The Iron Age 1935-03-14: Vol 135 Iss 11

the ion ard the re- 239 West 39th St., New York 1935 Owned, Published and Copyrighted CHILTON COMPANY Executive and Publication Offices, Chestnut and 56th Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. MUSSELMAN, President FRITZ FRANK, Executive Vice-President STEVENS, Vice-President JOSEPH HILDRETH GEORGE EVERIT ERNEST HASTINGS WILLIAM A. BARBER, Treasurer JOHN BLAIR MOFFETT, Secretary FRITZ FRANK, President VAN DEVENTER Editor Managing Editor News Editor Machinery Editor Editor Emeritus Washington Chicago Cleveland Pittsburgh Detroit Boston Cincinnati Contents—March Star Salesmen Wanted. Plain Jolt Machine Jobbing Foundry Finish Helps Metal Products Lubrication Guidance Helps Hold Customers New Equipment Automotive Industry February Ingot Output News Personals and Obituaries Statistics Metal-Working Activity Construction and Equipment Buying Products Advertised Index Advertisers 140 BAUR, General Advertising DIX, Manager, Reader Service Member, Audit Bureau of Circulations ADVERTISING STAFF Member, Associated Business Papers Emerson Findley, 311 Union Cleveland Herman, 675 Delaware Ave., Buffalo, Vablished every Thursday. Subscrip- H. K. Hottenstein, 802 Otis Biig., Chicago tion Price: United States and Pos- Peirce Lewis, 7310 Woodward Ave., Detroit sessions, Mexico, Cuba, Can- Charles Lundberg, Chilton Chestnut 56th Sts., Philadelphia, Ia. C. H. Ober, 239 W. 39th 8t., New York W. B. Robinson, 428 Park Bidg., Pittsburgh W. C. Sweetser, 239 West 39th St.. New York Cable Address, ‘‘Ironage, N. Y."' D. C. Warren, P. O. Box 81, Hartford, Conn ada, $8.50, including duty; Foreign $12.00 year. Single copy Cents. ¢ ‘ or “4 kK h r in 1e 1e n- oll with Bethlehem Nuts ern company, after exhaustive tests, recently selected Bethlehem Hot-Forged, Oil-Quenched Nuts for use with alloy studs high-tempera- ture equipment for the oil fields. The tests involved exposure each nut temperature 1000 deg. for period days, under bolt loads equivalent approximately 60,000 Ibs. per sq. in. stress. medium-carbon, hot-made, oil- quenched nuts, made Bethlehem Steel Company, distorted approximately per cent (than the next best nuts), they reported. view the good results obtained with these nuts would recommend their use alloy-steel 8—THE IRON AGE, March 14, 1935 Hot-working the Hot-Forged Nut through the critical range the steel develops the highest combination strength and ductility. Threads are stronger, stand punishing wrenching stresses, shock and fatigue. over, every Bethlehem Hot-Forged Nut form dimensions, fitting closely all standard wrench openings, and with axis square with face, that the nut rests snugly against the job. Just high-temperature requirements best met the Bethlehem Hot-Forged Nut, Oil-Quenched, there are many heavy-duty applications where the Hot-Forged Nut will give exceptional service. It’s the logical nut for punishing tasks. the tandard with against Nut, vy-duty will cal nut MARCH 1935 ESTABLISHED 1855 Vol. 135, No. Star Salesmen which are recognized and accepted basic successful sales management. are some fundamental principles One these make and maintain proper contacts with influential prospects. Another exercise good judgment pro- portioning the expenditure sales eneray. not good management permit your competitor monopolize contact with your most customers, men whose buy- ing decisions could make break your busi- ness. Nor would good management keep star salesmen gunning for ten-dollar orders when their aim and ammunition are eaually capable bagging ten thousand dollar ones. Elementary, isn't it? Then why you not apply these principles the most important selling job that you have had probably ever will have do; sales job that will determine, unquestion- ably, the future fate your business? Let's consider what has happened bring this sales opportunity about. There was time when your volume and profits were determined the develop- ments seller and buyer relations. That was before the depression. the NRA, with the transfer control industry and hence your volume and profits into Administrative branch Government. And now, the sadly plucked Blue Eagle pre- paring fly away, comes another transfer control; not back again seller and buyer, but Congress. Make your mind that there where final decisions governing your volumes and your profits are going made for some time come. Your competitors, the L., well all the other anti-initiative, anti-indus- try, anti-business groups, who preach the doctrine essential conflict between em- ployer and employed, recognize this fact. And they are virtually monopolizing the con- tacts with men whose decisions will make break your business. Right now, these competitors yours have several hundred their star salesmen work selling Congressmen, through indi- vidual contact, the 30-hour week idea, the Wagner-Lewis bill, social security program that but ten per cent thought out, new teeth for 7-a, prevailing wage rates for relief work and long list other high-priced products. These salesmen, your competitors, are out after billion-dollar orders while you are con- centrating ten-dollar ones. They will get the order unless you get busy, and will because superior salesmanship. Industry should organize its star salesmen every community, now, personal sales campaign devoted individual men. Sell them the fallacy your competi- tors' 30-hour week and the superior merit the practical idea that only producing goods can all enjoy them. Get these Congressmen visit your plants and talk your workmen that they will come realize that mutuality interest, not onism, the philosophy fostered. Here, indeed, sales campaign involv- ing billions future volumes, wages and profits which should intrique the livest star salesmen our industry! We = tye the, = 4 AS — | 9 < Se 7 TION molding methods the field, noted the heavy industrial area in- closed rough triangle drawn from Boston Winni- peg, south St. Louis, then back east north Boston, would indicate that, with the proportion brilliant exceptions, opportunities using valuable piece foundry equipment form the plain jolt ma- chine are often overlooked. three-part base mold showing and venting details. Sectional view closed mold underneath. IRON AGE, March 