The Iron Age 1934-10-18: Vol 134 Iss 16

THE IRON AGE October 187 1934 a Managing Editor Consulting Editor News Editor Pittsburgh Boston Cleveland Chtcago Editor Emeritus Washington Cin@innati Contents The Case for the Small Emergency Production Experience with Surface Equipment Policies Under Present New Equipment Washington Automotive Industry Index Advertisers THE IRON AGE PUBLISHING PUBLICATION OFFICE: Corner Chestnut and Sts., Pa. EXECUTIVE OFFICES: 239 West 39th New York, Y., ADVERTISING Emerson Findley, 311 Union Cleveland Member, Audit Bureau Circulations Member, Associated Business Papers Herman, 675 Delaware Ave., Buffalo, Hottenstein, 802 Otis Chicago Published every Thursday. Subscription Price: Peirce Lewis, 7310 Woodward Ave, Detroit United States and Possessions, Mexico, Lundberg, Chilton Chestnut $6.00; Canada, $8.50, including duty; Foreign 56th Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. $12.00 a year. Single Copy 25 Cents C. H. Ober, 239 W. 39th St., New York Robinson, 428 Park Pittsburgh Cable Address, Sweetser, 239 West 39th New York Warren, Box 81, Hartford, Conn. EIGHTIETH YEAR SERVICE THE METAL WORKING INDUSTRY ave for in- ap- sure sys- ling t-up sea ft. said, ange nple, AC- over com- sting the the the cor- ished 4 HOT ROLLED ALLOYS 2315, 2320, 2330, 2335, 2340, 2345, 2350, 3115, 3120, 3130, 3135, 3140, 3250, 6145, ete. (Hot Rolled, machine straightened) Rytense (Hot machine straightened) COLD DRAWN ALLOYS 2315, 2320, 2330, 3115, 3135, ete. HEAT TREATED ALLOYS Ryco (Hot machine straightened) (Hot Rolled, machine straightened) Nikrome (Celd Drawn) STAINLESS AND HEAT RESISTING ALLOYS Allegheny Metal (Sheets, Bars, Welding Rod, ete.) COLD FINISHED STEELS Std. Shafting, Turned Ground and Polished, Special Aceuracy Stock, Ryease High Manganese Screw 1120, ete. TOOL STEELS Ryerson V.D. Ryerson XXX, XX, Ryerson (Best for Dies) Chisel Steet High Speed Treated Bars Diamond High Speed Tool Holder Bits Carbon Steel Drill Red GENERAL STEEL PRODUCTS Bars, Structurals, Plates, Sheets, Re- fined Shafting, Strip Steel, Welding Rod, Tubes, Babbitt Metal, belts, nails, ete., are alse stock for immediate shipment. Specializing the finer Steels— Your competitors are burning the midnight oil economizing—improving their products. are you! the newer, finer steels that are accomplishing miracles. The new stainless steels, high manganese alloys, new process tool steels, special accuracy bars, etc., etc.—these and many others are responsible. For this reason the Ryerson Special Steel Divisions are working overtime helping manu- facturers whenever the problem steel arises. have experienced group special steel men awaiting your beck and call, and hope you will take full advantage this most impor- tant service. not let well enough alone. not too easily satisfied. Call Ryerson for sugges- tions that will economize and improve your product. will glad help you. Write for the Ryerson Steel Book, guide the most complete stocks ready for immediate shipment. Chicago Milwaukee St. Louis Cleveland Cincinnati Jersey City Plants at: Detroit THE IRON 18, 1934 1 Page C : - THE IRON OCTOBER 18, 1934 ESTABLISHED 1855 Vol. 134, No. The Goose Step Geese get army march step requires the elimination differences opinion. So, too, and with equal absolutism, does the intricate timing required planned economy necessitate the issuing orders individual best small group. American progress, and has been notable progress the world family, has been largely due our having many people “out step.” Progress toward good bad might have been much faster had all marched the goose step, but has been much safer make our progress through the natural play differences opinion envisioned our Constitutional plan. Under that system not march straight line but move separately, individ- uals; some forward, some backward and some sideways. The general movement, however, has been forward because the course taken the majority has been right more than per cent the time. Thus have been able afford make mistakes. dictatorship planned economy has right the time, else will lead all the people over the precipice instead the green pastures. Under process planned economy, the great danger lies that suppressing those who seem out step with them, the planners are likely get out step them- selves. Take, for example, some the pet theories the Presidential advisors which have been imposed upon objectives dur- ing the past months. Let contrast these with majority opinion disclosed the remarkable survey just made the National Industrial Conference Board among 5000 newspaper editors. This survey discloses that public opinion one against any further increase our national debt; that one against crop restriction and crop dictation; that three one against the establishment law and the judicial enforcement definite stand- ards business management. reveals public opinion nearly one against the control private business enter- prises government