The Iron Age 1935-01-17: Vol 135 Iss 3

NRA CODE 1935 Registration No. A-3:31-0-1590 VAN DEVENTER Editor Managing Editor News Editor Machinery Editor Editor Emeritus Washington Chicago Cleveland EHRNSTROM, JR. BURNHAM FINNEY GERARD FRAZAR MCINTOSH Pittsburgh Detroit Boston Cincinnati 17, 1935 Industry's Attitude Toward Social Security Heat and Cold Insulation. Vacuum System for Cleaning Foundry Fixtures for Welding Large Structures. Finish Helps Metal Products Sales. Conveyor Transportation Strip Mills. New Type Solvent Machine Clean Metal Parts New Equipment News ... Personals and Obituaries Washington News Automotive Industry Markets Construction and Equipment Buying Products Advertised Index Advertisers 110 THE IRON AGE PUBLISHING COMPANY FRANK, President GRIFFITHS, Secretary BAUR, General Advertising Manager PUBLICATION OFFICE: Corner Chestnut and Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. EXECUTIVE OFFICES: 239 West 39th St., New York, Y., Member, Audit Bureau of Circulations ADVERTISING STAFF Emerson Findley, 311 Union Bidg.. Cleveland Member, Associated Business Papers B. L. Herman, 675 Delaware Ave., Buffalo, Published every Thursday. Subscrip- H. K. Hettenstein, 802 Otis Bidg., Chicago tion Price: United States and Pos- Peirce Lewis, 7310 Woodward Ave., Detroit, sessions, Mexico, Cuba, $6.00; Can- Charles Lundberg, Chilton Bidg., Chestnut & 56th Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. Cc. H. Ober, 239 W. 39th St.. New York W. B. Robinson, 428 Park Bldg., Pittsburgh W. C. Sweetser, 239 West 39th St.. New York Cable Address, ‘‘Ironage, N. Y." D. C. Warren, P. O. Box 81, Hartford, Conn. Owned CHILTON COMPANY (Incorporated) MUSSELMAN, FRITZ FRANK, Vice-President FREDERIO STEVENS, JOSEPH HILDRETH, GEORGE GRIFFITHS, EVERIT TERHUNE, ERNEST HASTINGS, Vice-Presidents WILLIAM BARBER, Treasurer. JOHN BLAIR MOFFETT, Secretary ada, $8.50, including duty; Foreign $12.00 a year. Single copy 25 Cents. 10 r, 4 BETHLEHEM _ABRASIVE-RESISTING STEEL PLATES \ i | Abrasive-Resisting Plates were developed meet the demands industries which abrasive materials such coal, sand and gravel are handled. The steel these plates special carbon-man- ganese-silicon grade. Though relatively high carbon obtain the requisite hardness, contains sufficient percentage toughening elements make bend- able and machinable. Tensile strength this steel the as-rolled condi- tion ranges from 130,000 Ibs. per sq. in. Minimum Brinell hardness about 235. desired, the Brinell can run 300. Among the applications which Bethlehem Abra- 6—THE IRON AGE, January 17, 1935 sive-Resisting Plates are being used are conveyors, loaders, mixers, shovels, dredge pipe, chutes, dump- truck and car bottoms, blades, hoppers and dredge-pump liners. One company operating gravel pit reports that baffle plates this material give upwards five times the life those made from common steel plates. An- other gravel-pit operator has found that chutes Bethlehem Abrasive-Resisting Plates last about three times long the tank plates formerly used. The additional cost these long-wearing steel remarkably low. Write for complete information their application your uses. ESTABI — utes non ESTABLISHED 1855 JANUARY 17, 1935 Vol. 135, No. Industry and Social Security HERE mistaken and unfair impression abroad this country that employers not favor the objective social security. Among all the many hundreds industrialists have known, cannot think single one who has wanted, who has tried, keep his workers All these employers, course, make every effort keep unit labor costs down, well all other items unit cost product that they may stay business. But there wide distinction, not always recognized, between concern's policy with regard labor wages and its policy with regard labor costs. The so-called Ford idea paying the highest possible wage rates and striving for the lowest possible unit labor costs not confined the automobile industry. accepted sound policy, and practiced, all branches the metal-working industry, including, course, the making steel. Common sense tells plainly that unless unit labor costs are low, impossible pay high wages. Labor inefficiency penalizes the worker first and most. striving for low unit labor costs, combination with the highest practical wage rates, American industry has been working the most effective way possible toward social security, not only for the workers but also for the consuming public. But this only part the story. Farsighted employers their own volition have initiated and inaugurated practically all the so-called activities which are being given present-day, New Deal trademark. Private initiative, not legislation, nor labor unions, nor social reformers, introduced America the old age pension idea for workers. Last year, the United States Corpn., one the many companies operating pension plans, expended close nine million dollars for this purpose. Private employers initiated and put into effect unemployment compensation for workers individual plants long before the Wisconsin Plan the Ohio Plan any other State Federal plan was thought of. Private industry recognized the emergency expediency the work-spreading idea and put into practice, long before politicians and labor leaders, so-called, began clamor for shorter work week. Private employers, every part this country, aided their depression stricken workers donations food, clothing and money, long before Federal, State local governments began shoulder the burden relief. Let's get this straight once and for all. Private industry places just high value upon the objective social security does any sincere any self-seeking the has demonstrated this the expenditure many millions private dollars. Industry's present concern that the courses taken achieve security shall not increase insecurity. | | ’ - | ' | iP ors, =" thes, and that y 4 vi a 7 Oy yg Heat Loss Heat Loss Factor, B.t.u. per hr. per 200 200 300 400 emperature Bare Pipes Insulated Pipes Efficiencies Average Pipes 200 300 400 wn London Data Temperature Diffe 500 / ec ns IS. Temperature Differences 10°F. Temperature 8—THE IRON AGE, January 1935 JOSEPH SHADGEN Ing. New York heat losses bare surfaces are very large and increase con- siderably with the difference between the