The Iron Age 1935-04-11: Vol 135 Iss 15

FRITZ FRANK, President J. H. VAN DEVENTER Editor Managing Editor News Editor Machinery Editor Editor Emeritus Washington Chicago Cleveland Pittsburgh Detroit Boston Cincinnati 239 West 39th St., New York Contents April 11, 1935 Uncle Sam Business Man Steel Inspection Methods and Limitations Reconditioning Pickling Solutions Electric Aids Precision Rolling Steel Will Change Motive Power Revolutionize Railroads? Late Returns from Laboratory and Design Assures Alinement Chucking Machine Units Activities Bearing Machine Tools Distribution. New Equipment March Ingot Output Personals and Obituaries 38C Automotive Industry ... Statistics Metal-Working Activity. Construction and Equipment Buying Products Advertised ... 118 Index Advertisers BAUR, General Advertising Manager DIX, Manager, Reader Service Member, Audit Bureau of Circulations IDVERTISING STAFF Emerson .Findley, 311 Union Bldg.. Cleveland B. L. Herman. 675 Delaware Ave.. Buffalo N. Member, Associated Business Papers ~ublished every Thursday. Subscrip- H. K. Hottenstein, 802 Otis Bldg.. Chicago Owned, Published and Copy P d and C pyrighted tion Price: United States and Pos- Peirce Lewis. 7310 Woodward Ave.. Detroit 7 : by sessions, Mexico, Cuba, $6.00; Can Charles Lundberg. Chilton Bidg.. Chestnut & 4 ada, $8.50, duty; Foreign 56th Sts.. Philadelphia. $12. a year. = = py = W. B. Robinson, 428 Park Bldg.. Pittsburgh W. C. Sweetser, 239 West 39th St.. New York CHILTON COMPANY Cable Address, ‘‘Ironage, N. Y."’ D. C. Warren, P. O. Box $1, Hartford. Conn. (Incorporated) Executive and Publication Offices, Chestnut and 56th Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. ‘ A. MUSSELMAN, President FRITZ FRANK, Executive Vice-President FREDERIC STEVENS, Vice-President JOSEPH 8S. HILDRETH, GEORGE H. GRIFFITHS, j EVERIT B. TERHUNE, ERNEST C. HASTINGS, WILLIAM BARBER, Treasurer JOHN BLAIR MOFFETT, j he" : 4 4 i 4 ‘ ; vies f 3 | 4 f We 3 7 om q ; 5 i a 4 ~ = > q . t ‘Silvery Mayari Pig Iron Pig Iron opens the way the use high percentage steel scrap high-test castings, keep the total carbon low, with- usually with this practice. Using mixtures containing from per cent Silvery Mayari, and per cent steel foundrymen are readily obtaining 6—THE IRON AGE, April 1935 castings high tensile strength, easy machinability, and uniformly high Brinell readings. Silvery Mayari specially de- veloped Mayari Pig Iron which in- chromium, nickel, manganese and silicon into the cupola mixture. Its high silicon content offsets quick freezing the molten metal and precipitates sufficient graphitic carbon make the casting easily machinable. Silvery Mayari does away with the necessity adding expensive alloys ladle spout. addition simplifying foun- dry practice, Silvery Mayari gives castings the properties for which Standard Mayari well known. Freedom from blowholes, spongy spots and even thick sections. High re- sistance heat and wear. Uniform Brinell readings throughout, both thick and thin sections. Silvery Mayari’s low cost makes its wide use practicable. The sim- plicity its application recom- now being made the following analysis: nickel, per cent; chro- mium, per cent; carbon, 2.5 per cent maximum; silicon, per cent; manganese, per cent; phosphorus, 0.10 per cent maximum. Foundrymen are invited con- sult Bethlehem foundry specialists. about Silvery Mayari and its use. simple make he a | | | BETHLEHEM STEEL COMPANY | THE IRON AGE APRIL 1935 ESTABLISHED 1855 Vol. 135, No. Uncle Sam A\s Business Man | Machinery and Allied Products Institute has recently made survey cov- ering the pent-up demand for capital equipment goods. places this demand equivalent $18 billion, sufficient absorb every unemployed worker the machinery building industries into full-time employment for the next two years. This pent-up demand represents actua! needs. measure what those charge American manufacturing plants know should done bring their properties sufficiently up-to-date insure profitable operation going price levels. course, this demand were released, could all sing Days Are Here for the depression would over, since the reemployment million, plus the secondary reemployment which would ensue from it, would take ‘care every present idle but able-bodied and willing worker. Matching this demand, which rea! one even though present, similarly caged pent-up total private investment funds and credit which could finance these requirements with ease. And private investors, who control these funds, are anxious put them work our plant are put better profit-making machines work. Why, then, the impasse? y 4 ks not because investors lack confidence business management, nor because business management lacks courage ahead. because the investor, day day, confronted with which destroy his confidence Uncle Sam business man. And investors know that matter how private business management may be, cannot succeed Uncle Sam's management the big- gest business all continues now and has the past several years. The man who through thrift has saved money and therefore has invest can- not reconcile himself the doctrine dissipation assets the deliberate depreciation equities. cannot reconcile himself unplanned spending for sake, nor the appointment overgrown but inexperienced college boys manage the handout billions visionary schemes which include, New York, the making and the teaching eurythmic dancing the unemployed. 