. Likewise, the ball leaves the pile behind, the rubber returns its original place and again slips over the ball di- rection opposite its motion. Thus 2—How oil film aids distributing the load over qreater area, thereby decreasing the maximum intensity pressure considerable degree. a \\\\ | | | rid ih] j 7 4 Bearings the resistance rolling due sliding two surfaces and fun- damentally the same that found plain bearing and slides, such guides, cross-heads, etc. Because the stretching the path over which the ball rolls, the actual length the path rolled over greater than the horizontal distance traveled the ball. Hence does not move its true geometrical distance. The amount that falls short depends mainly upon the hardness the surfaces. Even with hardened balls and races, this slip quite formidable, and unless the bearing correctly lubricated excessive wear results. addition the sliding be- tween the ball roller and its races, sliding action also occurs be- tween the ball roller and the where sliding contact occurs various types roller bear- ings. JAMES CLOWER Assistant Professor Machine Design Virginia Polytechnic Institute ° retainer. Points such sliding are clearly shown Figs. and Characteristics Required Lubricants The required characteristics lubricant for anti-friction bear- ings may listed follows: (a) High film strength (See Fig. 2); (b) maximum oiliness; (c) freedom from abrasive materials; (d) freedom from solidifying mat- ter; (e) minimum gum-forming tendencies; and (f) minimum ten- dency absorb moisture. all types anti-friction ings, the load-bearing area small produce exceedingly high unit pressure which will rup- ture the lubricating film, thereby permitting metal-to-metal contact, which results excessive wear and where sliding occurs ina few types ball ORRECT lubrication anti-frietion bearings major importance, ranking with correct selection type and size, and proper mount- ing. This article, Professor Clower, deals with the func- tions lubricant for such bearings, properties the lubricants required for vari- ous operating conditions, and factors affecting selection lubricants. Charts show the type lubricant for various operating conditions. noisy operation, unless the lubri- cant possesses film strength unusual degree. the lubricating film does not fail aids distrib- uting the load over larger area, thus reducing the maximum pres- sure between the contacting sur- faces, shown Fig. also cushions the balls rollers the load alternately applied and re- moved each revolution. Under severe loading conditions such that the film ruptured the property oiliness prime im- portance, for under such conditions lubricant may possess high film strength, but the same time may deficient oiliness, con- versely may possess oiliness high degree but lack film strength. lubricants used THE IRON AGE, October ¥ anti-friction bearings should free from abrasive materials that tend act lapping compounds. Most lubricants are free from such materials when they leave the re- finery, but too many cases they become contaminated through care- less handling. Drums and other containers are left uncovered; pressure-gun connections are sel- dom ever cleaned; oil retainers and seals are permitted become worn excessively, thereby permit- ting the ingress dust and dirt. repair work bearings are fre- quently washed dirty gasoline containing iron oxide, quartz, silica and other abrasive materials. For long-continued service anti-friction bearings demand clean lubricants. Solidifying matter not abrasive nature tends clog oil passages and ducts and the bear- ing itself, thus causing unnecessary wear and friction retarding the free movement the balls rollers. Gummy residue formed the lubricant itself when subjected high temperature and speed con- ditions act similar manner. Moisture decidedly detrimental anti-friction bearings, and its presence even very small quan- RIGHT oiling ball- bearing qrinder spindle. ° ° ° BELOW 5—Drop-feed oiling successfully applied high-speed motor. Care must taken prevent dirt from getting into the drop-feed cup, because small particle will the needle valve and restrict stop the flow oil. liom IRON AGE, October 1935 tities will cause rapid corrosion. For this reason lubricants intended for these bearings should strongly resistant moisture ab- sorption. Lubrication Factors selecting lubricant for anti- friction bearings six factors gen- eral are considered, namely: (a) design housing; (b) oper- ating temperature; (c) speed; (d) load; (e) size; (f) method application. DESIGN: Housings for anti-friction bearings vary con- struction, depending mainly whether not oil grease used for lubrication. gen- erally believed that oil more efficient lubricant for these bear- ings than grease because its lower fluid frictional resistance. is, however, more difficult pre- vent from leaking out the hous- ing, which leakage not only causes loss lubricant but also un- sightly appearance and some instances damage parts such commutators and electrical insula- tion. Oil therefore requires more complicated housing design, which Moreover, oil-lubricated bearings general require more oil-servicing than grease-lubricated ones. OPERATING selecting lubricant for anti-fric- tion bearings