The Iron Age 1934-12-13: Vol 134 Iss 24

THE IRON AGE December 13, 1934 Managing Editor Consulting Editor News Editor Machinery Pittsburgh Detroit Boston Chicago Editor Emeritus Washington Contents Clear the Track Wrought Steel Wheels Carefully Processed Finish Helps Metal Products Sales Aluminum Masts for Racing Craft Large Brass Products Cast Centrifugally Collective Bargaining and Wage Equilibrium New Equipment News November Ingot Output. Personals and Washington News Automotive Industry Markets Construction and Equipment Buying Products Advertised Index Advertisers THE IRON AGE PUBLISHING COMPANY FRANK, President GRIFFITHS, Secretary BAUR, General Advertising Manager PUBLICATION OFFICE: Corner Chestnut and 56th Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. OFFICES: 239 West 39th New York, Y., ADVERTISING STAFF Emerson Findley, 311 Union Bldg., Cleveland Member, Associated Business Papers Herman, 675 Delaware Ave., Buffalo, H. K. Hottenstein, 802 Otis Bldg., Chicago Published every Thursday. Subscription Price: Peirce Lewis, 7310 Woodward Ave., Detroit United States and Possessions, Mexico, Cuba, Charles Lundberg, Chilton Bldg., Chestnut & $6.00; Canada, $8.50, including duty; Foreign 56th Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. $12.00 year. Single Copy Cents. Ober, 239 39th St., New York Robinson, 428 Park Bldg., Pittsburgh Cable Address, ‘‘Ironage, Sweetser, 239 West 39th St., New York Warren, Box 81, Hartford, Conn. Owned CHILTON COMPANY (Incorporated) MUSSELMAN, President FRITZ FRANK, Vice-President FREDERIC STEVENS, JOSEPH HILDRETH, GEORGE GRIFFITHS, EVERIT B.TERHUNE, ERNEST C.HASTINGS, Vice-Presidents. WiLLIAM BARBER, Treasurer. JOHN BLAIR MOFFETT, Secretary. Member, Audit Bureau Circulations THE IRON AGE... 13, 1934 Page / = A W have come know that all men are not equal. There difference heritage and there are other differences. But one respect, least, there absolute equality. man has the same amount time his disposal. The inequality, unfortunately, comes the use it. But time such raw material—so difficult make the most of. the case purchasing, for instance, one may spend much time discussions, continually following orders, contacting too many sources, checking too many invoices, and engaging other time losing tasks—only repeat the schedule month after month. Under such system time completely consumed—there time for new SPEAKING work—no time get ahead—no time greater value your firm. The Ryerson Stock List and Steel After some study our own and other purchasing problems, find that reasonable Information about almost every type concentration with dependable sources saves not only time but actual cash—with the pages. important values quality, accuracy and insurance against delay added features. you not have the 1934 Second JOSEPH RYERSON SON, Inc. Plants Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Louis, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Detroit, your copy once. Buffalo, Boston, Philadelphia, Jersey City. : new THE IRON AGE DECEMBER 13, 1934 ESTABLISHED 1855 Vol. 134, No. Clear the Track, Mr. President! meeting business men and indus- trialists held New York last week discuss and develop unified recovery platform has large significance. means rec- ognition the belief that the Administration wants the help business men speeding recovery and also signifies that business men stand ready and eager give this help. This the first time since the beginning the depression that such coincidence aims has been possible and believe that marks the end the depression. long the magical white rabbits were popping out hats with alarming frequency, business could not know what expect from one day the next. The “visibility” was low, use aeronautical term, and not being able see ahead, business men en- trusted with the use other peoples’ money properly hesitated risk plunging into the unknown. The white rabbits have had their fling. Their day past. Visibility improving and soon business will able see far enough ahead make long term commit- ments. The fog began lift when the Presi- dent affirmed his belief the philosophy private initiative and the profit motive. The response business his stand should source gratification him. Know- ing that the public looks him for recovery, and that needs the help business attain it, likely that Mr. Roosevelt will hesitate remove remaining obstructions recovery when they are called his atten- tion? The Tugwell threat regimentation has been removed. The Green threat union labor dictatorship the way out. The chief remaining obstacle business confi- dence the Ickes threat uncontrolled and unlimited disbursement public funds. the President will disperse this threat placing some reasonable and definite limit upon Mr. Ickes’ freehanded disposal pub- lic funds, there will need for gigantic public works program. Private works will take the employment slack cost the taxpayer. Clear the track this remaining obstruc- tion, Mr. President, and the business train will speed toward the destination recovery full steam ahead. the dule McCALL ODERN transportation rail demands rigorous safety mea- sures which must include the use adequate materials rolling stock and maintenance way. Use suitable wheels particularly im- portant, for here the focal point safety. Upon wheels rests the major share responsibility. The failure one wheel among many thousands, while small percentage, may result very serious accident. During the manufacture Car- negie Wrought Steel Wheels, every means employed make prod- uct good skill and knowledge create from the best materials with superior equipment. This article will attempt describe the features the Carnegie process. The steel for the manufacture ear wheels made the open- hearth process and cast into ingots all which have the same dimen- sions. The ingots are 16% in. diam- eter the big end and taper down 15% in. the small end. They Wrought Steel variation. The spindle gear has teeth herringbone type, and built two forged steel rings, each in. wide, shrunk and keyed semi- steel center. The gear keyed the spindle directly back the front spindle bearing, 200 tons pres- sure being used press place. Automatic chucks are attached Fig. 2—Ingot after slicing operation. are 85% in. long