7 ens ‘ | t | j thy ‘ Methods JOMINY Metallurgical Section Research Division, General Motors Corpn. A\nd Steel author states that which can determine whether present methods test the steel received has been made certain types steel are this process. While not uni- new testing methods are bad true that better average quality herewith steel inspection open-hearth steel, but difficult also describes methods ormity secured, becomes examining steel intended for inspection problem ‘ cluding bars for ring gear and flat leaf chassis sprina: and wire for coil ° ° ° THERE are about steel inspection tests are commonly used and many more, not directly related vealed this sheet broken during operation. service tests, which are not com- mon. addition there are almost innumerable special service tests which imitate the particular service the steel sub- obtaining these qualities. This true because the need for Despite all these tests, there are better testing methods and because many instances where inspection nearly all metallurgical inspection inadequate even useless. For applied only small percent- instance, premium paid for age the steel received. Many steel made the electric furnace the tests destroy the steel tested process, and yet there are tests and are left hope that the | | 8—THE IRON AGE, April 1935 i | | remainder the heat steel satisfactory that destroyed test. Another example steel for which there adequate inspec- tion method that for vitreous enameling. Certain materials have been satisfactory for this purpose, but one cannot assured uni- formity steel. Recently enamels have been developed which can applied some steels. plant where large tanks were fabricated and lined with vitreous enamel, was found that the enamel chipped off some the plates the tank while adhered well others. Metallographic examination revealed oxide inclusions just un- der the surface the steel the point which the enamel chipped. was found that all the plates having the inclusions just under the surface and from which the enamel chipped, came from one mill and all the good plates from another mill. The difficulty was solved using only the steel from the latter mill. New Tests Urged for Tool Steels Still another instance inade- quate inspection found tool steels. With some notable excep- tions,. these are chased brand name and not specification, methods cannot depended upon select only the steel which has satisfactory cutting life. Many other examples could given, but those enumerated suffice show that new testing methods are badly needed. course, some the above instances, service tests RIGHT AND LEFT tions have been drawn which the number inclusions per unit area are limited. Illustrations show part the General chart which this done. BELOW 5—Microstruc- tures brittle and satisfactory wire after McQuaid-Ehn treatment. could devised inspect these materials, but the cost would prob- ably prohibitive. Moreover, the relative tonnage steel repre- sented these cases small. far the greater tonnage steel and accurately inspected for its suitability for the use for which intended. The inspection methods and tests general application are: chemical analyses, spectroscopic analyses, inspection bar surface, fracture examination, deep acid etch, hardness, tensile strength, torsional strength, impact tests, bend tests, Erickson cup tests, metallographic inclusions, ture, grain size, abnormality, de- carburization, application heat TE Fig. treatment and observance per- formance, depth hardness pene- tration and X-ray examination. Inspection tests used more spe- cialized cases are corrosion resist- ance tests, creep tests, Strauss test for embrittlement stainless steels, high amperage tests for fis- sures, magnetic tests, and rate oxidation tests for temperature- resisting steels. When steel used im- portant parts, such automotive gears crankshafts, cus- tomary keep together all the tonnage from one furnace melt and give heat number, since expected that steel made from the same melt will all behave the same. only true, however, the ingot and mill practice have been proper. easily possible have steel bars from the same melt behave differently due segrega- tion carbon manganese other impurities. desirable, therefore, analyse more than one bar steel from heat, even the mill analysis known. Com- per cent the bars, but usually only six bars from carload. Com- parison these analyses will give idea the quality the melt- ing and ingot practice. examin- ing large plates used making large vessels the thickness which steel rolled into one plate, have personally observed much 0.25 per cent variation car- bon content the plate. Such variation this bar stock would (CONTINUED PAGE 59) THE IRON AGE, April 1935—9 ~ | ° ° ° ? q + | j | | | a { q ty : a j 2 Pt ‘\ () « ful a IRON AGE, April 1935 | | { | | | 2 SULPHURIC ACID pickling solutions have been widely used for cleaning steel plates and shapes that steel mills and fabricators consumed approxi- mately one-twelfth America’s 1934. Although the total use the steel industries during that year was above the 1932 and 1933 re- quirements, was still much less than what can reasonably ex- pected upon return normal busi- ness conditions. acid is, therefore, important expense item steel treatment and one which mod- ern economy can help the steel in- dustry combat rising production costs and low selling prices. spent acid pickling solution has, the past, been dis- waste by-product be- cause ferrous-sulphate such was hard purify and was very little demand. Reclamation did not justify the necessarily expensive evaporation and_ crystallization processes required for production marketable quality, except those few mills having but small quantities the waste liquor and favored with attractive selling outlet for the purified sulphate. The common disposal practice for the spent liquor has been dump into some stream other ad- jacent water. Any contained value thereby became total loss, which had added the disposal expense. Steel treaters had not SPANGLER Chemical Construction Corpn., New York worked close profit margin and willingly accepted this loss matter necessity until more recent years authorities began show increasing opposition the pollution public waters. ferrous-sulphate and its accom- panying weak acid spent pick- ling solutions are detrimental plant and fish life, some neutraliza- tion process then had em- ployed before legal disposal could the pickling steel prod- ucts, the sulphuric acid weakens until, when spent. the solution consists very weak acid and the ferrous- sulphate formed from chem- ical the consumed acid with the steel. For many years the disposal this waste solution has been serious problem with most industrial plants. How- ever, the new method de- scribed herein not only elim- inates the disposal problem but economically converts the spent liquor into strong sulphuric acid suitable for further pickling operations. The conversion accom- plished without the escape fumes, without waste, and substantial money sav- ing over other forms disposal. especially