hot body and the surrounding objects. This fact was recognized early the art heat applications, but very little at- tention was given these losses until about 1900, mainly because accurate data regarding the waste were not available that time because the temperatures used most indus trial work were moderate. The magnitude the losses heat through bare pipes and steel surfaces was fully appreciated the turn the century. The use con- stantly rising high temperatures manded corrective. Heat insulation became practical necessity. Many insulating materials were developed from 1900 save the major part the heat lost the bare dust tive losse heat agai mos sum orat thes the exp air, tior sho val | | | | | | ° | /, | + + 4 4 | | | | | | | | | | | 4 + 4 ° 9 } | | | | ] + + + + - + + + + | | 100 400 500 600 800 900 T oF ABOVE and coefficients | efficiencies and Insulation New Field Fundamental Principles and Technical with Large Air Spaces and Metallic Surfaces Low Emissivity pipes and apparatus heated dustrial purposes. The development accurate mea- suring instruments gives today posi- tive information about these heat losses over the full range. Fig. heat losses are plotted ordinates against temperatures over normal at- conditions, which are as- sumed deg. The curves show the latest English (1926) and American (1920-1924) test data and permit quick comparison the lab- oratory results. For all practical pur- the coefficients originating from these two sources are the same over the whole temperature range. the London were made with pipes ft. length still air, these factors represent minimum because under factory condi- tions air and drafts are in- evitable and will increase the losses shown the chart. The money Values these coefficients can Visualized assuming fuel per ton heat value 12,000 cent the 8750 hr. the year and heat generating efficiency per cent. Under these conditions: S00 deg. sq. ft. loses about 2500 lb. coal equivalent $5.00 per year 500 deg. sq. ft. loses about 760 coal equivalent $1.50 per year. 250 deg. sq. ft. loses about 300 coal equivalent $0.60 per Effective insulation avoids per cent per cent these heat and money wastes. shown graphically Fig. good modern insulating ma- terial reduces the heat loss coefficient from 7.5 B.t.u., hour, square feet, deg. F., 0.5 0.6 high tempera tures, and from B.t.u., hour, square feet, deg. F., 0.2-0.25 low temperatures. The overall cost ap- plied insulation varies with thickness, quality and many other factors. economical must not exceed $2.50 per sq. ft. for high temperature applications and average 50c. 75c less per sq. ft. for low temperature work. These general practical limits are, course, subject many shad- ings and adaptations. Under these conditions all insulation work can amortized easily and rapidly and most industrial work justified well paying, obvious, plant neces- sity. Diffusion Insulators analysis the above heat losses brings out the well known fact that the causes all heat transfer are subdivided into two classifications: (a) Radiation. (b) Diffusion. The latter has two com- ponents: 1. Convection. 2. Conduction. Each these phenomena has been studied carefully all national re- search laboratories the leading in- dustrial nations and all school books physics teach the fundamental principles relating all them. The vast majority the insulating THE IRON AGE, January 1935—9 f = 4 4 ag * ture and fact at- inti! rate not the de- any ped are A at fect tT radiation etrec heat loss. 600 Temperature Differences above 7 JV 400 500 600 Term rat ° lermperature ,°F. materials and designs developed from 1900 until lately are based the dif- fusion characteristics. Low conduc- tivity the material and its porosity, meaning multitude tiny air spaces imprisoned walls made poor heat conductors, form the pre- ferred formula the manufacturers. The insulating value “still air” had been long recognized the most helpful ingredient. The success cork insulator largely due the perfection with which nature makes tiny air cells the bark oak trees. The diatomace- ous rocks offer great resistance heat transfer mainly account the air entrapped the shells the tiny dead animals. Magnesia used insulant factory-made product definite and controlled porosity. The ratio air material, volume basis, varies from one-third two-thirds and seldom reaches the higher figure. The outstanding fea- ture the MASS the materials. Usually powder granular form, these substances are either vegetable origin mineral na- ture, raw refined artifically manufactured synthetically com- pounded. IRON AGE, January 1935 800 The temperature range determines the choice the material: cork wood; plant fibers hairs for refrig- eration work; glass wool, vitrified rock, spun pods, magnesia, asbestos, kieselguhr, for heat applications. Their names vary with the fancies their makers but principle they are alike. They register from lb. per cu. ft. and the most successful them vary between lb. per cu. ft., compared 62.4 lb. per cu. ft. for water. The application these types insulation the surfaces done molding the contours the surfaces protected. The job requires spe- cial labor and manual skill assure effectiveness. The powder materials, the water and the plastic batters make dust and dirt quite inevitable. finish these installations canvas covers, metal sheeting plaster are necessary. Heat Loss Restudied Relation Radiation the past few years the attention the investigators has been directed thorough reanalysis the whole problem heat loss. Modern re- search has been focused with the help very sentitive and very agcurate optical and electrical instruments the radiation phenomena. The pre- dominating importance this mode propagation heat has been brought the foreground. All pre- vious conceptions had put aside and the whole problem reappraised accordance with the accepted law erning electro-magnetic vibrations. The results the latest published tests made Heilman the Mellon Institute Industrial Re- search Pittsburgh, published 1931 part paper entitled “Sur- face Heat Transmission” presented the Rochester meeting the Ameri- can Society Mechanical Engineers, are graphically plotted Fig The radiation effect obviously dominates the picture. high temperature contributes over