and are cast with the big end up. tops are cast the ingot insure good metal throughout the entire length. All car wheel ingots are now made with corrugations, in. deep. These ingots are smaller diameter than those previously used, and claimed that less segregation the metal occurs the smaller ingots. Ingots Sliced Powerful Lathe When the ingots are cool, they are sliced the powerful Niles ingot slicing lathe shown Fig. The spindle rotated 200-hp. direct- current motor having speed 12—The Iron Age, December 13, 1934 large flanges the headstock and tailstock spindles. The main chuck body steel casting, cylindrical form. Three hardened steel jaws with tapered backs provided with lateral movement, collapse about the ingot when pushed into the chuck. the driving power in- creases, the jaws grip the ingot tighter. The small end the ingot placed the headstock chuck and the tailstock chuck grips the hot top the ingot the tailstock moved forward the bed. The tailstock traversed 10-hp. motor which drives rotating nut confined bracket bolted the end the bed. the safety modern rail trans- portation, car wheels bear im- portant part. Failure one wheel out thousands represents but very small percentage; yet that one wheel may cause very se- rious accident. Careful manufac- ture, with frequent inspection, necessary, therefore, and the prac- tice outlined this and the suc- The end the screw attached the tailstock and moves along the bed the screw moves through the rotating nut. The nut rotated gear through torque limiting friction that the operator, when traversing the tailstock forward for chucking, can easily bring the chuck Fig. 3—Dies for first forging operation with disk position. f Lilo i . ‘a ir or | i A) al Fig. slicing lathe. Carefully ceeding article dure designed assure maximum soundness every wheel pro- duced. this installment Mr. McCall describes the slicing the ingots, the forging and rolling and other steps the heat treat- ment which imparts ness. The practice described that the Carnegie Steel Co. the ingot with the right amount pressure grip the ingot firmly, the friction providing the necessary cushioning effect. When stock traversed forward, the ingot Fig. 4—Shape blank after first forging operation. Fig. for second forging operation. chucked both ends simultane- ously. When traversed back, the slip friction becomes positive action readily free the ingot. The tailstock spindle rotates driven the ingot through the chuck. Anti-friction bearings take the end thrust both spindles. When the ingot chucked, the tail- stock clamped the bed with pneumatic clamps. Cutting Speed Uniform from Full Diameter Core Two carriages are mounted the bed, each having adjustment along the bed hand power. Front and rear fool slides each carriage are provided with feed toward the center the ingot. The feed taken from the driving mechanism the headstock and transmitted the tool slides spline shafts along the front and rear the bed. clutch, operated air, engages the feed all tools simultaneously. Control valves are located the front and rear the lathe. The feed may disconnected positive tooth clutches each tool slide permit individual adjustment the tools hand. Rapid power movement the tool slides provided 10-hp. motor which interlocking with and op- erates through the feed mechanism. The tool slides are provided with tee slots for clamping the tool holders. all ingots have the same dimen- sions, the thickness the slices will depend upon the weight material needed for the size wheels being manufactured. Also, the thickness each adjacent slice will vary some- what due the taper the ingot. The tools are placed accordance with these requirements. The headstock, which cast inte- gral with the bed, contains gearing provide three ranges speeds the spindle. Each range suitable for cutting different material, and the gearing arranged that the slow speed each range proper cutting speed the full diam- eter the ingot. The full range the motor therefore available for acceleration the tools move toward the center the ingot. rheostat, mounted the headstock, posi- tively connected the movement the tool slides. the tool slides move the tools toward the center the ingot, the speed the driving motor automatically accelerated providing uniform cutting speed from the full diameter the ingot Slices Broken Into Disks, Which Are Later Forged When the ingot removed from the lathe sliced similar the roller conveyor steam hammer, where wedge hammered each slot breaking off the slices into disks. These wheel disks are then subjected rigid inspection. The fractured surface the center provides op- portunity observe the structure the metal. The disks are conveyed the wheel shop and loaded buckets for pre- heating. considered important slowly preheat the disks before subjecting them the forging tem- Fig. 6—Shape blank after second forging operation. Fig. 7—Blank after the punch- ing operation. peratures. The buckets are slowly pushed through the preheating fur- nace hydraulic pusher. The temperature the cool end the furnace 100 deg. and the disks are slowly heated temperature The Iron Age, December 13, 1934—13 400 deg. All furnace tempera- tures, together with the amount natural gas being used, are accurately recorded for each furnace used during the entire manufacturing process. After preheating, the disks are re- moved from the buckets and laid benches. They are then picked charging machine and placed furnace where the disk heated the proper forging temperature and then removed the charger and placed the dies 7000-ton forg- ing press for the first forging op- eration. These dies with the disk place are shown Fig. The shape the blank after the first forging operation shown Fig. This blank put into furnace and reheated for the second forging op- eration. then placed the dies another 7000-ton forging press. The side the hub formed the first operation used locate the blank the dies, which are shown Fig. The shape the blank after the second operation shown Fig. Without reheating, the blank placed 800-ton punch press and the hub punched the proper di- mension, Fig. Heat Equalized for Rolling Operation The blank removed from the hub punching press and placed fur- 14—The Iron Age, December 13, 1934 nace and the heat