where the dumping acid liquors forbid- den. Conversion the harmful ingredients the waste liquor nullify their effects added the disposal expense, and produced added costs. result, disposal the spent pickling liquor became greater source trouble and expense than ever. the other hand, the sulphur content the spent liquor just good for making fresh sulphuric (pickling) acid sulphur ob- tained from other sources. Chemi- cal engineers have therefore sought economical means both for recov- ery value through conversion the sulphur from the waste liquor into acid, and for elimi- nation the costly disposal prob- lem. From the chemical standpoint, acid (H,SO,) simply combination sulphur trioxide (SO,) and water (H,O). Sulphur- trioxide produced the oxida- tion sulphur-dioxide (SO,) un- der certain definite conditions. Theoretically, ferrous-sulphate may oxidized into phate which turn may roasted into iron-oxide and sulphur tri- oxide. roasted alone retically However, many difficulties are en- countered either oxidizing fer- (CONTINUED PAGE 64) THE IRON AGE, April — j 4 q « 3 4 : is ap j ¢ ae - Precision ANY discussion re- cent electrical control developments must, al- most necessity, in- tubes. Just why them “tubes” question; our English drawing equipment with ree! motor controlled Thyratrons maintain constant wire IRON AGE, April 1935 ° ° HARRY WINNE Industrial Engineering Department General Electric Co. ° ° friends use much more appropri- ate term, “valves,” for that what they really are, valves which the flow current can controlled. There are many types tubes (or valves), but only three them will described, and this tension. Rolling language simple possible. These tubes are generally glass affairs, something like ordinary in- candescent lamps appearance, containing two more many them one electrode, the “cathode,” consists heated filament, again something like lamp fila- ment. have simple two-elec- trode vacuum tube having one and cold electrode ‘anode’’ (or plate), and apply sufficient voltage between the two electrodes from external source, current will flow through the tube, but only when the anode plate positive. That is, this tube rectifier. suppose insert third electrode, between the cathode and anode. long applied this grid has effect the flow current through the tube. negative with re- spect the cathode, will decrease even stop the current positive the cur- rent increases. | | } | —Part The flow current the grid it- negative, the usual condition op- eration, that extremely small amount power applied the grid can control the much larger output the tube. other words, this tube amplifier, familiar our radios and use- ful tube circuits for control pur- poses. The Thyratron Tube the just-described high vacuum “pliotron” tube, the grid poten- tial has complete control the situation all times. Now, tube have different state affairs. has now become tube, and the grid has lost some its control. the maintained negative with respect the cathode about volts more, current will flow. That is, the grid can prevent the current from starting. But once the current begins flow from anode cathode, the grid power- less stop it, because ionization the mercury vapor. But the anode current stops, the grid can prevent its starting again, tell when start. apply al- ternating current between anode and cathode, since this rectify- ing tube and current can pass only one direction, the flow auto- matically ceases alternate half cycles, and this gives the grid chance regain control. Then apply negative po- tential the grid for the first half the positive half-cycle, current will flow for only one-half the time that would with and the average value the recti- fied current will reduced one- half. applying alternating potential the grid, the same frequency the anode potential, LECTRON tube devices are being employed in- creasingly steel mills. They are used maintain constant tension reeling wire, control lighting, and flag limit switches rod shears, plate mill tables, auto- matic sheet catchers and other equipment. one plant they are arranged permit control soaking pit covers from the crane cab. Photo- electric pyrometers can set for indicating and recording the temperature tubes passing through seamless lap-weld mill, rails, sheet bar and other Electron Tube materials; furthermore, the arrangement may include means prevent piece from entering the mill unless its temperature with- addition applications, Mr. Winne describes briefly the characteristics three different types electron tubes, namely the va- cuum, the Thyra- tron; and the phototube, his article, THE IRON AGE March 28, paae dealt with the use Selsyn devices, electric gages, and draft gages. and shifting the phase the grid potential with respect the anode, can vary the time conduction from zero the full half cycle. these Thyratron tubes—a pair order rectify both halves the a-c. wave—to supply power from a-c. source the armature d-c. motor, can control the current input and the speed that motor adjusting the phase angle the grid voltage. simple means doing this provide resistance-reactance bridge cir- cuit supply the grid. Then varying the reactance, the phase angle the grid voltage can shifted. The variable reactance may consist coil with mov- able inner core. application Thyratron speed control reeling wire from high-speed wire-drawing block, where desired main- tain constant tension the wire going the reel. The reel driven d-c. motor, supplied with power from Thyratron tubes. The wire carried from the die the reel over system pul- leys such that loop the wire supports the core the solenoid which controls the tubes. The weight the core, combina- tion weight and springs, ad- justed give the desired tension. operation the core will float, taking position which gives the motor just enough voltage cause run the proper speed. The same system loop control may applied continuous tim- ing machines, similar equip- ment. The Thyratron tube makes excellent relay, acts within one-half cycle, and its output controlled power may many amperes, whereas that Pliotron tube limited milliam- peres. THE IRON AGE, April 1935—13 — 7 \ : 4 A. | | (3 ‘ 4 eg . phototube, sometimes called the “electric has two cold cathode, which gives off