bureaus officials; three one against the theory redistribu- tion wealth income through government aegis. Read the details this survey presented elsewhere this issue and see how far out step with intelligent majority opinion are the economy boys” who have been try- ing import and impose the economic goose step upon us. 4 7 7 . the end July the research staff the National Industrial Conference Board sent questionnaire all newspaper and farm journal editors the United States, 12,076 number. this questionnaire the editors were asked state what the public opinion their communities regard some the important economic and social problems that face the country today. The purpose the inquiry was provide industrial management with information regarding public opinion current economic conditions basis for formulating pro- grams during the coming year. Public Opinion The editors were assured that their individual re- plies would held strictly confidential, that the identity the papers would not divulged, and that the results the inquiry would published only the form totals and percentages. The editors were not asked state the political affiliation their papers, nor requested sign their names. They were not asked record their own opinions, the opinion their papers, their readers the questions covered. The Conference Board asked them only state the best their ability whether not public opinion their community favored opposed cer- The principal questions and summary the replies received from 5,050 editors, released the National Industrial Confer- 12—The Iron Age, October 18, 1934 ence Board, are follows: Social Insurance Does public opinion your com- munity favor compulsory Govern- ment system unemployment insur- ance? Total replies, 4,682; Yes, 1,849, 39.5 per cent; No, 2,724, 58.2 per cent; Doubtful, 109, 2.3 per cent. Does public opinion your com- munity favor compulsory Govern- ment system old age pensions? Total replies, 4,599; Yes, 2,970, 64.6 per No, 1,517, 33.0 per cent; Doubtful, 112, 2.4 per cent. YES YES Cost and Organization Government Does public opinion your com- munity favor further increase the national debt? Total replies, 4,805; Yes, 353, 7.3 per cent; No, 4,279, 89.1 per cent: Doubtful, 173, 3.6 per cent. Does public opinion your com- munity favor reducing the number employees the Government pay- roll? Total replies, 4,838; Yes, 4,224, 87.3 per cent; No, 515, 10.6 per cent; Doubtful, 99, 2.0 per cent. | bu: ’ edi A | q 7 Features the New Deal tain specific economic and social policies, and far each question regarding those policies. The questionnaire included principal questions. the end the questionnaire the editors were asked express their own personal opinion concerning the factors that would contribute most toward increasing business confidence their community. The Conference Board received 5050 replies from editors papers representing total circulation 24,843,677. With reference the question concerning the YES Does public opinion your com- munity favor application the Civil Service Law new agencies the Federal Government? Total replies, 4,584; Yes, 3,572, 77.9 per cent; No, 926, 20.2 per cent; Doubtful, 86, 1.9 per NO cent. Government and Business Does public opinion your com- munity favor the fixing selling prices the Federal Government for farm products? Total replies, 4,903; Yes, 1,154, 23.5 per cent; YES No, 3,609, 73.6 per cent; Doubtful, 140, 2.9 per cent. choice tactors that the judgment editors would contribute most toward increasing business confi- dence, from per cent per cent noted “Decreas- ing Government control,” “Decreasing Government expenditure,” “Balancing budget,” “Stabilizing cur- rency.” Only per cent favored “Inflation the currency,” and only 8.8 per cent “Increasing Govern- ment control.” Around per cent mentioned “Tariff reduction” factor conducive greater business confidence, and approximately equal number favored “No change tariff.” Slightly over per favored “Higher tariffs.” Does public opinion your com- munity favor the fixing selling prices the Federal Government for factory products? Total replies, 4,681; Yes, 796, 17.0 per cent; No, 3,784, 80.8 per Doubtful, 101, 2.2 per cent. munity favor Government restricting farmers what crops they shall plant and what acreage for each crop? Total replies, 4,921; Yes, 867, 17.6 per cent; No, 3,919, 79.6 per cent; 135, 2.7 YES Does public opinion your com- per cent. YES The Iron Age, October 18, 1934—13 YES YES YES Does public opinion your com- munity favor Government restricting manufacturers amount goods they shall produce? Total replies, 4,780; Yes, 524, 11.0 per cent; No, 4,153, 86.9 per cent; Doubtful, 103, 2.2 per cent. Does public opinion your com- munity favor establishment law definite standards private business management enforced judi- cial proceedings and court action? Total replies, 4,743; Yes, 1,022, 21.5 per cent; No, 3,609, 76.1 per cent; Doubtful, 112, 2.4 per cent. Does public opinion your com- munity favor control the manage- ment private business enterprises Government bureaus officials? Total replies, 4,874; Yes, 256, 5.3 per cent; No, 4,563, 93.6 per cent; Doubtful, 55, 1.1 per cent. Does public opinion your com- munity favor Federal Government go- ing into business competition with transportation companies? 