The Iron Age 1935-06-06: Vol 135 Iss 23

239 West 39th St., New York Owned, Published and Copyrighted CHILTON COMPANY (Incorporated) Executive and Publication Offices, Chestnut and 56th Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. MUSSELMAN, President FRITZ FRANK, Executive Vice-President FREDERIC STEVENS, Vice-President JOSEPH HILDRETH, GEORGE GRIFFITHS, EVERITT ERNEST HASTINGS, WILLIAM A. BARBER, Treasurer JOHN BLAIR MOFFETT, Secretary FRITZ FRANK, President VAN DEVENTER Editor MILLER Machinery Editor GERKEN News Editor LACHER Managing Editor Editor Emeritus Washington Chicago Cleveland EHRNSTROM, JR. BURNHAM FINNEY GERARD MCINTOSH Pittsburgh Detroit Boston Cincinnati Contents June 6,1935 Management's Golden Opportunity Heat Treatment Corrosion-Resistant Magnesium Alloys Streamlined Comet Unusual Construction ......... Testing Organic Finishing Materials for Metal Submersion Time vs. Quality Hot Dip Zinc Coatings.. New Power Unit Buckle Piate Design Tanker Bulkhead. Modern Materials for High-Pressure Vessels............ Review Composite Rolls Use Stainless Steel and Enameled Iron Architecture. Automotive Industry Statistics Metal-Working Activity Personals and Obituaries Construction and Equipment Buying ................. BAUR, General Advertising Manager DIX, Manager, Reader Service Member, Audit Bureau of Circulations ADVERTISING STAFF Member, Associated Business Papers Emerson Findley, 311 Union Cleveland B. L. Herman, 675 Delaware Ave, Buifalo, Published every Thursday. Subserip H. K. Hottenstein, $02 Otis Bidg., Chicago tion Price: United States and Pos- Peirce Lewis. 7310 Woodward Ave, Detroit sessions, Mexico, Cuba, $6.00; Can- Charles Lundberg, Chilton B'dg., Chestnut & 56th Sts., Philadelphia, C. H. Ober, 239 W. 39th St., New York W. B. Robinson, 428 Park Bldg., Pittsburgh W. C. Sweetser, 239 West 39th St., New York Cable Address, ‘‘Ironage, N. Y."" Db. C. Warren, P. O. Box 81, Hartford, Conn ada, $8.50, including duty; Foreign $12.00 year. Single copy cents F | Nie 4 4 — | NOTES BETHLEHEM ALLOY STEELS characteristic property that vanadium im- parts when alloyed with steel finer-grained struc- ture. The benefits vanadium are not entirely reflected the percentage that the steel contains. Vanadium strong deoxidizer and acts that capacity when added the molten metal. The ef- fects vanadium the physical properties heat-treated steel are promote ductility and ac- centuate the benefits other alloying elements, such manganese and chromium. The chrome-vanadium steels, which come under the Series, carry from 0.80 1.10 per cent chromium and minimum 0.15 per cent vanadium. These steels are made with car- bon content standard ranges from 0.10 1.05 per cent. the lower carbon ranges, 0.25 per cent, this type steel used for car- burized parts, such pneumatic-tool parts, wrenches, roller-bearing cones, pistons, and other uses subject wear involving high stresses. the 0.35 0.45 per cent carbon range, chrome-vanadium steels find application hardened heavy-duty axles, shafts, driving parts, gears, pinions and similar parts. Because its resistance rapid deterioration when exposed hydrogen gas high temperatures and high pres- sures, this grade has also found considerable ap- plication the chemical industry. Chrome-vanadium steels the 0.45 0.55 car- bon range have been used considerable tonnages IRON AGE, June 1935 anadium els 35 MAX MAX AS vanadium steel. for flat springs. These steels have also been used for coil springs, mostly the smaller sizes. the automotive field flat leaf chrome-vanadium steel sometimes used conjunction with carbon spring steel (10-95) the spring assembly. the higher carbon ranges, chrome-vanadium steel applied only for special-purpose heavy- duty work, rams, liners, anti-friction bear- ings, and machine-tool parts. BETHLEHEM STEEL GENERAL OFFICES: BETHLEHEM, 20000 STEEL THE IRON AGE ... JUNE 1935 ESTABLISHED Vol. 135, No. Golden Opportunity days immediately ahead offer both test and golden opportunity the management American industry. now has its first chance two years resume its customary role the friend and protector labor, role that was wrested from brain trusters, and union organizers immedately upon the passing the National Industrial Recovery Act. Industrial relations have indeed been strained under NRA and the famous infamous section 7-a which has now the legal scrap heap. This section, driven through labor lobby subservient Congress, set forth the principle that the interest employers and employees are opposed; that they must marshalled into opposite armed camps, the labor canp preferably under the banner the American Federation Labor some other National union. Opportunists the fields politics and labor seized upon this Administrative endorsement parade the national stage time melodrama fashion. Bureau- cracy and union labor were the heroes the play—the champions and rescuers fair labor, sorely pressed and harassed the wicked villain employer. Now management once more has its chance resume the part that should play and has played the friend and champion the workers industry. The way play that part effectively and convincingly steadfastly refuse take advantage the present situation and maintain present wage rates and work- ing hours. management plays its part that way; now demonstrates its voluntary good will toward its workers, the cause industrial relations will immeasurably advanced and the philosophy cooperation will replace the recently fostered doctrine antagonism. management does not play its part this way; abuses its new found liberty cutting established wages stretching established hours, will giving the cause unionization the greatest boost that has ever had this country, and will inviting constitutional amendment opening the way for the general regulation hours and wages and probably other industrial manage- ment policies and practices. | a } 4 | | { THE industrial applica- tions magnesium al- loys creased great ex- tent within recent years and, there- by, extensive corrosion test has been very desirable. systematic research relating the effect heat treatment corrosibility magnesium alloys has been pub- lished. Consequently the follow- ing data were secured order determine the effects annealing, quenching