The Iron Age 1935-09-26: Vol 136 Iss 13

Managing News Editor Machinery Editor Editor Emeritus Washington Chicago Cleveland Pittsburgh Detroit Boston Cincinnati | Contents —September 26, 1935 CHESTNUT AND S6TH STREETS, PA. Hardness Testing Nitrided Steels 239 WEST 39TH STREET NEW YORK, Control Grain Size Large Forgings.............. Message National Metal Congress................ Furnaces, Meta! Treating, Refractories Section........ Metal Cleaning and Finishing Section.......... Metal-Working Machinery Section ................... Construction and Equipment Buying.................. 178 BAUR, General Advertising Manager DIX, Manager, Reader Service Member, Associated Business Papers 311 Union Cleveland tion Price: United States and Pos- Peirew Lewis. 1310 Woodward Ave.. Detroit i a and Publication Offices, 239 West 39th St.. New York FRITZ FRANK, Executive Vice-President FREDERIC STEVENS, Vice-President JOSEPH HILDRETH, WILLIAM BARBER, Treasurer JOHN BLAIR MOFFETT, Secretary 4 GALVANIZING High Purity and Great Durability Tue prime western spelter with which Bethlehem Gal- vanized Sheets are coated tightly put that these sheets are well suited for uses involving severe bending op- erations. Moreover, their lustrousness and attractive appearance indicate, used Bethlehem Galva- nized Sheets high purity and great durability. uses that are exposed weather dampness, gal- 4 vanized sheets Beth-Cu- Loy are recommended, They have the outer defense against corrosion tight, durable galvanizing, and their base metal copper- bearing steel also stubbornly fights rust. ETHLEHEM CAST ready, the stage set, and almost curtain time for the greatest metal show the National Metal Congress and Exposition. This important event the metal world will open Monday, September 30, the new Interna- tional Amphitheatre, Chicago. For five full days, thousands executives, engineers and technicians will hand get abreast the latest developmenis the production, selection, fabrication, inspection, treatment, welding and application all kinds metals. They will there the latest materials, methods and equipment the metal industry displayed one time and one place. HEAR more than seventy-five techni- cal papers read and discussed experts the metal world. VISIT interesting manufacturing plants and through some the finest research laboratories the world. EXCHANGE ideas and discuss their problems with other leaders the metal National Metal Congress Exposition headquarters the year ahead—a year that holds promise Make your reservations now being the best since 1929. writing wiring directly This the educational opportunity the year: PALMER HOUSE Plan now Chicago when the curtain goes this great Show September 30. THE NATIONAL METAL CONGRESS AND EXPOSITION the New International Amphitheatre, September 30, October and THE IRON AGE, September 26, 2 ~ f oy ANY attempt dis- cuss intelligently such known and appreci- ated metallurgical phe- nomenon the surface hardness nitrided steels must essentially commence with the earliest recog- nition this important property. Unbiased studies available re- ports those fundamental dis- coveries pertaining the nitriding process prove the somewhat oddly appearing contention that history has been very unkind this re- spect American metallurgy. certainly should borne mind that almost two decades before the more less legendary introduc- tion nitriding surface hard- ening process the metal indus- tries German metallurgists, United States patent had been is- sued Machlet (U. Pat. No. 881,181 and, 1914, No. 1,092,925) covering the hardening 22—THE IRON AGE, September 26, 1935 ferrous metals means ammonia gas, either alone conjunction with carburizing gas. Claims set forth both patents disclose Machlet’s intimate edge the facts, that the surface practically proof against casing,” etc. respect hard- ness Machlet observed that nitrided cases said silvery casing harder than tool When realizing that 1905—the year Machlet’s first patent—hardness testing well metallography were still their infancy, the originality Machlet’s discovery must acknowledged prefer- ence any German other claims. Irrespective controversy, there remains little doubt the predominant im- portance mechanical hardness nitrided articles for technical purposes. Systematic research into the industrial measurement such hardness was ordinarily confined available laboratory equipment without any endeavor correlate data the various sources. The present article in- tended compare some the work various investigators with vast amount data taken from the writer’s own determinations. Fundamentals Testing the Hardness Nitrided Steels Before delving into the much discussed problem methods for testing the hardness survey the microscopic charac- teristics the process involving the thermo-diffusion nitrogen into the ferrous matter. The micro- structure well chemical yses samples taken equidistantly from the surface toward the center core reveals the perhaps little comprehended fact that the con- centration nitrogen nitrides decreases toward the interior the nitrided specimen accordance with definite mathematically ex- pressable law. only natural assume that the physical prop- erties will derivatives these microstructural changes. This somewhat hypothetical assertion finds strong support mentally established changes hardness, may noted when testing the hardness gradient be- tween the surface and core nitrided specimens. Fig. indi- cates series Vickers tests made sample nitralloy, treated 960 980 deg. for hr. and having case approxi- mately 0.025 in. The microstruc- tural changes for similar surface section are given directly below the hardness diagram. The impor- tance these hardness curves ardness | } } | | } 1 | | | | i | | | i it | | j | j Testing Nitrided Steels steadily growing, for which reason nearly every outstanding paper some phase modern nitriding being illustrated graphical rep- resentations this hardness gradi- ent, the difference between case and core hardness typicai nitrided specimens. However, additional factors en- ter into testing the