electrons when light falls it. Caesium commonly used. With potential applied from anode cathode, the current flow will depend coated with substance through the tube the amount light flux falling the cathode, and proportional it. The current which flows, how- ever, only few microamperes even high illumination, too operate any mechanical relay. call our friend the Pliotron tube amplify this cur- rent and pass either mechanical relay Thyratron tube which turn may motor, solenoid, valve, what- not, Phototube Electric Eye The phototube has steel mill. may em- ployed control lights, turning them when needed, and off when natural light sufficient, resulting both better illumination and flag limit switch has many advantages. Mechanical flag switches mill are endless IRON AGE, April 1935 source trouble. They are either pounded heavy pieces metal, there difficulty operating them from thin sheets and strip. With phototube flag switch there more wear and tear the light beam hit ingot than tin foil; and the sheet tin foil will operate the flag just cer- tainly will the ingot. Standard equipments will operate light flashes 1/10 sec. less, they ABOVE grams current nput line ontrolled by Thy- ratrons. Note the range adjustment btainable. RIGHT IG. 3—Standard photoelectric lay equipment, with over oved. are amply fast for flag switch ser- vice. light beam takes space, and phototube flag switches can installed where there room for the mechanism me- chanical switch. Phototube flag limit switches have been installed mill shears, plate mill tables, automatic sheet mill catchers, ore hoists, pipe facing machines, and many other applications. some cases, the phototube actuated directly the radiation from hot metal. This only feasible the temperature the order 1500 deg. F., more. others, the metal in- tercepts beam light passing between light source and the Use phototubes control cir- cuits replacing control cables light beams. least one plant, the soaking pit covers are controlled from the crane cab through phototubes mounted the wall and light sources mounted Master switches the which turn actuate the photo- tubes the wall, and these then pass the word the magnetic control panels for the pit cover motors. the Photoelectric Pyrometer The measurement tempera- ture difficult problem. cannot measure directly length, weight, volume, but instead must measure some other property matter which varies with its temperature, and use criterion, The energy radiated from body increases with the temperature, and the amount this radiation used optical and radia- tion pyrometers measure the tem- perature, Fortu- nately, the phototube responsive the radiation from hot black body tem- peratures above 1400 deg. and, therefore, used the actu- pyrometer for tem- peratures above this value. The photoelectric pyrometer essentially phototube suit- able housing, amplifying tube, and indicating tube furnish direct current for the equipment, and voltage regu- lating tube, are usual accessories. The phototube mounted metal housing, shown Fig. with aperture through which “looks the body whose tem- perature measured. The radiation reaching the tube causes let certain amount cur- rent flow through it, and the ampli- fying circuit causes proportional current pass through the indi- Zero-temperature (tube cating recording meter. These are calibrated read degrees Since the response the tube depends the total amount radiation receives, essential that the mounting placed that the “field vision” the tube entirely covered the hot metal whose temperature measured. Also, must receive enough radiation that will give proper indication. For ex- ample, for temperature 2000 deg. F., with the tube ft. from LEFT 4—Phototube switch use automatic sheet catcher. BELOW 5—Photoelec- tric pyrometer equipment. straw Threaded for focusing Aperture adjustment Vernier adjustment for the metal, the minimum area metal which will give adequate re- sponse approximately sq. in. The phototube makes very sen- sitive pyrometer for temperatures within its range, for its response varies about the tenth power the variation temperature. the calibration checked rea- sonable intervals accuracy plus minus deg. can maintained. One advantage the photoelec- (CONCLUDED PAGE 66) THE IRON AGE, Aoril — | 4 HIS the second two articles the relation motive. power current in- novations railroad equip- ment. The author concludes that displacement steam power oil-electric power will restricted and spe cialized rather than sweeping. |—Light train comprising streamlined steam locomotive and double coach, designed intended for speeds MUCH the impetus the trend toward in- ternal combustion mo- for railway motive power units this country has been based the developments abroad, and have been prone accept isolated in- CVO stallations marine and railway work representing definite ac- complishment that perfection service which has come asso- ciated with steam power. Unfor- tunately these expectations have not been fulfilled, either from the standpoint dependability economy operation. The devel- opments the last few months have given some actual results which railroad men must analyze with great care before embarking too involved program Dieselization. tural stiffness necessary stand Marine installations under the pulling and buffing most promise for the Diesel motor. shocks inherent railroad opera- is, therefore, significant ob- The results which have been ob- tion. The steam locomotive has serve the trend toward the replace- tained stationary and marine set standard for dependability ment comparatively recent Die- practice with Diesel power cannot service which, over sel units with steam power. always duplicated railroad range railroad operation, 1926 the Royal Mail Steam Packet service. marine and stationary difficult match. Co. built 22,000-ton ship, the As- work possible provide ample foundations for the Diesel unit, and the section and weight the details can made great the conditions i railroad work, however, the designer limited the charac- teristics the railroad for wheel load, clearances, etc. This, coupled with the fact that the Diesel motor only one part very complex mechanism, the complete unit being tor, introduces complications not encountered