The Iron Age 1934-11-08: Vol 134 Iss 19

THE IRON AGE as ent, Editor Managing Editor Consulting Editor News Machinery Editor han Pittsburgn Detroit Boston Hi F. L. PRENTISsS R. A. FIske A. I. FINDLEY L. W. Morrett R. G. McInTosn Cleveland Chicago Emeritus Washington Cincinnati nity rea- had the had CODE ism, 1934 No. Ber- Non-Ferrous Metals, Today and Tomorrow 918- Dictated Economies Finish Helps Metal Products Sales ittle Cutting Oils and Their Selection ings nost have with Personals and Obituaries hen September Ingot Output ’ Automotive Industry are nise. September Pig Iron Production Markets Construction and Equipment Buying Products Advertised 116 Index Advertisers 136 in- roxi- first the tute. THE IRON AGE PUBLISHING COMPANY the F. J. FRANK, President G. H. GRIFFITHS, Secretary C. 8. BAUR, General Advertising Manager PUBLICATION OFFICE: Corner Chestnut and 56th Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. aken EXECUTIVE OFFICES: 239 West 39th St., New York, Y., code ADVERTISING STAFF gust, Member, Audit Bureau of Circulations Emerson Findley, 311 Union Bldg., Cleveland mber Member, Associated Business Papers Herman, 675 Delaware Ave., Buffalo, Hottenstein, 802 Otis Bldg., Chicago this Published every Thursday. Subscription Price: Peirce Lewis, 7310 Woodward Ave, Detroit United States and Possessions, Mexico, Cuba, Charles Lundberg, Chilton was $6.00; Canada, $8.50, including duty; Foreign 56th Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. $12.00 year. Single Copy Cents Ober, 239 39th St., New York ) W. B. Robinson, 428 Park Bldg, Pittsburgh Cable Address, ‘‘Ironage, Sweetser, 239 West 39th New York per EIGHTIETH YEAR SERVICE THE METAL WORKING INDUSTRY . re THE IRON 1934 Page a THE FULL MEASURE poses gasoline storage tanks there are many points where the skill the plate manufacturer counts heavily. For the routine application, just for the task involving severe abrasive corrosive action, high pressures temperatures, Bethlehem Steel Company has the men and the experience and the facilities that assure plates with the full measure quality that the requirements demand. BETHLEHEM STEEL COMPANY GENERAL OFFICES: BETHLEHEM, PA. District Offices: Atlanta, Baltimore, Boston, Bridgeport, Buffalo, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleve- land, Dallas, Detroit, Houston, Indianapolis, Milwaukee, New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, St. Paul, Washington, Wilkes-Barre, York. Pacific Coast Distributor: Pacific Coast Steel Corporation, San Francisco, Seattle, Los Angeles, Portland, Honolulu, Export Bethlehem Steel Export Corporation, New York. BETHLEHEM STEEL PLATES ‘ THE IRON AGE ... NOVEMBER 1934 ESTABLISHED 1855 Vol. 134, No. Firing the White Flag Truce impractical. The average run human nature cannot live it. That why many the current pro- posals have been unsuccessful. You cannot legislate state sanctity unless you abolish the devil. pertinent example found the Presi- dent’s proposed labor relations truce. endeavor put end the deplor- able epidemic strikes which had blocked recovery, the President proposed truce under which each side would maintain the “status quo” for six months. was gesture which appealed employers and workers alike. The philosophy back was sound. you can get two nations which are war declare truce, the probabilities are that they will not resume hostilities after the truce over. Both sides will find peace more profit- able. could have freedom from strikes and strike threats for six months, capital and labor would find equally profitable. Invest- ment funds would come out hiding, busi- ness volume would increase, employment would pick and thin pay envelopes would become fatter. But the labor truce was too good true. was ideal which the average run labor leadership could not measure up. Hence find union chiefs putting strikes the fore again. political administration has given union labor much consideration and help has the present one. No-administration has done much aid union labor extricating itself from embarrassing strike situations order “save with the public. Yet when the President the United States urges labor truce for six months, union labor fires the white flag less than six weeks. Everyone benefits from peace and suffers from war except the mercenaries. They wax fat strife. That why proposed take the profit out war. suggest that the administration, having found that its ideal labor peace cannot attained present methods, turn its atten- tion banishing the devil which prevents it. That devil the selfish interest which many called “labor leaders” have fomenting strife. Take the profit out labor war. can done the incorporation labor unions; public auditing their accounts and the disclosure salaries and other perquisites paid union officials. Such proposal would welcomed the rank and file union dues payers for will show them, for the first time, where their money going and what they are getting for it. And will particularly welcome the public and unorganized independent labor who are the chief and the innocent victims labor wars. ve- gh, or: PRODUCTION line for the manufacture truck and mo- tor coach engines which outstanding interest because the use special equipment unusual bility recently has been installed the plant the White Motor Co., Cleveland. single type engine produced. General-purpose equipment, rather than highly specialized single-pur- pose machine tools, ordinarily would used the engine machining line plant making trucks buses be- cause the limited output com- pared with the mass production plant making passenger motor cars. However, the flexibility what may classed special-purpose equip- ment has been materially increased the provision machines for milling, boring, drilling and ations with interchangeable heads car- rying quickly detachable work units and with changes fixtures for dif- ferent operations. This flexibility per- mits the return the engine block machine for additional operations after certain intermediate operations, well for performing duplicate operations both banks cylinders. many three separate operations with different tooling are performed the same machine which the block returned after intermediate operations. The production line used the manufacture