equalized for the rolling operation. view the rolling mill shown Fig. and diagrams the roll- ing operation Figs. and 10. The blank mounted mandrel through the punched hole and placed the rolling mill. guided hori- zontally, supported the mandrel, until contacts the large roll which forms the flange and tread. The center this roll fixed the ma- chine. The two rolls that form the sides the rim are mounted ec- centric shafts which may *be rotated the worms give the required thickness the rim. zontally mounted web rolls are made pairs for each size wheel. They are rotated 800-hp. motor, and are the only driven rolls the mill. These two rolls are swung toward each other power and contact the heavy part the web near the rim. Continued movement forces the blank against the tread-forming roll and the two side rolls, and forms the rim the wheel. Further closing the web rolls forces the excess metal the web the blank toward the hub and increases the diameter the blank. When the web rolls reach their final positions, the web will correctly formed. Salt sprayed the blank during the rolling opera- tion clean off the scale. blank the mill. After the rolling, the blank stamped, the brand, month and year, serial and heat numbers being put the flange side the rim. Care taken see that blanks from the same heat are charged the furnace the same time and rolled consecu- tively. Fig. 9—Front elevation view the rolling operation. Fig. wes sin cas ‘ | ar th ac st fi Fig. 11—Section view coning and sizing dies. coning and sizing operations. When quired amount give the correct the blank comes from the rolling mill, diameter the whee! and form the the hub central with the rim. true circle. the coning operation, the blank there small space between adja- placed holding dies and the rim cent wedge blocks which might leave pressed down until the hub offset marks the tread, second stroke the required amount. Fig. with the sizing rams after the the coning dies and the blank after blocks are rotated half the circum- the ferential distance between the joints. The coning ram then lifted and When sizing the wheels, the diameter the sizing operation performed reduced causing compression the the which equipped with web which said more desirable additional rams for this purpose. than tension. Fig. also shows the Fig. plan view the rolling loosely around the blank. The sizing All wheels, after coning, undergo operation. rams press against ring with thermal treatment, depending de- tapered interior surface which forces sign and the service for which the Without reheating, the blank the sizing blocks toward the center. respective wheels are ordered. placed 2000-ton press for the The ring pressed down the re- (To concluded) the Cabinet Sink Made Sheet Steel CABINET sink steel recently the floor and made three widths, 60, and in., which are designated Models 60, and respectively. The cutting board the only wood used its construction. The cabinet in. front back. The drainboard height in. from has been brought out the Youngstown Pressed Steel Co., Warren, Ohio. This seems logical evolution the steel porcelain sink developed the company about year ago substitute for the cast iron enamel sink and provides companion piece kitchen furni- ture for the porcelain enamel stoves and electric refrigerators. This cabinet sink modern design attractive appearance and utili- tarian its purposes, provides storage room beneath the sink for kitchen utensils space that wasted conventional sinks. These inclosed storage clude drawers for cutlery and linen and shelves for pans and kettles. The sinks are made 14-gage deep-drawing enameling sheets and are porcelain enameled both sides, the under side being enameled for cleanliness. vitreous enameling acid-resisting coat applied after the ground and two white coats. The cab- fabricated cold-rolled sheet steel and welded construction ing and strongly built. The cabinet finished Dulux. The Iron Age, December 13, 1934—15 Work Attractive Finish Helps Metal plated spool called for three operations. The central por- tion was finished with clothflex medium density, with rounded corners. The two end surfaces were finished indicated two operations. Here close dimensions were required and the job was done with compress leather wheel special shape shown the section. Section A-A Wheel guard with raised central portion, shown the sec- tion, was successfully buffed with soft clothflex wheel cemented give sidewise flexibility and shaped with central groove shown. Round corners were provided the wheel polish the fillet between the raised center and the flat surface. HERE requirements were for high polish but great precision, clothflex wheel special section shown was used with success. Wheel COMPLICATED section presented difficult problem. High polish the surface in- dicated was required. special compress canvas wheel shown sec- tion the right was used. The concave por- tion conformed the curve one part the piece, and the flat por- tion polished the straight side. fair degree precision was specified and therefore medium density wheel was used. 16—The Iron Age, December 13, 1934 dependent among other things upon the kind wheel used. Pol- ishing experts called for advice often are able effect substantial savings merely substituting dif- ferent wheel for the one service. Wheels differ both material and construction, and each particular pol- ishing problem finds its best solution some one particular kind wheel. One the most important proper- ties wheel its density. This term applied polishing wheel denotes the relative hardness soft- ness the working surface. Resil- ience probably would more cor- rect term, but the word density seems fixed the trade and its mean- ing well understood. one type wheel the range density from super-hard super-soft, with six in- termediate grades. The change from one density the next harder softer frequently may mean the suc- cess failure polishing oper- ation. Incorrect density, therefore, may result much spoiled work with consequent increase cost. Another consideration that often must taken into account the bal- ance the wheel. Certain types wheels are much more easily balanced than others. Where precision work involved, where the finished work must free from chatter