hardness nitrided steels, which are not easily understood chemical com- position and microstructure. Thus, for example, has been proved rather comprehensive experi- ments that hardness testing the depth penetration affected the underlying metal dis- tance about times the actual depth the impression. With this mind, will real- ized that the depth impres- sion not only, proportional load and type impresser, but that very important cri- terion for the ultimate reliability the reported hardness nitrided stock. comparison the most widely used methods hardness testing—as Table dis- close quite radical variations the depth penetration and the utilized testing pressures. Almost needless add, some these numerals methods indicate the superficial hardness only, whereas other procedures furnish some- thing like average inte- grated value the case and its supporting core. what extent either both alternatives are value for production even re- search work not within the scope this paper. Thus having briefly accentuated some the difficulties which must considered routine and more research hardness testing nitrided steels, proposed deal with those methods testing this valuable property which have been used successfully connec- tion with some hardness problem pertaining nitrided steels. Scratch Testing for Hardness The successful application most methods hardness testing still depends great deal the manual dexterity the op- erator. The type and construction the testing equipment add simi- larly the reliability such tests. principle, scratch meth- ods hardness testing may divided according the number scratching cutting points, tests. The.simplest test the first group represented the old Moh scale. Due the practical im- possibility distinguishing vari- ations hardness any marked degree the Moh test practically out consideration for any com- mercial purposes. stil! less value for scientific purposes per- taining the nitriding process. order enhance the useful- ness the Moh test, least for some industrial comparisons, sev- eral technicians the Norton Co. have added five degrees the con- ventional 10-point scale. Probably the first theoretically sound application simple point scratch for the testing nitrided steels was tried Eaton, who suggested the sclerometer means evaluate the surface hardness. very comprehensive study using diamond scratch for this purpose was published Bierbaum 1930. Bierbaum obtained scratches —with diamond point and under load gm.—ranging from 1.84 about 2.39 microns width. The most accurate optical equip- ment absolutely essential car- rying out such precise measure- ments the width microcuts. This requirement and the necessity JOHN HRUSKA Metallurgical Engineer, ° ° specimens render the Bierbaum and sclerometric tests somewhat tedious and costly for production control. Strict laboratory re- search work may occasionally bene- fit from data secured utilizing either procedure. The multiple scratch, exem- plified the ordinary file test, seems furnish qualitative infor- mation some nitriding con- sumers’ plants. However, any part industrial file used once for the testing properly nitrided surface absolutely unsuitable for another test and must changed for new one further testing done. addition, file test- ing depends considerable ex- tent the operator’s skill and naturally also depends the ness the file, which property varies more than generally re- alized. Since the introduction speedier and much more reliable hardness testing methods, file tests are rapidly being abandoned their favor. Today, the file al- most obsolete tool for testing hardness superhard metals. even the earliest attempts measure the hardness nitrided ferrous metals, the ball test received some consideration. The inconsistent and erroneous results obtained during these tors that even very carefully made Brinell hardness tests made means 10-mm. steel ball with load 3000 kg. 500 kg. are practically meaningless in- dices relative hardness. The explanation for this apparent dis- crepancy lies two directions, namely (1) the case commer- cially nitrided steel too thin support load three tons half ton without being pressed into the underlying core much lower hardness, and (2) even (CONTINUED PAGE 26) THE IRON AGE, September 26, 1935—23 4 i ~s 4 4 j FORGING MESTA MESTA WIDE CONTINUOUS PICKLING UNIT 24—THE IRON AGE, September 26, 1935 MACHINE FOUR HIGH HOT BLOOMING MILLS ROLLS ROTARY FLYING PICKLING EQUIPMENT FORGINGS GROUP MESTA FORGINGS PATENTED PICKLING MACHINE | HIGH COLD MILLS SLABBING MILLS ROLL EQUIPMENT CASTINGS MESTA } 4 — ° = > “Wast MESTA COLD STRIP MILL MESTA ROTARY FLYING SHEAR THE IRON AGE, September 26, t ¥ (CONTINUED FROM PAGE 23) satisfactory Brinell test pressure could maintained the nitrided case, must remembered that the hardness the tested surface exceeds considerably that the used steel ball, which fact con- trary normal testing conditions. Brinell tests give formation pertaining the quality nitrided surfaces. Research Egan and Walter Crafts proved conclusively that brittle cases may differentiated careful examination the edges immediate vicinity Brinell impressions made means 10-mm. steel balls under load 500 kg. The discovery con- centric radial cracks noticeable diameters are considered posi- tive proof eventual spalling the nitrided case when used under appreciable pressure. The absence such defects, together with somewhat blurred edge Brinell impression, indicates so- called “tough case.” The above procedure, originally Kinzel and Egan, was the first one record practical method ascer- taining case ductility. justice other instruments the inden- tation type, similar results are now obtainable also means the hardness testers Vickers, Rockwell, Shore, Monotron and other machines. When discussing the Brinell test practically disregarded test for measuring the hardness trided cases, nevertheless in- teresting note that the numerical hardness nitrided articles dominantly expressed units, although the determination may have been conducted Vickers, Monotron other appa- ratus. Convenience better 26—THE IRON