new 12-cylinder horizontally opposed pancake-type en- gine that represents quite evolu- tion the design gasoline engine. Machining operations the manufac- ture the original White pancake- type engine were described THE IRON AGE Aug. 1933. This type, View portion the production line for machining White 12-cylinder pancake engines and conveyor Interchangeable Determines Truck which still being produced, 12- cylinder horizontally opposed engine with two separate blocks and sepa- rate crankcase. The two cylinder banks and case the new engine are made single casting. This made possible the use centrifugally cast wet sleeves cylinder liners which may replaced when the bore worn, thus eliminating the necessity re- grinding the cylinder bores. This type engine block intri- cate design and the standards set the White company for quality product demand precision work neces- sitating the use tools that will as- lines back the machines. Iron Age, November 1934 sure extreme accuracy. The machin- ery layout involved the expenditure $125,000 new tools and fixtures and retooling some the general pur- pose machines. The machinery line laid out far possible for straight-line pro- duction, although the cycle oper- ations necessitates the back-tracking the block some the machines for later operations. The production line served roller conveyors in. above the floor and includes con- veyors for the return blocks machines which more than one op- eration performed. The conveyor provided with turntables and roll- > rec tio ve} ing con sor wel tool —_ Equipment Production Routing over fixtures for delivering the large block the machine any position required for the operation. addi- tion, there section roller con- veyor just above the floor level which more convenient height for serv- ing few the machines. Five special but flexible machines comprise the more conspicuous equip- ment the production line. These and some the more standard equipment were built the Ingersoll Milling Machine Co., which supplied special tools and fixtures for other machines. The first operation consists rough and finish milling various faces the engine block. This done PRENTISS Cleveland Editor, The Age fixed rail type machine with two fixtures. the front specially designed head carrying two vertical cutters and adjoining this another head carrying third cutter. the rear 16-in. combination vertica! cutter. addition, there hori- zontal cutter either side both the front and rear. The rough cuts are taken the front the machine and the finish cutters are the back. The vertical cutters rough and finish mill the top the oil reservoir faces, intake manifold faces and main bear- ing cap dowels. The horizontal cut- ters mill both sides the cylinder head contact faces. the duplicate milling machine the front and rear end the crank- case rough and finish bored. One- eighth inch metal removed the rough and finish milling, the finish cut being 0.025 in., which held within 0.002-in. limits Between the two milling machine operations dowel holes are drilled and reamed the top the face radial drills, and these serve locating points for every succeeding operation. The valve cover faces, exhaust manifold sides and various other faces and pads both sides the block are milled two plain milling machines. Then the block placed the conveyor for succeeding oper- ations. Facing the main bearings length, the next operation, performed standard Rockford horizontal boring machine equipped with special tools. Then come the first operations one the special machines, which two-way drilling and boring ma- chine, one head with six and the other with spindles. The block turned upside down turntable the con- veyor line and pushed the fixture located the base the side which are the two heads individually supported. Rollers the fixture fa- cilitate moving the block and out the machine. The drills the right side shown the photograph with the head set slight angle, which may changed spacers, rough bore the exhaust valve throats and spot drill the valve guide and port- holes. the same time the six tools the left side rough bore and coun- terbore the wet sleeve seats the opposite side. Then the block Exhaust valve throats are rough bored and guide and port holes are drilled the right side and simultaneously wet sleeves are bored and counterbored the opposite side this two-way machine which the block returns twice for successive operations. The Iron Age, November 1934—15 0 )- n- 2 nd Be. ‘ anal a turned end for end and the operations are repeated. The block makes two other trips this machine, one for finishing operations and the second bore these cylinder sleeve grooves for rubber rings that provide the water seal for the wet sleeves. The spindle heads are changed for these operations. The next machine 11-spindle, one-way drilling machine that uses seven spindles. The operations in- clude drilling four longitudinal oil lead holes from the front half way through, drilling %-in. hole and drilling and counter-sinking two dowel holes the flange for locating the Later the block re- turns this machine with change six-spindle head, and the four oil lead holes are drilled from the other end meet those drilled during the first operation and two water drain holes are drilled. Then the cylinder head stud holes are drilled and countersunk and water circulation holes the cylinder head contact faces are drilled the sides the block 59-spindle, one-way drilling and tapping machine. This has two interchangeable heads, one for drilling and the other with Four long longitudinal oil lead holes are drilled through the block spindles for tapping, which done two operations and other holes are drilled this 11-spindle one-way later the cycle operations. Two ine. settings are required for each oper- Cylinder head stud holes are drilled the sides the block water circulation holes the cylinder head contact faces are drilled and tapped this 59-spindle machine, which has heads. 16—The Iron Age, November 1934 wa ma lin : In ation. 