marks, wheel that nearly possible dynamic balance should used. Cer- tain types wheels lend themselves balancing much more readily than others, and these latter may often ruled out, notwithstanding that they have every other qualification for the job, because the conditions the work may require perfectly bal- anced wheel. Balance also tends reduce costs, for unbalanced wheel sets vi- bration the work and the machine, with resultant greater length time required produce given quality surface. Vibration also en- genders fatigue, and the output the workman using poorly balanced cost polishimg operation No. Work f we T re j x 625250505 6585 652505 62525 62525 4 Ww were: ee OOO xx) OOO ation Pol- ntial dif- and pol- ition heel. This soft- cor- eems ean- from in- from suc- fore, with bal- work Cer- elves than that ation bal- vi- hine, riven en- Products Sales Wheels for Better Polish ROBERT KENT department frequently lurks the wheel room and wherever pol- ishing important the produc- tion metal part too much em- phasis cannot given the selec- tion polishing and buffing wheels and the method their applica- tion. This article, one series metal finishing being prepared Herbert Simonds, analyzes the use different types wheels for various applications. Mr. Kent consulting engineer, West Fortieth Street, New York. wheel may drop very materially dur- ing the latter half the working day. unbalanced wheel, therefore, may give rise not only poorly finished work but increased costs. The types polishing wheels general use are the disk canvas wheel, the clothflex wheel made buff sections, and the compress wheel. The wood-block wheel, made laminated wood which pegged and glued strap leather, has become practi- cally obsolete, has also the bull- neck wheel made disks bull-neck leather glued together give the requisite width face. Wheels other materials such felt and sheepskin disks have limited use and are indicated only rare cases. Disk Canvas Wheel for Rough Polishing disk canvas wheel essentially roughing wheel. its name im- plies, made disks canvas sewed glued together give the requisite width face. Variation density obtained building the wheel sections, each section being composed two, three, more disks which are sewed together, and the sections thus made being glued to- gether. The fewer the number disks comprising section, the harder will the wheel. Variation den- sity also may obtained varying the number concentric circles sewing which the several disks composing section are joined. The more widely spaced the circles sew- ing, the softer will the wheel. Disk canvas wheels are sometimes made using sectors circles in- stead full disks for the interme- diate layers canvas each section. This permits economy manu- used which otherwise would waste. Such wheel, far its polishing ability concerned, fully equal one made entirely disks. Unless perfect balance required, the wheel made sectors usually can first cost. The field the disk canvas wheel for rough polishing, especially upon curved surfaces. practically the only wheel that will stand under the severe usage the rough polish- ing operations agricultural imple- ment factories and the initial pol- ishing operations sueh work automobile bumpers. The disk canvas wheel also should employed for the breaking down scale sur- faces that are polished, and for the removal deep pits. These oper- ations require heavy pressures, deep and large-sized abrasive grain. Only wheel the rugged construc- tion the disk canvas type will with- stand this combination. Where the wheel subjected considerable side pressure, the finishing plow mold boards, advisable reinforce with steel plates each side, extending within about in. the circum- ference the wheel, and bolted to- gether through the wheel. lighten the wheel, concentric steel rings bolted through the wheel may sub- stituted for the side plates. Clothflex Wheel General Purpose Tool buff sections glued together form the requisite width face the same manner tlie disk canvas Courtesy New Jersey Zine Co. Clothflex wheels with special contours were used for polishing these parts. The Iron Age, December 13, wheel. Here variations density are obtained principally variations the method sewing the buff sec- tions. The hardest density made buff sections which are sewed spirally from the center the circumference, the pitch the spiral being in. softer wheel obtained increas- ing the pitch the spiral, sometimes great in. The most com- mon sewing, however, %-in. pitch spiral. Still softer wheels can made substituting concentric cir- cles sewing for the spiral sewing, the spacing ranging from in. Very soft wheels are made widely spaced concentrically sewed buff sections which are glued together only for short distance out from the center hole and reinforced two more rows hand sewing with heavy twine hold the sections to- gether. recent development the cloth- flex wheel the substitution flexible cement for glue for the pur- pose attaching the various buff sec- tions each other. This wheel has high degree sidewise flexibility and especially useful finishing work which has irregular contours deep corners indentations which would inaccessible more rigid wheel. The wheel good gen- eral purpose wheel and probably more widely used than any other type wheel the polishing industry. has the advantages low first cost and ease giving form lim- ited number contours for irregu- larly shaped work. also has the advantage considerable flexibility, enabling adapt itself irregu- larities the surface the work. 18—The Iron Age, December 13, 1934 ~ the quality and cost hand such these are ma- terially affected the type polishing wheel used. — This flexibility, however, distinct disadvantage where necessary avoid rounding edges avoid dragging out circular into ellipses. The disadvantages the wheel are its relatively short life compared some other types wheels, its uniform density, the diffi- culty balancing it, and its tendency streak the work. This tendency streaking may arise either from the glue, with which the sections are held together, forming hard disks, which not give under the pressure the wheel the work; consequently, they leave bright mark the work the junction the buff sections. the case very soft wheel, owing separation the