1935 general jobbing recent tour through English Midlands and the manufacturing districts the London area tends confirm this impression, though must said, that, more British jobbing foundries were air- lined than present, their super- intendents would be, most cases, alive the possibilities cost reduction this direction. Mass production everywhere lines castings has been mechan- ized extent that leaves little room for comment, but the man who receives order for one two castings from particular pat- tern, perhaps never see the same job again, has problems which are sometimes dis- couraging, that the desire introduce mechanical methods, use those already available, must suppressed. There is, principally, the ques- tion altering the customer’s pat- terns and coreboxes order make them suitable for machine molding. When order has been booked from the blueprint, that say, include patterns, cast- ings, and possibly machining op- erations, all that necessary consultation between foundry and pattern shop what should done order secure the best results the lowest ultimate cost. But when the customer sends his own patterns the foundry, de- signed that only possible mold them hand unless they are altered suit the foundry equipment, diplomacy necessary the alterations are suggested, the enmity the customer’s pat- ternmaker and probably the buyer himself, may easily in- curred. triangular base channel design, ft. overall, section throughout, and weighing about 220 lb. number these cast- ings were required, delivery match that accompanying parts \ \ \ \ 4 flanas e, dowelled to body. ‘ent \\ . \ | Vents x / 4 \\, | / NSS | > | i} nglish ‘uring tends hough more air- cases, cost Mass pecial chan- little man Same ‘uliar dis- lable, ques- pat- been that cast- ndry best cost. his de- sible they ndry sary pat- the in- sign, bout arts both the form rolled and other iron castings various shapes. the sketch shows, the lower flange the pattern was made loose, and dowel pinned the body each corner the triangle, three parted arrange- ment, suitable for molding hand any foundry thus being formed. When molded carefully, the loose pattern single sheave pulley method, cheek part rammed first, then the cope, the two clamped the board and rolled over prior making the second parting, ramming and lifting off the drag, closing, rolling back again, and forth, the item, re- garded separate unit, lost money. Careful handling skilled craftsman was required, order avoid scrap, the views the partly made and finished molds Fig. make clear. The financial loss arose from the fact that the complicated piece was part contract for heavy tonnage miscellaneous castings, all one price per pound. for time, the laissez-faire attitude of, “what lose the swings gain the round-abouts,” carried; till sudden change supervision the foundry brought about corresponding change methods. Instead the system above de- scribed, lifting plates slightly larger area than that the flasks used were molded without patterns, and cast open-sand, their central openings fitting around the base pattern the form beveled edge distance in. from the flange. The drag section the three part flask was first laid the floor reasonably level, filled with sand, rammed lightly, and struck off. The lifting plate was then lowered place, the slots provided the ends fitting over the flask guide pins insure accuracy when finally closing the mold, the plate being next tapped down close touch all over, that, the event Jobbing Foundry Practice the usual proportion brilliant exceptions, oppor- tunities the plain jolt molding machine are often over- looked the general jobbing field, states Mr. Eastham. Cases are cited where use this equipment resulted definite lowering costs. light fin being formed the lower flange, metal could flow under the plate. Plate ° ° | Plan and composite section base mold made another method hich reduced the ost some per cent. EASTHAM The loose lower flange the pattern was now laid inside the open space the plate, even distance from the feather edge, and the space between plate and flange tucked solidly full facing sand, slicked off level, and part- ing made. The main pattern being next set place, the cheek part the flask was lowered over the drag guide pins, resting the lifting plate, and forming fence round the mold. thin layer sand was then laid over the whole area, six sections light cast iron grids, claywashed, and, when placed, forming continuous grat- ~ THE IRON AGE, March 14, vee = x; } | By // / \ / / i f ‘ | / \ She | 4 | i| 1} | ; 4—Triangular base fitted for jolt machine. This method reduced the cost production further 200 per cent. ing all around the pattern, being next rubbed into the sand, their inner herringbone points close the wall the casting. The entire channel shaped space between the upper lower flanges, well the triangular opening the center the pat- tern, was next rammed the upper parting line, and the joint made, prior ramming the cope part with pop gates and riser position. The cope removed, the pattern body, after the necessary preliminaries the way. swab- bing, venting, and loosening, was drawn out, the fillets and other small details finished, the plate, with the complete cheek mold hoisted off and lowered stools, height convenient for the un- derneath finishing and fillet round- ing. The lower flange was then drawn, and the surface the mold, wherever exposed contact with metal, plumbago coated the usual way, prior assembly and pouring. General details the mold made just described are shown plan and composite sec- tion Fig. This simple and safe method molding the job reduced the pro- ductive cost per cent, took the item out the red, and would have continued the end the con- tract, had the customer not re- quested quicker delivery, thus giv- 12—THE IRON AGE, March 14, 1935 trifling alterations the pattern equipment all risk scrap, and, when the molds were jolted iron flasks indicated the view the pat- tern and drag flask the ma- chine table Fig. made the job about simple handle molding brick, besides reducing the cost production further 200 per cent, even with the added item coremaking. ing the foundryman tunity showing, without giving offence, that the job could speeded considerably, the