4 204 holes various sizes are drilled simultaneously the cylinder block this two-way drilling machine. Various sized holes, 204 number, This very unusual machine radial the rear milling operation performed with milling attachment the cylinder studs are drilled simul- the picture there are ten individually driven heads that drill the bottom the fixture. Exhaust insert seats are then coun- terbored and the valve guide stem bushing holes are finish-reamed six-spindle boring machine with spe- cial rotary fixture. After one side counterbored the block turned over and the holes the other side are reamed. taneously and countersunk two- simultaneously and various angles long and small bore oil lead holes way drilling machine. Opposite this from the main bearing. line for turning the block edge, and slides into the fixture over rollers After several boring, counterboring and tapping operations standard radial drills for holes that cannot reached with the special machines, the block delivered end for end turnover device two Natco multiple spindle drills equipped with special features. One these drills gear and stud holes and the other holes the clutch end. The next operations are performed very unusual piece equipment built around radial drill and set for combination operations. one side the column fixture which the block mounted verti- cally for milling with milling at- tachment operated the drill head, clearance between the intake and exhaust valves. Then the block moved the other side this base where there fixture with indi- vidually driven heads for drilling simultaneously long and small angu- lar oil lead holes from the main bear- The Iron Age, November 1934 ‘ turned end for end and the operations are repeated. The block makes two other trips this machine, one for finishing operations and the second bore these cylinder sleeve grooves for rubber rings that provide the water seal for the wet sleeves. The spindle heads are changed for these operations. clude drilling four longitudinal oil lead holes from the front half way through, drilling %-in. hole and drilling and two dowel holes the flange for locating the gear cover. Later the block re- turns this machine with change six-spindle head, and the four oil lead holes are drilled from the other end meet those drilled during the first operation and two water drain holes are drilled. Then the cylinder head stud holes are drilled and countersunk and water circulation holes the cylinder head contact faces are drilled the sides the block 59-spindle, one-way drilling and tapping machine. This has two interchangeable heads, one for drilling and the other with Four long oil lead holes are drilled through the block spindles for tapping, which done two operations and other holes are drilled this 11-spindle one-way later the cycle operations. Two ifli hi ; a drilling machine settings are required for each oper- ation. Cylinder head stud holes are drilled the sides the block water circulation holes the cylinder head contact faces are drilled and tapped this 59-spindle machine, which has heads. 16—The Iron Age, November 1934 si: wa ma in In 204 holes various sizes are drilled simultaneously the cylinder block this two-way drilling machine. Various sized holes, 204 number, the top and bottom the block for the cylinder studs are drilled simul- taneously and countersunk two- way drilling machine. Opposite this machine cradle the conveyor line for turning the block edge, and slides into the fixture over rollers the bottom the fixture. Exhaust insert seats are then coun- terbored and the valve guide stem bushing holes are finish-reamed six-spindle boring machine with spe- cial rotary fixture. After one side counterbored the block turned over and the holes the other side are reamed. After several boring, counterboring and tapping operations standard radial drills for holes that cannot reached with the special machines, the block delivered end for end turnover device two Natco multiple spindle drills equipped with special features. One these drills gear and stud holes and the other holes the clutch end. The next operations are performed very unusual piece equipment built around radial drill and set for combination operations. one side the column fixture which the block mounted verti- for milling with milling at- tachment operated the drill head, clearance between the intake and exhaust valves. Then the block moved the other side this base where there fixture with indi- vidually driven heads for drilling simultaneously long and small angu- lar oil lead holes from the main bear- This very unusual machine built around standard radial drill. the rear milling operation performed with milling attachment attached the drill head. the opposite side front appears the picture there are ten individually driven heads that drill simultaneously and various angles long and small bore oil lead holes from the main bearing. The Iron Age, November 1934—17 — t 4 a & Lal © This triple duty machine broaches the valve lifter guide holes and presses the valve stem guides and broaches the valve stem guide holes. Iron Age, November 1934 This way 12-spindle ma- chine, designed work close quar- ters, rough bores valve tappet holes one side and the op- posite side spot faces valve lifter holes and spot faces the spring seats. ings. unique feature this ma- chine that the feed mechanism for the individual drilling heads driven the radial drill. Rockford boring machine with special fixture used for boring and reaming the main bear- ing holes and the camshaft bores and idler bore. This machine performs roughing, semi-finishing and finishing operations. There are still number drilling, boring and tapping operations which are done standard radial drill equipped with turnover fixture. There are also some additional angu- lar oil holes made which are drilled radial machine while the block held turnover fixture. The machine which the next op- erations are performed particu- lar interest because had designed perform operations very close quarters. This two- way, 12-spindle machine with the tools either side working slight angle. The group one side rough bore the valve tappet holes. While this being done one two sets the opposite side spot faces the valve lifter holes close tolerance. The head the spot facing side then au- tomatically reverses and spot faces the spring seats. Then the block shifted the next six holes, and when the cycle operations completed the block turned end for end and the operations are