buff sections, streak occurs from lack pressure the junction. The clothflex wheel not all adapted heavy roughing work. The weak compared with canvas, and under the heavy pressure required roughing may easily rupture. Cases are frequently reported where clothflex wheels used for roughing have had large sections the fabric torn bodily from the wheel. The field the clothflex wheel distinctly that the dry and grease finishing operation, using, say, No. grain finer, work with con- toured surfaces, surfaces which not have held high degree dimensional accuracy, and jobs where the volume such that ex- tremely long wheel life not fac- tor. this meant life the wheel itself and not life the wheel head. For example, certain line work polished would com- pleted in, say, six-month period and never repeated, the clothflex wheel indicated, provided fulfills all the other requirements for the job. would foolish expenditure money equip for such job with higher priced wheel, the reasonable length life which might from five ten years unless the wheel straight-face wheel, which can used variety other jobs. Cloth- flex wheels find their widest applica- tion contoured work, such fau- cets, pipe fittings, plumbing goods general, finishing operations auto- mobile bumpers, bumper guards and other contoured work. They also are almost exclu- sively employed the finishing the inside surface frying pans and other cooking utensils. Where the work must highly finished with fair degree pre- cision and absolutely free from chat- ter marks, the specification the wheel should call for its manufacture from buff sections made full disks. Such wheel intrinsically good balance, and any lack balance that may exist much more easily cor- rected than possible with the ordi- nary type clothflex wheel. Users polishing wheels, matter economy, frequently fail specify that the wheel should con- structed with metal bushings. Such practice false economy for the rea- son that the hole the unbushed wheel soon wears elliptical, throwing the wheel out balance, with all the evil consequences resulting there- from. Furthermore, wheel wears the machine spindle far greater degree than considered possible merely removing and re- placing the wheel. one instance the spindles eight polishing lathes required replacement within months owing such wear. Compress Wheel for Precision Polishing THE compress wheel essentially precision polishing tool. built blocks canvas, leather, walrus hide, paper, felt, which are compressed radially and circum- ferentially into the desired form, and held between metal flanges which are bolted central hub. The chief advantages this type wheel are that its density can varied any degree resilience that may re- quired for the work, capable perfect balance, its face can formed fit any contour, and has the longest life any type wheel made. Wheels which have been used for years are not uncommon, and one instance known compress ja (ies / tra for the cau pra 7 for use gla for will and pro = dee the exa are whe ers, wheel which was taken out serivce after years continuous use, with considerable life still remaining the wheel. Another great advantage the compress wheel its ability finish work with complete absence streaking. This advantage inherent the construction the wheel. all disk type wheels, previously streak different color may occur the junctions the sec- tions making the wheel. the compress wheel all junctions are Courtesy Hanson Van Winkle Munning Co. buff familiar, machine sewed type for polishing small metal products. transverse the direction motion the wheel and the density uni- form across the face. Consequently there can hard soft spots cause variations color the fin- ished surface. The field the compress wheel practically universal. can used for practically every operation for which any other type wheel can used, with the exception heavy roughing work and the finishing glass. The face the wheel can formed match any contour that possible reach, and the wheel will polish these contoured surfaces without changing their form. hard- density wheel will work into sharp corners with minimum rounding the edge the wheel. proper forming the wheel and presenting the work the proper angle, difficult jobs involving deep grooves may polished over the entire surface the groove. For example, the flutes wood augers are finished means compress wheels. Other instances the appli- cation formed face compress wheels are the polishing the curved sur- faces ball pein hammers, plier han- dles, bicycle hubs, automobile bump- ers, the bolsters table knives and forks, electric fan bases, machine handles, Wheels with plain face and hard extra hard density should used for the precision finishing flat surfaces, surfaces where edges are held square and sharp, and sur- faces containing holes which must not dragged into ellipses the action the polishing wheel. typical application the use hard density compress wheels the finishing flat iron sole plates. hard density compress leather wheel used for the roughing operations while the finishing accomplished means medium hard density com- press canvas wheels. example the use this type wheel for pre- cision work requiring the highest ac- curacy the finishing cold drawn steel flats. These are finished straight line machine using hard den- sity compress canvas wheels. The re- quired tolerance in., —0.00 in. some cases the work actually was held within the limits +0.0003 in., —0.00 in. accomplish these results was necessary have the wheels perfect dynamic balance and true them operating speed that the wheels when service were truly cylindrical. The same wheel treatment was necessary the finish- ing flat iron sole plates. The principal difficulty specify- ing the correct compress wheel for particular job the determination, first, the material used and, second, the density. For the great majority work the average pol- ishing shop the compress canvas wheel with 2-in. cushion and me- dium hard density will fulfill most the requirements. Where corners are held square, the rounding edges avoided, hard density wheel indicated. Where the con- tour more less irregular, where some rounding edges permissible and where high degree precision not required, medium soft soft density wheel