pat- tern fitted with prints, and the inside formed dry sand cores, that the molds could made plain jolt ma- chine. Cheerfully agreed 6—Grinder stand pattern packed follow-board ready jolt drag portion mold. Noteworthy also this method the saving brute labor the man’s part, all ramming hand being abolished, several hours hard work each unit being replaced one minute’s attention valve regulate the number jolts cope and drag respectively. instances where alterations pattern equipment are out 7—Crusher base casting weighing 3200 Print 7 j ‘ \ \ / \ N > Wa / $ the question, owing design, refusal the owner’s part permit change, partial use the jolt machine can often made profitable, the example pro- vided the grinder stand shown Fig. Weighing only 375 the casting, made infrequently orders two time, costs, when rammed hand, sum money uncomfortably close the maxi- mum estimated allowance, leaving margin cover possible scrap casting. Mounted shown the machine table Fig. the drag carefully jolted green sand mold hardness, well vented, hoisted the floor and rolled over the usual way, the cope then rammed the joint hand, saving hr. was effected the drag molding operations, one minute’s jolting being substituted for the time formerly spent hand ram- ming—a welcome reduction cost 375 lb. casting. Heavy dry sand molding fur- nishes many opportunities using plain jolt machines, the fear ramming the mold unduly hard, with the risk consequent scab- bing, need not exist, but, this direction, the larger steel foundries appear leading the way, those combining jobbing business with line railroad castings being particularly well equipped many cases. Jolt Machines Hand, But Not Used The man, who, having been given the last word machines and their accessories the way flask equipment, makes effort turn them into tangible assets, visible here and there, his tenure office being generally brief. very large Eastern plant han- dling wide range work, in- cluding frequent castings weighing over 100 tons each, side bay the foundry was occupied the coremaking, loam molding, and the smaller castings required dry sand and green sand from about tons each. With the idea simplifying production, particularly the dry sand end the business, the company in- stalled two plain jolt machines, the larger table the two being ft. square, with lifting ca- pacity about tons. The flask equipment left noth- did massive cast boxes, some round, others square, with di- ameters easy stages from 100 in. Mostly made 12-in. depths, any desired height was pos- sible. Two cranes 30-ton ca- pacity each, and one tons spanned the bay, and the excellent situation was further improved the fact that the pattern shop superintendent was willing and anxious cooperate with the foundry all times. When the workmen the bay were asked why the machines were not use, they answered that the larger unit was broken down, and, never use the small one.” The foreman, when information was sought from him, replied: “They say the big one broken down, but have never And the small one: “Oh, never bother about it.” For these IG. 8—Composite view crusher base mold, showing, pattern originally made, and, straight-sided suit jolt machine after changing. So, when addition the staff was made relieve what the com- pany felt unsatisfactory condition, the new man, looking things over, saw enormous pile empty flasks diminishing sizes, stacked the ft. ma- chine table, just like the final rest- ing place the late esteemed Mr. Cheops. Visualizing the neighbor- ing Ohio River the Nile, the illusion became excellent reasons $12,000 invest- ment had become flask storage, and the smaller machine was invisible because the patterns piled and around every day. Investi- gation showed both machines first class condition, needing cleaning and oiling before becom- ing tangible assets. Following the foreman’s abrupt exit, and one the many jobs (CONCLUDED PAGE 75) THE IRON AGE, March 14, 1935—13 ally the na- th as | at Wie { HORACE WHITTIER AND HERBERT SIMONDS THE fusing old art which has come down through ries. Long associated with orna- ments and the decorative arts, its utilitarian value just becoming understood. coating for steel, porcelain enamel has many unique and valuable properties. Perhaps chief these the fact that fused coating glass-like enamel will completely and enduringly pro- tect the underlying against the corrosive effects the weather. engineer sometimes de- sign article and specify finish that entirely inadequate, not giving thought the readily available porcelain finish suitable not only for kitchen utensils, stoves, refrigera- tors, sinks, building for houses, and numerous other appli- cations, but equally well adapted for use other items such dials for clocks and for gas meters, tex- tile guides, insulated screw eyes for holding electrical wire, sun dials, oven thermometers, other thermom- eters subjected corrosion and exposure, small advertising signs, badges and automobile emblems. Many engineers continue specify instrument dials which deteriorate quickly use. Most everyone familiar with the dingy appearance some the dials found fac- tories and shops today, few IRON AGE, March 14, 1935 MALL metal parts such watch and clock faces, instrument dials and electric switch parts may effi- ciently finished porcelain enamel ona production basis. The present article describes, among other things, some the practical finishing meth- ods the Horace Co., which Mr. Horace Whittier This series metal finishing being prepared under the direction Herbert Simonds. which have the contrasting colors obtainable with jet black figures enameled dial. The Horace Whittier Co. for years has specialized the porcelain enameling dials and parts, and the following prac- tical considerations are based this company’s experience. re- cent job was the finishing dials for timer for clock company enable the company dispense with the glass disk which usually protects the ordinary dial. Porce- lain, due its nature, can read- ily cleaned and naturally works advantageously instances such this. Small dials and parts, some which are small in. di- ameter, are produced volume and handled effectively through the enameling sequence. Until few years ago this work was done small