AGE, September 26, 1935 technical understanding have dic- tated this conversion. indicate that the resulting numerals are conversions and not original Brin- ell tests the more accurate hard- ness testing laboratories express such numbers “Vickers-Brinell,” “Monotron-Brinell” numerals. Low Pressure Used Rockwell Test The fallacy using the stand- ard Brinell machine for conducting hardness tests nitrided steel di- rected several investigators toward indentation methods applying denters. The use the Rockwell apparatus was logical attempt. When carrying out this test with 120-deg. diamond cone and pressure 150 kg., the readings obtained vary approximately from C-65 C-68, just about the same when testing water-hard- ened tool steel. And yet, nitrided edges easily scratch the best hard- ened tool steel. was readily un- derstood that the applied pressure was still too great. Tests with 100 kg. and with the standard brale (diamond cone) similarly disappointing. Later, Sergeson commenced take Rockwell readings under “no load” conditions, which term may better expressed “no weight,” since the cone was still under pressure kg. This alternative gave good information when the thickness the nitrided case was sufficiently ample (from about 0.025 in. up). Sergeson’s work seems indicate that pres- sure kg. just about the upper load limit for testing com- mercial stock. Heavy cases give logical readings, whereas thin cases invariably show the effects the softer core. This discrep- ancy has since been eliminated the manufacturers the Rockwell lowing printed suggestion Eaton—who have developed the so-called “Superficial Rock- well” hardness testing machine. The applicable loads the new device are 15, and kg. With this specialized Rockwell apparatus the hardness nitrided articles may now tested with great ac- curacy. All three pressures seem give consistently reproducible readings, the 30-kg. load having perhaps been adopted most met- allurgists the preferential pres- sure for nearly all commercial stock. The limiting values and few actual made the author nitrided pieces picked random large nitrid- ing plant gave the tabulation Table II. graphical representation the relationship Rockwell hard- ness numerals determined the various modifications the superficial and standard Rockwell machines shown Fig. The values used compiling this dia- gram were secured only from tests made nitrided steels several sources respectively. Some slight variations must natu- rally expected when using this conversion for other testing ma- chines other stock. For some years there has been growing recognition the need for hardness testing machine which would measure the load required produce impression constant size. One the initial steps this direction was made the in- troduction the Monotron ma- chine Shore. The claimed advantage the Monotron, that the possibility applying small working pressures and reading them simultaneously minute depths indentation, suggested the utilization the Monotron for measuring the changes hardness IG. testing equipment modern nitriding plant. Photo courtesy Lindberg Steel Treating ¥ t | 7 | | | | | Numerals Vickers Pyramid Hardness 4 ABOVE 2—Graphical representation the hardness corresponding microstructure gradient and nitrided steel. ° ° RIGHT Distance from Surface, in. oO Rockwell Superficial Hardness Numerals IG. 3—Conversion curves for (upper curve), 30N (center and 45N (lower curve) Rockwell superficial hardness tests steels. with varying depth from the sur- face nitrided steels. The Shore Monotron particularly interest- ing adherents. the conven- tional Brinell test uses 0.75-mm. hemispherical diamond ball indenter. When making standard Monotron test the instru- ment measures the pressure essen- tial produce depth the spherical impression 0.045 mm. This depth equivalent nine di- visions the Monotron scale, one division being 0.005 mm., 1/5000 in. The ability the Monotron test hardness multiples even fractions these divisions brought about serious considera- tions the use this apparatus for determination depth-hard- ness characteristics nitrided steels. Carefully treated samples will disclose within the nitrided case linear relationship between the load and the depth penetra- tion. such instances accurate readings are obtained penetrat- ing merely depth correspond- ing three divisions 0.015 mm. and multiplying the re- sulting figure which gives directly the standard Monotron hardness number. This procedure serves precautionary measure against possible damage the diamond impresser. tional penetration nitrided cases produced pressures from kg., which range somewhat above the maximum load for either the Rockwell superficial the Vickers hardness testers. The hardness limits for commercially nitrided steels would terms the standard Monotron scale from 102 129 kg. 948 1196 Diamond Brinell. scrutinizing the various re- sults obtained the Monotron, surprising observe that the softer “skin” often noted taper- ground nitrided samples may not detected means the ordi- nary method making depth- hardness tests. spite these and additional some authors the sensitivity the Monotron for examinations ni- trided surfaces, the general consensus that quick and techni- accurate determinations the hardness range may conve- niently made the Monotron. Vickers Test Favor Judging from printed evidence command well from vari- ous written and verbal discussions the subject testing the com- Rockwell 30-N Hardness parative hardness nitrided speci- mens, the Vickers test generally accepted the one most suitable for studying the surface hardness nitrided steels. The superiority this method apparatus re- spectively based the principle that Vickers hardness tests con- sist measuring microscopically the diagonal length impres- sion made square-based trun- cated diamond pyramid having face angle 136 deg., which im- presser under load 10, kg. The diagonal eight times long the corre- sponding depth penetration, which fact alone may account for the accuracy determinations made the Vickers method. has been mentioned the intro- ductory