advisable. Where there some roughing work done with grain coarser than 60, and where the work precision character, such the flat iron sole plates cited, the compress leather wheel preferable. high color desired, cutlery work, walrus hide sheepskin generally used. Due the wide variations finish that may obtain from even slight change density, very difficult lay down general rules for the se- lection compress wheel other than those given above. all cases where work involved which the plant has had previous experience guide the selection the the problem the wheel manufac- turer. From his broad experience building wheels for every conceivable variety work, usually able make recommendations material, cushion and density that will render satisfactory service. What Call for Ordering Wheels HEEL users frequently cause themselves unnecessary delay and expense when purchasing wheels failing give clear specifications the wheel that they desire. The fol- lowing items are necessary wheel specification the manufacturer build the wheels that the user de- sires: disk wheels the diameter and face wheel; the grade the material which the wheel made; the sewing, %-in., etc., spiral sewing, concentric sewing, with the spacing the concentric rows, the diameter the arbor hole, and any special instructions for gluing. the case disk canvas wheels the specifications should also include the number plies that make section and whether not full disks sectors may used. the compress wheel specifications typical high quality polishing wheel with spiral sewing and with face prepared ready for should include the diameter the wheel, face wheel, the diameter of. the arbor hole, the material with which the wheel filled, leather, can- vas, the depth cushion and the density. the wheel have formed face, drawing template (Concluded Page 74) The Iron Age, December 13, 1934—19 and the ible rom ica- uto- rds, clu- that con- rea- shed ving ere- shed re- ance thes 7 4 ially her, are any has used yress Photo by Edwin Levick, Inc., New York EETAMOE’S mast, identical with Rainbow’s, shortly after was stepped into the sloop. race the competing yachts were built wood, but that year, when Lord Dunraven pitted his Val- kyrie against Vigilant, the first metal ship made its appearance. Vigi- lant’s underwater body was Tobin bronze, smooth, strong, and with tendency not foul. This metal, which consists per cent copper, per cent zinc and per cent tin, has tensile strength 79,000 lb. per sq. in. sheer strakes were steel. the 1893 America’s Cup Much Tobin bronze and steel went into the hulls later vessels. These metals gave strength and weight be- low, thus counterbalancing the enor- mous pressure brought bear the whole structure wind and sail. But weight, despite its advantages hull construction, had retarding effect, and counteract this condition later 20—The Iron Age, December 13, 1934 yachting syndicates lightened the load above the water line. For some time aluminum has been used greater less extent the cup racers. The Jubilee, one the trial horses for the 1893 race, had blocks aluminum. Shamrock 1899, had aluminum topsides. Reli- ance, the 1903 winner, had deck aluminum. Gerard Vanitie, built for the 1914 races which were never held, had jib topsail sprit, two jib topsail poles and gaff made aluminum. Thus, more and more, the years went by, did aluminum appear the construction the cup racers. But not until 1930, when the Enterprise light stick into the races win against the fifth and last Sham- rock four straight heats, was used mast construction. Harold Vanderbilt, Enterprise’s skipper, or- Aluminum Masts Find Favor Cup Contests dered another aluminum mast built for Rainbow, and Frederick Prince, owner Weetamoe, fitted Class sloop with identical spar, order that two masts would available the winner the elimination races. Why Aluminum Mast? The advantages gained from building mast metal are obvious, considering the innovations mast design which were made Star- ling Burgess, marine architect. First all, the mast was tear-shaped and streamlined, form which would have been next impossible build wood; built, its cost would pro- Wind tunnel tests showed that this type mast would give less wind resistance than the ordinary round type. Enterprise lessened wind four years ago with device which for Racing Craft was were the enous for the been all, issue Ente wher been tion this alum lb. a ‘ | same botto This gave tain wise . 7 4 7 | was adopted for Rainbow. The hal- yards used hoist and lower sails were rigged inside the mast, not along the outside. This was only possible because the skin the mast was thin enough allow ample space inside for these cables. Improvements were also made the truck, described ensuing paragraphs, which could not have been made wood spar. Last all, the question weight and its distribution was still paramount issue. 1930 the aluminum mast Enterprise weighed only 4200 whereas the weight wooden mast similar proportions would have been more than 6000 This reduc- tion mast weight was not allowable this year, however, the English challenger requested, his comment racing rules, that the minimum weight the mast 5500 The aluminum mast weighed 5685 185 above the minimum, and thus the poundage saved 1930 could not saved this year; least not the same way. But the weight Rain- bow’s mast was distributed such manner that most was toward the bottom the mast, thus keeping the upper part the mast light possible. The mast was designed that the point balance was 69.3 ft. from the bottom when weighed horizontally. This was per cent the length. other words, per cent the lower end the mast balanced against per cent the upper end. This gave the mast lower center grav- ity than would have been possible other materials and thus saved cer- tain amount ballast which other- wise would have had put into yachts year’s America’s Cup races were quite different from many their predecessors being more rugged and more seaworthy. They also had living quarters aboard, fresh water tanks and galley, items which had not been the requirements previous boats. particular interest, however, was the use metals highly specialized form where cost was scarcely factor and the ideal ma- terial for particular purpose could freely sought. The craft