other fields. Many Cylinders, diam. 460 mm. (18} in.) stroke 750 in.) Diese aie me : asi i Boiler working pressure 20 kg. per sq. cm. (284 Ib. per sq. in.) el motors used in rail units heating surface, tubes and flues 137 sq. metres 1,474-1 sq. {t , the conditions which railroad Grate area sq. metres (29 for strength only will, many 3—Another streamlined high-speed locomotive cases, fail provide that struc- IRON AGE, April 1935 J y | ; Hensch 100 Sohn G., Kassel, 100 miles hour. Germany. The locomotive can used either end, and Motive Power the ° ° ALCOCK Lima Locomotive Works, Inc. turias, and the next year followed with duplicate, the Alcantara. These were built Harland Wolff, Ltd., powered with Diesel motors 20,000 hp. London Engineering October 12, 1934, carries very interesting account the replace- Coupled wheels, diam. Carrying wheels, diam. Wheelbase, rigid .. ; be total engine . Weight of engine, empty 2,300 mm. (7 ft. 6 1,100 mm. (3 ft. 7 Ahesion weight Water capacity Fuel « apacity 4-6-4 type) now under construction abroad. 5,100 mm. (16 ft. 8} in.) 14,350 mm. (47 ft. 1 in.) 98 metric tons (97 tons 9 cwt.) in working order 126 metric tons (124 tons) 54 metric tons (53 tons 3 cwt.) 16-5 cu. metres (3,630 gallons) 5 metric tons (4 tons 18 cwt.) ment the propelling machinery these two vessels, from which the following quoted: tecently the the South American service have called for in- creased speed, and was course necessary provide the additional power required at the lowest cost con- sistent with high operating efficiency and the least possible time. These requirements did not permit the ma- chinery spaces broken into, the position the shafting altered, and the solution this very interesting problem marine engi- neering, arrived between the owners and the builders, was to employ geared turbines with the existing shafting and fit new Johnson water tube boilers de- signed for working pressure 450 per sq. in. with integral high temperature superheaters were applied, with Parsons triple expansion turbines. The exigen- cies the service referred was the introduction into this service German vessels, steam powered, which were faster than the motor- ized ships. order compete successfully was necessary for the owners the vessels make the conversion. Inasmuch the original motor installation applied represented the most recent devel- opment the Diesel art the time the vessels were built, would seem though only con- siderations the most serious na- ture would have justified the ex- pense entirely new steam power plant such short space time. Lipetz, consulting engineer for the American Locomotive Co., paper which read before the Canadian Railway Club, prop- erly called attention the diffi- culties operating single loco- motive special design, whether steam Diesel, owing its being different from all others, and the difficulty fitting into the regu- lar and sometimes conservative conditions operation and main- tenance. Any criticism this kind, how- ever, would not apply the Diesel trains purchased the Railways. These trains were three cars each, the front car having the power unit, designed for 820 hp., with electric transmission. After were service for maximum weeks they were all removed from service, according state- ment issued the Dutch press Ir. Hupkes, superintendent rolling stock. The troubles encoun- tered have been matter much controversy the Dutch press, the principal trouble being that when the trains were operated com- paratively slow speed, some- times necessary even the trains are designed for high maximum THE IRON AGE, April up is ~ a q u t a 7 speed, the characteristics the Diesel engine equipment and the electrical equipment were not prop- erly inter-related. The trains are all being rebuilt. The experience the Canadian National Railway the operation the high horsepower articulated locomotive ably the best measure what may expected the operation such locomotive under our own conditions. Gage, chief elec- trical engineer, went into this quite extensively article entitled Traction the Cana- lished Aug. 10, 1934. that time the articulated units had been dis- connected, one being the shop for reconditioning, and the other working separately. sions were expressed follows: “The indications the Cana- dian National are that the most useful oil engine the future locomotive from 600 800 bhp. capacity.” German Experience survey actual operations Diesel equipment either land marine work would complete without consideration what the Germans are doing. The Flying Hamburger was, course, the prototype this type equip- ment. The latest information what German engineers are de- veloping, and the extent which the German Railways are giving consideration motive power Direktor Ing. Litz made before the sixth technical session the Interessen Mining Association Dec. 29, and the address which Prof. Dr. Ing. Nordmann made before the German Mechani- cal Society Aug. 193 study these statements indicates that although careful investigation made all forms internal combustion units, now the na- tional policy encourage the use coal instead oil. The pub- lished account the addresses these gentlemen states: The Flying Hamburger was the first establish regular service involving speeds 160 km. (99.4 per hour, for the transport 100 passen- gers, and its immediate success led many believe that further develop- ments high-speed rail transport could be attained only by motoriza- tion. The experience of the last two years ha shown, however, that the steam locomotive capable de- velopment for speeds and load meeting all requirements for many years Nor does this require the use extra-high pressure, turbine, pulver- ized coal, or other special types of locomotives designed primarily to im- prove thermal economy and involving more or less radical departure from established Existing standard types locomotives can construction. developed organically and stream- lining for speeds 175 km. (108.7 miles) per hour express, and miles) per hour goods service Streamlined Steam-Power Train result their experiments with all forms motive power, the German State Railways had Henschel Sohn G., Kassel, de- sign articulated train with 1-4-2 type steam locomotive, illus- tration which permission