furnaces using clay flanges and the largest production would volving cycle the furnace possibly min. Now the Whit- tier company has own furnaces which are stantial size that the flanges take 200 pieces each, with two flanges each furnace. Furnace Design The furnaces are two doors—one each end, the work being introduced one end and removed the other. This means that each flange rests for time near the entrance door and then moved back make way for another entering flange. This important because the changing position brings first one side the flange toward the center the fur- nace and then the other, and thus offsets any unevenness tempera- ture the furnace. The time re- quired for putting these dials min., depending upon the type enameling. the enameling iron, more less established customs are fol- lowed. First blue grip coat enamel used, having coefficient ex- pansion which enables adhere the iron. Then the subsequent coats are the color coats, usually 4 ° ° | — 33—Porcelain Enameling Small Parts white, but many instances col- ors meet the specifications the job going through. Pleasing colors porcelain enamel are the pastel shades and they are mostly pre- ferred the manufacturers stoves, refrigerators, and similar articles. Whittier company finds that these pastel shades well with the smaller items. The dials intended for use meters are frequently enameled copper enable the manufactur- ers meters solder them their meter movements. Dials this character may cost few cents more than the unenameled dials but often these few cents may the means preserving the usefulness meter costing $15 more. Method Decorating One the problems develop- ing inexpensive and yet decorative dials with porcelain enameled fin- ish was find suitable method printing. glassy surface printing press, direct. Instead, in- direct offset methods lithography are employed. The decgration ink nothing more than enamel concentrated type known oxides. the firing such ink fused right into the enamel. Therefore one may realize that such dial will endure under all weather conditions. Courtesy, The DeVilbiss Co the coats, known automatic machine this character. The individual spindles revolve they grip coat enamels, the base metal pass the spray station, and after being coated pass through preliminary dry- must carefully prepared and ing box. THE IRON AGE, March 4 Ay Sa 2 | 4 7 4 & 4 =a assortment small vitreous enameled metal parts was selected from the varied output the Horace Whittier Co. the surface cleaned thoroughly, not only remove grease but also scale. the Whittier shop the spraying method used for cover- ing the metal. This method employs spray guns with atomizers that are adjusted for relatively high pres- sures and are operated experi- enced men knowing the exact thick- ness required. The dip method used for some jobs, but generally not exact enough meet re- quirements. Many jobs require ad- ditional firings thick coat cannot successfully fused one operation. Sometimes coats are used, but the commoner practice one grip coat and two color coats, each successive coat being separately fused. few years ago continuous furnace method was used the Whittier plant, and while opera- tion gave the impression tre- mendous volume production, but due excessive cost replace- ment belts and the extra heat required for heating the belts, the results did not warrant continuing with that method. Today the superintendent says: “We can get much production with more simple method, using large-sized flanges that are wheeled IRON AGE, March 14, 1935 the furnace door rubber tire carriages. have our own designed fork for picking these and the carriage can wheeled around the opposite side re- ceive the flange emerging from the other side, giving cycle pro- duction about equal that automatic process. Hand Printing “In printing use the hand method, one operator doing ap- proximately 1500 1800 pieces per day. The presses are all hand operated and the inking also done hand, giving fineness workmanship that cannot had mechanical methods. True craftsmanship, many instances, requires hand methods and until the time comes when are con- vinced that mechanical means have been developed whereby can get the same results, feel much better continue with our present method than depend upon mechanized method that will not produce the quality now get. Even present the cost our printing does not average more than per item. “For large printing feel con- fident that lithography, possibly the screen process, poster work, could employed. However, have not specialized larger work. When have larger sign employ the stencil method, well known the manu- facture porcelain enamel signs, that requires the use double brush the background the ters, leaving the letters under the stencil.” Technique Coating Practice respect application and baking porcelain enamel differs considerably among manu- facturers. Most the processes and much the equipment are line with practice non-vitreous enameling and lacquering, which practice has been described pre- vious articles this series. Some the technical considerations mixing and vitreous enamel are discussed article “Production Enameling Iron and Le- roy Allison and Malcolm Cat- lin THE IRON AGE Oct. 1934. The experiences some other manufacturers, they apply the porcelain enamel- ing small parts, may interest- ing include this Her- bert Turk, the Porcelain Enamel q ° Mfg. Co., Baltimore, de- scribing his company’s processes applying porcelain enamel, states: “The metal base heated tem- perature varying from 1250 1650 deg. F., depending upon the nature the material and other consid- erations. This heat has the effect opening the pores the metal that when the enamel mixture applied enters the pores create inseparable bond. The contracting the metal during cooling has the effect keying the place.” Assuming that the enamel batch has been prepared the mixture frit, clay, water and other addi- tions, the process then reduces three main operations: (1) clean- ing the base metal, (2) applying the coating, (3) drying and bak- ing. Under the first heading the cleaning follows well established pickling procedure. Glenn Hutt has described the practical clean- ing operation porcelain enamel shop follows: sodium phosphate, rosin, soda ash, and sodium hydroxide held for min. temperature 200 deg. warm water held 150 deg. for min. ARGER parts are usually coated spray booths. This shows the use overhead trolley carrying miscellaneous assortment metal parts past the sprayer. 