remarks, the depth Vickers impressions very small, thus making the measurement the diagonal instead the depth highly desirable. The “diamond pyramid hardness numeral,” for short “the Vickers hardness,” reported the quotient the se- lected load kilograms the meters. The load employed mak- ing the test shall stated every report. The British Standard No. 427-1931 (the Vickers originates THE IRON AGE, September 26, Great Britain) specifies the following method indicating Vickers hardness: HD/load .... (for example HD/10 1206). Vickers readings are readily converted into Brinell numbers, thus enabling the less specialized engineers comprehend the nu- merical hardness, especially ni- trided articles comparison with other materials. more less standardized method the Vickers test present the most effec- tive combination fairly rapid and precise shop test or, applying special precautions carrying out the test, serves ad- mirably well precision tool for fundamental research. should emphasized, however, that the latter alternative necessitates microscopic polish the investi- gated specimens. While true that great amount research was based hardness tests made the Vickers machine, the author aware the equally appreciated fact that improvised equipment often fulfilled the most exacting 28—THE IRON AGE, September 26, 1935 requirements with the same pre- cision the costly Vickers. These “home-made” machines are mostly the direct-loading type, the in- denter being exact replica the original four-sided pyramid Vickers. The dimen- sions the indentation produced are obtained means metal- lurgical microscope the Sauveur type equipped preferably with micrometer, the graduations 4—The Pomey- Voulet hardness testing apparatus. Photo courtesy Aciéries Forges France. which are calibrated against standard micrometric scale. Im- portant research work has been carried out means this method with entirely satisfactory results regard accuracy and duplicability. For routine testing, however, the original Vickers has naturally many advantages over such auxiliary methods. The unduly high price the Vickers hardness testing machine has prompted several successful attempts develop cheaper and much smaller apparatus the identical load-indentation charac- teristics the Vickers. The Firth Hardometer belongs this group competitive machines. For test- ing nitrided work Vickers pyra- mid pressed into the examined kg. The minute impression then measured microscope and the resulting diagonal length ex- pressed either Vickers numerals. Determinations the Firth Hardometer are the same magnitude those the Vickers provided the same care being exercised making the readings. While the impresser and micro- scope the Firth machine are mounted substantial pillar 90-deg. angle, testing appa- ratus has recently been perfected Pomey and Voulet France which has the loading device well the microscope supported the same stand. This machine illustrated Fig. The impres- sion first made with Vickers diamond pyramid under load only kg. The impresser then removed from the stand and measuring microscope brought into the same place and same axis determine the diagonal length the impression. Although the Pomey-Voulet hardness tester was originally designed laboratory instrument, has found use also for more precise shop tests relative nitrided steels. The hardness numerals obviously may those Vickers they may converted Brinell values. For Brinell values instru- ment may have semi-spherical dia- mond indenters; the Brinell num- bers are then calculated similarly all ball tests. Pendulum Tests Very Accurate The well-known sensitivity pendulum hardness testers consid- erably exceeds that many other conventional methods based some dimensional characteristics indentations left variously shaped impressers. The inaccuracy associated with indentation meth- ods—especially when testing super- hard substances—are eliminated pendulum tests because at- tempt being made measure geometrical configurations the resulting impressions. The very light pressures (scarcely exceed- ing kg.) render pendulum tests practical surface tests. This statement concurs with the opin- ions many investigators, who also agree the contention that the pendulum test probably the (CONTINUED PAGE 30) a t 4 4 3 | wed | ° ° ° 4 j — | > | { ‘ | | EVERY STOCK for IMMEDIATE SHIPMENT nearly century, Ryerson has been meeting the steel requirements in- dustry. Ten complete plants carry the world’s largest and most diversified stocks, making easy concentrate purchases through one dependable source, saving time and money. Draw these stocks— you are sure find the kind and quality steel you require, full range sizes. You can count personal attention for every order—with quick shipment assured. JOSEPH RYERSON SON, INC., Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Louis, Cincinnati, Boston, Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit, Jersey City § q (CONTINUED FROM PAGE 28) most accurate means determin- ing the actual hardness and hard- ness variations nitrided cases. There exist tions pendulum hardness test- ing devices, which the Herbert Pendulum without doubt the one most widely used. This apparatus consists, principle, 4-kg. pendulum casting, calibrated several set screws, and balancing ball. For testing nitrid- steels this ball made well- selected diamonds. The adjust- ments are such direction that the instrument the distance be- tween its center gravity and the point contact compound pendulum length 0.1 mm. The standard test “Herbert time hardness number” consists ascertaining the duration seconds consumed complete single swings the pendulums put out mechan- ical equilibrium gentle push. The active length the compound quire exactly 100 sec. polished plate glass. Ten swings nitrided steel require about sec. additional advantage the Herbert Pendulum its ability test hot-hardness, i.e., the actual Table Depth Penetration when Testing the Hardness Nitrided Steels Various Methods Type Test Indenter Brinell Monotron steel ball Rockwell, standard 120 deg. diamond cone