The Iron Age 1935-02-14: Vol 135 Iss 7

239 West 39th St., New York Owned, Published and Copyrighted CHILTON COMPANY (Incorporated ) Executive and Publication Offices, Chestnut and 56th Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. C. A. MUSSELMAN, President FRITZ J. FRANK, Executive Vice-President STEVENS, Vice-President JOSEPH HILDRETH GEORGE H. GRIFFITHS EVERIT B. TERHUNE ERNEST HASTINGS = WILLIAM A. BARBER, Treasurer JOHN BLAIR MOFFETT, Secretary FRITZ J. FRANK, President J. H. VAN DEVENTER Editor MILLER Machinery Editor Managing Editor News Editor Editor Emeritus Washington Chicago Cleveland G. EXHRNSTROM, JR. BURNHAM FINNEY GERARD FRAZAR R.G. McINTOSH Pittsburgh Detroit Boston Cincinnati 14,1935 The Little Chap with the Big Metallic Insulators Effective Heat-Ray The Case for and Against the Shorter Work-Week. Finish Helps Metal Products Sales. Bright Normalizing and Deoxidizing Cannon Specifications Revolutionary Days......... Meeting Carnegie Metallurgical Board. January Ingot Output Personals and Obituaries Automotive Industry Washington News Markets Construction and Equipment Buying Products Advertised 112 Index Advertisers 132 BAUR, General Advertising Manager DIX, Manager, Reader Service ADVERTISING STAFF Emerson Findley, 311 Union Bldg., Cleveland B. L. Herman, 675 Delaware Ave., Buffalo, Member, Audit Bureau of Circulations Member, Associated Business Papers Published every Thursday Subscrip H. K. Hottenstein, 802 Otis Blidg., Chicago tion Price: United States and Pos- Peirce Lewis, 7310 Woodward Ave., Detroit sessions, Mexico, Cuba, $6.00; Can Charles Lundberg, Chilton Bldg., Chestnut & 56th Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. Cc. H. Ober, 239 W. 39th St., New York W. B. Robinson, 428 Park Bldg., Pittsburgh W. C. Sweetser, 239 West 39th St.. New York Cable Address, ‘“‘Ironage, N. Y."’ D. C. Warren, P. O. Box 81, Hartford, Conn ada, $8.50, including duty; Foreign $12.00 a year. Single copy 25 Cents oO! i ne ») a id l- 7 1935 f > 4 3 > ® f These modern metal life-boats the S.S. Manhattan the United States Lines are made 14-gauge Beth-Cu-Loy Sheets. was selected for this application the Welin Davit Boat Corporation, builders the boats, because the constant exposure the boats salt air calls for sheet high durability. The Common-Sense Sheet for exposure Rast WHEN any product manufactured from sheets likely make Beth-Cu-Loy Galvanized Sheets. While their copper-bearing steel composition gives Beth-Cu- Loy Sheets the ability defy rust, their cost not appreciably greater than that ordinary sheets. And it’s equally logical use sheets Beth-Cu-Loy for those really strenuous applications which sheet for. For, although Beth-Cu-Loy inexpensive, its cop- per-bearing steel composition makes superior rust- resistance other iron steel sheets commercial quality, regardless their cost. Tests carried out the American Society for Testing Materials have shown that sheets copper-bearing steel outlast sheets ordinary iron steel from two two and times, and that iron steel commercial quality, regardless its cost, equals copper-bearing steel ability resist atmospheric corrosion. This chart, rizing the results tests carried out the American for Testing als, Key West Florida, shows that under exposure sheets steel (Beth-Cu-Loy position) outlast sheets dinary iron and steel. other different locations. copper-bearing made equally vorable showing. TESTS SHOW COPPER-BEARING STEEL RANKS FIRST RUST-RESISTANCE BETHLEHEM STEEL COMPANY General Ofices: Bethlehem, Pa. District Ofices: Atlanta, Baltimore, Boston, Bridgeport, Buffalo, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Dallas, Detroit, ton, Indianapolis, Kansas City, Milwaukee, New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, St. Paul, Washington, Wilkes-Barre, York. Coast tributor: Pacific Coast Steel Corp., San Francisco, Seattle, Los Angeles, Portland, Honolulu. Export Distributor: Bethlehem Steel Export Corp., New York. 8—THE IRON AGE, February 1935 ll <a q q sm eets juality, steel summa results out an Societ) ey West 1ows that vosure sheets of decidedly ets ther tests, locations. "ing stee qually wing. York FEBRUARY 14, 1935 ESTABLISHED 1855 Vol. No. The Little With the Big Voice ENTURIES ago, the inhabitants central European village were kept subjection rather peculiar fashion. The village was situated ina valley surrounded mountains. Every often thunderous and terrifying voice would make itself heard from beyond the mountains, issuing com- mands which would instantly obeyed the inhabitants and even the rulers the community. one, course, had the temerity climb the mountain tops see this terrible giant, who kept himself well concealed. They knew that must the largest and most powerful giant creation, for let oc- casion pass without telling them so. When the rulers the village passed law made appointment office which the giant like, would threaten them with dire consequences unless they obeyed his commands. One his favorite threats was that would shut off their in- coming and outgoing traffic with other parts the country and thus starve them into sub- mission they did not directed. Also, exacted money tribute from the villagers which had put certain secluded spot the dark each moon, and for which, course, rendered ac- counting. This sort thing went for many years, the thunderous voice becoming deeper and more terrifying and the demands getting greater and greater. Finally, there came the village fearless young man whose motto take the giant voice value, pay tribute and submit his demands without first having the opportunity this dictator. himself tree with branches and leaves, climbed the moun- tain and found that the imagined giant was just ordinary little chap with voice about times big should have been fit his stature. From that time the villagers paid little heed the big voice, and the mountains surrounding the village were known bluffs. 