3—Immerse in an acid solution consisting per cent sulphuric acid held 150 deg. for min. again before parts soda ash and parts borax for 4 min. 6—Dry about 300 deg. for about min. Then coating applied soon after this final drying possible. This done usually with air spray, although larger pieces are frequently dipped. Machine Coating One the equipment manufac- turers describes the automatic spraying watch dials. Here the parts are mounted spindles car- ried rotating table such way that each part revolves its own axis the table carries past the spray station. The table re- volves continuously but the motion the individual spindles stops the loading station. the parts their revolving spindles reach the coating station automatic con- trol switch causes the air spray start and then stop, ap- ply just the right amount enamel. one design machine the air spray mounted oscillating device which permits travel with the work, thus keeping the spray the center the revolv- ing dial while being coated. This said give better finish and reduce minimum the amount enamel used. For small runs job work the hand spray operated spray booth gen- eral practice. Sometimes this hand method combination with trav- eling belt even with revolving rack used speed the work. speaking methods spray- ing the DeVilbiss Co. says: “There are two basic designs employed coating machines. taking the spray guns the work, and the other, taking the work the spray guns. The former the simpler and far more widely used. For large flat objects travel- ing conveyor the guns are usually mounted over the work and arranged move automatically across the work the same man- ner operator would use hand spray gun.” Baking usually follows imme- diately after spray coating, al- though some cases drying op- eration used. The baking small parts most cases follows closely the practice the Whittier (CONCLUDED PAGE 69) THE IRON AGE, March 14, ix nis cil lu- ns, et- In us | re- ne us ; at- ier el- st- UNION SPECIAL MACHINE COMPANY LUBRICATING OIL SPECIFICATIONS Standard Test Specification Specification Specification Specification For Requirements No. No. No. Typical Straight Typical Com- Water Mineral Oil Viscosity Specific Gravity boldt Universal) Flash Point and check for Sepa- ration Fixed Oils Burning Point Spec. Spec. Color Spec. 83-82 pounded Oil White Oil 200 seconds 100° Min. 350° 237 225 390° 405° There must separation None None Min. 375° Baume Baume Color Spec. Water White Free uncom- Water White U.S. Bureau bined Hydro- Discoloration Nil Water White Oils discoloration copper strip sub- Corrosion Test merged oil hours 212°F Neutralization Maximum .10 Number Conradson Method Maximum .12 Max. A.P.I. A.S.T.M. Method Compounded Oils Fixed Oils Naphthenic Base Crude Parafine Water White None None Naph. Naph. Naph. Oils complying with our Specification No. are recommended for use where oil stains garment are not importance. Specification No. should recommended where the garments are washed. The less animal vegetable oil aids saponification. Specification No. should recommended where essential that garments must not show oil stains even after considerable storage period. were issued covering straight mineral oil, com- pounded oil and water PROBLEMS degree, but probably not ultimate impor- tance throughout the metal-working industry. manu- facturer buys machine and ex- pects from not only the work quality for which was pur- chased but also expects return his investment which tied the life the machine. Likewise, makes mechanized product, knowing the requirements his and knowing that his customers, like himself, want adequate return their invest- IRON AGE, March 1935 ments. These requirements are di- rectly affected lubrication. The Union Special Machine Co., Chicago, manufacturer commer- cial sewing machines, presents pos- sibly special case the matter machine lubrication, but its gen- eral method solution the prob- lem charts the way for many manu- facturers, not only regards their own plant operations but also pertaining their products use and hence the satisfaction their customers. discuss briefly the specific problems faced this company. the first ° Rogers Fiske Western Editor, The Age manufacturer mecha- nized products has double lubrication problem. with operations within his own plant and easily con- trolled. The second, and more difficult one, concerned with the correct lubrication his product the customer's plant. this article, the author tells how company manufacturing high speed precision machines usage its products through customer guidance with respect lubrication. place, manufactures strictly the precision field. Lubrication moving parts its products has become increasingly important recent years buyers its ma- chines have incessantly demanded speeds. Only few years ago sewing machine that oper- ated speeds from 2500 3000 r.p.m. was considered fast. Then came the drop the work week from hrs. hrs. and machine speeds went 5000 r.p.m. Now there talk 30-hr. week and more talk still higher speeds for the machines. idea the im- portance precision and lubrica- tion can derived considering that 5000-r.p.m. machine has os- cillating and reciprocating parts that reverse 10,000 times minute. ten hours operation these 25.9 25. Black Black 085 parts will reverse 6,000,000 times. Quality performance under such conditions necessitates quality manufacturing methods and equip- ment and cooperation with the buyer sewing machine equip- ment that will get the service which can reasonably expect. For many years this company has been buying the best ma- chine tools and shop equipment. Special care has always been taken keep shop tools such condition that permitted tolerances could maintained. This close attention detail led study the prac- tices lubricating the shop equip- ment. One the first things disclosed was that something more nearly automatic character was needed excessive machine wear was avoided. Accordingly, ordinary oil cups were removed from the