operating tempera- ture prime importance, be- cause viscosity oils and the consistency greases decrease rapidly temperature increases. For example, certain oil which widely recommended for these bearings has viscosity 285 sec. Saybolt 100 deg. and only 128 sec. Saybolt 130 deg. Thus while the temperature in- creases only per cent the vis- cosity decreases per cent, which formidable decrease. lubri- cant therefore that may per- fectly satisfactory normal oper- ating temperatures would quite likely unsuitable lower higher temperatures. Surround- ing temperatures below deg. require oil low pour test (—15 deg. lower) and relatively low viscosity order insure ready distribution start- ing. Operating temperatures above 150 deg. require the use oil heavier body. Similar considerations must Gasket Grease- Retaining 7—Synchronous motor qrease- lubricated roller bearing. Grease given the selection greases. Low temperatures (below deg. F.) require soft medium con- sistency grease for quick distribu- tion, while high temperatures (above 150 deg. F.) soda-soap grease hard consistency (No. and high grade not “bleed” “separate.” low- quality grease used and bleeding occurs the free oil may thrown out the bearing centrifugal force, thus leaving the bearing only the soap filler which gradu- ally becomes dry and possessed little lubricating quality. More- over, hardening and drying some greases accompanied rancid- ity and consequent increase the free fatty acid content the soap filler which causes corrosion. This, however, can overcome the use high-grade greases, which will not deteriorate with age and service. Water, which used the man- facturing grease soaps, must completely eliminated from the fin- ished product, because its presence will cause hydrolysis, resulting rapid decomposition the grease and consequent increase the acidity. The operating temperature anti-friction bearings depends many factors. The most important ones are: (a) load; (b) speed; (c) proportions the housing and support; (d) surrounding air tem- peratures; (e) ventilating condi- tions; (f) quantity lubricant supplied the bearing. Obviously, the greater the load, the higher the speed and surround- ing air temperature the greater 8—Grease-lubricated bal! bearing. tion bearings should not filled more than half full lubricant. Excess qrease causes heating and will the temperature the bearing. the other hand, the more massive the housing and and the better the ventila- tion the lower will the operating temperature, other things being equal. Not the least these factors, however, the quantity lubri- cant. fact, after the bearing has been installed, this the only controllable factor. too meager over-supply will either case cause overheating. Under- lubrication means metal-to-metal contact, resulting rapid wear and consequent heating and early replacement. Over-lubrication, es- pecially the case grease, will also cause early replacement the bearing, but due other rea- son than wear. over-supply used the bearing will overheat because excessive fluid friction. Such overheating causes expansion and consequent binding the balls rollers with their races. Such expansion tends loosen the inner race from the shaft, permitting move relative the shaft. Be- cause the race made alloy steel hardened and the shaft generally soft steel, the shaft will wear rapidly, thus permitting mis- alinement and pounding. Similarly, the outer race may become loose the housing and similar results follow. Speed and temperature are related, temperature part being the result speed. High- speed conditions require that oil used sufficiently low vis- cosity and used sparingly order minimize fluid frictional preventing oil from leaking through housing. simple stamped steel slinger the shaft throws any oil that leaks the closure into the annulus and escapes the drain. resistance, thereby preventing over- heating. Likewise, grease employed, must soft con- sistency for the same reason. Ex- perience has proved, however, that extremely hard grease may used successfully extremely high speed, say above 10,000 r.p.m. The action this case that the grease channels and sufficient amount oil for “sweats” from the grease. must remembered, however, that the grease used this case must re- main quite hard the operating general, however, oil pref- erable for high speeds and grease for low speeds. Whether the divid- ing line 1000 2000 r.p.m. de- pends mainly the ap- plication and closure. connection with speed must remembered that ball and sepa- rator speeds are more reliable index the lubrication require- ments than shaft speed, because bearings two more different sizes may mounted the same shaft different shafts operating the same speed. For example, certain bearing mounted shaft operating 2500 r.p.m. might splash lubricated, whereas larger bearing operating approximate- (CONTINUED PAGE 86) THE AGE, October : A i : Buick Improves and Cuts Costs has improved qual- ity and lowered costs crankshafts and transmission gears revamping forging practices and installing new machinery. All transmission gears are now hot pierced, hole in. long and 55/64 in. diameter being pierced CRANKSHAFTS and transmission gears improved quality are being made lower costs for Buick passenger