Rockwell, superficial 120 deg. diamond cone Vickers Herbert Pendulum mm. diamond ball Microcharacter Diamond cube 0.75 diameter ball 136 deg. diamond pyramid kg. Total Depth Penetration Load Hardness Applied Numeral In. Mm. 500 kg. 248 0.0032 0.081 114 ke. 114 0.0018 0.045 (38 114 0.0006 0.015 72.6 0.0012 0.031 ke. 75.6 0.0010 0.026 ke. 0.0007 0.018 ke. 93.2 0.00037 0.009 1,064 0.00075 0.019 ke. 0.00011 0.003 gm. 2,950 0.00006 0.0014 hardness while the tested sample higher temperature. Ex- ceptional care must naturally taken not damage the dia- mond ball the tester. Some the observations made when test- ing the hot-hardness nitrided steel shall summarized the paragraph article. few years ago another pendu- lum tester was invented the French metallurgist, Professor Rolland. This test principally comparison the coincidences two pendulums, which one control pendulum with exactly known period oscillation, whereas the other pendulum slow- swinging over its diamond ball resting the specimen tested. Since the time separating two coincidences the pendulums inversely proportional the diameter the contact area between sample and diamond ball, the hardness may determined indirect measurement that contact area. Unlike other devices (CONTINUED PAGE 58) Fic. 5—Electrically heated retort furnaces for commercial nitriding. Photo courtesy Lindberg Steel Treating Co., Chicago. 30—THE IRON AGE, September 26, 1935 | | ; | | | 3 For the Development and Protection American Industry THE CHEMICAL FOUNDATION INCORPORATED Has Licensed Its Basic Benno Strauss Patents Numbers 1,316,817 and 1,339,378 ACME STEEL COMPANY ALLEGHENY STEEL COMPANY ALLOY METAL WIRE CO., INC. AMERICAN CHAIN COMPANY, INC. AND ASSOCIATE COMPANIES AMERICAN MANGANESE STEEL COMPANY AMERICAN ROLLING MILL CO., THE ATHENIA STEEL COMPANY, THE BABCOCK WILCOX COMPANY, THE BABCOCK WILCOX TUBE CO., THE BALDT ANCHOR, CHAIN FORGE CORP. BARIUM STEEL CORPORATION BETHLEHEM STEEL COMPANY, INC. BONNEY-FLOYD COMPANY, THE BRAEBURN ALLOY STEEL CORPORATION CANN SAUL STEEL CO. CARPENTER STEEL COMPANY, THE CHICAGO STEEL FOUNDRY COMPANY COLONIAL STEEL COMPANY COOPER ALLOY FOUNDRY COMPANY, THE CRANE COMPANY CRUCIBLE STEEL CASTING CO., THE CRUCIBLE STEEL COMPANY AMERICA DELAWARE ALLOY FORGE CO. 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OTE al ILLINOIS STEEL COMPANY, AND WEIRTON STEEL COMPANY Fae <x SUBSIDIARIES OF UNITED STATES WESTERN CRUCIBLE STEEL CASTING CO. : cS STEEL CORPORATION WEST LEECHBURG STEEL COMPANY ; : INDUSTRIAL STEEL CASTING CO., THE WEST STEEL CASTING COMPANY, THE INGERSOLL STFFL & D'SC COMPANY WHEELING STEEL CORPORATION A : JANNEY CYLINDER COMPANY WHITEHEAD METAL PRODUCTS COMPANY ; 3 patents mentioned above, must purchased from our licensees for protection against claims for infringement for use as, for the further fabrication of, ARTICLES WHICH REQUIRE HIGH RESISTANCE AGAINST CORROSION AND OBJECTS HAVING GREAT STRENGTH AND GREAT RESISTANCE AGAINST THE ACTION ACIDS. THE CHEMICAL FOUNDATION INCORPORATED Chartered for the Advancement Chemical and Allied Science and Industry the United States without Financial Profit Itself. Francis Garvan, President ~ THE IRON AGE, September 26, ‘ j | | | 3 » 1020 0.21, 0.49) 32—THE IRON AGE, September 26, 1935 1030 0.32, 0.72) SPARK Characteristics DEFINITE knowledge the spark-stream characteristics the steels prime importance for practical application spark testing. The following prints, com- bined with additional pictures appear THE IRON AGE Oct. show series spark tests and characteristics better known S.A.E. grades carbon and alloy steels. These pictures are the re- sult special study that has proved this method ac- curate and dependable procedure. Spark testing extremely eco- nomical procedure sorting mixed grades steel and also finds extensive use preventing various grades from becoming mixed. How- ever, must understood that practice and skill are essential success. The practical working equipment consists small enclosed space from which most the light can excluded, colored glasses for the operator and small electric grind- in. carbo-emery wheel hav- ing shaft speed from 13,000 15,000 r.p.m. For spark testing the plant light weight portable grinder, colored glasses for the operator, and hood assure semi-darkness should provided. The sample being tested prefer- ably ground the end with only Ime | wees 1040 0.39, 0.67) 1095 1.01, 0.49) S.A.E. THE IRON AGE, September 26, 1935—33 1050 0.48, 0.66) S.A.E. Nn wn or Ws G ani - ~ MWe ° ° ° Top Continuous Merchant Bar Mill Center Copper Rod Finishing Mill Bottom ... 28” Rail and Structural Mill | q — Continuous Hot Strip Mill ENGINEERING and FOUNDRY X-1315 0.16, 1.34) S.A.E. 2015 0.17, 0.52, 0.52) 36—THE IRON AGE, September 26, 1935 S.A.E. 1350 0.51, 1.10) 2115 0.17, 0.42, 1.48) (CONTINUED FROM PAGE 33) whole flame consists series short, dark carrier-lines with suc- cession bright star-bursts. The quantities manganese present most S.A.E. steels, from 0.30 per cent 0.80 per cent, are not revealed the spark test. However, the pearlitic-manga- nese steels (S.A.E. 1300 series) this element clearly apparent be- cause its brilliancy. Its spark- stream consists thin, radiant carrier-lines, light yellow color, which spread out fan-wise upon leaving the wheel. The low-carbon S.A.E. X-1315 type, containing 1.25 per cent 1.55 per cent man- ganese, has fork-shaped sprigs at- tached the ends the carrier- lines. The higher carbon S.A.E. 1350 type, containing 0.90 per cent 1.20 per cent manganese, shows star-bursts quite similar ordina- steel the same carbon ranges. The spark-stream the low- carbon 0.50 per cent nickel steel the S.A.E. 2015 type shows long, swollen carrier-lines, light orange color, with sprigs the end and few bright, rectangular blocks. S.A.E. 2115 containing low carbon and 1.50 per cent nickel reveals the same effect except that the color darker orange, rectangular blocks are more numerous and the car- rier-lines are slightly 2320, low carbon, 3.50 per cent nickel, the flame length in- creases, carrier-lines are numerous, and the spark-stream becomes darker