1€ place. the elections held during the last two weeks there has been no shift from the general sentiment on the part of an overwhelming majority of workers to keep aloof from any union or employees’ as- sociation. Out 53,771 ballots cast, 40,953 workers have namec s_labor affiliation. This is 76 per the total. Employees’ associations were designated as a preference by 5440 workers, or 10.11 per cent. The Associated Automobile Workers secured 3124 es, or 5.8 per cent. Only 2288 mployees indicated their affilia- tion with the A. F. of L. This number represented 4.25 per cent of the total votes. The lron Age, Feb. 7, 1936 ~ / 7 4 4 by i = ~ = ~ 4 ‘ He Over 90 per Agent of the 60,000 : 9 etallic Insulators practical heat manifesta- tions such production, absorption, utilization, con- servation and insulation are better understood today because the general acceptance the new theories vibration-energy. The electro-magnetic waves furnish the most lucid explanation for all thermic phenomena and lift the veil mystery from many puzzling problems. According these conceptions heat only one the varied phy- sical forms radiation. Fig. the sequence the numerous modes are shown somewhat distorted The increasing values the wave lengths the vibrations are used basis for comparison. The drawing only diagram such might appear encyclopedia give airplane view the whole subject. The outstanding impression from this graph the coordination and unification various independent fields within one frame- work. Even casual glance tells the observer that wireless waves are second cousins heat rays and that the luminous rays and X-rays are even more closely re- lated. Nothing more the general acceptance these theories and their diffusion IRON AGE, February 14, 1935 among all people than the extraor- dinary popularity radio during the past decade. The transforma- tion the waves within the broad- casting band into audible waves the air was most convincing even the man the street. The noise did nothing else. All these radiating vibrations, they called wireless, Hertzian, thermic, lumi- nous, actinic, are identical their nature; they differ their forms—frequency character. They all propagate the speed, 0.0136 constant, 300,000 kilome- ters per second. are merely trajectories the movement the radiating energy; are measured the amplitude the waves just the violence the storm indi- cated the height the sea waves, Heat physical form the action certain group one meter one inch this Micron substances; group usually called the infra- red zone because contiguous the luminous rays the red side the spec- trum. The heat 10,000,000 30,000,000,000 Ymillionth part rays comprise wide zone nine octaves varying from below 400 microns wave length. The luminous light rays, visible the eye, form narrow band only one octave having wave length 0.4 0.75 microns. They are followed the shorter ultra- violet rays, the X-rays, the still shorter alpha, beta and gamma Wave Lengths, microns ' ' Actinic Rays Visible Heat Radiation Waves used Broadcasting A \ Wireless Waves Electric Waves A.C. Numbers Circles indicate Number Octaves ABOVE electromagnetic waves, modes radiation RIGHT | intensity radiation and wave lengths vibrations with temperatures. | i 4 | | X-Rays ' 0.8 100 400 e Shor ' | q f | ' ' 3 ' | ; rays. The solar emanations com- prise seven octaves and straddle three these zones—the ultra-vio- let, the light and the heat zones. Each these various groups Short Rays and / tensity Radiation in Wave Lenaths Vibration rays waves was, until lately, considered independent branch physics and each had ter- minology its own, but today they fuse into each other and often over- e uminous Light Rays Visible 4 sé LNSULATION JOSEPH SHADGEN Ing. A.M.M., New York Red (Dark) Heat Rays/ Additional Technical Information Insulation for Heat and Cold Using Low-Emissivity Steel Sur- faces with Large Air Spaces lap, causing better understanding. The kinetic concept heat con- siders the temperature body the expression the po- tential the molecular agitation. THE IRON AGE, February increased temperature, meaning more active movement among the mole- cules stance, causes more intense flow radiation ener- gy. not only interesting but most useful find out how tem- the intensity the wave lengths within the zone heat and light rays. The Nobel prize physicist, Wien, was the first inves- tigate this prob- lem far back 1893, when published his first reports the Annalen der Physik und Chemie Leip- sic. Not only did experimentally check the ba- estab- lished the physicists, Stefan (1879) and Boltz- mann (1884), but found out the relation between intensity radi- sic law 7 4 } ‘ q = o | Pas’ | | + + + + + + + + | Longer Waves. Spread and Distribution r lax s,microns Short Rays and | Emissivity, per cent & Light Rays Visible Eye Insulant Wave Lengths Vibrations, microns vity values w ation various temperatures and the wave lengths the emana- tions. This expressed what now called the Wien-Planck dis- placement law postulating that the maximum intensity each tem- perature differs with the wave length. Fig. shows diagram- matic form the distribution curves few temperatures and the creep the apex their maxima. These conclusions some years ago. They have gators, but their significance was never grasped outside laboratory walls. Industry, with its practical point view, ignored their im- plications. For the sake simplicity the absolute temperature scale has not been given Fig. although from scientific point view true measure the potential the energy the molecules each substance. tion. the bottom there the zone insulation, ranging from —50 deg. 1000-1200 deg. F.; the center the zone combustion, and the top the zone illumination. These three fields, portance, are juxtaposed this picture with the microns the re- 12—THE IRON AGE, February 14, 1935 wave lenaths various llic surfa es. radiant waves comparative Application Lighting must frankly admitted that only the laboratories dealing with light problems, particular the Mazda research group, took ad- mental deductions incorporating them their designs. The luminating engineers aim the production the highest possible temperatures increase the gen- eration the rays the luminous zone (0.4 0.7 microns). the reason for the development the carbon filament (3400 deg. the tungsten wire (4200 deg. the gas-filled bulbs (4600 deg. and the are (6000 deg F.), and the incessant search for bulb designs good for 5000-6000 deg | | The jump from carbon the tungsten increased the proportion the emanations the light rays from over per cent per cent. Lately