and tempering cor- rosibility magnesium-zine and magnesium-aluminum alloys, compared with the state. The magnesium used these tests was about 99.86 per cent purity prepared Chemische Fabrik Griesheim loys, analysis shown Table were melted iron crucible under flux cover and were cast into dry sand mold. number the cast specimens about mm. diameter were annealed, and ‘the remainder were quenched water followed tempering different temperatures. order find the effect heat treatment the quantity added metal, the same heat treatment was car- ried out for several specimens con- taining different percentages added metal the range solu- bility limit the eutectic temper- ature. The heating was carried out evacuated quartz tube inserted into electric tube fur- nace. Specimens were finished the uniform size mm. diameter and mm. length. After cleaning with ben- *Abstract paper appearing origin- ally the science reports Tohoku Imperial University, Sendai, Japan. 10—THE IRON AGE, June 1935 A\nd zol they were suspended thin glass hooks vertically glass ves- sels each containing 300 dilute sodium chloride solution, and after definite time interval they were taken out, cleaned, dried, and the weight loss each specimen was measured. The five alloys, whose chemical analyses are given Table were prepared and subjected the fol- lowing heat treatments: Quenching: The alloys were quenched water from 350 deg. after heating lasting for hr. the quenching temperature. Tempering: The alloys quenched stated above were subsequently tempered 160, 230, 290, and 350 deg. for hr., followed furnace cooling after each temper. Annealing: Cast alloys were an- nealed the following tempera- tures for hr., and furnace cooled. The high temperature anneal for was 340, 310, 230, and 230 deg. respectively. The low-temperature anneal for these same alloys was carried out 270, 230, 130, and 130 deg. respectively. Thus the annealing was carried out the temperature ranges which the alloys consist single phase and two phases, order compare the effect these two cases. Specimens treated were immersed 300 ec. N/10 NaCl solution, and the weight loss each specimen was measured after elapse 10, 17, and days. Results Are Tabulated The first effect considered that tempering, and the re- TAKEJIRO MURAKAMI this article the authors present data the cor- rosion resistance cast, annealed, quenched, and magnesium-zinc and alloys. The effect tem- pering the corrosibility loys quite different from that loys; the latter the corrosi- bility maximum when the precipitation fine particles due the tempering quenched specimens the sults these types corrosion tests are shown Tables II. The weight decrease observed the specimens “as quenched” observed. Likewise, the effect tempering adequately shown the figures Table II. Note that the effect more marked the zine content creases and the progress corro- sion more distinct the im- mersion time longer. The increase weight loss gradual about 160 deg. and from that point 230 deg. the increase rapid, reaching maximum 230 deg.; thence rapidly decreases, but 350 deg. slightly increases again. These plained galvanic action; that is, the increase weight loss 230 deg. due the separa- tion fine particles com- pound from | | | 4 sion Resistance Magnesium- Zinc A\luminum and SUSMU MORIOKA maximum, whereas the cor- rosibility the former treated under the same con- dition the minimum when the precipitation the maxi- mum. The authors have found that cast specimens corrode less than those annealed quenched ones: this fact leads justifiable conclu- sion that the heat treating manganese alloys can very acceptable and, like- wise, rather harmful results can ensue. solid solution, the separation being maximum about 230 deg. The decrease weight loss observed the specimens tempered over 230 deg. are attributed the co- agulation separated particles due high-heating temperature, resulting electrochemical dis- solution smaller number local than that when the par- ticles are present fine dispersed state. The reason for slight increase weight loss ob- served the specimens tempered 350 deg., those furnace-cooled from the temperature range the single phase, may attributed the smaller size the separated particles during cooling than those specimens tempered 290 deg. The corrosibility tempered speci- men thus largely depends the amount and size the separated particles. The tempering effect not vis- ible the microstructure specimen containing 7.15 per cent tempered 160 deg., but microphoto the same specimen tempered 290 deg. will clearly show the separated particles. The relation between the weight loss after immersion for days and the quantity added zinc shown Table III. can seen that the corrosibility minimum for the per cent alloy; Table note that the tempered specimens are more corrosive than those quenched, those tempered 230 deg. being largest. The cast specimens are less corrosive than those quenched, excepting the per cent alloy. Annealing Results Are Irregular The effect annealing high and low temperatures oughly studied, and the results for annealed specimens compared those cast are shown Table III. general, the alloys and are less corrosive when annealed high temperature than when annealed low tem- perature, but the cases and just the contrary. The results are very irregular owing the fact that intensive pitting occurs during the corrosion alloys. The cast specimens are, however, less corrosive than the annealed ones. microphoto the cast struc- ture the 7.15 per cent alloy will show larger amount com- pound than the same specimen annealed 270 deg.; this due the fact that the compound partially dissolved heating and separated fine particles during cooling. The fact that the specimen which was annealed markedly at- tacked may due the presence compound which appears finely dispersed particles the prolonged heating, while the com- pound segregated the aggre- gated mass the cast state. Hence may assumed that the effect annealing depends the size particles compound separated and the degree super-satura- tion the solid solution. From the above experiments has been concluded that the mag- nesium-zine alloys are sistant corrosion the cast state, and heat treatments, such quenching, tempering and