orange color. Also the rectangular blocks become more visable and closer together while the fork-shaped sprig indicating low carbon apparent the end each carrier-line. about 0.30 per cent carbon (S.A.E. 2330) star-bursts begin appear 3.50 per cent nickel steel, although they are less brilliant than the star- bursts other steels because nickel seems exert retarding in- fluence them. 0.40 per cent carbon (S.A.E. 2340) bursts are visible the end each carrier-line while along each carrier-line the rectangular blocks appear. the low-carbon 5.00 per cent nickel grade 2512 type) the predominant feature the smaller number carrier-lines, and for that reason the rectangu- lar blocks typifying nickel are very apparent. The color very dark orange shade. The chromium flame generally orange, shorter than most flames, with very stars the end the carrier-lines. These stars are peculiar chromium and must not confused with the carbon star-burst. They are distinguish- able because greater brilliance and because slightly larger size and more nearly perfect star shape. The chromium flame appears flutter. Low carbon 0.60 per cent 0.90 per cent chromium steels (S.A.E. 5120 type) reveal the sprigs low- carbon steel with the brilliant chro- mium stars. the carbon in- creases the flame color gradually darkens and the star bursts become more numerous. Editors Note: Next week the spark-stream characteristics S.A.E. steels containing nickel, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten and vanadium will presented and discussed. 2320 0.16, 0.41, 3.48) S.A.E. 2512 0.14, 0.39, 4.95) S.A.E. 2340 0.42, 0.69, 3.47) THE IRON AGE, September 26, 1935—37 ~— The new style Ohio Mag- net lifting sheet steel punch press scrap. Practically all its lifts are good the one illustrated. All evidence convincing that these new Ohio Magnets lift better than older models. They also represent valua- ble improvements me- chanical details construc- tion. The new Magnet control provides automatic quick drop—arc suppressor and isolantite arc shields. Ask for Bulletin Ne. 109 THE OHIO ELECTRIC MFG. CO. 5908 Maurice Ave., Cleveland, Ohio Backed More than Twenty Years Serving the Metal-Working Industry MAKES PICKLING EFFICIENT RODINE established ACP product now cut- ting costs ninety-five per cent the country’s pickling rooms. Rodine more than pays for itself savings acid and metal. its use economies 30-60 cents per ton pickled are frequently gained. Eliminates pit- ting the metal—increases tensile strength—pre- vents overpickling—inhibits rusting the pickled product. Rodine simple use. And its use the pickling operation easily controlled and consistent result. Rodine’s performance has been proven its almost universal adoption. CHEMICALS PROCESSES Samples, full information, and the services ACP technicians are available without charge. AMERICAN CHEMICAL PAINT COMPANY MAKES PAINT STICK GALVANIZED IRON LITHOFORM new ACP development that has found immediate acceptance because solves the old problem making paint adhere permanently galvanized surfaces. Lithoform applied either brushing spraying chemically reacts and forms stone-like coating. This coating will not chip not corrode—will not affected baking temperatures. And the Litho- rized coating takes paint perfectly. Lithorizing saves the cost continually repainting keep the appearance galvanized surfaces first- class condition. AMBLER, PA. Detroit, Mich. Walkerville, Ont. By | C q q a 7 N | | | | | | | ] 38—THE IRON AGE, September 26, 1935 Custom-Made Ingot Molds for Quality Steels More than one-eighth all the steel made during the past six months was cast Gathmann molds the big-end-up type. These molds are designed suit the particular steels being produced and for specific plant conditions custom- made the truest sense. Modern Gathmann molds are the best assurance uniform quality, plus high yields. Whether the output the plant semi-killed rimming steel, some all three, Gathmann designed mold will insure the best possible product, surface and interior. the steel Gathmann molds” means sound, dependable ingot product. They have learned from experience that STEEL PRODUCT SOUNDER THAN THE INGOT FROM WHICH PRODUCED. Write about your ingot casting and handling problems. invite you visit our booth, No. 23, the Metal Congress Chicago next month. Our exhibit will include both sound and unsound etched ingots and blooms, also the most modern methods big-end-up ingot production. THE GATHMANN ENGINEERING COMPANY BALTIMORE, MARYLAND THE IRON AGE, September 26, DESIGNERS INGOTS MOLDS 1909 LEFT IS. Ii—T ype of quired for steel bars. BELOW equipment installed the Vanadium loys Steel Co. plant for bar stock 40—THE IRON AGE, September 26, 1935 free possible from seams generally recognized. For most parts the prevailing de- fects follow the lines flow and are associated with seams and pipe the original steel. Such defects are usually most damaging near the surface the part, fre- quently resulting fatigue failure even early fractures. parts are worked high stresses, the case with many carbon and alloy steels, the damage due the presence such defects is, course, magnified. Occa- sionally cracks developing during heat-treatment may traced di- rectly the presence searching for improved meth- ods locating such defects, Van- adium-Alloys Steel Co., Braeburn Alloy Steel Corpn., and other man- ufacturers carbon, tool steel and high-speed bars have adopted the Magnaflux method inspec- tion their plants. representa- tive type equipment which used shown Fig. This equip- ment operates from alternating current mains and will inspect bars, either bright hot rolled, long. The amme- ter shown, having double scale will indicate the total magnetizing current the high scale, the average current through each bar the inner scale, provided five bars are being magne- tized. The installation the Vanadium- Alloys Steel Co. shown Fig. this plant, bars are magnetized remote control, using the push button shown a | 3 ° ° ° 3 \ | ° ° ° Cracks the illustration, Fig. The mag- netization practically instan- taneous, the bars being