repeated. From 0.002 in. 0.004 in. stock left the valve tappet holes for broaching. ass motor recent The suspen veyor and body tions After ture chine, locati conse hydra guide valve valve side over holes press and bled after ings mond stand assen tim the studs . ~ aa » assembly line for motor coaches recent The coach body suspended con- veyor and the motor and other parts are assembled body various sta- tions along the con- veyor line. After the block loaded the fix- ture the latter raised the turn wheel the the ma- chine, its proper height being fixed locating points. Three operations are performed consecutively 12-spindle Oilgear hydraulic broaching machine. These include broaching the valve lifter guide holes size, pressing the valve stem guides and broaching the valve stem guide holes. When one side finished the block turned over and the operations are repeated the opposite side. The valve lifter holes are broached with tolerance in. Next the cam bushings are pressed and peened Oilgear press equipped with special bar with which seven bushings are pressed and peened simultaneously. Then the main bearings are assem- bled the crankcase the conveyor, after which the main and cam bear- ings are diamond bored machine designed the White company, dia- mond boring these bearings being standard practice with this company. The exhaust valve seats are then assembled and ground place one time with special equipment. Then the wet sleeves are assembled and are driven the heads and ends, after which the block given the water test and then goes the main assembly line. conveyor line for assembling mo- tor buses recent innovation the White plant, the present method replacing the common practice set- ting the body posts, where re- mains stationary until all the parts are assembled. The body frames are hung overhead conveyor consisting two tramrail tracks spaced proper dis- tance and equipped with trolleys from which are suspended arms carrying brackets their lower end. The body supported four these trolleys the four brackets which are hooked under the wheel housings. The frame hung the conveyor the front the line and the en- gine and other units are assembled underneath, the body being pushed along the conveyor for successive op- erations. Moving the engine and other heavier parts along the point as- sembly facilitated the use hand hoists. Storage racks for parts are located along the side the as- sembly bay, each part being stored near the point which will used. The conveyor approximately 280 ft. long and has capacity for han- dling seven bodies time. Consid- erable saving handling parts effected, for with the body moving along assembly the distance the parts have moved the body shortened. The body, after the working units are affixed, sent back the body builder, the Bender Body Co., Cleve- land, and the bodies are finished with the upholstering, windows and other body equipment. Then the bodies are painted and the finished bus re- turned the White plant for final checking. 4 F This shows the engine block wet sleeves the seats which are six-tool bored and counter-bored described. The Iron Age, November 1934—19 | > Non-Ferrous Metals —Past non-ferrous metals arises from the astounding fact that about thirty metallic elements used indus- trially, iron accounts for more than per cent the total production. While this may justify the classifica- tion metals two main groups, provides excuse for stressing their competitive opposed their part- nership relationships. the great symphony metals, iron constitutes the fundamental theme, and non- ferrous metals provide the harmonies and variations. division between ferrous and Any technical meeting has principal objective the consideration metals; not merely competitors with one another and with other mate- rials, but true partners working to- gether toward higher standard existence. the first Robert Henry Thurston Lecture presented before the American Society Mechanical En- gineers 1925, there was reported statistical study metals showing the relative production new non-ferrous metals and pig iron for the forty- year period which ended with 1924. For the whole forty-year period the ratio pig iron non-ferrous production remained about twenty one. 1930, the Henry Marion Howe Memorial Lecture, this chart was ex- tended include the five years from 1925 1929 inclusive. There was slight increasing trend non-ferrous metal production from 1915 1925 which became more pronounced dur- ing this five-year period. date with the last six months 1934 estimated. The blocks representing the non-ferrous metals are drawn scale twenty times that pig iron for the purpose better indicating trend changes. With statistics for more than four and half the five- year period available, the final cor- rected figures will not materially change this chart. significant fact that during the past five years the world pig iron production has been not twenty but fourteen times that new non-ferrous metals. 20—The Iron Age, November 1934 course the recovery secondary metal greatly enlarges and enriches the metal industry. Ferrous metal scrap goes largely into new steel and iron and becomes indistinguish- able from new metal. boom periods the production steel ingot and steel castings only moderately greater than that pig iron. During the last few years the pig iron production has been only about two-thirds that steel. well known that periods low production the percentage scrap steel increased. The recovery secondary copper, lead and aluminum greater per- centage new metal produced than iron scrap and that zinc and nickel less. The recovery tin seems about comparable percentage with that iron scrap. the whole there greater relative recovery non-ferrous metals. The trends sug- gested the information given Fig. would not greatly affected, however, all scrap and secondary metals were included. The production manganese and chromium not included the non-ferrous metal ton- nage. Lead Depression Proof would appear that during the first thirty the past fifty years the production pig iron followed one trend line and during the last twenty years another. The rate increase has been markedly less during the past twenty years. the other hand there nothing indicate any marked change the