an- nealing increase the corrosibility; therefore, the alloys this series can most properly used the state cast with respect re- sistance corrosion. Mg-Al Alloys Are Tested Five alloys magnesium-alu- minum system were prepared casting dry sand mold. The chemical analysis these speci- mens are shown Table IV. These alloys were heat treated follows: Quenching: Specimen water quenched after heating for hr. 440 deg.; specimen water quenched after heating for hr. 430 deg.; and specimens after heating for hr. 420 deg. Tempering: After quenching above, the specimens were tem- pered the following tempera- tures for hr. and then furnace- (CONTINUED PAGE 46) THE IRON AGE, June | | ‘ as ‘ y Comet, and well-arched roof and bottom. section. These longitudinal mem- passenger train recently com- The main strength carrying bers, which take the place the pleted for the New York, New members for the tube consist center sill and longitudinal fram- Haven Hartford, unusual four built-up ing the conventional train, are structural design. best de- ning the entire length each car held place the roof carlines, tube with flat sides the four corners the cross- side posts and floor and, the end LEFT The nals are connected series transverse floor beams braced UPPER RIGHT The outer ends the two power cars are formed arching the lower and tying them with front post which forms into connect with the two upper longi- tudinals. LOWER RIGHT The end bulkheads are rigidly crossbraced. BELOW The carrying members the cars are four built- longitudinals the four corners the cross section. These are held place the roof carlines, side posts and floor and, the end each car, are tied into bulkheads 12—THE IRON AGE, June 1935 Streamlined Comet Unusual = J each car, are tied into bulk- heads rigidly crossbraced trans- mit the stresses the articulated connections. The framework sufficient strength and thickness serve the stress-carrying ele- ment. The outer ends the two power are formed arching the lower longitudinals and tying them with front post which forms into connect with the two upper longitudinals. The pilot con- welded steel member riveted the lower longitudinals and heavy shear plate. also forms the compartment movable coupler. beams connected the lower longi- tudinal members and braced two longitudinal stringers forms the under frame the Comet. The un- der side the underframe cov- 4 4 t ered with aluminum sheet, while the car floor consists Keystone floor- ing filled with cork and covered with sheet cork. The top flooring rubber. The underframe for the engine room the two power cars com- posed welded steel bedplate which rests the lower longitu- dinal members, reinforced alu- minum castings. which also serves the lower half the crankcase the Diesel en- gine, formed top and bottom plates reinforced with longitudinal and traverse bulkheads which pro- vide series compartments for the storage fuel, Inbricating oil and water. The section the roof directly above the bedplate designed that can readily taken off order facilitate the removal the engine from the car. (CONTINUED PAGE 50) THE IRON AGE, June weather test for determining durability finishes. The finishes are subjected water, heat and ultra-violet light successively. — for determining viscosity. Cup placed the material and allowed sink the material flows through the orifice. IRON AGE, June 1935 ANUFACTURERS or- ganic finishing ma- terials are doing excellent job the development and marketing their products. They have made available virtually countless types finishes that may applied innumerable combinations obtain protective dec- orative finishes With the great number materials the market, how- ever, design engineers fre- quently are loss select random materials that will more less assure maximum results, The problem selecting suitable materials therfore is, paradoxically, becoming more complex with creasing development new paint products. Large manu- facturers metal products have long recognized the importance this problem and maintain their staffs design engineers, finish en- gineers, whose duties deal directly with the study and selection new finishing ma- terials, combinations fin- ishes and other phases that are closely related the ultimate success metal product consuming fields. important step at- ishing problems the testing the available materials. the Westinghouse Electric Mfg. Co., East Pittsburgh, the function the design finish engineer possess sufficient basic information all types finish- ing materials enable him se- lect from the many types finish- engineer, Westinghouse Electric Mfg. Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. 4 4 if inishing Materials for Metal Surfaces McBRIDE* and GEORGE EHRNSTROM, JR. ing materials those which are best suited the application involved. section the company’s chem- ical laboratory devoted the testing finishing materials for durability and physical character- and the developing and testing the complete which may consist one more coats the same different ma- terials. Chief Objective Durability Most metal products manufac- turers, who are directly concerned with finishing problems, are agreed that the chief objective dura- bility, with appearance and cost next importance. From group organic finishing materials that may considered satisfac- tory for durability, many can usu- ally eliminated being un- suitable from the standpoint appearance cost, leaving smaller, selected group sub- jected series tests that are designed cover conditions ex- posure and application. large companies, this preliminary elim- ination facilitated the basic knowledge the finish engineer. The next logical step ob- serve finishes finishing mate- rials under conditions with those which they will subjected actual service. The time required for such tests, how- ever, usually long that common practice use accelerated test methods ‘which are closely re- lated the actual service condi- tions. Numerous accelerated tests have been devised anticipate the resistance finishing materials various exposure conditions, de- termine their performance under various methods application and examine their physical charac- teristics. fairly thorough de- scription test methods and test apparatus has been given Gardner the sixth