built under these conditions com- bined number different kinds metal, the uses some which have already been described THE IRON the issue Sept. 27, page 30, the particular heat treatment the chrome- nickel steel stay braces used support the mainmast the Rainbow was discussed. About 40,000 Ib. Cromansil steel was used the hull construction this yacht and the details its application were covered THE IRON AGE, Oct. 25, page 43. The accompanying article tells the choice aluminum for mast. the keel. Saving weight meant, naturally, lighter and faster ship. Any weight saved aloft would have similar effect below, and pound saved the top more impor- tance than pound saved near the bottom the mast. This rule de- served serious consideration mast the length Rainbow’s, 154 ft. tower above the deck and ft. are anchored the hold. Mechanical limitations construc- tion require that certain minimum thicknesses metal used. This particularly true points where highly concentrated loads are intro- duced. obtain weight compa- rable aluminum heavier struc- tural materials, the sections would have about one-third thick. With aluminum only one-sixth inch thick the top the mast, the use other materials would induce complications, and would prac- tically impossible employ the many new features the mast truck be- cause the relation strength lightness could not maintained. Rivets and Bolts Insure Strength Fore and aft the mast in. long, while its thickness athwartships in. These dimensions taper in. in. the top. Rivets and bolts along almost every inch the mast, plus much welding critical joints, insure strength. The thick- ness the aluminum alloy employed was one-third inch the base, tapering one-sixth inch the top. The cross-section the mast tear-shaped. intervals every five six feet, internal horizontal bulkheads give ad- ditional support. These bulkheads were strengthened with aluminum angles riveted the plate. More than 20,000 rivets went into the making the mast. The halyards, which are used hoist the sails and the bos’n’s chair, AINBOW’S mast ready for ship- ping. The gondola car ft. long and the shortest section the mast ft. long. The length the longest section ft. The Iron Age, December 13, 4 ave ess ich run through the inside the mast, and thus reduce the wind resistance ordinarily found when halyards are exposed. The halyards are saved from chafing being guided fair- leads which are cut into the bulk- heads. fairlead insulated with bakelite ring, thus preventing the halyards from rubbing against the rough edges the metal and becoming frayed. Top Mast Intricate The top the mast, called the truck, which appears the naked eye thin tip when viewed dis- tance, reality intricate piece apparatus. overhanging arm supports sheave which the main- sail hoisted. the mainsail eye which fastened hook just below the overhanging arm. This hook takes most the strain which ordinarily would taken entirely the sheave. top the overhang- ing arm, the center the mast, pin which holds the pennant. The mast was built two sections, one ft. and the other ft., order that could shipped from Baltimore, and where was built the Glenn Martin Co., Bristol, where was stepped the yards the Mfg. Co. Special arrangements had made order obtain the proper size gon- dola car which convey the two parts, for car the type finally used does not occur commonly the yards most railroads. Both parts extended beyond the car both ends, and flat cars fore and aft had coupled the gondola car order protect the large sticks from damage. the manufacture the mast extruded aluminum section was riv- eted the trailing edge the stick, serving sail slide. Masthead fit- tings, sheaves, bulkheads, angles, boom tracks and removable butt joints were made aluminum. The plates were double-riveted throughout and joined where they lapped. Besides the aluminum mast, other aluminum applications aboard the Rainbow included aluminum pipe berths, complete cooking utensil equipment, including tableware, suit- able for feeding persons, and eight aluminum folding chairs. Other Naval Installations Enterprise started vogue with her aluminum mast which may well turn out permanent. Commercial production aluminum masts was begun England shortly after the 1930 races. Three Class boats fly- ing the burgee the New York Yacht Club today have aluminum masts. Sailing canoes are beginning use aluminum masts this country, and fresh water schooners Lake Michi- gan are finding them handy races. Though the mast the Rainbow cost $100,000, masts for smaller boats are most cases cheaper aluminum than other materials. But the use aluminum naval craft not limited masts. Four years ago Diana was built En- gland almost entirely aluminum, and the performance this 55-ft. day the waters the Mediter- ranean encouraged the construction Int 65-ft. patrol boat launched this spring for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, and which being used the waters the St. Lawrence River. Stephenson’s Velsheda, the only Class sloop race against Endeavour the British trial races before the America’s Cup race, has 22-ft. tender whose hull constructed aluminum. alloy plate used Interceptor for the hull, the crew’s lockers, interior partitions and deck plates. addition was used for the Y-section the keel, for extruded angles riveted the keel, for the stringers, and for the watertight bulk- heads. Aluminum tubing was used for table legs and ladder rungs, alumi- num foil for insulation. Stern tubes, rudders, rudder posts, cleats, bollards, sea cocks, ventilators, window frames, porthole frames and handrail sections were made aluminum castings, Handrails stranded aluminum cable run through cast aluminum support- ing stanchions. The deck fittings are fastened down with aluminum ets. Two 170-gal. fuel tanks, one 15-gal. fresh water tank, one 20-gal. lubricating oil tank, one 10-gal. kero- sene tank, and two 20-gal. gravity fuel tanks are made aluminum. Many Aluminum Parts Shell plating, deck stringer plates, tie plates, doublings, and deck bolts the ice box the galley, the dresser, the cooker, the lockers and the cup- boards, well the saloon fittings, the searchlight projector, the toilet, the wash basins, the and the glass racks. The deck over the crew’s quarters supported aluminum