per cent the heat loss and low temperature never less than two-thirds. The heat lost radiation ex- pressed the law the well known twin physicists, Stefan mann. Both these investigators drew attention the absolute temperatures and proved that radiation heat waves proportionate the differ- ence the fourth power these temperatures. this formula the heat radiated B.t.u. per sq. ft. per hr.; and the absolute temperatures (ordinary degree plus 459 deg.); 0.1723 constant corresponding ideal black body determined experimentally, and the specific emissivity value surface compared black body surface. The Pittsburgh tests har- monize with those made Griffith and Davis, England, published special report No. Department Science and Industrial Research London. should remembered and borne mind that all heat reactions are Heat Rays Heat Rays Radiant Heat Energy Q= Qe Qa heat eneray surface body. today vibrat sequer frec 350,00 the vibrat Thi: rally ments accuré sivitie strum been lamp emissi practi tempe deg. I Tes have heat types wave day, sal Cor ticula with sary sivity take ties of w: tentic ordin white also simil the but caref realiz our k Fig value cent; ° ° | Loss 8D=fadiatior los / ‘ BC C. nvection los / + ° ° ° a ‘ / ‘ b A : 40 A cnr + + ‘ + + Q / } ose - oC - se - | Com o | | 700 800 OO } 4, Q Q R Yj MQ WO My YW, Ri “ff My Yi, B Body MOH » Qa are ly. today considered portion the vibratory energy consisting that sequence specific waves that have frequency between 500 billion and 350,000 billion per second—between the Hertz waves and the luminous vibrations. Determining Emissivity This new conception quite natu- rally led further series experi- ments determine the values various surfaces. The importance accurate determinations the emis- sivities undeniable. in- been developed for that purpose using lamp black (films 0.002-0.003 in. thick) basis for comparison. The emissivity lamp black was found 0.945, while the ideal black body 1.000, and this value remained practically constant over range temperatures varying from 100 700 deg. Tests accurate and valuable have made with invisible (dark) heat rays well with visible (bright) light vibrations. These two types differ their frequencies and wave lengths most know to- day, owing the practically univer- sal familiarity with the radio and its theoretical background. Continental investigators, par- ticular Schmidt, made careful tests the same subject, published “Health Engineer” (1927), mostly with short wave lengths. neces- sary further investigate the emis- sivity values many surfaces and take due cognizance the peculiari- ties each wave length the zone wave frequencies comprising the infra-red spectrum, giving special at- tention wave lengths from 0.8 microns. well known, for instance, that white light (combination series luminous colored rays) but also known that glass acts like filter ultra violet rays. Undoubtedly similar selective reactions the zone radiant heat vibrations, but have not yet investigated carefully the behavior these waves under practical conditions. The sug- gestions that are follow are made realizing the fragmentary nature our knowledge detail data; but the general deductions will not affected minor variants. Fig. shows tabulation which attempt made classify these surface characteristics into five zones differentiated definite emissivity Zone No. characterized factors greater than per cent; zone No. comprises those sur- LAMP BLACK ASBESTOS PAPER TABLE EMISSIVITY VALUES SURFACES MATERIALS 0.94 0.96 0.92 0.94 PLASTER WOOD, PAINT, LACQUER (FLAT) 0.98 0.98 ROUGH STEEL PLATE 0.94 0.96 LACQUER (GLOSSY) BLACK WHITE CAST STEEL AND CAST IRON (ROUGH) 0.60 0.64 OXIDIZED COPPER 0.55 0.58 CAST IRON (TURNED) 0.49 0.40 0.20 0.24 0.4 0.30 0.32 0.19 0.20 0.15 0.18 0.12 0.16 POLISHED BRIGHT ALUMINUM SHEETS 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.09 0.0 0.02 0.03 0.0 radiant vibration Compiled from many sources. Data not unreliable Fig. which attempt made classify surface characteristics into five zones differentiated definite emissivity values faces having emissivity around per cent; the third group, about per cent; the fourth, around per cent, and the fifth group, less than per cent. How Heat Transfer Effected order clarify this novel ap- proach heat transfer simple ex- planation may quite apropos. Let assume certain quantity vi- bratory energy that travels toward surface body (See Fig. 5.) soon the energy strikes the sur- face two things will happen taneously: part the energy re- flected the surface while the remaining part will penetrate into the body raises its temperature and continues propagate within that new medium rate determined its specific resistance. The ratio be- tween these two quantities entirely governed the emissivity value the surface owing its finish, color, nature, texture, etc., the sur- face restricts the flow energy its emissivity low; offers free pas- sage its emissivity high. the first case acts like mirror, the second like sponge; the first case will interfere with the radiant flow heat and act insulator, the second case will offer but little re- sistance and let the radiant heat enter its very body. Surface Key Insulation The main point that the SUR- FACE the deciding factor, not the nature the material. other words, good conductors heat, such steel, zinc, aluminum and copper, can become effective insulators heat because their surfaces reflect the radi- ant part the heat loss which con- stitutes from per cent the total loss. This conclusion quite THE IRON AGE, January 17, ate ide tes NICKEL, MONEL ALUMINUM ZINC SHEETS ORDINARY DULL LEAD COATED STEEL SHEETS BLACK res eal lly, hed ent rne for Insulation Radiant Heat Energy IG. 6—Comparison both five desiqns using but ferent emissivity with vaiues. consi few from Radiant Heat Loss Alone. cent Diffusion Loss consi Not Included flucti its the obvious, although seems like each other only the nature sur- If, the convection heat paradox. faces and sketch losses are reduced emprisoning the ment Hence, metal-type heat insulators their per cent, sketch air the spaces between the layers The have very solid scientific back- per cent, sketch III and that the insulating ef- have ground, provided the above funda- per cent. The heat losses