non-ferrous metal production trend during the past fifty years. study the pro- duction figures during the past five years would indicate that the non- ferrous metals whole are more depression-proof than iron and steel and, with the exception gold, lead the most depression-proof the major non-ferrous metals. one metal] occupies dominating position the non-ferrous field. Cop- per, lead and zinc together, however, comprise nearly ninety per cent the tonnage, If, instead comparing the look for the reasons for the great variety and diver- sity the metal industry, they are not difficult find. Each metal has gained its commercial status because meets certain require- ments more economically than any other material, because its use provides some special satisfaction human beings. this review Dr. Jeffries presents the current weights, the charts were prepared volume basis, there would small advantage favor pig iron. If, however, the comparison made the basis value, the non-ferrous metals have such advantage that different scale must used. 1929 the value the world pig iron produc- tion was close two billion dollars and that the world gold produc- tion about four hundred million dol- lars. 1934, estimated that the value the gold production new prices will about nine hundred mil- lion dollars, and the value the pig iron production should nearly the same. few years ago the world tion copper had higher value than that gold. non-ferrous metal even close second gold present. The total value the new non-ferrous production present substantially greater than that pig iron. Industrial non-ferrous metals may divided into two general classes: (1) those used substantial quanti- ties the pure state serving the base metal for alloys; and (2) those used primarily alloying con- stituents. The first group comprises aluminum, copper, gold, lead, magne- sium, mercury, nickel, palladium, plat- inum, silver, tantalum, tin, tungsten and zinc. The second group includes antimony, arsenic, beryllium, bismuth, cadmium, cerium, chromium, cobalt, iridium, manganese, osmium, rhodium, titanium, vanadium and zirconium. use wel whi less ami sen for the The pho allo sub: elec mer typ allo ing leac the stre 33,0 tres rais able ing ing Cad and allo troc stai sist and kno and Future uses the non-ferrous metals well the individual qualities which fit each for specific pur- pose. What may expected the future from the common and less common metals also ex- amined. This manuscript was pre- sented Oct. New York be- fore the metropolitan section the A.S.M.E. and visitors the National Metal Exposition. The elements carbon, silicon, phos- phorus and sulfur are also used for alloying purposes. Both cadmium and chromium find industrial use the substantially pure state.in the form electro-plated coatings other metals. Antimony used alloying ele- ment bearing metals and also type metal. used for type metal alloy because its potency reduc- ing the crystallization shrinkage lead, and the solid state occupies approximately the same volume the liquid state. Beryllium now used alloy- ing element with copper. The tensile strength annealed copper about 33,000 per sq. in. adding 1.5 2.5 per cent beryllium and heat treatment, the tensile strength can raised 200,000 per sq. in. The beryllium-copper alloys have remark- able combinations properties includ- ing high strength and hardness with good corrosion and fatigue resistance. Bismuth used various low melt- ing alloys including certain solders. Cadmium used low melting alloys and addition finds some use silver alloys. Alloyed with copper, used the production welding elec- trodes. Chromium used chiefly alloying element ferrous metals. the foundation for the so-called stainless steel alloys, whether they contain nickel not. also used alloying ingredient heat re- sisting castings, and high speed and other steels. Nichrome, the well- known electric heating element mate- rial, alloy containing around per cent chromium. Cobalt used alloying ele- ment cutting tools and wear resist- ing metals such Stellite. used alloying element high speed steel and the main cementing mate- rial for the hard cemented carbides. also used magnet steels. Iridium and osmium are used alloy with platinum which they impart hardness and strength. Rhodium used for the same purpose but ad- dition used plating material for other metals. While the principal use manganese the metallic form alloying element steel, also used minor extent non-ferrous alloys. Titanium and vanadium are used chiefly connection with the facture steel but both are used minor extent alloying ingredients non-ferrous metals. Cerium used alloy with iron and other metals because its pyro- phoric characteristics. the metal which responsible for the sparks used cigaret lighters and similar devices. Carbon and silicon are important al- loying elements but they are classed metalloids rather than metals. They have some properties like metals and other properties like non-metallic substances. They are both used large quantities alloying elements pig iron and steel, and silicon important alloying element cer- tain non-ferrous alloys, particularly those aluminum and copper. Phosphorus also used al- loying element cast iron, steel and certain non-ferrous alloys, particu- larly with copper. Among the metals which are used industrially the more less pure state, the main base for alloys, gold occupies unique ad- dition providing the main metallic base for the currency the world, has wide variety industrial uses. The greatest industrial outlet for gold jewelry and dentistry. ad- ZAY JEFFRIES Metallurgist, Aluminum Co. America dition providing secondary metal- base for the world currency, silver important industrial metal. Its use photography, tableware and jewelry would alone give high rating. has, however, variety other outlets plating metal, for special solders, alloying ele- ment, and the electrical industry. also occupies unique place because the only commer- cial metal reasonably stable the atmosphere and which liquid be- low room temperature. finds wide industrial use thermometers, elec- tric switches, lamps and gages various kinds, because its liquidity, its electrical conductivity, its high density, and the properties its vapor. being utilized