the Railway Gazette reproduced herewith, Figs. and The haulage this train with 128 seats said show lower per seat cost than the Flying Hamburger. The schedule which normal speed 150 km. (93.2 miles) per hour, rising 160 km. (99.4 miles) per hour for short dis- tances. The present tendency toward Germany, however, greater seating capacity, and permission the Railway Gazette London there reproduced type high-speed tank locomotive, two which are under construc- tion for the German State Rail- ways Henschel Shon, G., Kassel. Special steam locomotives are also being the Borsig Locomotive Works, and Krupp. The experience the German State Railways with the cost these various types motive power parallels our own experience here. his address Dr. Litz stated that for the cost two cars like the Flying Hamburger the railway could purchase complete train consisting steam locomotive and five six special coaches with per cent higher power and cor- respondingly seating capacity. Fetters, general mechani- cal engineer, address the Railway Club Pittsburgh 24, 1935, outlined the record- breaking trip which the Union Pa- streamlined train made from coast coast and concluded with this statement: order cross the continent with only $70 worth fuel was neces- sary make large investment the total power plant, consisting the Diesel engine and the electrical transmission system electric transmission only per cent ef- ficient the best power output, and the losses may run per cent per cent times. While the man- ufacturers have supplied substantial Diesel engine weighing lb. per bhp., for electrical equipment transmit the engine power the wheels. Until the manufacturers electrical equipment can improve (CONCLUDED PAGE + — 114 Tuees 1-5$4/1-751 } ° | — 6' 1034 (2100) — 14/1250) — 9' 6/2600) — — — — @'10% (2700) —— love (2700) — — 24'/2500)— — 34! $49" (10500) — — — — — -_—— — — — — + view streamlined tank locomotive with inside cylinders and ft. in. diameter coupled wheels for high-speed service. IRON AGE, April 1935 — —9'8"(2980) — -——— UTION tion, presented THE this Multiply times and becomes por- trait the United States America. Two per cent all these people have incomes, purchased through savings, $3000 year more. The ninety-eight per who have less control the tempo indus- fry, business, agriculture through their ability satisfy their wants and needs. turn, the ability our social order increase the satis- faction the wants and needs this group will shape the destiny Government and the fate private institutions. That why our eyes and our ears are being besieged multitude plans for achieving economic renaissance. Stripped their all them simmer down one simple objective. broaden the distribution wealth increasing the buying power the smaller incomes. fs “We — f : 3 : 1 let turn from “We the People” today and take look our grandfathers. Here have visualization how they worked what they got for it. Digging, lifting, carrying; their labors taxed the limit physical endurance. Even clerical work was laborious when had done common pen and ink bottle. The scene below conveys idea the working ways our grandfathers’ time but does not portray the working days. get visualization them, look this picture six days week for hours each day. wonder that many our grandfathers were “used the age forty. And wonder that they had little time for anything except work. = r = 4 HAT did they get for what they gave? That, too, indicated this picture. Certainly, would not enough satisfy many today and fortunately did not satisfy our grand- fathers. They, too, wanted something that today call broader distribution wealth.” But while most these grandfathers wore boots with bootstraps, they were too sensible try lift themselves thereby. They paid scant heed the “greenbackers” and the populists the Owens, Georges and Bellamys that day who offered them something for nothing and more for less. Instead, they put their brains work make given expenditure human effort bring larger individual returns. 4 200 GALLONS > ~ a e EFORE buying power can put effect, there must be. goods and ser- vices available for ownership Con- trast these pages with the preceding ones and realize how greatly these have been multiplied the last five six decades. They have not been created because the demands the two per cent. Unless the per cent with incomes less than $3000 per year had been able buy them they could not have been made exist. The very fact that this availables has taken place positive proof that there has been continuing broaden- ing the distribution buying power since grandfather’s time. the face this evidence, the theory the “concentration” wealth and the “elimination our middle class” punc- tured common sense. Who are the people who are now buying ten thousand low-cost automobiles each day? Before any conspiracy corral and con centrate America’s wealth could succeed, would first have suppress mass pro- duction, mechanization and the national distribution low-cost merchandise. For these are the forces that increase the buy- ing power the per cent. —_ grandfathers chose mech- anization the vehicle travel the road plenty. Their choice has been primarily respon- sible for the tremendous increase buying power that has occurred since their time. Buying power the one true measure prosperity wealth. Money not measure it. Ger- many found that out 1923, when trillion marks would not buy peck potatoes. The social value mechaniza- tion enhanced the fact that works simultaneously four con- structive ways. enlarges the number things had; de- creases the cost things; raises real wages; and increases em- ployment.