edition “Physical and Chemical Examina- tion Paints, Varnishes, Lac- quers and Colors.” The examination finishing ma- terials the Westinghouse com- pany proceeds two steps: First, examine the materials, ceived, for stability, viscosity, sol- ids content, drying time, hiding power and second, examine the dried films (CONTINUED PAGE 56) UMIDITY chamber. Test panels are inserted the sides; also rack the bottom provided for subjecting small pieces high humidity atmosphere. Temperature THE IRON AGE, June 4 ° ° ° \- 4 sn- ast Submersion Versus THE art galvaniz- ing gradually chang- ing from process formerly operated “rule thumb methods” and prac- tices passed from one genera- tion the next “word mouth,” one definite scientific principles aided modern me- chanical and automatic equipment. The change has been gradual, course, but may now said that the hot-dip zine coating in- dustry has definitely passed out the “guessing stage” one modern scientific control. The best evidence this fact the control the galvanizing bath tempera- ture. Beyond the use modern me- chanical equipment, however, realm scientific facts and prac- tical data much harder trate. The reason for this that the facts are unorganized and un- systematized, and these data are numerous and varied. practice the results are confused due the large number variables involved, and seems hopeless task for man working under practical operating conditions definitely fathom out any rule principle stand repeated tests for its accuracy. The truth this state- ment can readily appreciated when the results study just one factor, the submersion time the are given. this article, will assumed that all other condi- tions have been standardized ex- cept the submersion time the molten zinc; the submersion time will varied and the effect noted upon the character the zinc coat- ing obtained, and also upon the finish appearance the coat- ing. Zine coatings may classified into two general classes, namely, those with spangle and 16—THE IRON AGE, June those without spangle. pre- vious article, which appeared THE IRON AGE Nov. 22, 1934, rough classification spangles crystallization effects upon coatings was given. this writ- ing attempt will made definitely organize and systematize galvanizing bath. The characteristics zine coat- ings definitely affected change submersion time, when all other factors are constant standard- ized, are follows: (1) The spangle, crystallization (2) The finish non-spangled coat- ings. (3) The thickness of the coating. (4) The iron content the coating. (5) The weight of the coating. (6) The bending qualities the coating. (7) The smoothness the coating. (S$) The lustre of the coating. (9) The adherence the coating the base metal. Long Submersion Destroys Spangle The spangle, crystallization effect galvanized iron affected many different things that seems almost like hopeless task even attempt organize classify what found. con- centrated effort, however, has yielded some information which believed reliable. illus- trate this point, Fig. shows gage steel sheet held gal- vanizing bath for exactly sec., bath temperature just deg. above the melting point zinc. Fig. shows gage steel sheet held the same galvanizing bath exactly the same temperature and under identical conditions, ex- cept that the submersion time the zinc was exactly min. Fig. shows gage sheet held the same galvanizing bath greatest difficulty galvanizing engineering locate the right cause for any given result obtained. With great number variable factors, the same result may obtained from many different causes. Never- theless, the submersion time has definite influence the quality zinc coatings, exactly the same temperature and under conditions, except the submersion time the zine was exactly min. Many other tests have been made submer- sion times between sec. and min., but the results are very well demonstrated these samples for illustration. few fundamental facts stand gage steel sheet held the bath exactly sec. bath tem- | Zinc Coatings amine when all other variable factors are mental conditions permit. this article, Mr. oresents the results numer- ous experiments this na- ture and concludes with nine definite principles concern- ing the relation submer- sion time and type zinc coating produced. tests. First the illustrations show clearly that long submersion time will eventually destroy the spangle crystallization effect altogether. very clearly brings out the fact that the submersion time has very definite relation the appearance the coating. This fact important inasmuch appearance the coating some fields galvanizing, such metal IG. 2—Same type sheet Fia. with the exception that the submersion time has been min. Bath ware, important factor sales. The illustrations submitted not show the size the spangle clearly but they show the the longer submersion time the zinc. After study spangles many other sam- ples, seemingly evident that principle involved far the spangle crystallization effect concerned. This principle may stated as, the shorter the time submersion bath, the smaller the spangle; and, conversely, the longer the time submersion galvanizing bath, the larger the spangle. The finish non-spangled gal- vanized coatings also very defi- nitely affected the submersion time the galvanizing bath. The finish non-spangled galvanized coatings smooth and metallic. When the submersion time the bath too long these coatings start get rough. This often demonstrated plant operation when piece material lost the bottom the pot. Even after short time the surface becomes very rough and, left the bath over night for longer period, the coating assumes granular, dross-like appearance similar that shown Fig. The definite galvanizing principle trated for non-spangled coatings is, therefore, the longer the sub- mersion time the galvanizing bath, the rougher the coat- ing. The next question what rela- tion does the submersion time the galvanizing bath bear the thickness the coating de- posited? These facts are very clearly illustrated also the illus- trations shown Figs. and seen that the coating very much thicker than Fig. order WALLACE IMHOFF Galvanizing Consultant, Vineland, show this, the finger nail was placed under the coating and the upper