cars result the revamping forg- ing practice and installation new equipment the forge shop the Buick Motor Co. Flint, Mich. The modernization the forge de- partment part Buick’s pro- countershaft gears. Both crankshafts and gears are forged from billets instead bar stock. Use four steam drop hammers un- usual rigidity makes possible production crankshafts closer limits. Materials are economically. gram expansion and rehabilita- tion which has involved expen- diture $14,500,000 during the last months. that sum nearly $700,000 has been spent revamp- ing forging processes and pur- chasing new machinery. chief interest are four steam drop hammers each capacity. The rigidity the anvil, frame and tie plate structure these hammers, used forging crankshafts, makes possible produce forgings close limits, thereby insuring better uniformity the dimensions the finished crankshafts. This, turn, means that the four-bearing crankshafts used 1936 Buicks set prac- tically torsion and strain the motors and contribute smoother operating car. The fine performance these hammers has made possible re- duction the draft angle the crankshafts from deg. deg. less, with consequent saving considerable proportions chining cost, since there less ma- change forging procedure the straightening crankshafts while hot instead cold, just they come from the high-temperature, heat-treating furnace. Crank- RANKSHAFTS are given blows this steam drop hammer. They then are transferred special fixture right) where terweight edges are cooled water avoid distortion trimming flash [in Toledo press, ex- treme right). Work- left uses port- able steam hose remove scale from work during forging operation. Note fan cool operator and monorail carrier move crankshaft hand hoist. | q q 4 | Forgings shafts thus into the straighten- ing press uniform temperature and the resulting shrinkage uni- form, imparting them perma- nent set which not changed later machining operations. The uniformity the crankshafts they reach the finishing depart- ments likewise cuts down machin- ing expense. Another departure from normal the piercing all transmission gears instead forging them solid blanks with the center hole covered refinement quality and lowering costs this method. The progressive piercing operations expand the metal outward uni- formly, thus maintaining very desirable grain structure. They also make possible the centering all machining work from the rough being heat- treated con- tinuous pusher-type furnace (left), crank- shafts while hot through 600-ton hydraulic setting press aline pins and and straighten cheeks. ROBERT DARNTON Superintendent the Forge Division Buick Motor Co. pierced hole after broached. Other advantages piercing are the lowered cost machining and reduction distortion the final hardening the gears. Efficient methods have been de- vised for handling materials the forge shop. Forgings are carried from one operation the next large metal tote boxes hauled gas-electric trucks, except where operations adjoin one another and transportation truck unneces- sary. Wherever feasible, work hold down movement materials minimum. connection with some forging operations, such the piercing the countershaft gear stock, large pits have been built the floor alongside the forging machines. Tote boxes are lowered into these pits overhead crane and the work discharged into them from the forging machine. When filled, the boxes are picked the crane and set the shop floor, being taken truck the succeeding operations. L ’ | a | | . all work where the material cut length, the forging length maintained the use tongs gripped the dies the forging bar instead tongs used the operator hold the bar stock the second forging machine which transmission gears are pierced. using bar stock make crank- shafts, Buick employs round-cor- nered square billets ranging from in. length, and from 141 220 Ib. weight, according the size the crankshafts forged. The steel General Motors No. 1045, the carbon content which 0.40 0.50 per cent. After being sheared length, billets are heated continuous pusher-type forging furnace de- signed and built Buick. This furnace, which oil fired five burners, heats the steel 2300 deg. F., each billet being the furnace hr. min. Near the discharge end the furnace side door through which hot billets are taken out and put through Clearing press provide tong hold for the operator the large drop hammers which the steel shaped into crankshafts. From the press, billets are returned the soaking zone the furnace. ingenious method utilized transfer hot billets from the fur- 20—THE IRON AGE, October 1935 nace the first two Chambersburg steam drop ham- mers. so-called porter bar grabs the This bar one end device which swung around the hammer operator, who manipulates the other end. What otherwise might cumber- some, awkward task thus sim- plified. Billets are rolled and blocked the first drop hammer, which has two dies. The material then transferred the second hammer, blows. workman stationed the second hammer flood the hot metal with steam remove what- ever scale accumulates during the forging operation. This done means portable hose which can used any vantage point de- sired. Facing the necessity for con- tinuous flow