some the energy in- put has been transformed int light; the balance still going waste the form the longer heat waves. The lamps owe their efficiency light sources high crater tem- peratures be- bons. car- The combustion engineers have suffered greatly from luminous ray complex, namely, be- cause they ignored the Wien- Planck law. Volumes written the value luminous versus non-luminous flames. Fig. shows, combustion flame temperatures (normal range from 2500 3500 deg. F.) radiate only per cent the chem- ical energy contained the fuels form visible waves, while 85-90 per cent, the bulk, will transformed into black rays the This knocks the props from under widely circulated discussion. The insulation specialists have given the radiation effect due con- sideration only the past five six years so, after neglecting altogether. Because did not see the dark rays failed con- sider their effect; yet felt their FIG. No. COMPARATIVE PROPERTIES VARIOUS METALS Specific Thermal Specific Elongation, Gravity Conductivity Heat Factor Inch Per Inch B.t.u. per Ratio, Ratio, Points, Lb. Per Ratio, Per 100 Ratio, Nos. Material D PerCent “K" PerCent Deg. F. Deg. F. Per Cent Deg. F. PerCent Iron 7.70 100 450 100 2,786 0.161 100 0.00065 100 Steel 7.85 102 $20 2,700 0.160 99.5 0.00061 3 Aluminum 2.70 31 1,410 312 1,218 0.249 155 0.00127 210 4 Zine 7.20 93.5 770 170 786 0.100 62.3 0.00160 250 5 Copper 8.90 115 2,600 580 1,981 0.102 63.5 0.00092 140 Lead 11.40 148 240 621 0.030 18.5 0.00160 250 Tin 7.50 97.5 430 450 0.060 210 Nickel 8.80 114 410 2,646 0.00055 x Water 1.00 13 4.3 1.0 32 1.000 623.0 0.01220 1.990 \ hx" | | | i | 50 4 4 + + 4 | ‘ ~ “SS ® \ *. =, ~ lp | + + + —+- —_—_—+ — + | “=== co — . MED co Copper from ment pased rays per per some cent in- lance form arc their light their tem- be- car- have lame- be- WV ien- been inous range fuels while the more. under have ive or ing see con- their ation, Inch Ratio, Cent 100 210 Oo o ficient Insulants | /ncreasin 625 936 12.5 15.65 (Ratio Air Solids) Cu. Water =62.4 Lb. 18.7 25.0 444 Pounds per Cubic Foot 0.05 0.10 0.25 040 0.50 0.60 0.70 Specific Gravity influence all the time the sun, well all heat applications. This all the more surprising be- cause the zone low-temperature emanation covers, beside insula- tion, other industrial applications great magnitude. Need Research The literature bare basic data. Here hole our scien- tific fabric that needs mending right away. Responsible research organizations, the Bureau Standards, leading universities should fill the gap concerted research and authorita- tive exploration. The scope this investigation should study reflection well re- fraction, concentration well diffusion, selective filtration well interference and polarization the infra-red rays over their full range. Modern instruments and measuring devices are highly developed that positive results are assured. The timeliness this Suggestion obvious, Main Problem Radiation illustrate the dominating part the radiation heat plays very low temperatures, the ex- ABOVE IG. line showing heat con ductivity factors 250 mass type sulants sities. 200 c 150 RIGHT 100 5—Heat content curves of various metals. ample the human body furnishes unusually effective case study. Every person ambulant heat F., that radiates per cent the heat the delicately controlled thermostat the body. Only per cent lost convection-con- duction; the remainder (30 per cent), through the evaporation ef- fect. Yet not know the wave lengths and the distribution the intensities that tempera- ture zone. idle repeat that radiation the major issue all problems heat conservation and elimina- tion waste. Insulation has the definite purpose trapping the heat rays, stopping oppos- ing the transfer the heat en- ergy. Effective heat ray traps (to use the vernacular the radio fans—wave traps) can made using properly selected surfaces low emissivity—high reflectivity separated air spaces was shown previous study (see THE IRON AGE, Jan. 17, 1935). these fundamental considera- tions the following basic data will welcome additions. Emissivity-Reflectivity Values and Wave Length Fig. the emissivity values plotted against the lengths the various vibrations the zone be- tween 0.5-10 microns; the various coefficients are taken from the In- ternational Tables. spite the acknowledged authority this Latent Heat Evaporation Point and Latent Fusion 400 600 800 1000 source suspected that these figures are old vintage. accurate dates sources are given; information regarding the nature the metallic surfaces specifically mentioned. great interest the kink the zine curve between 0.5 and microns. The trend lines four metals show considerable similitude. Tin shows consistent high emissivity values THE IRON AGE, February 14, Cire >. } | | | t ¢ 250 140 L that will restrict its possible use companion Fig. the are identical and are drawn the same scale. least four metals have chance adapted designs re- flecting the heat rays effectively back their source redirecting their trajectories minimize the heat transfer. order evaluate the competitive positions these four metals several vital characteristics have been collected the tabulation Fig. the specific gravities and the melt- ing points, necessary com- pare the thermal conductivity, the specific heat and the elongation factor the various metals. Besides Lead, tin and nickel eliminate themselves Nickel, although closely related iron, hopelessly handicapped unusually high base price 40c. per lb. Tin, besides hav- ing the high emissivity value men- tioned above, high priced and has poor mechanical properties for this purpose. Lead too heavy and too weak mechanically; has chance only covering as- sociation with other metals, for instance, iron. the four leading contestants two are actually use —aluminum and steel; the others, zine and copper, have only poten- tial values present. This table furnishes any engineer with enough information permit him formulate his own judgment. Iron and steel sheets cut pretty good figure from this angle: the advantageous position this base metal can increased further judicious design features. For practical purposes the prod- uct specific heat multiplied temperature important. gives the heat content per pound the