then re- moved one five other benches where Magnaflux powder applied for inspection purposes. Scale nor- mally present the hot-rolled bars does not interfere with the inspec- tion, and seams are regularly lo- cated this type down depth. Fig. shows the sharp de- lineation the powder flat bar. the magnetization used the circular type has not been found necessary demagnetize these bars, there practically external polarity excepting the location possible defect. This method inspection seems considerably more rapid than old methods filing and grinding, and also more reliable as, the past, was quite possible in- specting with file miss dis- continuous seam short dis- tance, and thus fail locating it. The inspection crankshafts interesting procedure. The chief types defects occurring crank- shafts may grouped under two general classes—those occurring during manufacture and before the crankshaft put into use the customer, and after varying periods service. The first class defects usually the type referred above being associated with seams and pipe the original steel. They are longitudinal extent and gener- ally approximately, although not exactly, parallel the axis the shaft. they appear fillet bearing surface they are par- ticularly objectionable. The Ohio Crankshaft Co., and others, are using inspection for lo- cating these defects, using the bar inspection equipment shown Fig. modified the extent that the contact rails are replaced pillow blocks properly designed (CONTINUED PAGE 143) equipment for inspection crankshafts. cracks found the method crankshaft which had been removed from service for routine inspection. THE IRON AGE, September 26, | and visitors the bit you will see tes all delegates osition see D-11. this exhi products, but interesting nufacturers are using them. lin cordially invi ongress and Exp paces C-11 and Jones Laughlin which different JONES LAU PITTSBURGH. Buffalo Cleveland Dalles Denver Detroit Erie Les Angeles Philadelphie Pittsburgh St. Lovis Ban Francisco MEMPHIS NEW ORLEANS PITTSBURGH Pittsburgh. Pe.. vu. A.. and Toronto. Jones Laugh National Metal Steel products only samples the work for not ample Atlanta Boston Milwaukee Minneepolis Ont., Canede J avehouses CHICAGO sentatives: JONES & LAUGHLIN Sales Offices Memphis CINCINNATI STEEL propucTs COMPANY. Canadian Repre 42—T IRON AGE, September 26, 1935 | | | | | | | | | | | | | CEES J | | | | | | } 4 fini bars well typical Exhibit shows sample mproved Exhibit sample pars Hot Rolled Finished test specimens ples the work for which Jalcase being IMPROVED BESSEMER SCR and grades, and roll ish and Screw Steel. under strict FORGING Forging highest quality, produc newest Exhibit shows typical parts made jal Steel. HEADING Cold heading wit high quality rough the care hich Jone devotes all the factors into its manufacture Exhibit shows Techni Technical Literature covering will available the STANDARD wire springiness Exhibit shows Standard RING WIRE the stamina made SHAFTING urne FINISH right give just the with the resilience wide variety Wire. and Polished Turned and Ground, Draw Exhibit shows samples four Exhibit shows various finishes- BARS AND number Exhibit shows shapes- Exhibit, SHAPES samples giness springs and Cold Turned and Sizes) and Black Plate cal Literature ducts display THE IRON AGE, September £ the Society for Metals and the Societies associ- FINISHED BARS AND SHAPES — | 3 j v j 3 OUS collection tools ducts Cobaltcrom tool steel. THE use ordinary nitriding steels too well known require much comment. These steels are the tough, structural alloy type, moderate carbon and alloy content. They are usually heat treated Brinell hardness about 300 the unmachined state. Subsequently they are machined, and sometimes given anneal prior final machining, and nitrided the finished state. These ordinary nitriding steels are avail- able the form bar stock, forgings and castings, and are used for great variety purposes, including gears, shafts, plungers, valves, cams, etc., where great surface hardness and wear resistance combined with strength, toughness, moderate resistance corrosion, and machineability the heat treated state are required. Ordinary carbon and alloy steels will not respond satisfactorily nitriding. Steels for nitriding must special composition. Usually they contain about per cent aluminum, but about 0.50 per cent vanadium may substituted. typical and much used nitriding steel, known Nitralloy has the composition and physical properties shown the accompanying table. Heat treatment for this steel consists quenching oil water from about 1700 deg. F., followed tempering the neighborhood 1000 deg. 1100 deg. the material severely machined after tempering, long stress-relieving anneal about the tempering temperature should precede final machining prevent deformation during nitriding. The ordinary nitriding process consists heating the finished work 950 deg. 1000 deg. F., for hr. sealed container, through which anhy- drous ammonia gas passing. The work then allowed cool the container. This procedure pro- duces very hard but thin case, and leaves the core unaffected. Inasmuch there quench, the distor- tion which accompanies cyaniding pack hardening avoided, and greater accuracy dimensions and *The author acknowledges with appreciation the valuable collaboration Albert Goldman, Darwin Milner Co., Phila- delphia, the preparation this article. Milner, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio. 4 { | | | a q 4 q | | | é 4 q —- case present the hardest con- dition produceable steel. cor- responds about 1000 Brinell, measured with the Vickers (dia- mond point) machine. The total depth the case about 0.025 in., but the hardest part about 0.005 in. deep. Tools Are Nitrided While having wide and grow- ing range usefulness, ordinary nitriding steels are seldom able for parts coming under the tools, other pur- poses where extremely high sur- face pressure applied. This follows from the fact that the core not hard enough support the case under such severe operating conditions. the constant for better materials