4,872; Yes, 542, 11.1 per cent; No, 4,260, 87.4 per cent; Doubtful, 70, 1.4 per cent. 14—The Iron Age, October 18, 1934 Does public opinion your com- munity favor Federal Government go- ing into business competition with power companies? Total replies, 4,857; Yes, 1,240, 25.5 per cent; No, 3,485, 71.8 per cent; Doubtful, 132, 2.7 per cent. Does public opinion your com- munity favor Federal Government go- ing into business competition with other industry? Total replies, 4,754; Yes, 170, 3.6 per cent; No, 4,513, 94.9 per cent; Doubtful, 71, 1.5 per cent. ould public opinion your commu- nity favor Government taking over the banking system? Total replies, 4,756; Yes, 1,691, 35.6 per cent; No, 2,839, 59.7 per cent; Doubtful, 226, 4.8 per cent. Does public opinion your com- munity favor giving administrative officials the Federal Government sole power change from time time the purchasing value the lar? Total replies, 4,648; Yes, 1,193, 25.7 per cent; No, 3,283, 70.6 per cent; Doubtful, 172, 3.7 per cent. YES YES i % ¥ ! rf : Does public opinion your com- munity favor use the Government its taxing power other powers for the specific purpose taking away wealth income from one group and giving another? Total replies, 4,751; Yes, 1,012, 21.3 per cent; No, 3,525, 74.2 per cent; Doubtful, 214, 4.5 per cent. Does public opinion your com- munity believe that the hope profits essential the progress business enter prise? Total replies, 4,859; Yes, 4,581, 94.3 per cent; No, 234, 4.8 per cent; Doubtful, 44, 0.9 per cent. Does public opinion your com- ‘munity favor Government control regulation profits industries other than public utilities? Total replies, 4,780; Yes, 1,205, 25.2 per cent; No. 3,417, 71.5 per cent; Doubtful, 158, 3.3 per cent. Government and Labor Does public opinion your com- munity favor making membership labor union necessary condition employment? Total replies, 4,888; Yes, 231, 4.7 per cent; No, 4,601, 94.1 per cent; Doubtful, 56, 1.1 per cent. Does public opinion your com- munity favor Government fixing minimum wages? Total replies, 4,616; Yes, 2,519, 54.6 per cent; No. 2,021, 43.8 per cent; Doubtful, 76, 1.6 per cent. Does public opinion your com- munity favor Government fixing maximum working hours? Total replies, 4,462; Yes, 2,262, 50.7 per cent; No, 2,134, 47.8 per cent; Doubtful, 66, 1:5 per cent. Would public opinion your com- munity favor making sympathetic strikes and lockouts illegal? Total replies, 4,685; Yes, 3,549, 75.8 per cent; No, 1,011, 21.6 per cent; Doubtful, 125, 2.7 per cent. The Age, October 18, 1934—15 YES YES YES YES YES “4 picketing and rioting unemployed hoodlums, to- gether with politics and chicanery, are used impose unionization Wisconsin employers and employees. NDER the New Deal, Wisconsin, for many years largely open- Shop area, has been the scene many strikes, some them marked violence and bloodshed. the superficial observer, and particularly the labor sympathizer, this epidemic natural reaction from suppression and exploitation. Comments the effect that “the workers are finally winning their rights” that “they are throwing off the shackles in- dustrial pass almost un- challenged among disinterested by- standers. Most have been schooled believe that labor the underdog its relations with man- agement, that strikes are usually jus- tified; and, unless they have had prac- tical contact with industrial problems, are not easily dislodged from that viewpoint. does not occur them that the facts the situation Wis- consin may differ widely from their preconceived notions that the real 16—The Iron Age, October 18, 1934 underdog that State may the employer. Yet such actually the case. What has occurred the Badger State far removed from the picture con- jured the imagination lib- erally inclined third parties that the unvarnished truth can presented only the risk creating skepti- cism its credibility. The adage that truth stranger than fiction has again been borne out. adequate idea what has happened Wis- consin can obtained without first abandoning preconceptions based class-room theories maudlin sym- pathies. Drive for Revenue Summed up, the industrial strife the past year Wisconsin trace- able mainly one thing—the desire the American Federation Labor obtain revenue from territory that had previously contributed little its coffers. year ago the sent more than 100 paid organ- izers Milwaukee alone and these agitators, aided and abetted the national Administration, local gov- ernmental bodies, and radical groups, have succeeded stirring most the industrial conflicts that have ensued. More than 100 major and minor strikes have been called