metal. Fig. illus- trates graphically the heat con- tent curves the substances un- der consideration. These figures are taken from study published the author IRON AGE 1922, based Dr. Wuest’s labora- tory investigation. More reliable figures have not been released dur- ing the past decade. Contributing Value Air Spaces whatever nature design use the low heat conductivity still air valuable component factor. effort appraise the rela- tive value the air led the IRON AGE, February 14, 1935 ner hr ner ner Thermal Conductivity 0 0? \ factors with thic making Fig. plotting the conductivity factors some (about one hundred) samples mass-type insulators against their specific gravities. This shows average trend line that clearly demonstrates the porosity effect well its limitations. The curve flattens out lower-left hand end, meaning that for very light materials, the influ- ence the air loses its importance. Good insulators weigh less than per cu. ft. The most efficient and most popular this type weigh between and lb. and average per cent air- volume ratio. Some designs are very light but then they are with- out mechanical strength and must supported make real service- able units. averages The nature the application de- cides these supports are charged against the insulation not. Mattresses, blankets, quilts and covers are the most popular Bricks, plastics and powders are EFFICIENCY. ZONE + + 0.5 0.6 0.9 1.0 Thickness Air Spaces between Metallic Surfaces,inches BOVE kness air space RIGHT ant the heavier types which are denser and also stronger. Metal Insulators Use Large Air Spaces Not only does the massless type insulator use metallic walls, but fairly large air spaces are in- herent characteristic. The first paradox has been explained the low emissivity values the wall surfaces. necessary show for the use the second radical feature. For years the engineering trend was the op- posite direction, toward smaller, even microscopic dead air cells. Thorough laboratory investiga- tions have proved conclusively that fairly large air cells are very cient insulators under certain con- ditions. First, positive separation into cells chambers necessary avoid channels and cross-connec- tions; these, course, lead the production chimney-effects, the formation hot spots and result poor efficiencies. The second factor that the dimensions We | } } | 2045 + —_—+— + u | \ \\ \ ral + + +4 + ro + & masse nser Air type in- first 4 the wall show cond the aller, tiga- that effi- con- ation ssary nnec- oO the the 200 Temperature 200 300 400 250° Temperature above 500 300° 540° the air spaces should small the direction heat flow. That means parallel walls located close together. How close? Thickness Air Spaces This particular feature has been explored very thoroughly both Europe and the United States. The thickness air space between reflecting surfaces that most in- vestigators found give the best results varies between and in. This has also been confirmed theoretical calculations. stands reason that gap allows too easy convection and that gap permits too much conduction; the compromise be- tween these two contributing ele- ments results the selection zone compromise. Fig. graphically shows analysis the relationship these three heat loss causes and the thickness air space. The radiation effect constant; hence fixed value. The conduction expressed down- sloping curve that flares down asymptotic fashion where the air layer exceeds some 0.3 0.5 in. thickness; the convection loss has rising characteristic. 680 Difference 750 Stearn Temperature three these composite curve with valley between 0.3 in. and 0.5 in., meaning that there zone high effectiveness and The summation factors gives optimum point around equivalent centimeter. The other dimensions perpen- dicular the direction the heat transfer have also been explored experimental research. has been found, provided the thickness between in. and in. and provided the cells are fairly air tight, that dimensions in. in. give very satisfactory re- sults. will the ingenuity each specific design take ad- vantage these general guiding features produce the most prac- tical overall value for the user. presented determine quickly the number air spaces for the cur- rent range heat applications. The abscissae are the temperature differences above deg. with additional line for the real tem- peratures. The ordinates are the pressure drops per air space vary- ing from 100 deg. with desired zone between deg. and THE IRON AGE, February deg. The radiants give the number air spaces and the tem- perature range for each standard construction. Influence Water Every manufacturer and user insulating material faces one out- side factor that complicates the heat transfer problem considerably. That water—the moisture the ingredients well the humidity the air. Water very troublesome in- terference. Moisture the reason for tight coverings all designs, which may take the form plas- ter, canvas, steel sheetings, etc., and which are very expensive and increase the installed cost materi- ally. Moisture also the reason for all kinds impregnations and all types anti-toxins, use medical paraphrase, the insulat- ing ingredients. Fig. the two reasons for the bugaboo influence water are graphically illustrated. The cause all that water changes its physical form within the narrow temperature range 180 deg. from deg. 212 deg. F., and that vapors exist all the time ordinary temperatures. The jump- ing into the liquid phase and back into the vapor phase, due the climatic fluctuations, is, course, all insulating problems. The specfic heat conductivity curves the solid, liquid and gase- ous forms water are plotted and show the enormous jumps from 0.2 4.0 and from 4.0 the values “K,” expressing B.t.u. per square foot, per hour, per de- gree F., per in. thickness; 2000 per cent and 400 per tively. The other determining factor the sudden changes the specific gravity and the variations due each elongation factor. Ice much lighter than water, about per cent. Consequently freezing water will exert enormous pressure, de- stroying many designs and materi- als well with practically ir- resistible force opposed. The combination these two curves one chart gives glance the an- swer the importance water insulation problem facing every practical engineer. The massless-type insulators are more immune the effects water than any other type. First. the materials entering the designs 50 50° | | | | 2 550° 800° 1000° Heat Conductivity per per hr. per °F. per Ice Cubical Expansion "ater Liquid N w 1.00 0.90 > LEFT con ductivity factors and densities water—solid, liquid INO vapor. 