con- nection with mercury turbines for the generation electrical energy. provides the foundation for the mer- cury vapor vacuum pump. used alloying element particularly connection with the so-called “amal- gam” dental fillings. Its ability al- loy with gold and silver makes use- ful the recovery these metals from their ores. Platinum and palladium and their alloys are used not only the jewelry trade but also for some very impor- tant applications. They are particularly valuable the chemical and electrical industries where they are used for electrical contacts, for temperature control, and the con- struction special apparatus. The platinum-rhodium combination still great demand for high temperature thermocouples, and there real substitute for platinum the chemi- cal laboratory. Substantially pure wrought tan- talum commercial product used for variety purposes throughout the world. produced the form wire and sheet. has unusual resistance certain chemicals and consequence finds commercial adap- tation the chemical industry. useful, too, the laboratory. used the form cemented car- bide either alone mixed with other The Iron Age, November 1934—21 all If, ol- the the uc- lue old ent pig nay nti- (2) ises ides uth, jum. carbides the manufacture hard tool and die materials. high temperature electric furnaces. the principal alloying element high speed steel and one the prin- cipal ones Stellite. used also steel alloys. the prin- cipal material used cemented carbides and heavy duty resistance welding electrodes. Molybdenum used the substan- tially pure state the form wire and sheet the incandescent lamp industry and the vacuum tube in- dustry well resistor for high temperature electric the three major non-ferrous from the standpdint nage, copper perhaps the most ver- satile. Electrical manufacturers con- sume about per cent the production and the communication' and power transmission industries an- other per cent. The automobile industry consumes about per cent and the building industry between and per cent. The other uses are diversified that may that every major industry. The use lead also greatly di- versified. Its greatest use during the past years has been the manu- facture storage batteries. The amount used for cable covering has been close second, however, and the amount used the non-metallic form white lead and red lead not far behind the amount used for cable cov- ering. These three uses account for well over half the lead consump- tion. Some the other large outlets are for ammunition, foil, bearing metal, solder and type metal. The two largest uses zinc are for galvanizing and brass making. These outlets require about two-thirds the zinc production. Zinc-base die castings and wrought zinc products for use dry cells and other pur- poses are other important outlets. addition, considerable amount zinc used the non-metallic form for white pigment and rubber filler. Aluminum fourth the order 22—The Iron Age, November 1934 Tungsten Uses Are Increasing Tungsten has the highest melting Metals 24% point and the lowest vapor pressure 440 1885-1889 1890-1894 1895-1899 1905 -1909 1910 1925-1929 1930 1915 1920 -1924 Fig. production pig iron and new non-ferrous metals for the past fifty years. The non-ferrous scale twenty times that pig iron better illustrate the trend changes. the last five years the ratio non-ferrous metals production pig iron has increased materially. non-ferrous metal tonnage. also most versatile metal. unique. because the most im- portant light weight metal. Its prin- cipal outlets are the transporta- industry, including automobiles, buses, trucks, aircraft, rail and ma- rine applications; the electrical indus- try; and the kitchen utensil and home appliance field. used generally, however, all industries various forms including foil and paint. Magnesium the one other light weight metal which finds application the substantially pure form and base for light weight alloys. used mainly the aircraft and auto- motive fields. While gaining new applications, still used for flash light and pyrotechnic purposes. The largest use tin the man- ufacture tin-plated steel so- called “tin-plate.” Tin also used base for the babbitt bearing metals and the principal alloying element with copper the production variety both cast and wrought bronzes. widely used solder. Its non-metallic salts have substan- tial use, particularly the manufac- ture white enamels. used moderate amounts the manufacture die castings, alloying ele- ment, for foil, and for collapsible tubes. The largest single use for nickel alloying element mainly the manufacture special steels. im- parts peculiar properties iron, the so-called “invar” alloys having very low coefficients expansion, and Permalloy having very low mag- netic hysteresis. important alloying element with copper the production the nickel silvers and Monel metal. the base metal for Nichrome, important resistance metal for electric heating. used large quantities for the production electrolytic nickel plate other metals, but has considerable use the substantially pure state the form wire, sheet and other wrought products. Danger Non-Ferrous Metal Shortage much about non-ferrous metals today. How about tomorrow? Launay 1908 suggested normal order metal exploitation fol- lows: “If visualize any one these new countries whatever, see it, the average, realize successively age gold, then silver, then copper, then lead, then zinc, and then iron.” 1929 Hewett extended Launay’s generalization for non-ferrous metals and suggested the diagram shown Fig. Hewett wrote, “This diagram indicates five stages, shown successive culmina- tions (1) the quantity exports ore, (2) the number mines operation, (3) the number smelters refining units opera- tion, (4) the production metal from domestic ore, and (5) the quantity imports crude ore. suggest- ing these five successive stages the life metal industries, not insist that the order invariable over wide range history over the en- tire world, for fortuitous discovery and sundry acts government can Quantity orc in nif tiv SlV sec ‘ wo an in $10 . sti sec wo ore wi stu lea wil no ea. pe an sm 10F . ric tin no tio ua hig Spi ea) wi | + slightly change the order temporarily. merely urge that, this the normal