eastern Organize Wisconsin since Jan. Among com- panies the metal-working field that have been affected are the Nash Mo- tors Co., Kenosha; the Seaman Body Corpn., Milwaukee; the Case Co. and the Wisconsin Screw Co., Racine; top—A favorite method manhandling loyal then kick him. this way identification his “after” pictures such incident, taken the too quick for the pickets. Below— i : assa Koh The j the Waukesha Foundry the Spring City Foundry and the Glancy Malleable Corpn., all Waukesha; the Ladish Drop Forge Co., the Ed- wards Motor Co., the Rundle Mfg. Co., the Crucible Steel Casting Co., employee mass around him, trip him and assailants rendered difficult. The “before” and ohler strike, are unusual. The photographer was The picket line the Kohler strike. the Globe Steel Tubes Co., the Geuder, Paeschke Frey Co., the Worden-Al- len Co., the Wisconsin Bridge Iron the Lakeside Bridge Steel the Wehr Steel Co., all Milwaukee the immediate vicinity; and the Kohler Co., Kohler, Wis. Unrest Not Spontaneous These industrial disputes were not spontaneous with the workers. the contrary, the relations between employees and employers eastern Wisconsin were amicable and had been for many years. Wage rates were high higher than comparable industrial districts, and the wage earners were industrious usually owning their homes and possessing substantial sav- ings accounts. Except for few mal- contents, who are found every walk life, the workers were satisfied and loyal. They nursed long suppressed grievances. They bore grudges against the compa- nies for which they worked. They, like their employers, were the crea- tures rather than the creators the dramas which they were play part. The Strike Formula The formula used labor organ- izers make strikes effective has been uniform most the disputes Labor Extends Sway Violence LACHER Managing Editor, THE IRON AGE that have occurred along the Wiscon- sin shore. First, employees are pre- vented from reporting for work mass picketing. For this purpose rov- ing bands unemployed, all Gov- ernment relief (but using their own automobiles!), are called upon for service. many cases the pickets have greatly outnumbered the em- ployees thrown out work. Once the plant closed, all known forms trickery, cajolery and coer- cion are used drive the workers into the union and intimidate the em- ployers into closed-shop agreement. Spellbinders are utilized persuade the employees that they had better get the bandwagon. Temporary reductions initiation fees and threats subsequent fines are used induce workers sign for union cards. Government mediators and concili- ators appear, who are usually for- mer union officers academic pro- laborites, and these official agents are frequently accompanied the pro- fessional labor organizers who insti- gated the trouble. Ordinarily the The Iron Age, October 18, m- hat Co. ne; his inthe 7 7 Milwaukee police trying right patrol wagon overturned rioters the Geuder, Paeschke Frey plant. first Government representative make his appearance the bull- dozing type and attempts frighten the management into settlement favorable the union. this strate- gem fails, second Federal agent sent the scene and likely “soft-soap artist,” who tries achieve the same ends more indi- rect methods. also fails, the union concentrates its efforts the employees, using promises, threats, misrepresentation, trickery and all the other known arts stampeding men induce them join up. these measures succeed, demand immediately made for employee election. While the primary objective these activities obtain the closed shop, wage advances are also asked for. the employer succeeds maintaining open shop tempted grant wage increase, whether can afford not, gesture good will. But doing runs the risk playing into the hands the union organ- izers, who will claim credit for the advance. Union organizers are not interested the justifiability wage demands. the case one Milwaukee plant, now strikebound, they asked for per cent increase piece rates. High-tension tower the Milwaukée Electric Railway Light Co. dynamited strike riot. 18—The Iron Age, October 18, 1934 The management, which had been negotiating with the union represen- tatives, demonstrated that had been losing money throughout the depression and that such advance piece rates would mean further loss $200,000 year. The answer the union attorney was that the extra expenditure should drawn out surplus out the private fortunes the officers. When was told that neither source would yield such sum, suggested that the money borrowed from the banks. was not sincere his suggestion was woefully ig- norant banking operation. Wearing Employers Down But lack sincerity the more probable explanation his proposal. Throughout their dealings with labor leaders Wisconsin employers have found dependability and integrity pe- culiarly lacking. Time after time they have come terms with union agents only informed subse- quently that the settlement