are getting fect dead still air added, the mant mental facts are correctly applied smaller and smaller but are yet ap- designs promise have real practical practical designs. Let step preciable, quick glance the further. diagram shows. Sketch using thin metal sheets even surfaces having low emissivities, av- foils the high conductivity the Thin Metal Sheets Insulators eraging per cent, and sketch metals are compensated, and losses Fig. five bodies, B,, B,, employs materials with emissivity from that source are controlled ac- and which radiate out the same values Jess than per cent. The ceptable proportions. amounts heat energy, are put side drawing demonstrates that all The diagram Fig. visualizes side. Parallel these bodies are due radiation are eliminated how such designs thin metal sheets, placed surfaces relatively thin ma- under these conditions. Hence de- with low emissivity surfaces, com- terials layers, separated signs corresponding sketches bined with dead air spaces, reduce all spaces air gases (four con- and are good insulators for the three component heat ductors), represented Ba, ab, radiant part heat loss over the tively and produce insulator that and cd. The five sketches vary from full range temperature scale. compares effectiveness with the best mass type design. This new type can called “Massless” account the predominance some 95-99 per cent air spaces within its volume. number additional ad- practical users insulation will un- doubtedly appreciate, such cleanli- ness and permanency. The metals that promise have real future this new type insu- Reduced lation are aluminum, zinc, steel and lb. ingot form, has found its place. The high base price caused the de- signers resort very thin sheets the order 0.0003 in. Aluminum foils that thickness cover over 200 sq. ft. per pound. These foils are obviously delicate handle, they tear easily; they are marketed rolls in. wide. Several pat- ented design features are offered present. Aluminum account its light weight well adapted many Differences 100 within Full Industrial Ranae Fig. 7—Graphic explanation effectiveness type insulat IRON AGE, January 1935 q & fy 7 son ing applications where this deciding factor. The flimsiness the very thin aluminum foil has led several manu- facturers develop “composite” products, such strong craft paper with aluminum foil glued one both sides. That increases the cost but for some purposes offers very practical solution. House insulation with this type material has found considerable favor during the past few years. The emissivity aluminum varies cent and varies with the wave lengths considered; its for luminous rays fluctuates between per cent its mirror-like appearance tells even the casual observer. The Use Zinc Foil has been tried out experi- mentally and found very suitable. The difficulties rolling zine foil have been overcome least one manufacturer. Thicknesses down 0.0005 in. are the market (50 sq. ft. per lb.). The low ingot price some 3c. 5c. per com- pensates the high density compared aluminum (2.65 and leaves price differential favor zinc foil square foot basis. are readily reflected zine. The | Low Zone Zone Fig. 8—Temperature range emissivity values zine vary between Both these metals are whitish and can rolled bright finish. That was considered essential until lately. Both are practically permanent under normal atmospheric conditions; the oxides both these metals are such that corrosion arrested and further attack the metal stopped. account the foil type nature 2 ig 9 Oo | al Ta 1000°F. various insulating materials. these metals, spacers are necessary support the outside cover which reduces considerably the extreme light weight feature their designs. rigid outside cover neces- sary part the design, the weight per sq. ft. in. thick never less and sheeting. This, course, does not apply those applications where outside covers are part the appar- 200 250 300 350 400 Mean conductivities insulating materials. THE IRON AGE, January 17, ef- cal i, the ses ts, all un- } nce -* oor" ‘ Type ets hey its atus such refrigerator boxes for household purposes for instance. Iron and steel has definite place the picture massless type insula- tion. The low price the raw ma- terial, and its universal availability are points favor, making possible the use standard iron sheets gages around and 42. United States gage No. 38, with thickness 0.0061 in., weighs 0.25 per sq. ft., and United States gage No. 42, with thickness 0.005 in., averages 0.20 per sq. ft. These sheets are rolled widths varying from in. in., reduces the number joints per cent even per cent when compared with aluminum lron and Steel Sheets Massless Insulators the key the nature the surface, the quality and finish the steel sheets are paramount impor- tance assure low emissivity values specific the black heat waves that radiate the temperature range from plus 1200 deg. down minus deg. Investigations have definitely established that emissivities below per cent are specific black steel sheet surfaces, and that rolled com- mercial sheets with values less than per cent are the market present. Indications are that will vary between and per cent over the full range, which definitely opens this new field application this basic metal. Fig. the temperature range the most popular industrial applica- tions are compared graphically and the limits applicability the ma- jor types insulating materials are shown such way make for quick, easy and accurate decision. The massless type insulators have been segregated from the conventional ones and number practically im- portant key points the temperature scale have been added increase the usefulness the diagrams. study this nature complete without giving data covering the over all conductivity factor the various insulators; this abstract figure. something yard-stick. While not actually determined experience, its value deducted from test results secured under laboratory conditions. The heat conductivity factor expressed B.t.u., per square foot, per hour, per deg. temperature difference, per in. thickness specific mean temperature level like common denominator that makes comparisons easy and practi- cal. customary submit the laboratories test pieces in. in. square, in. thick. Test