crankshafts through its forge shop, not subject in- terruptions which would tie not only the forge division but also other departments, Buick selected hammers which reason struc- tural, mechanical and metallurgical excellence are dependable any machine tool can be. Each ham- mer weighs over 400,000 ex- clusive dies. The anvils are two sections, the lower section be- strength molybdenum iron, and the upper section annealed cast steel. The base extremely wide pre- vent rocking and minimize the possibility destroying the timber cushion which tops the concrete foundation. From the base the en- tire hammer structure tapers al- most unbroken lines form mas- sive frame, which takes the punishment from the terrific im- pact the ram. Each frame the hammer annealed steel casting weighing 28,- 500 the bearing areas and sec- tions being much heavier than those hammers formerly regarded standard. combat any tendency rock twist, the frame, which modified I-beam section, stepped, tongued, grooved and over- lipped the frame-to-anvil con- nection. All thrust surfaces can renewed without dismantling any part the hammer. The top the frame spaced stepped tie plate forged and heat-treated steel in. thick, fitted with packed alloy steel shims which cushion the shock the blows without permit- ting perceptible movement. The cylinder new design, equipped with patented slide valve, which self-balancing and carries steam pressure the in- side instead the outside valve. The cylinder bores have been re- duced from in. in. diameter, the speed and effective- ness the hammer being increased the same time. The cylinder it- self steel casting, with liner special low-carbon, air-furnace iron alloyed with 1.50 per cent with heading tools used deep piercing hole countershaft gears. Deep piercing produces refinement quality and ered costs. = | { | 7 a | | | 4] ‘ } | 7 - 7 q 4 billets are transferred from heating furnace first two steam drop hammers means porter bar manipulated nickel and 0.50 per cent molyb- denum, insure long wear against the abrading effect the piston. Provision made for maintain- ing initial valve clearance and this, together with the reduced bore and long wearng liner, has reduced steam consumption. The cylinder held permanent alinement stepped and counterbored joint between and the tie plate. The forged ram made S.A.E. No. 4140 steel, heat treated after being rough machined. The piston rod, in. diameter, built special heat-treated chrome nickel molyb- denum steel piston attached the rod shrink fit and riveted connec- Piston rings are cold- drawn steel, which work hard- ened being processed shape. The anvil cap high alloy steel forging. Mechanism for operating the hammer simple. The actuating cam and arm are one-piece forg- ing. The connection the main valve stem direct, without any transfer reversal motion rocker arms. The control, there- fore, easy and accurate hammers much smaller ca- pacity. Safety the machine assured the fact that the operator can make the hammer inoperative with operator. single motion his hand. Each cylinder fitted with safety cover with tough alloy iron lid which provides cushion live steam make harmless the impact broken detached piston rod. All oscillating joints are bushed with long-wearing ferrous bronze. Bolts and springs are heat- treated alloy steel. The main frame-to-anvil bolts are in. diameter. From the second steam drop ham- mer the forged crankshaft trans- ferred special fixture adjoin- ing the hammer, where the counter- weight edges are cooled water avoid distortion trimming the flash. then passes through air-clutch-operated Toledo press, where the flash trimmed. The crankshaft goes upsetting machine have the flywheel flange upset and thence twisting ma- chine designed Buick engineers and built the Ajax Mfg. Co., Cleveland. this machine the crankshaft twisted 90-deg. angle. This operation necessary because the crankshaft cannot forged shape, since the counter- weights are forged integral with the shaft. Crankshafts are heat treated continuous pusher-type high-tem- perature furnace ft. long and fired with oil six burners. The temperature the crankshafts raised from the cold state 1550 deg. F., which held for hr. Passage through the fur- nace takes hr. the loading end the furnace, operator lifts the stock from large tote box onto special fixtures means hand hoist. These fixtures, made heat-resistant alloy steel, rest two alloy steel rails running through the furnace, the crank- shafts being placed them cross- wise. the discharge end the furnace the operator removes these fixtures hand and puts them gravity chute alongside the fur- nace which takes them back the loading end. Hot crankshafts, they come from the heat-treating furnace, through 600-ton Chambersburg hydraulic setting press align the pins and bearings and straighten the cheeks. This press the feur-column, moving-down, platen type, operating fluid pressure 5000 per sq. in. The entire machine above the floor line, the overall height being ft. and total weight 48,000 Ib. The cap, base and moving platen are Cecolloy. The cylinder heat-treated steel forging inserted the alloy cap. Columns are heat-treated steel forgings, turned and seated replaceable cast iron (CONTINUED PAGE 90) THE