left hand corner the coating broken off. This could not done with the coatings shown the thickness the coatings de- posited these sheets clearly shown, and may summarized vanizing principle, namely, the longer the submersion time the galvanizing bath, the thicker the galvanized coating will be; and, conversely, the shorter the submer- sion time the galvanizing bath, the thinner the galvanized coating will be. Causes Brittleness Already can seen that furnish aetual data and figures for every point concerned would tremendous task. While the writer has tested and analyzed many gal- vanized coatings for their content, still difficult present exact figures illustrate the relation between the iron content the coating and the submersion time. illustrate this point, therefore, practical experience. Those familiar with galvanizing know that the longer article left the galvanizing bath, the more brittle becomes. Various tests that are available with chem- ical analyses show that this brit- tleness the zine coating due the iron content. has been found that very ductile coatings contain only small amount iron. Also well known that the coating very thick, very heavy and very brittle pieces that have been the bath for some time. Those experienced the art galvanizing know that this brit- tleness due heavy increase iron content the zine coating may therefore stated from (CONTINUE. PAGE 124) THE IRON AGE, June | ° ° ° ° ° § { ig "9 4 ty rie New Power Unit Utilizes Pressures Load POWER transmitted through hardened steel rollers, under pressure contact with hardened steel races, variable speed power unit being introduced the New Departure Mfg. Co., Bristol, Conn., under the trade name “Transitorg.” Figs. and illus- trate the equipment. Means are provided for automat- generation pressure between the rollers and races, utilizing the imposed torque load the generat- ing element. Fig. illustrates the stationary FIG. 18—THE IRON AGE, June 1935 which transmit the drive from the constant-speed input race the variable-speed output race. The position the rollers, respect centers the races, adjust- able and the action changing position must create variation the speed the output race, with selectivity range limited the race diameter. The bearings car- rying the rollers are designed provide inclinable movable posi- tion for the rollers. J FIG. FIG. FIG. Fig. illustrates the assembly the variable-speed mechanism, the input race, the output race, and the intervening rollers and roller- carrying members; adjustable position through either manual automatic opera- tion the speed-control unit. Speed Control Mechanism mechanism, Figs. 5-2, mounted top the power unit, consists two parts— the first indicator dial, the sec- ond, rotor vane. The dial mounted circular, vertically positioned housing. The housing rotated worm and gear, either hand wheel remote control. The vane within the circular housing and connected verti- cal shaft which operates the roller shifting mechanism. operation, the starting the power unit, oil under pressure from the power = FIG. unit pump, enters the circular housing behind the vane and moves the vane around against spring pressure until the housing. The position the stop determined the output speed which the indicator has been set. With the power unit run- ning, the vane kept contact with the stop hydraulic- ally and turning the hand wheel ro- tates both members asa unit, increasing decreasing speed desired. Should the power unit stopped when set FIG. THE IRON AGE, e FIG. ° ail eg for any speed between high and low, the oil pressure automat- ically relieved and the vane shifts back, under spring pressure, the low-speed starting position. adjustable valve, Fig. the speed control top the power unit, provides time regula- tion for change from low any pre-selected speed. With the valve full open, the unit will accelerate from low highest speed vice versa, three seconds. the power unit device for automatically regulating the contact pressure races and maintaining exact proportion the imposed torque load. Sta- tionary and float- ing torque-load ing flanges, Fig. are separated equally spaced inclined grooves. Because cam formation the grooves, any slight rotary movement the floating flange, direction, produces defin- ite axial move- ment communicated, the high contact angle bearing the variable speed output race. Since this race located axially only this angular contact bear- ing one side, and the rollers the other, increase contact pressure results. The traction driving force acts the same di- rection and resultant tendency for the spider carrying the rolls rotate. The spider non-rotatable and the rotating tendency trans- mitted the floating flange the rollers up- 20—THE IRON AGE, June 1935 three steel fingers. Thus, whatever may the cause, any change imposed torque reflects change roller tractive effort, corres- ponding partial rotation the torque flange, and definite change the roller contact pressure. Thus pressure load ever imposed excess torque requirements, yet the roller pressure always equal the amount imposed torque. adjustments any kind are required; ball bearings are used throughout, and there but one point which lubricant entered. Motor shaft and output shaft are line. All applications have small hand wheel control, rotatable finger touch, with speed ratio changes indicated sloping dial, Fig. Special Applications Should any application require mounting position not within easy reach the operator, the hand wheel removed permit connection flexibleshaft, Figs. 8-8a. The speed control may cam operated, Fig. with cam contour worked out meet re- quirements speed changes dur- ing cycle operations within the speed range, and the minimum shifting time required the power unit. Electrical devices are available for operating controls over one more machines located that me- chanical connection difficult impossible. IGHT nine car- loads chassis frames are needed daily meet the current production requirements the Pontiac Motor Co. Two overhead cranes the unloading job. The first picks them two time and puts them piles eight dolly. The second crane— the one with load the air—slips its carrier under pile frames, picks them off the dolly and transports them the far