order the past most regions with which familiar. well shown most the European countries with domestic fuel supplies. sig- nificance attached the rela- tive heights attained these curves; wish only emphasize the succes- sive relation the Both Launay’s and Hewett’s sequences depend largely the rapid depletion the richer ore bodies. Applying would appear that most Europe and the United States are the age iron Launay’s sequence and the last stage Hewett’s succes- sion. Two whole eontinents, the other, Africa and South America, are still the age copper and the second the five Hewett’s stages. Notwithstanding many predictions the effect that the civilized world would, the not distant future, scrambling for copper, lead, and ore, the best evidence that this gen- eration and the next will blessed with ample supply. Furthermore, study supply and potential demand leads the conclusion that the present generation not confronted with shortage any significant non-ferrous metal. Clarke estimates that the earth’s crust contains only about 0.01 per cent copper, 0.004 per cent zinc, and 0.002 per cent lead. Some the other metals are present even smaller quantities. seems ax- that the exhaustion the richer ores these metals will, time, profoundly modify metal eco- nomics. This is, however, one the burdens which can safely transfer the shoulders coming genera- tions. The changes will come grad- ually and any particular metal becomes more scarce will sell higher prices and will used more sparingly. Iron and aluminum comprise about and per cent respectively the earth’s crust. Although the richer and most available ores these metals will time largely exhausted, the leaner deposits are inexhaustible. Since the largest tonnages metal find outlet for structural purposes, most fortunate for our descendants that these two metals make potent structural team. Although forecasting hazardous, there some comfort making pre- dictions for the remote future. Not only the forecaster relieved much embarrassment, but the predictions are not necessarily less accurate be- cause the long time period. can, for example, predicted with con- siderable assurance that everyone now living will numbered among the deceased hundred years from now. try predict the mor- tality charts particular individuals during the next years, there equal assurance that the forecasting will faulty. And that one can more sure the attainment certain relationships among the metals than the rate and order change. Some these long-time re- lationships are (1) the time cannot visualized when any metal will even close second iron, from the tonnage standpoint, (2) new non- ferrous metal production should in- crease comparison with new iron production least for several gen- erations, (3) aluminum will eventu- ally the largest tonnage non- ferrous metal, and (4) the time can- not visualized when any the major non-ferrous metals will far exhausted rob industry the richness variety and combina- tions properties which they make possible. Turning the near future, evident that metal consumption will not change dramatically kind “over night.” The adjustments which have been established the rigorous eco- nomic processes may assumed reflect approximate temporary balance. The salvation for one in- dustrial metal the salvation for all industrial metals, namely, greater metal consumption. For the near term, metal consumption depends the state business more than anything else. this respect fer- rous and non-ferrous metal produc- tion goes and down approximately together. Healthy business conditions > ~ Time Fig. normal se- quence changes production non-fer- rous metals countries having fuel supplies. The heights the curves have signifi- cance. are therefore essential for healthy metal industry. the probable changes during the next two three decades, one con- fronted with the same uncertainties predicting individual mortali- ties. Changes human habits, new ore discoveries, improved methods metal recovery, alloying, heat treat- ment, protective coatings and the like will affect the use metals. The past should, however, serve approximate guide the trend be- cause these changes have been going since the beginning history. The following general observations are offered for what they may worth. (1) the future use metal, practically certain that the engi- neering suitability non-ferrous metals will much greater pro- portion iron than the present and recent past ratio the consumption these metals. (2) equally certain that the cost factor, which often the domi- nating one metal selection, will give iron preference over non-ferrous metals many applications where the latter enjoy better engineering suitability. (3) selecting metals the fu- ture, gradually given greater weight compared with cost. Greater Use All Metals Probable Another factor the use metals the next few decades can pro- foundly affect not only the total con- sumption metals but also their re- lationships. the industrializa- tion the Far East and backward countries. the remainder the world consumed much metal per capita western Europe and North America the consumption would multiplied about five. cannot hope see such dras- tic change our lifetime. change this direction, however, process evidenced, for example, Japan. From now there will pressure exerted the more back- ward countries from two sides instead one—a sort closing-in movement with America and Japan pushing the movement westward and pushing eastward. can, there- fore, hope see further substantial consumption metal the backward countries. Such change the early phases would not itself expected change the relationships among metals materially. and when the change (Concluded Page 77) The Age, November 1934—23 Tr i- n e later middle ages presents many similarities the programs latter-day economic planners. Also, many its features suggested that was derived considerable measure from the systems that Diocletian and his successors had imposed the later Roman Empire. Based the assumption that each state ought nearly self suf- ficient possible, naturally grew out the intense nationalism the times. The rulers wanted bring into their country the largest possible amount the precious metals; some them seemed convinced that these 24—The Iron