did not meet with the approval the men. course, this strategy employed wear the employer down the point where will surrender all demands, including air-tight closed shop, but does not win the employer’s respect for union leader- ship his faith union agreements. recent example sharp practice this sort was the calling meet- ing employees for the approval terms that had been proposed the management. The employer appeared the meeting and settlement was reached and approved poll those present. later developed, however, that the union had pur- posely directed considerable number employees stay away from the meeting, and, the excuse that the wishes that group had not been consulted, demanded new meeting. The employer, justifiably exasper- ated, replied that would attend another meeting but would not ap- pear the scene until was as- sured that all the union members were present. Boring from Within Chicanery after strike has been called sometimes matched trick- ery before such action taken. few instances the ground for months advance boring from within. For instance, about year head Milwaukee plant and sug- gested the organization em- ployee representation plan. While g1\ ge: ZO! is pr é su go ee { the employer had always maintained close individual contacts with his men, saw particular harm the proposal and encouraged the em- ployee ahead. Employee rep- resentatives were chosen due course and among them was the orig- inator the plan, who soon assumed first acts the new organization was forbid individual employees have contact with the manage- ment except through their represen- tatives. This ruling passed unnoticed for the time being but was rendered highly significant subsequent de- velopments. Disillusioned Believing that the employee organ- ization provided insurance con- tinued friendly relations between management and men, the employer promptly sought strengthen giving tangible recognition. Call- ing the representatives, sug- gested wage advance, not zontal increase, but one that would proportionate the individual capabilities the men. Lists were prepared and increases were agreed upon without developing many di- vergences between the views the management and the representatives. The announcement the changes was made through the employee rep- resentatives and the employer as- sumed that, while had strained point far the books the com- pany were concerned increasing his wage outlay had least cemented the bonds friendship with his employees. All seemed well until one day, without warn- ing, the employees’ organization voted affiliate with union. Then learned too late that had been victim misrepresen- re ¥ plant driveway strewn with bricks and rocks after the Kohler riot. tation, that among other things the leader the men and the originator the employee representation plan had circulated the story that the wage advances had been extorted from unwilling management un- der the threat concerted action. Boring from within, however, takes time. Usually almost effective re- violence and intimidation. exaggeration say that, Wiscon- sin least, the has found possible extend its rule riot. Late June strike was called the Milwaukee Electric Light Rail- way Co., public service company supplying light, power and electric railway service Milwaukee and vicinity. Only 157 out 4700 em- ployees went out, and service was continued until mass picketing in- tervened. the night June 27, mob several thousand, few any whom were company employees, gathered the Kinnickinnic Avenue Trolleys were pulled from the wires, the windows cars were smashed, doors were torn off, air was cut off between two-car trains, tracks were blocked and motormen beaten. For several hours the police battled with tear bombs and clubs disperse the mob. smaller scope, occurred other car barns the company. the following night crowd more than 5000 men made con- certed rush the Lakeside power plant the company. The attackers, who hurled stones and brickbats, and tore down fences, finally retreated under barrage tear bombs and water. The casualties included two rioters that were electrocuted when, dashing over fence, they con- tacted live wire. Rioters that were arrested were either freed the court dismissed with fine few dollars. The Socialistic mayor virtually gave his \ Virtually every pane glass the Kohler plant was smashed. The Iron Age, October 18, 1934—19 5 + 4 . 