end the building where they are deposited the beginning the as- sembly line. : e ; a Buckle Plate Design Tan ker Bulkhead Reduces otal Weight and Number Parts interesting departure de- sign bulkheads for tank- ers was brought attention ship builders and ship operators with the testing scale model the plant the Lukenweld Division Lukens Steel Co., Coatesville, Pa., May May 23, advantages the pro- posed system bulkhead construc- tion, which here illustrated, in- clude savings weight, and re- duction total number parts, required stiffener area, and also reduction length weld- ing the shipyard. Pressed Plates Integrated Welding The complete bulkhead com- posed series press-formed plates integrated welding (Figs. and 2). Each pressed plate com- bines two elements, namely, elliptical bulge and one-half two channel-shaped members. The lat- ter are completed when the pressed plates are welded together (Fig. The elliptical bulge is, stated, the proper shape for receiv- ing the fluid pressure; transmits its share the fluid pressure load the vertical webs compli- cated form hoop tension. The channel transmits share the fluid pressure load the same ver- tical web and preserves the trans- verse continuity essential for what- the number parts assem- Vertical web bled the shipyard. The saving tanker with 66-ft. beam and 38-ft. Fia. 2—Appearance Sides bulge 4to molded depth, with two longitu- single buckle slope for drainage feet per cent; total number parts, per cent; and number shipyard, per cent. There FIG. web between vertical webs FIG. THE IRON AGE, June ever ange the inge yet e are ised Sec one red. are ial ire the nit be re- 1r- “Gar im ay Pe in. square was cut out the buckle plate after test, check thickness the metal. ever diaphragmatic action may necessary. commenting this design, Everett Chapman, vice-president, Lukenweld, Inc., points out that ships sea constantly undergo flexing, both torsional and bending. The from this flexing con- centrate general the joints junction the component mem- bers. Properly designed and prop- erly made welded joints result structure, the action which indistinguishable from that single piece metal. With the welded construction, there can leaks due the working ship sea, pro- vided the design and execution the structure are such that the plates not actually separate fracture. Heretofore the typical bulkhead has been made two parts— that separating the two adjacent compartments and that which stif- fens the first and makes capable resisting water pressure one side. The proposed construction combines these two functions, and thus all the usual separate hori- zontal stiffeners are eliminated and the lateral stiffness preserved the integral channels. 22—THE IRON AGE, June 1935 BELOW The buckles are pressed dies individual plates. After trim- ming size, many buckle plates are shop welded convenient for shipment the shipyard. The tops and bottoms the buckle plates that form the trough- like channels slope deg., leaving place for oil collect. Cleaning greatly facilitated, only the face plates the webs and the flanges the web brackets have blind surfaces the front. Emergency repairs can made when necessary the usual riv- eted construction, buckle plate the same form can fabricated welding several plates together. proposed all-welded tanker, about 1050 separate buckle plates possibly two three sizes are required boat 495 ft. long, with tank capacity about 5,530,000 gal. Scale Model Unfractured 131 Ft. Water Head The hydrostatic test scale model flat tank with sides formed buckle plates resulted, stated the previous report, leaks nor fractures head 131 ft., the limit the test facili- ties. 48-ft. head required meet American Bureau Shipping requirements for tank construction. The experimental test set-up head, the first sign flaking the brittle whitewash with which the model was coated was observed the point where the buckle plate was welded the left inside the frame the concave side the model. further flaking the whitewash was observed until ft. head, the flaking in- creased downward from the origi- nal point, and also began the right inside the frame the side the model. The flaking continued 100 ft., which head, the white- wash also began the convex side, the point where the buckle plate was welded the left inside the frame. 115 ft. head, the top buckle plate the concave side began bulge, and this phe- nomenon was accompanied white- 7—Before the hydrostatic test, stress measurements were taken various heads water. The longest and shortest rods indicate the points and lowest stress, respectively. . IG. Side view of 1 + + ) | ale ank scaie AY i piece > pper 3 — 4—This schematic drawing shows the bulkhead system wash-flaking the same buckle plate the angle between the channel section and the top ellipti- cal section. the same time, the bottom buckle plate the concave side began bulging, with white- wash-flaking the angle between the channel section and the bottom elliptical section. 120 ft. head, bulging and flaking the whitewash continued the same points observed 115 ft. head, and the center buckle plate the concave side the model also be- gan bulge outward. 125 ft. head, the entire concave side slowly attempted take the form one large convex bulge, with the bulge the center the middle buckle plate being out about in. from its original position. this occurred, the sides the model bowed in, causing the channels the convex side the bulkhead bulge out their ends. 131 ft. head, the highest head water general arrangement the proposed tanker. obtainable, which was held for about half hour, the bulkhead assumed the shape shown Figs. and The model was made 0.20 per cent carbon steel, 3/16-in. thick, with yield point about 41,000 per sq. in. and strength about 68,000 Be- fore the hydrostatic test, stress measurements means Huggenberger extensom- eters various heads water find the point highest stress the buckle plates. Stress models from data taken these prelim- inary tests, with rods showing stresses various points the buckle plate (Fig. 7), were ex- hibited before the water head test destruction the model tank. The longest rods indicated the points highest stress and the shorter rods showed the points lower stress. the model tank, three