machine tools and most instances sight lubricators were substituted. any event, wherever change was deemed advisable lubricator the reservoir type was installed, thereby assuring steady and uni- RECOMMENDED OILS FOR UNION SPECIAL SEWING MACHINES Specification 83 is « straight mineral oi! WAME OF OIL COMPANY Producer or Distributor Advanced Works, Purity Lub. Oil Alonzo K. Lynch Brooklyn, N. Y. | Advance No. 18 Associated Oil Co., Sen Francisco, Calif. Continental Oil Co, _ Dearborn Chemical Co. Fort Howe "XX" E. F. Houghton Co., Phila., and all large Union Special Oils cities of the world. McCall Frontenac, | Vesta Red Toronto, Marathon Turboline Oil Pure Oil Co, Puroco Medium Purosol Shell Petroleum Corp, Shell Albus No. 3143 Shell Oil Co. Canada, Lid. Shell Ec. Pale Oil Shell Oil Co., Rest of World _—_ Shell B. D. |. Oil Standard Oil Co. of California | Calol Special | Calol Special Wool Oil Ovonite Live Stock Oil Cycol Med. Dynamo Oil Standard Oil Co., Dist. of Col. Standard Turbine Oil Med. | H. V. White Oil Standard Oil Co. of Ind. | Stanolind Turb. Oil Med. Junior Red Eng. 82 is a compounded oil tof 86 is a water white oil BRAND TRADE Code “F" equals first choice “S" equals second choice “T" equals third choice Oll Spee. No. BRANCH SALES TERRITORY NAME OR NUMBER W.Y. Phila. Atle. Light Polarine Merusol | Superie Staini’s Tex. Oil, Standard Oil Co. Kentucky Kyso Turb. Oil, Med. Merusol Standard Oil Co. of Ohio | Stanolind Turb. Med. Oi} | Polarine Light | No. 87! Mineral Oil Standard Oil Co. of Pa. Standard Oil Co. of N. J. | Standard Turbine Oil Med. White Texas Oil Co. Vacuum Arctic Hea Etna Medium P-962 Vactra Light "X" Mixed 50-50 with Vectra Heavy Medium V. Dynamo Oil Med Water White 200-250 THE IRON AGE, March { rz | | ; vi v Vv v v v v v v v v v Vv v v Vv v v v v v } Vv | | v v 5 v | v v v v v v i V viv v Cis v HART showing recommended oils and where they can purchased 3 form supply oil throughout the full working period the machine. close check the machines disclosed points wear which special attention had previously been given. cases this kind special fittings were applied and steady supply oil was assured those points. The outcome this study that now when the Union Special Machine Co. buys new piece shop equipment pays particular attention the manu- facturer’s plan and ideas lubri- cation, and before that machine ordered the builder has agreed comply with the recommendations the buyer. This one the important means which desired tolerances are maintained. Incidentally, this valuable co- operation insofar ‘as the plant equipment builder concerned. something that should wel- come, and, fact, seek. happens that the engineers this plant have made valuable sug- gestions for curtains, wipers and lubricators for protecting the ways and gibs numerous machine tools. Servicing Lubrication the Plant The study how apply the lubricant necessitated selection the right lubricants and plan for servicing the plant equipment. Ac- cordingly, light buggy was con- structed with tray for containers the various oils needed. ser- vice man moves this buggy from machine machine, thereby assur- ing that all oil cups are kept filled with the proper lubricant. Thus responsibility removed from the operator who can give all his attention the specific work hand. When the engineers turned their attention their own products they had entirely different set problems. They designed ef- ficient lubricating would care for speeds 5000 r.p.m. and the machines could sent out the shop proper con- dition operate the satisfaction the buyer, but the company could not control the grade lu- bricant that would used there- after. Sometimes was matter the buyer using expensive oil, but one not suited the require- ments. other times, cheap and unsuitable oils were used. These sewing machines are sent all parts the world and often lu- bricant was used which was off- IRON AGE, March 14, 1935 hand guess local company, when all probability suitable grade oil was somewhere within reach. One phase the problem was the matter education, which, first thought, seemed like real stumbling block. However, turned out, the service was ap- preciated that practically effort was required put over. Oil Products Studied and Charted was expected, the first problem was determine the cor- rect type lubricant and then write its specifications. some- what astonishing that oil com- pany approached the problem refused take time carefully study the machine, but instead had one its “experts” make guess that turned out wrong. Per- haps there was little commercial inducement proposition where- oil consumption individuals was small and the market widely scattered. seemed the face things that oil company could afford make the study and survey and then develop the mar- ket real commercial basis. This state affairs forced the Union Special Machine Co. set its own laboratory and start independent investigation for the determination the lubricants needed. These were found and specifications were which were matched and noted against standard commercial grades lu- bricants made some the oil companies. Some these com- panies are more less local character, while others business all over the world. chart was drawn showing the name the oil company, its suitable brands trade names, the numbers the specifications, code signify first, second and third choice, and list the principal cities the world which were checked indi- cate that oils are stock those points. Therefore, machine op- erator Paris can refer the chart and quickly determine what oils suitable specifications can had his city. interesting point that soon after this chart was distributed there was gen- eral clamor from numerous oil companies wanting their names and products listed thereon. copy the specifications and simple educational instructions ac- company the chart. These instruc- tions are follows: “The viscosity otherwise suitable oil its most essential physical property. Viscosity de- notes the body oil, its relative resistance flow. starved bear- ing the inevitable result using lubricant which either too light too heavy-bodied for the bearing clearances, methods lubrication, and operating speed the unit. Any oil employed Union Specials must be, therefore, within