IRON AGE, October 4 | “Fi 4 | | 7 4 | ; S.A.E. 5150 0.51, 0.66, 1.00) S.A.E. 3335 0.37, 0.55, 3.40, 1.37) 22—THE IRON AGE, October 1935 S.A.E. 52100 1.02, 0.50, 1.35) S.A.E. 0.23) 3115 0.17, 0.53, 0.68, 1.21) SPARK Characteristics THE initial portion this review spark testing, which was pre- sented last week, showed that study spark- stream characteristics can considerable value economically and rapidly classifying steels and also can employed preventing various grades steels from be- coming mixed. The pictures presented last week described the spark characteristics the carbon-manganese types S.A.E. steels and also carbon-man- ganese-nickel steels. was shown that low-carbon 0.60 0.90 per cent chromium steels (S.A.E. 5120 type) have spark-stream contain- ing sprigs low-carbon steel with brilliant chromium stars. the carbon increases the flame color gradually darkens and the star- bursts become more numerous un- til 0.50 per cent carbon (S.A.E. 5150 containing 0.80 per cent | 0.72) TESTING portant Steels 1.10 per cent chromium) the flame dark. S.A.E. 52100 containing 0.95 per cent 1.10 per cent car- bon and 1.20 per cent 1.50 per cent chromium has spark-stream which consists short carrier- lines, dark orange color with myriad brilliant, flower-like star- bursts throughout. the low-carbon 3115 type steels which contain 1.00 cent 1.50 per cent nickel and 0.45 per cent 0.75 per cent chro mium the flame light orange and the carbon sprigs the end the appear bend. The higher carbon S.A.E. 3130 reveals the same effect except for darker orange shade with very short sprigs the end the carrier- lines. Star-bursts appear the carbon increases and the same time the larger stars designating chromium are also visible. S.A.E. 3140 shows the same effect with the exception that the higher car- S.A.E. 3140 0.39, 0.63, 1.19, 0.66) 0.28) S.A.E. 3240 041, 0.50, 1.00) Mo. THE IRON October 1935—23 . ‘ 4 ao Cid > : 0.17) bon produces S.A.E. 3240, the 0.40 per cent car- bon, 1.50 per cent 2.00 per cent 1.97) 24—THE IRON AGE, October 1935 nickel, 0.90 per cent 1.25 per cent chromium grade similar S.A.E. 3140 except the stream darker and the nickel and chro- mium characteristics are more evidence. S.A.E. 3335, containing 3.50 per cent nickel and 1.50 per cent chromium with about 0.35 per cent carbon has dull orange spark-stream with bright nickel blocks, and chromium stars appear- ing the end the carrier-lines. Molybdenum displays spark shaped like well defined spéar- point the end of, and detached from, the carrier-line. This char- acteristic enables positive identifi- chrome-molybdenum steels the S.A.E. 4130 type, containing 0.50 per cent 0.80 per cent chromium and 0.15 per cent 0.25 per cent molybdenum, the detached spear- point very apparent and stars the end the carrier-line indicate the presence chromium. pe- culiar feature these grades that the lower carbons have much fewer star-bursts than other steels the same carbon ranges. Vanadium steel has spear-point spark similar that molyb- denum steel except that at- tached the extreme end the carrier-line. low-carbon chrome- vanadium steels the S.A.E. 6120 type, containing 0.80 per cent 1.10 per cent chromium and about 0.18 per cent vanadium the flame dark orange, more than the straight chromium type and with chromium stars the end the and the spear-point attached, even beyond the carbon sprig. The higher car- bon chrome-vanadium steels the S.A.E. reveal marked difference, except that carbon star-burst appears instead sprig. tungsten grade steel (S.A.E. 7260 containing 0.50 per cent 0.70 per cent carbon, 0.50 per cent 1.00 per cent chromium and 1.50 per cent 2.00 per cent tungsten) red color with short and sparse carrier-lines, the top which are larger attachments, illuminated, and tending droop over. Tiny star-bursts occur in- frequently the base these at- tachments, exploding downward into symmetrical shaped divisions. Silicon-manganese steel usually contains about 2.00 per cent silicon, 0.60 per cent 0.90 per cent man- ganese and 0.45 per cent 0.65 per cent carbon. Its flame dark red and the star-bursts cling the LIBRARY BS S.A.E. 6120 0.19, 0.59, 0.91, 0.17) sides the carrier-lines, shaping themselves like short spurs, the center which are dots fire. S.A.E. 9260 0.57, 0.81, 1.92) WEST UNIVERSITY furniture being broad- ened the development new models. These are not only highly attractive appearance, but some cases are designed reduce the cost production, thereby bringing down the retail price and tending the popularity and sale the product. steel the manufacture The tendency the direction lower production costs and more extended market through lower price the consumer illustrated and garden chair shown the pho- tograph. This chair new brought out this season Zerbee Co., Bellefontaine, Ohio, who operate forge shop and foun- dry for the manufacture steel and hand-wrought furniture and other products metals. unusual simplicity design and construction, the chair assembly only five members, not counting bolts and nuts that join the members. Fabrication the chair simplified design that quite departure from Simplicity Steel Garden Chair many the more recent models steel chairs and has made possible sharp cut production costs. Instead having