condi- 14—THE IRON AGE, January 17, 1935 tions cancel out all errors from out- side sources, that results are strict- Fig. No. graphical compila tion number heat conductivity factors mass type and massless type insulators and materials. The underlying figures carefully chosen order truly compara- tive. furnish sound basis for fair appraisal the various designs top and bottom averages have been drawn form zones characteristic the various types insulants. The massless type insulators show well; their conductivity factors enough give them excellent com petitive position the present development from that angle. The characteristics still air are also plotted the diagram indicating the optimum value the ideal insula- tion medium. Dead carbonic acid gas offers the only means lower the figures still air which leaves open interesting research door, particu- promising the refrigeration applications. this exposition the technical de- velopment important branch engineering has been shown from the empiric beginnings the early pio- neers heat and cold insulation the scientific deductions the mod- ern investigators equipped with the sharp tools and accurate instruments modern science and industry. surprising new field application for steel has been uncovered that promises enlarge the usefulness The commonplace truth that the horizons industry this basic metal. are broadened research has again been convincingly proved. ILLING wedge slots rotor that will form part the most powerful single shaft generating set which being built the East Pittsburgh works the Westing- house Electric Mfg. Co. The machine rated 183,333 kva., 13,800 volts, three cycle per cent power factor, and driven turbine. The rotor long and made 60-in. diameter disks and end-forgings held together four bolts and 13-in. nickel molybdenum steel center bolt that weighs tons. weighs 250,000 the eral bodies from below U-sha The called the ture tion | | A 3 Fisher turret top, single sheet seamless drawn steel, extends from the windshield point well below the rear window, where flanged serve the top the enclosed luggage compartment opening. welded the quarter panels and the steel front end assembly. These parts, with the metal flooring, form rigid structure which architecturally is the same as the gun turrets battleship. Fisher Body Installs Presses Make “Turret the first time the history the automobile industry the protection solid steel overhead being offered the American motor- ist. The all-steel top, development the Fisher Body Division Gen- eral Motors Corpn., being used Pontiac and Oldsmobile for their 1935 bodies. consists single sheet seamless drawn steel extending from the windshield point well below the rear window and further strengthened series heavy U-shaped metal bows underneath. The “turret top,” popularly called because the component parts the new Fisher bodies form struc- ture embodying the architectural Principles employed the construc- the gun turret battleship, triple purpose. first gives unprecedented strength and safety the roof itself. adds strength, too, the rest the body, that supports and reinforces the entire body unit. permits beauty roof line unknown the conven- tional car allowing sweep from one end the body the other. Effectively removing any rumbling noise and shutting out both heat and cold, layer quarter-inch insulat- ing material secured the under- side the steel roof and other parts the metal sheathing. Each Roof Passes Through Four Presses Manufacture the “turret top” from one piece sheet steel pre- sented major production problem, never before had formed such great dimensions. Ac- cordingly, Fisher Body had built and installed its various plants giant presses used for drawing and forming the newly designed tops. Every solid steel roof that pro- duced must pass through four them. These presses exceed size any heretofore built. They vary, course, detail design. this article two types presses will described. One the triple-action toggle type. floor elevation measures ft. in. ft., weighs approximately 500 tons, towers ft. above the floor and extends 12% ft. below the floor into concrete pit. capable de- livering working pressure close 1000 tons. Its bed size 100 180 in. THE IRON AGE, January q e ; A H < H + Te y I | he 1 Pe ngle ting- nase, Were’, and will take sheet metal blanks that size. This unit will turn out the most in- tricate stampings accurate dimen- sions and with consistent mirror- like finish, thus eliminating many grinding operations which previously had formed when double-action presses single stroke this triple-action type press makes stampings formerly requiring in. and that the lower slide in. Obviously stroke such length, taken uniform rate six strokes per min., would subject the metal drawing speed too great for uniform flow the metal. avoid restriction the output the press reducing the operating speed, the plunger slide speed automatical- two operations, thus reducing die and die maintenance costs. towers ft. above the floor and will take sheet blanks 180 in. were employed. single stroke makes stampings formerly requiring two operations, thus reducing die and die maintenance costs. The “slow draw” mechanism one the refinements incorporated these presses. The actual stroke the outer blank holder slide in., that the inner blank holder slide 16—THE IRON AGE, January 17, 1935 decreased over part the stroke. For the first 150 deg. the down- drawing period, the travels rate only strokes per min. During the remaining 210 rate strokes per min. Thus the impact speed the punch strik- ing the blank considerably less than that the shorter stroke double- action presses conventional de- sign operating the same number strokes per minute. Presses Are Precision Preloaded outstanding characteristic the new presses that they are pre- cision preloaded units. Tie rods con- stitute the element the modern press best adapted serve con- trol members absorbing critical overload strains. The tie ro! simple tension member, offering the widest latitude proportioning. materials. the conventional press initial rod stresses cannot equalized accurately controlled, although both equalization and control are at- tained precision preloading. the erection precision pre- loaded