0.25 ZING Free are not hygroscopic; second, the air spaces are large and give the tiny amount air moisture plenty elbow room. all heat appli- cations above +70 deg. the water problem nominal air- tight design developed. cold Vapor Condensing Evaporating 04% Vapor +300 +400 applications, below +70 deg. F., the question corrosion may ap- pear addition. This can easily overcome proper skin treat- ment the metallic surfaces. Iron steel sheets, for instance, can covered with lead coats, and lac- quers can used protect alumi- num exposed sea air. These problems are not serious, the metal- lurgist and chemist have developed many solutions that the de- signers may embarrassed the matter choice. Conclusions this dissertation additional information value manufac- turers, fabricators and users in- sulating materials are given put engineers position appraise intelligently the specific designs massless-type insulators. these days economic readjustment and changing conditions the tendency toward greater efficiencies will de- mand better products. and steel sheets stand very good chance prove their usefulness this new industrial field fur- nishing sound basis for effective heat ray traps. The underlying principles this development are sound and the near future will bring forth number practical designs and de- tailed constructions real merit. Progress demands constant change and the alert engineer will avail himself the opportunities the latest scientific achievements. IRON AGE, February 14, 1935 IEWED from the top the blast furnaces the River Rouge plant the Ford Motor Co. Dear- born, Mich., the huge stacks the powerhouse seem pierce the sky. Beneath them giant labors tirelessly —turbo-generators that can deliver 330,000 driving endless variety ma- chines and conveyors plant. The stacks mark the very heart the tremendous industrial engine, now under- going $20,000,000 expan- sion and improvement, preparation for Henry Ford's drive "build better than Ford cars 1935." | | | | | | vid 4.74 | | t Cl considered reasonable and proper industrial practice that human beings should work hours per day and hours per week. time, customary work hours per day and hours per week. During the last generation, industry gradually shifted over 8-hour day and 48-hour week. was time when was Thanks the development labor-saving machinery and meth- ods (at times mistakenly opposed labor and certain confused economic theorists), this reduction hours has been accomplished without lowering the standard living labor. the contrary, this reduction has been accom- panied substantial improve- ment standard living. predict how rapidly this broad so- ciological trend toward less hours labor will proceed. cer- tainly not unreasonable look for- ward 6-hour day and 30- The Case for and A\gainst the Shorter Work Wee REYMOND hour week, combined with sufficient further increase productive and distributive efficiency insure even higher standard living than has yet been enjoyed labor. The present controversy, revolv- ing around reducing hours the direction 30-hour week, not this ultimate nature. involves rather the question: ad- vantage the country whole and labor particular try force upon industry during period depression fewer hours NDUSTRY trial the charge operating its workers too many hours per week for the public good. This, effect, what meant the introduction the 30-hour week bill well hear the arguments both pro and con this matter, and they are stated the accompanying article. From the evidence that the author presents, would seem that the de- fendant not per week combined with higher wages per hour? The Case for the Affirmative The people who believe af- firmative answer this question appear influenced principally economic theory substah- tially follows: Prosperity depends upon mass purchasing power, which turn depends upon the wages paid labor. create prosperity, all that necessary raise wages paid labor, which will cause increased consumption goods, which will cause increased de- mand for labor, which will increase the sum total wages received labor, which will cause further increased consumption goods, until full-fledged prosperity returns. Add this theory, raising wages create prosperity, the practical expedient reducing hours labor per week help relieve immediate preva- lence unemployment, and have what might once have been called the industrial religion the New Deal. This philosophy obtained official endorsement the enactment the National Industrial Recovery Act last year. has had the whole-hearted support President THE IRON AGE, February 14, - se Ae 5 4 of se f : he a le- re ail — f — Roosevelt. fact, for time his greatest hopes for restoring pros- perity seemed lie this direc- tion. The religious zeal devotees this philosophy was perhaps best exemplified the amazing accom- plishments General Hugh Johnson, blustery crusader, who climaxed his colorful career head the National Recovery Ad- ministration, Oct. char- acterizing this philosophy “the greatest force for social advance since Christ and the Sermon the Mount” reconcile with his ments). More reserved, and some- what different character, the de- votion this wage-raising phil- osophy the Secretary Labor, Frances Perkins. article published the New York Times Magazine Aug. she was re- ported stating: levels must raised. Otherwise shall have recurrent slumps when more will have been produced than con- sumers can absorb.” Similar the devotion this philosophy men like Senator Wagner, friend labor many years standing, and spon- sor the National Industry Re- covery Act. March 14, 1934, when appeared before the Com- mittee Education and Labor urge the enactment supple- mentary bill (S. 2926), frankly admitted that his purpose want- ing strengthen labor unions was force another general increase wages per hour, because, his words: “wages are again lagging behind production