* addition doing these four things which increase buying pow- and spread more evenly over larger areas population, mechan- ization does something even more important for humanity. abol- ishes physical slavery. Contrast the erect postures today with the stooping, toil-worn postures people years ago. Mechanization emancipator well wealth distributer. *To dealt with detail succeeding chapter this series. ing fat < ity cis ob: ding INETY-EIGHT out every hundred Americans have in- comes less than $3000 year. Yet one American family every father’s time, not one family 500 could afford horse and buggy. Does not that show conclusively that mechanization has proved have dollar magnifying power? This power not static. The Golden Goose mechanized wealth production capable laying eggs constantly increas- ing size and value, keep modernized. Constant improve- ment the price prosperity. these confused times, too many people are attempting talk legislate into prosper- ity. That would getting some- thing for nothing. The trouble with that not realize that must pay the price modernization secure prosperity. can only come, and stay, through cost reduction. Mark- ing price tags and wage rates will not bring it. have found that out experience and experi- And trading Democracy for Fas- cism Communism will not bring it. have found that out observation. million man-years new work. That what would re- quired America’s machinery builders they were called upon fulfill the actual needs for improved production equipment the industries the United States.* Our Golden Goose has been neglected during the past five years. needs modernizing. And the means and thus make certain larger and still larger golden eggs buying power, income and profit, are available today. Some have been too busy preach- ing bootstrap economics think about fundamentals wealth production. And others have been too frightened these preachings continue their for- mer sound policies replacement. But our creators mechanization have been busier than ever. They have made avail- able for our use, during the past few years, the means for putting industrial America upon new and unparalleled basis efficiency. private initiative, encouraged national policy, would put these avail- able means work now, would shortly absorb our surplus ment and add full third the buying power every dollar income. From recent survey Machinery and Allied Products Institute. only way that distribu- tion wealth can effected without the destruction wealth through the operation competitive system under which more goods will pro- duced lower Lewis Douglas, Wharton School, March some way were pos- sible turn out per cent more industrial goods lower price, agriculture would able buy more and there would more factory workers Henry Wallace, before House Appropriations Com- mittee, March life advances only through increasing production use every instrument Sci- ence gives us, through lowering costs and prices with conse- quent increase Herbert Hoover, March | 1 d i K \ Requirements $18.5 Billion ACHINERY and Allied Products Institute has now made public the results its detailed survey machinery requirements due “pent-up” de- mand. The MAPI survey was made di- rectly through the members its member trade associations, each which covers its separate and distinct industry and representa- per cent the volume industry production. The details concerning needed machinery replacements were con- tributed through the use sur- vey form which required details type machinery and cost, and one the remarkable aspects the survey has been the extent which minute details were given. also particularly significant that while the survey form did not re- quire company name, suggesting that identification instead might reference industry, employ- ers almost without exception re- vealed their names, and the execut- ing signatures were those presi- dents and operating vice-presidents, this particular again demon- strating the care and accuracy the returns. The further use established classification dustries and proportionate ratios has made possible present what believed highly ac- and most significant table the extent obsolescence and need for replacement machinery throughout American industry, not upon theories average life and obsolescence through in- vention, but instead upon actual figures tangible, present needs. These Are Actual Requirements These figures are machinery requirements. They take ac- count the dammed-up flood equipment business existing in- dustries apart from the machinery industries. They not include for example the broad equipment needs other durable goods industries, families, necessary rehabilitation 16,000,000 homes, requirements for industrial housing estimated $1,000,000,000, and other construc- tion needs, all which alone are variously estimated $11,000,000,- 000 and more. The figures given the following tables are for machinery and allied products alone. Per Cent Item Requirements Total Agricultural imple- Electrical machinery, apparatus, 6,060,902,423 32.63 Engines, turbines, tractors and water Foundry and machine shop products...... 7,299,830,376 39.30 Machine tools........ All other 2,554,011,900 13.75 $18,574,632,000 100.00 The total disclosed these esti- mates approximates three-fourths the official valuation all the Class railroads the United States. equivalent, round figures, nearly the full amount collected taxes the Govern- ment—Federal, State, county, city, town, village and district—for two full years. half much again, round figures, the ac- cumulated deficits the national treasury since the depression be- gan. nearly four times sought the President for work and other relief during the coming fiscal year. Would Eradicate Unemployment Sixty-five per cent $18,574,- 000,000 $12,073,000,000, which represents the pay roll cost pro- ducing machinery and equipment required the present time for modernization American plants. Here twelve billion dollar order American labor, the mine, the farm, transportation, the factory, the office. The average hourly rate pay may estimated conservatively cents the machinery industries and calculation that basis re- veals that the $12,073,000,000 pay roll would purchase 20,123,000,000 hours labor, round figures. This equivalent the employ- ment 8,000,000 workers for one year, 4,000,000 for two years. The survey figures afford in- teresting opportunity for study the sources machinery replace- ment. particular significance are the figures machinery needed the builders machinery, them- selves comprising important seg- ment the capital goods indus- tries and representing impor- tant portion the totals for all American industry. The figures THE IRON AGE, April + 4 4 > 4 Tex OMG “ revealed the survey for this source machinery business fol- low: Requirements Classified Replacement $15,471,482 Electrical equipment ......... 