press, tie rod nuts are tight- ened down hand the usual way. The slide lowered bottom posi- tion and hydraulic jacks placed be- tween and the bolster directly under the cranks. Pressure the jacks then increased until the rods are stretched definite amount, but not more than one-third their elastic limit. The uprights, being fastened only the arch, lift away from the bed the rods are stretched. Into the space thus formed are inserted ac- curately ground shims which hold the uprights elevated position and maintain the required tension the rods. With the shims position, the jacks are removed and the press ready for use. The frame thus solid piece and rigid, except under loads greater than nominal press eapacity. The new presses, encountering overload, are danger from ex- cessive stresses developed shafts, arch bed, none which will fail under fatigue. Frequently recurring overloads merely result stretching the tie rods rather than deflection other costly elements. Electric Clutches Insure Safety Electrically operated clutches the large presses insure the safety vide the control stations such presses for four operators, two front and two the rear. Each sta- tion has two start push buttons and one stop push button. start the machine each operator must press both start buttons his control sta- tion, both his hands thus being safely occupied. any one the eight start buttons released after the press goes into action and before completes its cycle, the current brake the both statio ever | purpo ton cident clutch the Eac systen the erated may regula press presse presse: Like chines the in. betwee adjust bed matic With sure plates motor per Both press t ton the The presses efficient design, lengthe press, inevita many symme may the fts, fail ‘ing tion broken, the clutch released and the brake functions immediately stop the slide. complete both start buttons each control station must held down. When- ever the operating circuit opened purposely releasing start but- ton pressing stop button, ac- cidentally current failure, the clutch automatically released and the brake set. Each press lubricated dual system. measured volume high pressure grease supplied 160 lubricating points simultaneously the action single manually op- erated pump. Fifteen these points the automatic adjusting mechan- ism for the lower slide constitute separate auxiliary circuit which may may not cut with the regular lubricant supply for other press elements. Supplementing the triple action 4-point single action presses the adjustable bed type. Like the toggle presses, these ma- chines are the largest their type the world. The bolster plates are 180 in. and the slide face 175% in. With the slide stroke (24 in.) down, the maximum distance between bed and slide in. With in. deducted for the amount bed adjustment, the bed and slide with the stroke down in. Each press equipped with pneu- matic drawing attachment consisting three 32-in. diameter cushions. cushions develop blank holding pres- sure 200 tons. The pressure pin plates are 171 in. motor drives the unit strokes per min. second motor the same horsepower used elevate the bed. Both motors are high torque punch press type units. Electric push but- ton clutch control similar that the triple action presses. Efficient Handling Large Stampings Main Design Feature The design principle presses has its main feature the From the standpoint lengthen conventional double-crank press, but when the width the slide increased, operating difficulties are inevitable unless symmetrical load distribution maintained. Because large body stampings are un- the center pressure may occur any point from the front the rear edge the slide. When such stampings are produced the double-crank press, tilt- = Pee employed production the new turret top are cut this Keller profiling machine. quide moving over the surface the wooden pattern governs the action of the cutting tool below ing the slide occurs. The clearance the gibs essential proper run- ning fit sufficient cause amount slide-tilt objectionable the operation dies with cutting edges. Under this condition, obvious that wear the gibs and slideways will accelerate slide-tilt and increase rapidly the maintenance cost the dies well the press. Presses with twin shafts and four connections were developed rem- edy this condition. Theoretically such press the pressure equally distributed the four corners the slide; hence the name “four-point” turret top comes out the huge press which has stamped it from one viec chaat chan piece oT sneer steel. ° ° stic ned nto the and the the 4 press. first glance, this seems simple solution the problem, but experience has shown that merely in- creasing the number slide connec- tions not enough. some presses design limitations make necessary keep the outer edges the slide some distance beyond vertical plane through the two front two rear connections. When the load concen- tration center pressure falls within this marginal space, slide tilt inevitable spite four-point construction. The connections and wrist pins the side where this load concentration occurs will thrown into compression, while those the opposite side will act tension. Bear- ing clearances the near side will taken one direction and those the far side the opposite direc- tion. other words, the slide will tend rotate about fulcrum repre- sented line between the adjacent connections. slide can held parallel its bed under such condi- tions and the extra cost four-point construction cannot justified where such possibility exists. Four-Point Design Incorporated Presses Recognizing this situation, Fisher Body engineers sought design solu- tion which would this hazard. The result the four-point design incorporated the two single action presses. With these units load concentration can fall beyond plane through the slide connections because these points are always out- IRON AGE, January 1935 side the front and rear edges the slide face. center pressure the edge the slide could not reverse the reactions the connection and shaft bearings the opposite side. The lines pressure always will pass through the top half the bearings both sides and therefore the slide never can tilt. This basic mechanical principle simply that putting the supporting columns