7 ~ val =. > « 4 7 approval the disorders when addressed letter the public ser- vice company saying: “You are wit- nessing the harvest pent-up public indignation which you yourself have aroused. The caging your street cars with fence wire open in- vitation violence.” Suffice say the attitude the courts and the mayor dampened the ardor the police and encouraged further resort brute force. was characterized that time in- vitation “raise hell” quent events that the in- vitation was accepted. Moreover, the example set Milwaukee led other serious outbreaks elsewhere. Patrol Wagon Overturned Among subsequent Milwaukee riots was one the plant the Geuder, Paeschke Frey Co. The fighting broke out the morning Sept. when pickets tried prevent office workers from entering the plant. When policemen attempted clear path through the pickets, one offi- cer was thrown through the glass the factory door and was severely lacerated that had taken the county emergency hospital. An- other officer was kicked the groin and likewise had removed the hospital. When finally certain pickets were arrested, the remaining rioters overturned patrol wagon. Fifty-four Years Industrial Peace The Geuder, .Paeschke Frey Co. has been business for years and has never before had any labor trou- ble. Having been subjected agita- tion outside labor organizers early this year, the company called mass meeting employees July and put its cards upon the table. result, employees’ representation plan was adopted vote 700 140 ballots remaining blank. Aug. mass picketing was em- 20—The Iron October 18, 1934 ployed keep workers from entering the plant. The company did not at- tempt operate, preferring avoid possible injury its employees. However, Sept. sent out questionnaire asking employees in- dicate whether they were willing come back work. Despite the fact that the union had demanded that all letters from the company de- livered union headquarters and sent out motorcycle squad the homes employees collect letters that had not been turned in, the com- pany received 250 replies. each case the worker indicated his desire return but stated was afraid because possible physical harm the hands the pickets. Seven Employees Vote for Strike Violence was also resorted the Wehr Steel Co., West Allis, Wis. July without prior notice, crowd pickets assembled before the entrance the and declared that strike was on. Only few the pickets were recognized em- ployees, the remainder being stran- gers. Yet the workers were warned lay down their tools. Investiga- tion the management disclosed that the employees knew nothing about the strike and were satisfied with their wages and working condi- tions. One hundred and five out 178 the payroll voluntarily signed paper voicing their desire continue work unmolested. was later learned that union meeting had been held the previ- ous day and that only Wehr em- ployees attended, which seven voted for strike and five against. Assailants Freed, Attacked Jailed the first day the strike the 178 employees got through the cordon pickets and reported for work. the second day got through, and the third day only two ran the gauntlet. this last day the pickets overturned auto- mobile containing employees their way work. These men were arrested, lodged jail and fined total $120. Only two the pickets who upset the car were arrested and their cases were dis- missed. With hope justice Each home Kohler village attractive that delighted any o live 7 all a 3 7 q left—A scene beautiful lage. right—the American club, home single employees. the courts and fearing jury its employees, the Wehr man- agement closed its plant and paid off all employees full. Another re- sult the rioting pickets was the smashing the plant windows, incurring damage estimated $500. The employees thrown out work the so-called strike were immedi- any one, regardless financial standing, would live it. ately put relief the county re- lief organization. fact, emissaries the relief office sought out the men and encouraged them accept Government aid, whether they needed not. Then mediators arrived and there was persistent attempt induce the company sign closed-shop agreement. Picketing continued from day day and was even extended the home and Henry Wehr. heads the company. Two pickets carrying derogatory banners paraded back and forth front the house from morning till night. Four others were stationed automobile parked the curb above which sign, ft. was carried. Among the inscriptions were the following: “Mr. Wehr, you are visitor this earth for only short time. Why starve the innocent women and children?” “Wehr Steel Co. gave raw deal instead new deal.” Despite all these activities, or- ganized labor made little progress gaining adherents among Wehr work- ers. Originally probably not more than ten were sympathy with the strike and time were there more than favorable it. The weeks dragged and finally Aug. the management wrote the men and asked them they were willing return work. One hundred and twenty-six out total payroll 178 replied that they wanted re- turn. Early September the strike collapsed and the plant was reopened. Employees Apply for Injunction Neither the management nor the workers, with the exception few malcontents, had played any part causing the long interruption op- erations and suffered thereby. Mass picketing out- siders, which had forced the suspen- sion the Wehr plant, was also employed close the Wisconsin Bridge Iron Works. this case the employees were incensed being forcibly deprived the right work third