our specification require- ments, namely, test between 200 and 250 sec. 100 deg. using Saybolt Universal Viscosimeter its equivalent. “The flash and burning points oil indicate its stability. heavy lubricant, thinned with, say, kerosene would detected these tests. Similarly, improperly compounded oil will show separa- tion during the heating period while making these tests. Such oil would decompose service and deposit residue bearings and sewed products. “The specific gravity oil indicates its relative weight comparison with equal volume ity, may stated that oils hav- ing Baume gravity higher than our specifications, denote the pres- ence lighter-bodied oil, not de- sirable characteristic. (See flash and burning However, paraffine base oils, such Pennsylvania crude, have somewhat lower specific gravity higher reading the Baume scale than naphthenic base oils, but higher flash and burning point for the same viscosity. “The color test specified in- sure oil free from excess im- purities the form hydrocar- bons suspended matter. “The corrosion test effective method determining the pres- ence free acids alkalis. Only poorly refined oil Their presence results the corro- sion and pitting bearing sur- faces. Compounded oils tend (CONTINUED PAGE 75) | | > ting hart oil and and ac- ruc- the vious sections this three-part review steel brittleness, Dr. Shapiro correlated tions blue brittleness, trans- formation shortness, and secondary and carbide brittléness. This con- cluding part the dissertation continues the discussion blue brittleness which was started TABLE Breaking Weights Normalized Steels Temperature 48.4 59.4 68.1 100 45.9 58.3 66.1 200 47.3 55.5 65.4 300 47.5 61.6 78.2 400 40.2 60.6 60.0 500 27.4 28.6 35.6 600 16.1 16.5 22.6 675 10.6 11.3 10.5 700 6.6 TABLE Angle Twist for Normalized Steels Temperature 1.28 0.51 0.26 100 1.23 0.62 0.32 200 1.08 0.45 0.28 300 0.40 0.44 0.44 400 1.31 1.50 0.79 500 2.96 2.44 0.74 600 3.89 3.00 0.57 675 4.00 2.15 0.89 700 4.75 1.27 rittleness Steel CARL SHAPIRO, Sc.D. Research Associate, Harvard University ° ° the issue Feb. 28. Also the weight 300 deg. all types pseudo blue heat range stainless 18-8 steels defined and described. number steels various heat treated conditions were tested strength (breaking weight) and ductility (angle twist). The method making these tests was described THE IRON AGE Feb. All torsional results secured these tests are combined herein series three dimension dia- grams, which have great many advantages over the ordinary verti- cal-horizontal (ordinate abscissa) type curve. Some these ad- vantages are: (a) Ductility and strength can read directly from the diagram any temperature de- sired, (b) the physical properties the material any temperature between the experimental tests can readily computed with fairly safe degree accuracy exterpo- lation, (c) the types brittleness very readily, and (d) the number dia- grams the ordinate-abscissa type, which reveal the same facts are reduced, e.g., ductility strength, ductility-temperature and strength- temperature, they are all shown one three dimensional diagram. steel shown Fig. 15. The results obtained series normalized hypo-eutectoid and hyper-eutectoid steels are shown Tables and VI. The strength the steels increases with the carbon content. The maximum breaking normalized carbon steel. How- ever, the ductility decreases with the carbon content and indicates that the blue heat range 300 deg. the hypo and eutectoid steels and little lower the hyper- eutectoid steel. Secondary brittle- ness the hyper and eutectoid steels, but not ob- served the lower carbon steel. This may accounted for the TABLE Breaking Weight for 0.36 Carbon Steel Various Heat-Treated Conditions Temperature Normal- Sor- Oil Deg. C. Pearlitic ized Quenched bitic 26 43.6 48.4 72.7 56.2 100 38.0 45.9 84.0 200 38.0 47.3 90.6 54.0 300 42.9 47.5 95.4 400 44.5 40.2 55.3 43.7 28.4 27.4 33.0 27.9 600 16.1 16.1 17.0 17.2 700 7.4 10.6 8.0 9.6 TABLE VIII Angle Twist for 0.36 Carbon Steel Various Conditions Temperature Normal- Sor- Deg. Pearlitic ized Quenched bitic 0.60 1.28 0.07 1.90 100 0.60 1.23 0.08 1.39 200 0.42 1.08 0.06 1.34 300 0.21 0.40 0.32 0.39 400 0.62 1.31 1.56 1.16 2.20 2.96 2.75 2.35 600 2.7 3.89 3.10 3.00 700 6.00 4.00 = 5.75 4.33 THE IRON AGE, March vise tial de- tive ing nit. ore, ire- 200 ing riod and oil ash re.) uch for em. ur- > + > +hree-dimensional system permit much more elaborate and read TABLE Breaking Weight for 0.87 Carbon Steel Various Heat-Treated Conditions Temperature Water Oil Deg. Pearlitic Normalized Spheroidized Quenched 45.0 56.8 46.8 13.8 61.7 39.0 46.0 44.8 22.3 72.9 100 56.7 44.9 3.0 38.8 150 48.0 61.6 200 40.2 60.0 52.3 119.0 250 37.2 59.7 66.7 124.9 300 5.2 7.2 90.7 58.0 400 70.6 84.7 55.0 500 40.4 51.4 25. 37.0 600 31.8 14.9 700 21.0 data for 0.30 carbon cast steel the received" condition. | — | Breaking weight reaches minimum 150 deg. 22—THE IRON AGE, March 14, 1935 large tween tests. space limited, comparison series hypo-eutectoid and hyper-eutectoid steels various heat treated conditions will pre- sented the following tables. Table VII (36 C.) the break- ing weight decreases with the tem- perature until reaches its mini- mum strength 100 deg. C., the normalized steels, and 400 deg. the pearlitic series. Above these temperatures the breaking weight diminishes. The ductility the steels Table VIII decreases slightly above room temperature, except the oil quenched series where the conver- sion martensite troostite and sorbite interferes with the normal process slip. The range 300 deg. the hypo- eutectoid steel regardless heat treatment grain size. The re- sults obtained Table VII and VIII were means hand load- ing and were taken from Leiter’s comparison the various series 0.87 carbon steel (by the constant water method) are shown Tables and The blue heat range, according the maximum the pearlitic, 300 deg. the par- tially spheroidized and water quenched steels, and 250 deg. the oil quenched series which may due the conversion austenite martensite this par- ticular Blue brittleness, indicated the 400 deg. the pearlitic and nor- malized steels, and 250 deg. the partially spheroidized steels. There minimum angle the oil quenched series the