1,789,511 Handling and service......... 891,439 Power plant and boilers...... 1,831,373 Other machinery ...... 926,184 Total .. .$23,909,989 The study carried further results breakdown tabulating the clas- sifications needed machinery and resulting the schedule per- centages shown the following table. Worthy particular ob- servation the fact that metal working tools account for per cent this demand. Per Cent Miscellaneous machine tools* otherwise 11.00 8. Motors (electrical) ...... 9.23 4. Machinery other than ma- chine tools (not otherwise Milling machines......... 5.45 8. Power pliant and boilers... 4.93 Drills and drill press..... 4.32 10. Surface grinder........... 3.08 11. Welding equipment....... 2.88 12. Handling equipment— trucks 2.85 2.28 18. Cylindrical grinders...... 1.78 1.64 21. Power transmission....... 1.31 22. Presses (mechanical and 23. Heat treatment equipment -92 25. Generators—electric ..... 26. Polishing lathes.......... 27. Internal grinders......... 100.00 Appended its survey, MAPI lists the essential reasons why ma- chinery should bought now. They are follows: Prices are now their lowest; machin- ery cannot sold for less than sells for the present time. Increased de- mand any line industry inevitably accompanied rising prices; this inflexible working of the law of supply and demand the machinery industry no exception. Funds. Fortunately some firms have liquid funds drawing best low rate interest, none all; these funds could better invested your own plants. Some these funds may made your depreciation reserves. Furthermore, credit becoming easier. Skilled mechanics build and install machinery are more plentiful now than 28—THE IRON AGE, April 1935 they will later. Surprising may seem, skilled labor is drifting away dur- Additional Total Per Cent $15,678,549 $31,150,081 68.65 1,543,416 3,332,927 7.34 1,542,768 2,434,205 5.37 679,998 2,611,371 5.53 2,022,684 5,948,868 13.11 $21,467,413 $45,377,402 100.00 ing these depression years to other occupations, only to find they have lost much of their skill on returning to their old jobs. Machinery can installed now without disturbing plant routine. The time re- quired to install new foundations, for instance, and the consequent disturb- ance plant operation, mean relatively little slack operating periods, but constitute tremendous handicap time flush demand. Keep men the payroll busy. Many manufacturers have retained on their payrolls competent men for whom they really have had insufficient work. These men can invest full removing old machinery and aid in the installation new—a direct saving. delay delivery. Machinery usually order and design and not available from stock; generally it is manufactured order upon plans and specifications. During quiet times or- ders are given immediate attention and delivery prompt. expect prompt delivery when plants are busy is to court disappointment, delay in production and, in many cases, loss of business. Productive efficiency. must face the fact that taxes will not lower—not soon—but that they are bound higher; because production costs are climbing upward daily, codes, old-age pensions, unemployment insurance, ma- ternity welfare and other items which mark the progress of time will have their effect rising costs. Preparedness. Most urgent will the necessity decreasing costs. Plants not efficiently equipped cannot expect to se- cure business from competitors who, because they have modern machinery, are able to get the most out of each invested machinery dollar. Those oper- ating under old processes with worn-out obsolete machinery cannot fail undersold continuously. Also, we should becoming conscious the need for foreign trade; to get our share we must decrease production costs balance the lower labor standards and wages in European countries. Stilwell Urges Loan Liberalization IBERALIZATION practices order permit loans for modernization and purchases new machine tools and other manufacturing equip- ment classified productive loans instead capital loans, urged Charles Stilwell, presi- dent the National Machine Tool Builders’ Association. Because the outlays involved the purchase new machine tool equipment retooling, most manufacturers, and their bankers, have hesitated make provision for new commitments machinery and manufacturing equipment, Mr. Stilwell said. From these should excluded the automobile manu- facturers, who have led the way purchases new manufactur- ing equipment despite adverse eco- nomic conditions, and whose plants are operated upon superbly effi- cient principles speed and econ- omy. Most others, however, under pressure economizing, have al- lowed their plants reach high degree obsolescence, with the bulk the machinery that pro- duced more than $70,000,000,000 worth goods 1929 still place and operating creasing costs labor charges, frequency breakdowns and re- pair charges. “The revelation the Machinery and Allied Products Institute that pent-up demand for machinery worth eighteen and half billion dollars, together with tive payroll more than twelve billions meeting that demand, have been built during the de- pression years probably comes great shock the bankers and the financial community large,” Mr. Stilwell said. “But serves press home the fact that sub- stantial part the machinery now operation obsolete and should replaced newer equipment the interest economy and effi- cient operation. “Much the new machinery and machine tools with which build involves heavy expenditures. Very few manufacturers, after the ter- rific punishment the durable goods industry has undergone, are position finance such expendi- tures without banking help. The average banker turn versed the mysteries produc- 7 > { y tion and the methods which ef- ficient levels manufacture may maintained. This more wondered than the fact that the average industrialist not well versed many the controversial banking subjects the moment. The fact remains, however, that the average banker the man with small income expected give impetus the building industry which has been painfully lagging during recent years. Many experiments have been conducted devise ways and means providing the working- man with attractive house well- insulated, fire-resistant and light- ning and t