parties that seventy them appealed the restrain officers and members the union which instigated the strike from interfering with their entry and egress from the plant. The case the first its kind any court, said, and may establish new principle law relative the right the employee security his work, Strike Against the FERA Those who have had not been the ground Wisconsin and not enjoy first-hand information regard- ing the facts may skeptical re- garding the existence the picket army outsiders which has been em- ployed all fronts union organ- izers. The action these unem- ployed hoodlums calling strike against the Federal Employment Re- lief Administration itself should enough dispel any lingering doubts. Under the relief system administered Milwaukee workmen “made work” projects received ap- proximately the same pay they would get direct relief they were idle. The unemployed relief evi- dently saw danger this equality, sensing the possibility that they might eventually forced work for their relief rather than loaf. In- cidentally most the direct relief recipients had consistently refused FERA jobs when they were offered. Encouragement from Socialist Mayor The strike was called Aug. 16. this case, with the industrial conflicts cited, the strike was called pickets rather than the work- ers actually affected. Traveling their own automobiles (sic), roving bands idle men the FERA dole The Iron Age, October 18, 7 swooped down one relief project after another inflicting severe beat- ings workers who refused lay down their tools. view the mo- bility the pickets the police and county authorities found difficult suppress the attacks the work- men. West Allis, Milwaukee suburb, the Socialist mayor forbade the police protect FERA projects. The West Allis common council or- dered work stopped all projects following his announcement, but later rescinded its action unanimous vote. The demands the unem- ployed were that relief workers paid wage scale 83%c. hour for unskilled labor, hour for semi-skilled workers, and the union rate for skilled help. The common labor rate asked was far above the average paid Milwaukee. Federal Support Acknowledged The picket army, the laxness Socialistic local governments main- taining law and order, and the aid and sympathy Federal authorities have been powerful allies organ- ized labor its invasion Wiscon- sin. acknowledgement Federal assistance, Joseph Padway, counsel for the Wisconsin State Federation Labor, has gone record fol- lows: “National labor board influence and direction were instrumental ob- taining our objectives large num- ber the settlements, and Wiscon- sin labor, perhaps more than any other State, owes thanks the na- tional Administration for the gains made this year. other State has labor been active and unioni- zation made much progress the State Wisconsin.” Labor Looks Northward Encouraged their success Mil- waukee and other southern Wiscon- sin industrial cities, labor leaders cast their eyes toward the Kohler Co., Kohler, Wis., miles north Milwaukee. The Kohler management had won world-wide distinction for its enlight- ened industrial relations policy. its entire history years had never had differences with its men. Inspired the example the founder, John Kohler, sturdy pioneer outstanding integrity and with keen sense social responsi- bility, his sons, ex-Governor Walter Kohler, president the company, and Herbert Kohler, executive vice-president, envisioned their enter- prise common undertaking for the mutual benefit employer, em- ployee, stockholder, customer and the 22—The Iron Age, October 18, 1934 public, rather than merely source Model Industrial Village 1913 the village Kohler was incorporated and the best avail- able talent was obtained lay out, landscape and insure architectural harmony and good taste the con- struction its dwellings. Most the houses were built the Kohler Improvement Co., non-profit devel- The houses were sold, not rented—at cost. Fi- nancing was provided building and loan association. Other struc- tures erected included village hall, excellent public school consisting elementary grades and junior and senior high schools, large club building where single men can re- side reasonable rates, and the Waelder Haus, beautiful Tyrolese type structure, built memory John Kohler and given the Kohler girl scouts his daughter, Marie Kohler. The village Kohler justly re- nowned model industrial commu- nity. beautiful are its dwellings that any American, regardless his financial standing, would proud one. true that the vil- lage has not grown rapidly the company’s payroll and that perhaps per cent the employees must live elsewhere, but their homes nearby Sheboygan Falls and She- boygan are comfortable and neat, not tastefully designed and land- the Kohler houses. The risk making unionization drive against the Kohler Co. was, therefore, great, but the prize gained success were achieved was equally great. organized labor could fasten