Age, November 1934 were the only worthwhile forms tangible wealth. The merchants wanted expand their foreign trade much possible, but wanted this without surrendering for- eigners any corresponding share their domestic market. Foreign trade was esteemed much more important than domestic trade, provided could controlled that there should al- ways large “favorable” balance money. attain these ends, the state in- truded itself into all commercial ac- tivities, passing laws and making regulations that were intended fa- : CTATED vor the industries and trade the country the expense all out- siders. Prof. Carlton Hayes finds that the basis the mercantilist program condition mind among the members the nation, which loyalty the ideal the facts one’s national state su- perior all other loyalties.” the belief that they could thus build their industries and commerce, gov- ernments granted all manner privi- leges, monopolies, rights and exemp- tions, individuals, groups, corpora- tions even municipalities. The system was highly developed during the later middle ages but broke down canti VIII when ened, But socia Deal will and Man ayy Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow when the modern industrial age op- ened, with its ideals free competi- tion and open industrial opportunity. But the communism Russia, the corporative state Italy, the national socialism Germany and the New Deal program the United States, will found many evidences disposition return this outworn and system. Managed Economy Under Henry VIII The managed economy the mer- epoch perhaps reached its England under Henry VIII and Elizabeth. Although the looked establishing na- JOHN VAN DEVENTER Editor, THE IRON AGE tional self-sufficiency encouraging industry and commerce, the measures taken Henry decidedly did not pro- mote these aims. English artisans and craftsmen were then much less skilled than those the continent, and many foreign workers came into England. England greatly needed them, but there was protest the native workers who complained that the foreigners took their employment from them, were able get better wages, and that because this the prices neces- saries was unduly increased. The king himself declared that the foreigners were starving his people and causing much crime. Certainly crime was rampant, for one time there were 60,000 people the prisons, and stated that 72,000 criminals were executed during Henry’s reign for theft and robbery. Wage and Price Fixing appease complaint, laws were passed fixing the wages artificers, prohibiting luxury apparel, and em- powering the ministry fix the prices poultry, cheese, butter, beef, pork, mutton and veal. Agriculture was rudimentary that was more profit- able raise sheep, the tilled lands were turned into pasture and en- closed, the people being forced move into the cities and towns. prevent abandonment farms this way, was enacted that farm house was allowed fall into decay the king should entitled half the rent the farm. Henry Tudor had definite views about preventing agricultural over- production has our Henry Wallace. law was passed providing that proprietor should keep over 2000 sheep; the preamble setting forth, grievance, that some had many 24,000. Very curiously, this same law says that the enormous increase the number sheep had made the price mutton up, rather than down; the explanation being that the industry had fallen into compara- tively few hands, and those who con- trolled were able exact monopo- prices. The historians find some justification for this complaint, inas- much the managed economies the time had brought the ownership and control land into the hands much smaller number people, favorites the ruling and planning power. great number laws were passed under Henry VIII grant- ing monopolies and confining particu- lar manufacturers particular towns areas. Rapacious Tax Gatherer Henry was rapacious tax gath- erer, but like all orthodox economic planners could never get enough reve- nue was always financial trouble. Finally debased the coin- age, with the inevitable consequences. The good specie was hoarded ex- ported; cheap money was coined for use home; and the common people, receiving their wages it, lost their The Iron Age, November 1934—25 1e u- | p- a- ALLE purchasing power, causing universal stagnation commerce. The people’s complaints were serious and constant that was en- acted that anybody criticising the King royal family should guilty treason. general result all these interferences with free industry and the rights the individual, one law King declared that “many and the most part all the cities, boroughs, and towns corpor- ated, within the realm England, are fallen ruin and decay and are not inhabited merchants and men substance.” English history this period continuing series testimony the impossibility managed economy. Under Henry III the merchants the Hanse towns had well-nigh monopolized the foreign commerce England, and had become power- ful that they were granted corporate charters closely analagous our NRA codes which gave them many privileges. Practically the entire for- eign commerce England fell into their hands, and they used their own ships, the ship building and navi- gation interests England suffered. But despite much complaint, these charters continued force more than 300 years. The special interests that had been able get special privileges from the economic planners managed, generation after generation, have these advantages continued. That, course, one the grave weaknesses any scheme economic planning; under it, some groups interests are bound get preferred treatment; and once they get they hang like grim death. The Merchant Adventurers’ Code Ultimately the Merchant Adventur- ers England got themselves code that conflicted sharply with the spe- cial privileges the Hanse Town merchants and the latter, who had long tried maintain their monopoly, complained bitterly. Whereupon the Merchant Adventurers went vigor- 26—The Iron Age, November 1934 be ously bat defense their prac- tices, explaining that although they were pretty tight association, they really weren’t monopoly; far from it. They were high minded and patriotic lot, they admitted these terms: The said merchants saye that they neithe