and profits. this disparity continues, may expect another collapse.” Similar the official endorse- ment this philosophy labor unions, like the American Federa- tion Labor. its latest pro- nouncement, San Francisco October, 1934, this organization de- clared: “We must have living standard which will use the ca- pacity our industries and the capacity our man power.” The method recommended for achieving this result was the reduction hours and the increase wages, described this organization the original purposes the NRA. his keynote address, William Green stated: “We stand unflinch- ingly for the application the six-hour day and the five-day week this country.” Later, this stand was endorsed the con- vention. Many employers labor have also believed this philosophy raising wages and shortening hours create prosperity. Those em- ployers who could not subscribe this philosophy its economic merits were induced along the prospect relaxed anti-trust laws and other possible compensat- ing advantages. the time the National Re- covery Administration, embodying this philosophy, was launched practical form about July, circumstances were such that al- most anything that President recommended sured least fair trial. Be- tween March and July, remark- able recovery had occurred. This was interpreted the country indicating that his guidance could accepted without the usual ques- tionings. suggest that time, some people did suggest, that the NRA wage philosophy was economic delusion, which would actually re- tard recovery and part nullify the progress until then achieved, made little impression. Cold logic was avail against the evangelical fervor the NRA en- thusiasm. There was nothing but await the test time. The Transition Gradually, business statistics be- indicating that after each NRA wage-raising and hour-shortening drive business ac- tivity tended into reverse. Any the well-known indexes business activity show decided slump beginning about July, 1933, and again beginning about April, 1934, time, the NRA lost sufficient its popularity that became in- creasingly possible criticize the light cold logic. late Aug. 22, 1934, Presi- dent Roosevelt still seemed be- lieve the general philosophy raising wages and reducing hours create prosperity. that date, recommended the cotton gar- ment industry further reduction hours, from hours per sponding increase hourly pay. Later, his radio talk Sept. 30, seemed somewhat less sure the soundness this wage raising philosophy. Still later, Nov. extending the 40-hour per week automotive code without change (refusing accede the demands organized labor for further in- crease pay and further reduc- tion hours), stated: “It not very useful pay man $10 day employed only days the year.” appears have shifted his position and listening more understandingly the other side the story. The Other Side the Story What this other side the story, this cold logic, that has al- ready partially quenched the evan- gelical fervor this particular part the New Deal? the exactly opposite theory, the theory that raising average wages per hour during period depression and unemployment will tend aggravate rather than re- lieve the depression and the unem- ployment. (Or, wages are forced during period recovery from depression, the effect will retard recovery.) According this opposite theory, depression business and unemployment labor are the practical results too high wage and overhead costs relatively prices general, brought about follows: Prices general lapsed, beginning 1929, due financial causes, principally con- traction credit money circula- tion. Wage and overhead costs did not drop proportionately, with the result that profits general gradu- ally disappeared, which caused the partial complete closing down many business enterprises. believers this opposite try cure depression and unem- ployment forcing increase wage and overhead costs. (Govern- ment spending general indus- trial overhead, just much in- creased expenses due compli- cated regulations.) the con- trary, proper remedy cannot applied the financial end ef- ficiently restore prices general, the proper cure for depression and unemployment obviously force wage and overhead costs down in- stead up. The right time force increase wage and over- head costs during boom period, when there surplus profits J = S Z A = and when depressive influence business would healthy. ing average wages per hour merely has the result reducing average wages per week in- creasing unemployment compara- tively with conditions wages had been left free follow their natural course. the Pennsylvania Railroad, ex- pressed this opposite theory con- cerning forcing wages during period depression and unemploy- ment the following words (April, 1934): The whole theory of the NRA, of increasing wages shortening hours to hasten recovery, is wrong. that theory were correct, the President should immediately im- pose two three-day week greatly wages, The General Motors Corpn., its annual report for 1933, recog- nized this opposite theory the following words: No greater fallacy exists today than the viewpoint held by so many that the number man-hours employment is definitely fixed and, ssuming that the number of work- ers known, the problem un- nployment solved dividing the amount work the workers. Around this thinking comes the agitation for the man- datory thirty-hour week. The av- erage hours employment over the decade may perhaps grad- reduced but, from eco- standpoint, immediate radical adjustment bound ex- ert highly deflationary influence and at a time of improving condi- tions will surely inject into the picture highly objectionable ef- fect. hoped that wiser counsels will prevail. William Randolph Hearst began fighting for this opposite theory shortly after the NRA was or- ganized. His control large chain newspapers enabled him obtain hearing time when most publishers either believed the wage-raising and hour-shorten- ing philosophy the NRA did not consider wise print any- thing the contrary. front page editorial Oct. 31, 1933, Mr. Hearst characterized the NRA follows: imposed upon industry, strug- gling toward recovery, shorter hours and higher pay and greater employment, and heavier burdens every direction than industry, weakened