beam the ends the beam instead else- where. The slide actuated single central crankshaft through two oscil- lating rock shafts located above and beyond the edges the slide. The only gearing within the uprights the press single pinion the power drive and single gear the central crankshaft. Heavy transmit the movement from crank- shaft rock shafts. The usual con- nections are used between rock shafts and the slide. Fisher Body can used produce not only the “turret top,” but also other large body panels, door panels, the steel flooring and the front end assembly (that portion the body from the dash back the instrument panel and in- cluding the corner posts). The front assembly passes through different machines. Various metal parts the body travel the assembly department, where the front assembly com- pleted. This, with the solid steel roof, quarter panels and steel flooring, put set-up buck which the parts are welded into single the end the line the body placed welding finishing buck, where the reinforcing for the wheel housings and the facings the doors, front pillars and windshield opening are solidly joined Here also other parts the interior framework are welded the ORKMEN paring the cut- ting edges 52- ton tool steel trim die which shears the excess the manufacture the turret top. ° ° shell. From this point number assembly, cleaning and finishing op- erations are performed and the com- plete body rigidly inspected. new book entitled Aluminum and Its Alloys (in French) now being distributed, without cost, L’Alu- minium Francais, Bis, Rue Bal- Paris, 8e. secure this page volume write the association. The properties aluminum and its alloys are discussed well differ- ent methods working and finishing the alloys. considerable portion the book devoted various appli- the alloys, such auto- mobiles, railroad equipment, ship and airplane construction, and various uses the electrical, chemical and building decoration fields. Portable Grinder.—Onsrud Machine Works, Inc., 3900 Palmer Street, Chicago. tion, illustrations and applications turbine motor operated equipment, less than and having 50,000 r.p.m. stalla ing partn are stand under the two unit, and which Fully phere hoppe the spotte ment Turbi | | | | \ nber com- and Bal- 120- tion. its hing n of ppli- rious and Vorks, System Keeps This Foundry Clean LOAN VALVE CO., Chicago, manufacturers plumbers’ sup- plies, has recently completed in- stallation central vacuum clean- ing system which used all de- partments its foundry. All dirt and dust picked the cleaning tools are delivered separators which stand outside the main building and under lean-to which also protects the motor-driven blowers. There are two separators, one being the primary unit, the centrifugal type, and the other being secondary unit, which the tubular bag type. Fully per cent the dust re- moved the primary separator. The cleaned air exhausted the atmos- phere. The separator tanks are the hopper type with discharge gates the bottom they are easily cleaned dumping direct into containers spotted under the tanks. This equip- ment was furnished The Spencer Turbine Co., Hartford, Conn. ARD surfaced foundry floors are easily kept clean dirt and dust means central vacuum cleaning system LOAN VALVE CO., Chicago, makes extensive use vacuum cleaning throughout its foundry. Not only are floors cleaned but also benches, machinery and overhead work, such pipes, beams, etc. PECIAL vacuum cleaning tools broaden the use the central system. this picture special wall brush used clean the walls the melting department the Sloan non-ferrous foundry. THE IRON AGE, January ° ‘ OME the fixtures employed the weldery the Harnischfeger Corpn., Milwaukee, which makes extensive use welding fabricat- ing excavator, crane and other ma- chinery parts, are shown the ac- companying illustrations. They were developed assure production sound welds together with rapid and efficient depositing weld metal, the latter providing means for easily and quickly tilting the work into the most advantageous welding position. Used with suitable layout elec- tric hoists and other handling equip- ment, these fixtures reduce floor space requirements the weldery whole, and make unnecessary the use expensive overhead cranes either for holding the work during welding for frequent chang- ing the position heavy pieces held temporary blocking. Welding time wasted waiting for crane ser- vice eliminated; and further reduc- tion cost attributed the fact that the easy positioning the work permits use all the heat the job will stand. The fixtures, with hoists, reduce the number welding machines required for given amount welding, and facilitate production smooth welds that improve the ap- pearance and saleability the weld- product. One type fixture, position find- built the company shown Figs. and the work the former being crane end-truck and the latter revolving frame for large excavator. table type, these tures are for handling one and two- side welding irregularly shaped ma- chinery parts. The piece welded first tacked down the top support, which may various finder employed welding crane end-truck (upper left). 2—Revolving frames for large excavators are properly positioned for welding means this fixture siz int sec deg dey ma | | | \/ ld | , = 4 di 3—(At top page) Fixture designed for long, narrow structural parts that require welding all four sides. 