pillar. There aluminum mast, aluminum motor dinghy, cast UT-AWAY view the 55-ft. Diana Donald Van Mediterranean pleasure cruiser. This boat almost entirely aluminum and now her fourth season. AT! BO] bos: and soc] pra gla 22—The Iron Age, December 13, 1934 aluminum dinghy davit. The rudder truck seating, guard stanchions and wires, stern tubes and stern tube bosses, propeller shaft brackets and deck fittings, such bollards, fair- cleats, stanchions, mushroom and cowl ventilators, engine staff sockets and deck lockers are also aluminum. Smaller boats, such row boats, prams, dinghies, and six- and eight- meter racers have either been built aluminum have copious alumi- num applications, particularly En- gland. Even ships’ models have alumi- num masts there. Glossary Yachting Terms Used This Article AFT—near toward the stern. ATHWARTSHIPS—across the length the vessel—from side side. BLOCK—a grooved pulley sheave used for hoisting sails. BOLLARD—an upright post around which to fasten a rope. BOOM—the spar which the foot the sail secured. CHAIR unabbreviated: boat- chair. strip wood slung rope through hole each end, used sit while working aloft. Similar child’s swing. BULKHEAD—a partition. triangu- lar flag used distinguishing pen- nant yachts. CLEAT—a device having two arms used secure line. DAVIT—a curved crane projecting over ship’s side stern hoist lower boats stores. DINGHY—a small rowboat. DOUBLINGS—the lining extra planks or plates, ABOVE truck Rain- bow’s mast. Note the intricate welded, riveted and bolted construction, the sail slide and the hook which the mainsail fastened. RIGHT IEW into Rain- bow’s mast. Note the two bulk- heads and the fair- leads Bakelite rings. FAIRLEAD chafing. guide keep rope from the sea. FORE—toward the front the ship. GAFF—the spar upon which the upper edge fore-and-aft sail extended. GEAR—general term for rigging. HALYARD—rope wire cable used for hoisting sails. lower headsail near the bow. SAIL SLIDE—the groove in the after part the mast which the sail slides when being hoisted. SEA COCK—a type valve used let water into the hold for various func- tional purposes. SHEAVE grooved wheel pulley. SHROUD—a device, usually rope wire cable, and usually pairs, lead- ing from vessel’s gunwales the masthead order give latera! sup- port. Rainbow’s shrouds were thin steel rods. SLOOP—a vessel having one mast, one more jib and mainsail. SPAR—general term for mast and booms. SPRIT—a small pole spar which cros- ses fore-and-aft sail. STAYS—wire cable supporting mast. There are fore stays and back stays. STRAKE—one breadth plates forming wit continuous strip reaching from stem stern bottom side. Sheer strakes: the plates the upper parts the sides. STRINGER—a streak plating carried round the inside vessel, secured horizontally top the deck beams. vessel employed attend other vessels. TOPSIDE—usually the plural. The portion the outer surface vessel either side above the water line. TRAILING EDGE—the narrowest part the tear-shaped mast, located the rear end. TRUCK—the head the mast. The Iron Age, December 13, 1934—23 deck uded ates, ngs, J | nean m. heat melted brass from Schwartz furnace into ladle preliminary casting. EDWIN CONE* OME years ago the cen- trifugal casting metals was largely the experimental stage. Today established commercial process for the production certain iron and non-ferrous products. Several American engineers have been pioneers the development this industry. The name La- vaud internationally known. his early efforts this country credit must large measure given for the establishing the centrifugal casting cast iron pipe. Probably not less than per cent this country’s production such pipe *Illustrations, courtesy the Bethlehem Steel Co. molten brass other alloy in- troduced into the re- volving centrifugal machine means special spout trough. 4—The Iron Age, December 1934 | cen- Was stage. ercial have La- for fugal bably this lehem brass in- re- ifugal ins Bronze Products Cast Centrifugally made one centrifugal process another—the Lavaud the Sand Spun methods. Recognizing the possibilities the centrifugal non-ferrous metals, few years ago the Bethlehem Steel Co. gradually converted por- tion its sand mold brass foundry into the present modern centrifugal department. this department cen- trifugal castings are regularly being made brass, bronze, special al- loys any standard mixture. Spe- cial acid-resisting non-corroding compositions are also included. Before discussing some the fea- tures and products this department, few words concerning the princi- ples and advantages the centrifu- gal process itself should given. The principle the process simple and generally known. Hot metal poured into rapidly revolving mold that the centrifugal force HREE the spe- cially designed machines for casting various sizes prod- ucts. the non-ferrous field some noteworthy advances have been made recent years. some the navy yards the country some meritorious results centrifugal casting have been obtained. But the commercial production very large cylinders and similar shapes brass, bronze and other non- ferrous alloys has for some time been achieved one the lead- ing American steel companies— the Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethle- hem, has special foundry devoted this work its Bethlehem plant. throws against the inside surface the mold. held there this force until solidifies. Whether cast iron, brass, bronze any other alloy used, the result manifestly product uniform, close, dense structure free from seg- regation and porosity. Dust, slag other impurities collect the inside surface the casting. striking feature the Bethle- hem foundry’s cylindrical products their size. They vary outside di- ameter from in. and lengths 288 in. ft.—a truly re- markable range. Any product within these dimensions, from the smallest the largest, can made. Though cyl- indrical, some are cast with flanges. produce such broad variety castings the centrifugal casting equip- ment the foundry consists three large centrifugal machines. One han- dles molds which produce castings from in. in. outside diameter. second machine makes 14-in. 24-in. castings, and third, the larg- The Iron Age, December 13, 1934—25 est, capable casting products from in. in. outsid