buckles were used that the outside buckles would simulate the type connection that the center buckle would have actual service. the experimental set-up, the bulges were placed that the same pres- sure would exerted the con- cave side the one case and the convex side the other. New Stainless Steel Book Now Available rapid strides made the technology stainless steels are exemplified the much enlarged and partially rewritten second edi- tion the “Book Stainless. Steels,” edited Ernest and now offered for sale the American Society for Metals, Cleveland. great amount the new mate- rial, heretofore unpublished, ap- pears the chapter arc weld- ing high-chromium irons, Hodge and, also, the chap- ters various types castings which was written Jones. Many additional data are incor- porated the section devoted per cent chromium and per cent nickel alloys, and the chapter requirements the petroleum refineries has been revised Dixon. Although these changes are the most conspicuous, most the other chapters have been altered conform discoveries and new developments which have appeared since the publication the first edition. Bantam Ball Bearing Adding Plant Bantam Ball Bearing Co., South Bend, Ind., has placed contract with Platz Gill, South Bend contractors, for addition plant. Schneider architect. The new unit will enlarge the company’s floor space per cent, and line with general ex- pansion program based the as- surance sharply increased bear- ing orders from customers the automotive, steel mills, machine tool and allied industries. addition increasing floor space, the company has recently augmented its mechanical facili- ties for the handling machining, heat treating and grinding over per cent, and further develop- ments are being planned this connection the present time. THE IRON AGE, June 1935—23 iv- ite \Z ~] 3 | | | A 4 Modern Materials for High Pressure TEN fifteen years ago boiler plate with tensile strength 75,- 000 lb. per sq. in. was not believed fit for fabrication. Common opinion label such steel hard, but currently there general opinion that the 55,000 minimum tensile strength steel, equal specification S-1 the American Society Mechanical Engineers Boiler Code, losing its popularity, heavy walled shells. Sometime ago, designers turned from butt-strapped joints fusion welded beams, and with welding which the process riveting did not demand. Fabricators realized and welding experimenters discov- ered that large sections heavy plates some lack uniform- ity chemical composition pre- sented problems obtaining duc- tile welds. Therefore, the in- troduction the metallic arc, the steel manufacturers found them- selves confronted with demand for more uniform steel permit acceptable welded joints. The demand for more uniform base metal was naturally followed extensive experimentation and development welding technique and procedure. Next the carbon content the boiler and firebox grades steel was limited 0.35 per cent maximum. This restric- tion, although seemingly natural one from the fabricating group, made practically necessary that duced open rimming steel, and required killed deoxidized steel which process the carbon content could maintained more uniformly from end end large plates, thereby offering the welder for his seams more homo- geneous and uniform edges. *Abstract paper presented before the annual meeting National Boiler and Pressure Vessels Inspectors, Chi- cago, May 16. 24—THE IRON AGE, June 1935 ° P.McALLISTER Lukens Steel Co., Coatesville, Pa. Demands for higher boiler pres- and meet overcome some re- strictions fabrication the boiler code adopted two new higher ten- sile steels, namely, specification S-26 and specification S-27, respec- tively calling for 70,000 lb. per sq. in. minimum tensile strength for plate material and including in. and over in. and including in. This action was decided step forward, recog- nized the advisability higher strength material good ductility and Many tons plates have been rolled and numerous heads have been flanged this so-called high- tensile grade. Success date has been rewarded increasing de- mand for this 70,000 lb. per sq. in. minimum material. Alloying Adopted The next step developing plate material presented new angle: welding technicians advised against higher carbon, meet the still pressing requests strength, alloying elements have had added the plain carbon analyses. The properties plain carbon steel, through long usage, have become fairly well known have its economic limitations. How- ever, with the advent and sometimes singular properties inherited from contained alloy, boil- and pressure vessel plate and head material presents new eco- nomic aspect for consideration. When planning alloys for plate ma- terial, the first incentive pro- duce higher strength without un- proportional loss ductility. High strength sufficient increments naturally permits decided de- crease thickness and weight, and thereby presents for comparison saving purchased weight. The use alloy steel may perhaps economically justified when due consideration given such factors decreased purchased weight, reduced trans- weight material both the unfab- ricated and the fabricated state, possible lower shop costs due the welding thinner shell sec- tions, and the metallurgical ad- vantages derived from contained elements. Prevailing fabricating methods and must given due regard new steels. Little, any, advantage would result from superior quality alloys fabrication and welding could not carried out with suc- cess. All designs today, which follow the code construction either The American Society Mechanical Engineers American Petroleum Institute, are based safety stresses ordinary steel are used engineering data. Much work done prove that higher strength, properly balanced alloy steel can present the designer permissible stresses above those now set down for plain steel. joint committee work and shortly believed that new and higher allowable working stress tables will adopted, thereby per- the higher physical properties. fair and safe, much technical data must collected and sum- marized order that designing engineers, operators and inspect- ing groups may have confidence the values. From judiciously mixed single alloys one should expect