depression and recently recovering, could bear. The result has been distinct recession the movement toward prosperity. typical business leader who has cooperated with the NRA pro- gram Thomas Girdler, presi- dent the Republic Steel Corpn. stated: Most industrialists, including those the steel industry, have been heartily sympathy with the desire spread and employment and in- crease the income the average man who the consumer in- dustrial products. This amply evidenced the measures which the steel industry took immediate- after the inauguration its code the direction employment, increased hourly wages and decreased hours Now wish could continue pay these wages, or even better wages, indefinitely. But, tunately for the New Deal, one the simple rules eco- nomics that in order for money to paid out, money must taken in. General Johnson Revises His Opinion More remarkable the disillu- sionment General Hugh John- son himself. press interview Oct. 15, 1934, recognized the unsoundness trying create prosperity forcing wages and hours down. According the As- sociated Press, stated: The reduction hours, except some industries, not economi- sound and statute wouldn’t make Cutting the work week hours would increase costs the consumer 331/3 per cent. If you increase costs 30 per cent you'll stagnate consumption and get depression that'll make your hair turn gray. were starting the NRA over again, replied: “If had the job over again, resign the first day.” this interview, also came out favor direct relief for the un- employ against more expen- sive made-work schemes (while ad- mitting that once believed public spending program). stated: There are many ways disguise the dole but they are all too ex- pensive administration. The cheapest way keep people alive direct cash—paying people money to buy stuff to eat making these comments, explained that was expressing “just private opinion” which “as private citizen now can ex- press.” All which leads one wonder what extent General Johnson the latter part his tenure office may have been soldier fulfilling orders rather than leader motivated personal con- victions. Another interesting statement that William Cameron, the Ford Motor Co. address Dec. stated: Higher wages and shorter hours cannot established money dipped out company’s treasury. They come from economies, im- self-interest, provements and refinements of manufacturing methods, and these come from the incessant labor and creative experience management. These improvements are not born scarcity but plenty. The present agitation for six-hour day grows out despairing be- lief that scarcity and poverty will the general rule this country for the future. economic im- provement possible with that kind thinking. share-the- work plan, the six-hour day would plunge downgrade. The six- hour day will come because work plentiful and production am- ple. will come American ideal life requires leisure for men use and enjoy things they make. ... Share-the- work plans are plausible; they ap- peal our good But they not help the men they are sup- posed help. means re- covery, or even as emergency helps, they simply not work. Still another interesting state- ment that Alfred Sloan, president General Motors, address Dec. 11, which stated: have important and in- sistent demand for further reduc- tion hours, for mandatory 30- hour week, specific, with re- sulting further the cost goods and services, further limi- tations the ability consume those goods and services, less jobs for American Let hope that this particular ex- periment can avoided. Let relegate the museum economic monstrosities the theory scarcity factor promoting industrial recovery. Appraisal appraising the above two con- tradictory theories, the element consciously (CONCLUDED PAGE 72) in- ry, vill re- the on- did the the site lus- pli- = ° ° ° dustry are processes and mate- have occupied the limelight during recent years and now, according many authorities, materials’ turn. Certain that progress the development industrial processes during the past years has far outdistanced the corre- sponding improvement variety and character materials. course the two factors often hand hand and new process may make possible new material. This was the case with nickel-clad steel and may the case the near future with tin coated steel. The tin plate industry has shown gradual but inconspicuous im- provement during the past years, but still rests old process and many the tradi- tions and restrictions the early days still cling the art. De- spite this, one questions the tremendous importance tin plate our social and industrial life, and while some markets have been lost other methods coating and protecting steel sheets, other mar- kets have been found. What does the future hold for the tin plate in- 20—THE IRON AGE, February 1935 dustry? This question which more significant fabricators now than ever before. Tin highly important and significant metal. For some appli- cations practical substitutes for tin have not been found. One such ap- plication connection with de- tonators for explosives where the properties tin with mercury are unique. Another place where tin holds its own against all threaten- ing alternatives the coating for sheet steel containers for food products. But here many other fields there can resting on oars, Dr. Colin Fink Columbia University has stated recently that now propitious time for tin plate manufacturers arouse themselves and throw off the yoke tradition which has handicapped developments. says: “There basic reason why tin plate decidedly better quality than much the tin plate turned out today cannot uniformly produced.” elaborate research program now being carried out tin and its applications steel and other metals and seems likely that tin plate, shakes off the fetters tradition, should find expand- ing market highly satisfactory material for the manufacture ttractive EFORE the end nearly all the larger steel companies will equipped produce cold reduced tin plate. Coincident with this development the improve- ment the heat treatment hot pack tin plate and the planning for aggressive ex- tension the tin plate market general. Recent advances the lacquer industry have threatened some tin plate applications and thus