ductility increases steadily with tempera- ture, and slight drop does oc- cur over-shadowed the gain ductility. The slight drop the angle twist the quenched series 100 deg. function temperature. Carbide brittle- ness shown exist 200 deg. the pearlitic, and normalized steels, while 150 deg. the partially spheroidized series. Sec- ondary brittleness exhibited 600 deg. the pearlitic and nor- malized series, while 500 deg. the spheroidized material. Thesis, Harvard University, 1930. ( = \ 9 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | « = = + + +-- | | | | Ductility, revolutions be- rison and rious pre- tem- nini- the eels, the hese bove oil ver- and ‘mal heat heat re- and oad- Dr. ious the own heat num ter hich the nor- the lity rain hed tle- leg. the Table shows that the maxi- mum breaking load 400 deg. the pearlitic and normalized steels, 300 deg. the spheroidized (water quenched) and 250 deg. the slowly cooled spheroidized steels. 200 deg. all the steels, except the normalized series, there exists range brittleness. The weight above and below this tem- perature greater than that exist- ing this particular point. The minimum angle twist, in- dicating blue brittleness, 250 deg. the pearlitic and water quenched spheroidized steel while 200 deg. the normalized, and 300 deg. the slowly cooled spheroidized steel. tleness shown exist 150 deg. the pearlitic and slowly cooled spheroidized steels. Secondary brittleness recorded the spheroidized steels formation shortness revealed the pearlitic and normalized series. (Table XII.) Three series cast steels were also tested torsion “as received,” annealed, and air cooled condition. The carbon content the steel was 0.30 per cent. The cast material was heated 1000 deg. for hr. before being either furnace air cooled. Tests were conducted cated, and under the same condi- tions the previous material. The three dimensional diagram, Fig. 16, shows that the weight reaches minimum 150 deg. before rises its maximum strength the blue heat range which 400 deg. C., thereon diminishes with further increase temperature. Minimum angles are 200, 400 and 700 deg. Trans- formation shortness not recorded here the temperature test too low. Fig. indicates that breaking weight the annealed steel fairly constant, except slight drop 250 deg. The maximum breaking weight 300 deg., and declines slowly with increasing temperature. The two minimum angles 250 and 650 deg. C., indicate blue heat and secondary brittleness, respectively. The breaking weight exhibits two maximum loads 150 and 300 deg. (Fig. 18), while the minimum angles denoting carbide, blue, and secondary brittleness are 150, 250 and 650 deg. C., respectively, The greatest loss strength brittlenes onal data for 0.30 Temperature Deg. Pearlitic 0.680 50 0.556 100 0.528 150 0.667 200 0.500 250 0.528 0.556 400 0.514 500 1.84 600 1.67 700 are 250 and 650 deg. anneéied c Ductility, revolutions TABLE 0.111 0.092 0.202 0.139 0.139 0.389 "99 0.444 2.03 1.03 0.244 0.361 0.310 0.167 0.306 0.263 0.282 1.11 1.04 1.32 1.45 Water Normalized Spheroidized Quenched 0.000 0.005 0.000 0.001 0.028 0.050 0.139 0.389 1.00 1.69 Angle Twist for 0.87 Carbon Steel Various Heat-Treated Conditions Oil Quenched 0.022 Ductility, revolutions data for 0.30 carbon cast steel the air-cooled condition. Carbide, blue, and secondary brittleness are 250 and 650 deg. respectively THE IRON AGE, March 1935—23 5 + + + +— — £ | | | \ | | | 0.036 0.017 0.031 0.111 0.222 1.07 2.07 0 | | 30 00 - + C35 - + + + + + hee Fracture Carbon Cast Stee "As Cast em: = {5 ea nale < Load > Load 19—Typical examples actual torsional stress-strain diagrams showing some their blue heat range. the cast steels for any small tem- perature increase 600 deg. this particular temperature the steel loses approximately per cent its strength that retained 500 deg. This loss weight very sudden and weakens the steel, causing fail very quickly. Some typical illustrations the torsional stress-strain diagrams the cast steel, showing some steps their blue heat range, are shown Fig. 19. These curves further illustrate that blue brittleness precipitation phenomenon and can always detected steps, and sharpest and smallest steps always indicate the maximum blue heat range greatest resistance slip mini- mum ductility (angle twist). The results obtained from series low and high carbon 18-8 Cr-Ni steels are very interesting from many points view. They illustrate three types brittleness previously discussed, secondary brittleness and transformation shortness. ness, The low carbon 18-8 steel tested contained 0.06 per cent carbon while the high carbon steel had 0.15 per cent. The steels were tested the annealed austenitic condition which was obtained quenching from 1000 deg. water. The first series tested was the low carbon material. Fig. presents two diagrams the series stress-strain diagrams obtained torsion the constant water loading method. The steel room temperature very strong and first resists deformation, but grad- ually yields with increasing load until finally steps before failure. Stainless Steel Has Blue Heat Range The next test was preheated 650 deg. for min. before the loading, and the diagram (Fig. 20) TABLE Temperature Breaking Weight for 1.20 Carbon Steel Various Heat-Treated Conditions 47.5 58.0 50.5 41.9 150 14,2 49.5 48.5 39.5 200 13.4 47.5 38.3 250 48.8 57.8 39.2 300 65.3 36.4 400 53.0 65.4 42.7 500 34.4 25.2 600 20.7 17.6 17.9 15.9 700 8.8 14.0 10.1 800 10.0 8.7 Water quenched from 1000 deg. heat-treated 650 deg. for hrs. Slowly cooled from 1000 deg. 24—THE IRON AGE, March 1935 and held 650 deg. for hrs. shows that the steel gave entirely means small, regular, de- fined steps. Preheating the bar 650 deg. for one hour causes the steps become larger, irregular and less number. Soaking for two hours accentuates the size and definition each step but further reduces the number. pre- heating period almost obliterates the stepping tendency and causes the steel yield continuous step series small irregular steps, one upon the other. The high carbon 18-8 Cr-Ni steel revealed marked tendency step just before failure the room temperature test. Heating min. the preheated furnace caused the material give means small irregular steps. This tend-