has been found that certain alloy tool steels, apart from the lower carbon-aluminum steels especially designed for the purpose, respond well the nitriding proc- ess after having been given their usual heat treatment. High-speed steel, especially the cobalt type, has shown considerably increased life after nitriding, when cutting bakelite, fiber, various compounds, and other non-metallic materials. The nitrided edge appears less brittle than with ordinary nitriding steels, but will hardly permit much application fer- rous metal cutting. Nevertheless, one interesting case was reported which ordinary high-speed steel lathe bit doubled its normal life steel cutting job when nitrided, the increase apparently being due the greater resistance cratering afforded the nitrided surface. another case, molybdenum high-speed steel, nitrided, was used expanding punch enlarge previously formed opening in. steel plate. This punch has been satisfactory service for more than year. variety other tool steels had been tried for this operation without success. alloy steel known Cobalt- crom—P has shown remark- able results when nitrided and the one with which the author has had the most experience. Its type analysis 1.50 1.70 per cent carbon, 13.50 per cent chromium, 3.30 per cent cobalt, 0.80 per cent molybdenum, 0.20 per cent vana- dium, 0.50 per cent nickel, 0.60 per cent silicon. The heat treatment this steel follows: Heat slowly 1850 deg. until saturated, cool still air oil. Temper about 900 deg. F., according use. For fin- ished tools the heating may done charcoal spent carbu- rizer and followed oil quench- ing avoid oxidation. The Rock- well hardness after treatment about C-61 63. This Cobaltcrom steel rather free from tendencies crack, warp, shrink deform during heat treatment, compared with other tool steels. not true high speed, red cutting steel, but develops some secondary simpler heat treatment and certain other characteristics preferable high-speed steel many cases, especially where ex- treme wear resistance required rather than fast cutting. can obtained forged cast well bar stock. steel con- tains aluminum but does con- tain four elements, chromium, co- balt, molybdenum, and vanadium, all which probably contribute nitriding. When nitrided the ordinary method (975 deg. for hr.) after having been properly heat treated outlined above, this steel develops ex- tremely hard case, running about 1050 1150 Vickers Brinell and about deep that ordinary nitrided steels, being approximate- ° ° HORACE KNERR* President, Metallurgical Laboratories, Inc., Philadelphia ° 0.025 in. microphotographic and physical examination the nitrided case Cobaltcrom will show that the core hardness practically unchanged during nitriding and immensely greater (Rockwell C-62 compared with C-32), that much higher bear- ing pressures may used. The brittleness sharp edges, inherent ordinary nitriding steels, seem: much less pronounced. Tempering Not Necessary Measurements cylinders about in. diameter before and after nitriding have revealed perceptible growth “building up” the surface during nitriding ordinary nitriding steels which grow about 0.0005 in. the sur- face (0.001 in. the diameter) presumably due absorption nitrogen the case. may desirable, however, allow 0.001 in. 0.002 in. for grinding off the surface where high finish required, For certain purposes, tempering after quenching may omitted, letting the nitriding treatment suffice. Where high accuracy dimensions called for, ordinarily preferable temper immediately after quenching, and correct dimensions grinding before nitriding. Decarburized surface material must completely removed from ordinary nitriding steels, other- wise flaking sure occur. The same undoubtedly true with present time difficulty has been experienced from this source. De- carburization during heating prior quenching must, course, avoided, and this taken care packing charcoal de- scribed. Surfaces should cleaned with emery before nitriding. Very (CONTINUED PAGE 96) THE IRON AGE, September 26, NATIONAL STEEL CORPORATION un- usually well equipped meet your steel needs promptly, efficiently, and with assured satisfaction you. These factors recommend National Steel particularly capable rendering superior service: Strategically located, modern mills. The mills National Steel Corporation, kept continuously modern and up-to-date machinery and produc- tion facilities, are located give the most prompt and satisfactory service the industries they serve. HANNA FURNACE Complete integration. National Steel unified, self-contained steel-producing organization, able exercise judicious control over all phases production from ore mines finished product. AR PMN 46—THE IRON AGE, September 26, 1935 ay = PRODUCERS STEAMSHIP Experienced management. The management National Steel consists men who have spent their lives the steel business who are thor- oughly conversant with every aspect their chosen industry. These men, possessing the equip- ment foresight, courage, progressiveness and knowledge, which attainable only through long experience, devote their entire talents serving you you want served. SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES Weirton Steel Company Weirton, Va. Plants Weirton and Clarksburg, Va., and Steubenville, Ohio Great Lakes Steel Corporation Detroit, Mich. The Producers Steamship Company Cleveland, Ohio Owning and operating lake carriers The Hanna Furnace Corporation Buffalo, and Detroit, Mich. Hanna Iron Ore Company Cleveland, Ohio Ore Properties Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan Weirton Coal Company Weirton, Va. Owning extensive coal lands Fayette and Washington Counties, Pa., and Brooke County, Va. STEEL GREAT LAKES STEEL _ Products NATIONAL STEEL CORPORATION Subsidiary Companies Bessemer Non-Bessemer High Phos and Manganiferous Ore Basic Pig Iron Silvery Pig Iron Foundry and Malleable Pig Iron Ferro Silicon Coke Tar Benzol Toluol Xylol Ammonium Sulphate Open Hearth Steel Slabs Billets Sheet Bars Skelp Angles Beams and Channels Rails Merchant Bars and Shapes Stee