some combinations several the fol- lowing properties above those ob- tained ordinary plate stock. | | and Pressure (a) High strength elevated temperatures. (b) High impact resistance upper working temperatures. (c) Definitely improved creep and firebox made nickel alloy steel for one the new high-speed streamlined steam more and Lady Baltimore, the Baltimore Ohio Railroad. These per sq. in., with stress carried only the steel. All welds were X-rayed (d) Good sub-zero impact rat- ings. (e) Added resistance some corrosive media. (f) Better fatigue results. The steel metallurgist has been locomotives carry 350 Each vessel mea diameter, and were fabricated from the largest corrosion-resistant clad metal 118 in. width, in. and 9/16 in. thickness, with per cent forced select suitable alloying elements provide some these improvements large plate form. The automotive engineers have had their command for years many alloy combinations, and tube ives, the Lord Balti- iler pressure. 4 = working pressure 100 ures ft. length and in. rolled. The plates measured dding one surface. THE IRON AGE, June 1935—25 pressure vessels fabricated from nickel-clad steel. The vessels were designed buyers likewise have had fairly broad field from which select. Remembering this fact that the production small parts does not present the hazard that mass does, vessel and boiler material must come from alloy analyses which can readily produced and constructed. mal effect large and heavy sec- sequently, shell and materials are today available alloy steels which are not sensitive the various stages making and shap- ing. Thus the fear hazardous workability must not foremost. Note should made here that for welded construction, the codes have listed among acceptable specifica- tions only plain carbon steel for shell fabrication and, however sig- nificant this fact may be, the day not far distant when several al- loy combinations must become es- sential parts material specifica- tions. High strengths are not their maximum and the welding art has changed its acceptable standard, will limits pressure, temperature and base material; and the next great step will un- doubtedly base material hav- ing minimum 100,000 lb. per sq. tensile strength. The de- mands are present, the methods production and fabrication are progressing and developing ex- safely being gathered the edge needed for achieving this goal. previously, alloying elements for plate construction must not, for sensible fabrication, exhibit pronounced air hardening characteristics. The application treatments are not always advisa- ble; quenching and tempering and long time furnace annealing are al- accompanied out flat- ness and warpage, making plate fabrication difficult, not impos- sible. Therefore, existing devel- opments, steels are being offered which have the improved qualities the “as rolled” condition. Keep- ing this problem foremost, the full benefit all the nonferrous ele- ments cannot had. Equipment some extent limits the produc- tion the more alloys re- TABLE Chemical and Physical Properties Per Cent Nickel Steel Plates Analysis Yield Tensile Elongation, 0.13 0.52 0.20 2.10 52,500 76,000 28.00 0.16 0.56 0.21 2.25 44,000 75,000 28.50 0.16 0.57 0.25 2.08 W% 47,000 75,600 26.00 0.17 0.66 0.23 2.23 49,300 26.25 0.16 0.56 0.21 2.25 46,600 75,500 29.00 0.18 0.68 0.19 2.90 47,800 79,000 23.70 TABLE Charpy Impact Values Ft.-Lb. for Per Cent Nickel Steel Plate Analysis 0.16 0.62 0.18 2.22 1 31-33-35 17-22-23 As rolled 0.15 0.49 0.19 2.03 31-29-34 19-21-22 rolled 0.16 0.48 0.19 2.10 9/16 39-39-39 32-32-30 rolled 0.18 0.54 0.19 2.10 15/16 35-38-36 20-24-20 rolled 0.18 0.66 0.24 2.2 32-35-35 18-22-20 rolled TABLE Chemical and Physical Properties Manganese-Vanadium Plates Analysis Yield Tensile Elongation, 0.15 1.40 0.20 0.13 59,800 87,200 24.00 0.15 1.40 0.20 0.13 Ww 63,600 92,600 20.00 0.16 1.43 0.22 0.10 1, 65,000 89,600 22.75 0.16 1.43 0.22 0.10 61,700 93,600 20.00 0.15 1.40 0.20 0.13 ig 62,600 92,000 24.25 0.16 1.43 0.22 0.10 64,600 92,000 23.50 TABLE Chemical and Physical Properties Cromansil Steel Plates Analysis Thick- Yield Tensile Elongation nessin Point Lb. Strength Lb. Per Cent Inches per Sq. In. In. 0.12 1.12 0.030 0.017 0.55 0.54 0.12 1.12 0.030 0.017 0.55 0.54 0.14 1.26 0.035 0.022 0.77 0.47 0.21 1.17 0.014 0.024 0.72 0.47 0.14 1.24 0.018 0.76 0.47 0.20 1.28 0.027 0.018 0.73 0.52 4 60,000 80,400 25.00 47,100 76,300 27.00 55,600 80,200 26.50 53,200 85,600 20.00 45,600 77,400 21.25 54,000 88,200 22.75 26—THE IRON AGE, June 1935 quiring special treatments, but with the hoped-for industrial expansion will not retarded. Nickel, chromium, silicon, molyb- denum and vanadium are the com- mon alloying elements which have been used with remarkable success. use small percentages, steel makers have been able produce some the qualities which should expected from higher base price material. One the chief outstanding metallurgical advan- tages the use the elements mentioned the maintaining high strength substituting one more these elements for in- creased percentages carbon. Thus, with the so-called low alloy content steel, carbons need not ex- ceed even reach the limit maximum 0.25 per cent, used 55,000 per sq. in. tensile strength steel, produce tensile values over per cent higher than this figure. This advantage un- doubtely attractive the weld- ing engineer. Unfortunately there has existed the minds some users sus- picion feeling mystery about alloys. The metallurgical benefits from contained elements need only some understanding alleviate such suspicion. Some regard for the properties imparted may slightly change fabricating meth- ods, but not such degree that any ordinarily well equipped welder need fear his ability construct. Nickel, chromium, silicon, are used improve the steel, not make more mysterious. Stiffness but long brittleness does not accompany the higher strength, the resulting toughness advan- tage. All tonnage date has been preceded experimental work and would not amiss discuss few the rather recently used alloy materials which have proved themselves worthy the confidence intrusted them. Locomotives Use Nickel Steel Two per cent nickel steel with carbon under 0.20 per cent, pio- large locomotive pro- gram, has se