tubular frame between which cross-mem- bers are welded bolted, the en- tire seat and back assembly made single piece sheet steel. Operations forming this seat and back include the forming semi-tube around three edges the sheet, perforating rectangu- lar holes the back and seat, bending the piece form the back, seat, and strip the front the seat, which the one piece that forms the leg and arm bolted. This design eliminates many welds, holes and rivets. strip automobile spring steel bent shape form the leg and arm. the top end the arm short piece steel welded for holding the arm the back. This the only welding required. The other parts are two cross-members that are bolted the legs. Die costs are low, for with the chairs all made one pattern duplication dies avoided. While there variation de- sign, wide variety for selection obtained finishing color combinations. The perforated seat and back are stenciled, giving them the appearance being woven. Finishing baked enamel one two harmonizing colors, one for the perforated part the back and seat and the other for the remainder the chair. The chairs are made with chromium-plated arms and legs, addition the various color combinations The Allegheny Steel Co., Brack- enridge, Pa., has received order for about 8000 cold-rolled stainless strip steel, aggregating 21,000 linear feet, used the construction streamline train Italy. The order was placed Piaggie Co., Genova, who last January placed the largest single export order for stainless steel several years and built three- car streamline train the Bur- lington under the supervision engineers the Ed- ward Budd Mfg. Co., Phila- delphia. THE IRON AGE, October : 1 SERS tin plate and light gage sheets are constantly de- manding material more uniform gage. This especially sheets that are used for deep drawing purposes and tin plate such bottle caps and friction top cans where variations ‘gage cause consider- able trouble. Consumers have also found that using sheets with only slight variations from stand- ard gage, the life their forming dies prolonged, delays produc- tion are reduced, and more uni- form product obtained. the production light gage cold-rolled strip from which sheets and tin plate are produced, there certain inherent variations gage the material throughout the length the strip. These vari- ations may caused deflections the mill stands, change con- tour the rolls, hard and soft spots the material, variations tension, etc,, and this true with strip produced both tandem and reversing mill methods. great interest, therefore, new classifier put into successful operation and patented the Jones Laughlin Steel Corpn., Pittsburgh. This unit will separ- 26—THE IRON AGE, October 1935 BELOW HEETS within 0.0005- in. standard gage thickness proceed the end the classi- fier table. Off sheets automatically drop through gates piles Into one pile the thin sheets and into the other the thick sheets. Mounted one the stagger piler uprights, the extreme left, meter which reveals the the sheet be- ing measured the flying micrometer. end continuous cold strip mill equipped unit shown the right while toward the left are the i wit cro t if with the new gage classifier. Flattening and side trimming crop shear, flying shear, classifier table and stagger piler. BELOW HEETS within ceptable limits are piled stagger piler separate them. They are staqgered one direction, from right left, being piled against stop the forward di- rection. The dividual sheets packs containing any desired number sheets. shown the the pile the sheets against quide. the back- are shown the control panels for ate sheets produced rolled strip into several different classifications and can hold the tolerance from standard gage with- exceedingly small limits. For instance, for given gage, the classification could those sheets falling within the specified toler- ance from standard gage; another classification could the sheets slightly below this tolerance; the third classification could sheets even lighter than the above; the fourth classification could sheets just slightly heavier than those specified standard, and the fifth classification could those that are heavier than classified the fourth classification. course, this dividing sheets could car- ried out any desired manner classification. This new classifier, manu- factured and sold the Standard Engineering Co., Youngs- town, under exclusive license, can used speed approx- imately 400 ft. per min. prac- tically all classes sheets pro- duced from continuous strip. typical installation shown one the accompanying illus- ; 4 trations, the strip lengths hundred feet delivered the classifying unit drums from reversing cold mill. The drums are mounted coil box and the strip fed through machine equip- ped with flattening rolls and which also trims the strip width. The trim from both edges comes out ribbons which are cut rotary shear into suitable lengths and dropped into boxes for further dis- posal. The strip then passes through crop shear, which squares the front end, and then the pinch rolls and flying shear. The gage measuring device so-called flying micrometer elec- trolimit gage mounted ahead the pinch rolls feeding the flying shear and set for various gages carefully