4—This huge bed for the most part made rolled steel, and weighs more than 27,000 Parts are first tack welded together, and then finish welded the set-up shown > sizes and shapes, any one which motor through self-locking worm described above, shown, Fig. interchangeable with another. Thus and worm gear unit. Two sizes the This for long, narrow struc- secured, the piece may tilted fixture, with capacity 4000 and tural parts that require welding either direction through 8000 respectively, are employed. all four sides. equipped with deg. permit the weld metal The top tables both measure headstocks that can positioned deposited horizontal trough, the along the bed accommodate pieces mally positioned deg. with the ver- ixture tor Long, Narrow Parts The headstocks have screw-operated tical. The table assembly mounted type welding spindles, centers, similar those trunnions and tilted either hand ture, supplementing type (CONCLUDED PAGE 69) THE IRON AGE, January 17, kes 3 Courtesy Aluminum Co. of America ETAL wall panels covered with dark enamels glossy surface and relieved strips bright aluminum have been used effectively some modern the arduous task producing for metal parts enamel coatings which would remain smooth and flaw- less through the baking process found that impurities the materials, even the atmosphere the baking oven, had habit causing wrinkles, bubbles cracks the surface. Lit- tle did they think that some day these annoying impurities would turned profit. But that just what has been done the originators some the present-day novelty finishes. The processes refinement which de- veloped the smooth surface enamels have been reversed definitely seek- ing increase impurities. Certain crystalline enamels when oven, that is, oven which the have the property developing uni- 22—THE IRON AGE, January 1935 interiors form wrinkly texture stipple finish they dry. This finish has recently become popular for metal panels scientific instruments and such equipment adding machines and cash registers. Searcely any other finish available will readily and effectively cover defects the base metal, and besides this important advantage some the enamels, they are called, are surprisingly durable and resistant abrasion. Another type novelty finish has been developed introducing into the enamel lacquer substance which causes shrinkage during drying. this case, instead wrinkling, the finish actually cracks and pulls apart much mud flat does under the action the sun. This known crackle finish. still further type novelty finish created adding Coatings and Synthetics HERBERT SIMONDS ingredients which make the lacquer stringy fibrous before used and then applying this stringy sub- stance means air The result gives peculiar airline tracery which, independent the operator who applying it, forms interest- ing and varied design which never- theless gives fairly uniform effect over large surface. This known veiling lacquer. Further unusual effects are secured novelty finishes spraying dry materials onto freshly coated surfaces and also introducing foreign mate- rials into the enamel just be- ing sprayed. One surface effect this nature known Izarine, which produced spraying finely ground suede over special size-coat. This gives warm soft finish unusual nature. Several other ways have been de- vised One ona open fects way, for color have start quers creat ods dippe allow befor This and vanta and press pos q | i 4 ~ £ © » | | m ni ~ 3 Finish vised for producing unusual finishes. One the silk screen process which actually modification the use stencils. piece silk stretched open parts through which lacquer brushed. Different colors may suc- cessively used create varying ef- fects. fact possible this way, using several different screens for the same design, produce multi- color art work resembling printing lithographing. Other experimenters have used copper stencils create startling effects applying lacquer metal. Methods Application rapid increase the use lac- quers and enamels industry has created demand for improved meth- ods application. first, parts were dipped tanks enamel and then allowed drain back into the tank before passing the baking oven. This method still extensively used and for some work seems have ad- vantages. The most method today, however, spraying, and carefully regulating the air pressure and using special nozzles possible conform well defined, simple patterns multi-color work either hand automatically. Thus development surfacing sheet metal has greatly re- duced highway display signs such this. ORE spectacular than most other branches metal fin- ishing has been the development novelty coatings the lacquer and enamel industry. Purposely roughened and crinkly surfaces uniform character have been de- vised reversing research pro- cedure. That is, instead refining materials, investigators have de- vised means systematically in- creasing impurities produce novelty effects. the other hand, specialty finishes have called for great re- finement quality and character the coating material, and this has led increased scope and use synthetic enamels. This article, which the thirtieth series finishes, describes many the present-day popular novelty finishes and gives consider- able detail covering composition and properties synthetic enamels. Acknowledgment Corpn., New York, for cooperation the portion dealing with the gredients and research work modern enamels barrels other metal containers may revolved under row three spray nozzles, each supplied with different colored lacquer, and the result will clearly defined bands color. Conforming the trend toward in- finishing raw material the mill, large coating machines have been developed apply lacquer and enamel sheets and strip metal continuous operation. These machines consist essentially two more rolls between which the sheets are passed. Standard Advertising Corp. One roll carries thin film lacquer onto the sheet and the other usually uncoated and kept clean means coating machine saving the quer, for instance, will cover from 800 1000 sq. ft. metal surface coating machine against 300 100 sq. ft. with the lacquer spray. Most spraying lacquers are about per cent solid and some large shops there has been more less THE IRON AGE, January 1935—23 ES + = pr ax jer sed ub- tor ect ual > de- here shown puts the final lacquer coat decorative metal tubes. this stage the tubes al- ready been litho yraphed and come from the drying oven the endless chain conveyor shown above. They are taken this con- veyor girl the left placed on one of the ball bearing mounted spindles wheel fixture which carries them clockwise past the enameling point where they are removed the second operator. Courtesy Sherwin-Williams Coe. successful attempt recover some the volatile material which escapes the spray booth. The solid mate- rial which collects around the booth usually considered waste. cations design coating machine roll may made give patterns stripings the sheets strip being finished. Thus merely cutting out small band around the applying rol- ler uncoated strip will left the metal. Also roller may m