have caused renewed interest the future progress quality and economy the tin plate industry. This article besides describ- ing some features practice tin plate manufac- suggests some new ap- plications and points out trends toward provements both quality and processing tin plate. small lacquer finished metal parts. One the significant factors the situation the recent rapid ad- vance properties enamels and lacquers. This advance fact has been rapid that tin plate man- ufacturers have had difficult time meeting some the lacquer com- panies’ specifications. other words, lacquers are available which after application tinned sheets will stand under more severe forming and drawing than will the base material. Several avenues for improvement tin plate and its manufacture are open. Perhaps the most im- portant the technique heat treatment before tinning. Another likely avenue lies rolling prac- tice, the end that hot rolled sheets may produced wide if ‘ parts. the ad- and has man- time r com- other which sheets severe rill the im- heat prac- rolled wide Finish Metal Products Sales Plate Today and Tomorrow widths and with high quality now produced the smaller tin plate mills. The most active ap- proach improvement tin plate course cold reduction. The first mill for this purpose was put into operation 1928, but during the next few years expansion the process the tin plate industry was delayed due the depression and also due improvement properties the hot-rolled product. Cold reducing machinery elab- orate and expensive, may judged from the accompanying il- lustration the new unit installed the Wheeling Steel Corpn., Wheeling, Va. significant, however, that manufac- OPPOSITE PAGE second and larger unit the plant the Wheel ing Steel Corpn., Yorkville, Ohio, for the manufacture cold reduced tir plate was put into operation in Novem- ber, 1934 RIGHT first tin plate cold reducing unit the Wheeling plant was put in op eration October, 1928, and said the first mill kind ever HERBERT SIMONDS turers cold reducing equipment report marked increase orders and that least one company now has full year’s future production already entered its books. safe say that all the larger steel companies are either now prepared furnish cold re- duced tin plate else will pre- pared the end this The purpose this article twofold: suggest new applica- tions for tin plate and point out some the trends toward future improvement the product itself. For both purposes review the high lights manufacturing pro- cedure seems advisable. Low carbon steel bars, known tin bars, are rolled down tin plate gage rugged, compara- tively small tin plate rolls. The practice first roll two bars separately, then place one the other form pair and roll the pair, then fold the pair back itself form double and roll the double. This repeated over and over again until many layers ve ras 3 ty te b- 4 y ity tin plate, known sheet pack, are rolled the same time. The packs are reheated required, and when the reduction thickness has pro- ceeded the point the packs are sheared and vidual plates separated. This practice places limit chemical composition the neces- phorus silicon prevent the sheets welding together during hot rolling. The carbon content the bars usually runs from 0.05 0.10 and high quality maintained the steel. The individual plates are pickled, heat treated, then perhaps pickled again before they pass the dip- ping machine. For deep drawing quality the sequence may be, hot rolling, shearing, opening, black pickling, black annealing, cold finishing, white annealing. white pickling, and then tinning. curious clinging early practice, ordinary tin plate now called coke tin plate after the early use coke producing the bars. fairly well established standard sq. in. surface each box. The thickness tin well the thickness the steel varies. The former, which establishes the per box. common gage total weight lb. per box, which figures for single plate thick- ness about 0.01 in. Perhaps per cent all tin plate this stand- ard gage and grade. The gage the steel sheet may run high mately 0.031 in. thick. Whether the plate cold reduced a not, the proper heat treatment vital the final result. The older method box annealing, and this still extensively used and pro- duces very soft, pliable product. The newer treatment known normalizing lends itself more rapid production and gives better deep drawing properties. typical annealing cycle the Steel Corpn. calls for hr. bring the tin mill plate 1700 deg. This done annealing furnace with the plate packed cast iron boxes and pass- ing through the furnace, entering one end and leaving the other, malleable iron annealing furnaces. After reaching the maximum, the temperature gradually reduced through period hr., which point the boxes plate, still hot, are moved out the furnace and allowed cool the air further making 72-hr. complete evele, The normalizing cycle con- tinuous belt process. endless belt passing slowly through heat- ing zone carries the sheets one time sequence which much more rapid than the case an- nealing. The maximum tempera- ture, however, may reach the same point 1700 deg. The sheets they leave the belt are auto- matically piled the end and allowed cool the air. about feature normalizing that the surface each sheet cooled more rapidly than the interior, and this gives surface grain structure with stiffer characteristics the plate often annealed cast iron boxes shown. Some mills, however, box anneal cold re- duced strip for tin plate the coil fore cutting and such cases sheet boxes are softer center portion. After the tin mill plate has been heat treated either normalizing box an- nealing, then put through the tinning process which consists dipping the sheets bath molten tin. This done elab- orate automatic machines which hold the plates their edges and separate one throughout the operation. After dipping, the plates pass through squeeze rolls which regulate the thickness coating. These are ar- ranged that any excess tin drops back into the bath. Properties Normalized Tin Plate Blair, metallurgical engi- neer, Republic Steel Corpn., de- scribes some the properties and uses normalized tin plate. says that normalizing proved the drawing properties the plate, with the ma