the closed shop com- pany that had done much for its employees, would materially en- hance its prestige and render vic- tories over other strongly entrenched companies easier. Massed Pickets Riot Kohler July small number em- ployees and former employees called “strike.” Subsequently their num- bers were augmented hundreds pickets who had never worked for the company. Employees ened and intimidated, and con- sequence the plant was shut down. July the pickets, violation their word, prevented car coal from entering the plant, thereby threatening the water supply the village which obtained from the plant. Since the security the com- munity against fire was threatened, county deputies and village police sent for the car and stood guard while was delivered. They then cleaned the improvised forts which pickets had located com- pany-owned grounds the rear and east the plant and collected half brickbats, slingshots and other wea- pons. That evening shouting mob several thousand around the plant and attacked the factory, office and the medical de- partment nothwithstanding that op- erations had been suspended for two weeks. Virtually every pane glass the plant was broken. The mob then rushed toward the village, and the village police released gas bombs attempt stop the onslaught. was only when the lives women and children their homes were threatened that the police resorted the use firearms. The rioters were finally driven out and the National Guard was called patrol the plant and village. “Take the Plant; Besides employing the familiar picket army, organized labor brought speaker after speaker inflame the minds employees against the company. One orator introduced the union organizers was former Socialist sheriff Milwaukee County, who openly incited the mob vio- lence. “Take the plant,” said. “It yours.” When Election Not Final Government mediators appeared and regional and national labor boards intervened. Finally em- ployee election was ordered the Federal authorities and was held un- der their conditions auspices. The vote was 1063 for the Kohler Workers’ Association against 643 for the Federal union the American Federation Labor. Despite this decisive defeat for the union forces, they have refused withdraw their pickets and have demanded new election under different conditions. other words, they will not satis- fied with election until they win. Another sequel was the introduction resolution the American Fed- eration Labor convention San Francisco calling for against the Kohler Co. Unselfishness Penalized The union drive the Kohler plant was one the most dastardly moves the annals organized labor. stench the nostrils all fair-minded and law-abiding (Concluded Page 76) : q the se 7 7 allo ties defi loys and A pro par pri wit anc loy pre tio ser cat ser for i cel iro pre Engineering Properties Cast present period the “alloy age,” have called our ‘the marvelous development metal- lurgy recent years. The designer apparatus and ma- chinery has now his service not only alloys remarkable physical proper- ties, but also choice materials with definite chemical characteristics; al- loys which will withstand the attack alkalis acids; corrosion-resistant and stainless metals. Many alloys combine desirable physical with desir- able chemical properties. the number varieties alloys increases, however, becomes more difficult for engineer make the proper selection the material for his particular application, and unless continuously touch with the new developments metallurgy and has fair understanding metallurgical principles, might become confused with the multitude trade names and the many claims made for the al- loys. Although many alloys have proved their worth beyond expecta- tions, other materials appeared serviceable either for limited appli- cation only, were unable actual service approach the claims made for them, New Conception Cast Iron Engineering Material The metallurgy cast iron has re- ceived new impetus from the develop- ments alloys and find that the base great many alloy metals marketed under high-sounding trade names the humble and ancient cast iron. Metallurgists have not only produced alloy cast irons with previ- ously unheard properties, but prin- PIPER Engineer, Foundry Co., Inc., Buffalo HAT cast iron still material prime importance not much the burden the accom- panying article that its field preeminence becoming clearly outlined. The metallurgy cast iron meanwhile has re- ceived new impetus from the development alloys, and the re- sult that handbooks rule not contain the up-to-date in- formation called for designers. assist such engineers, Mr. Piper has presented here concise form what generally asked for. Spe- cial attention may called the section damping, with its vir- tual assertion that the recent past the pendulum was allowed swing too far away from cast iron, the construction machine bases. The rather complete sec- tion transverse strength con- tains data original work the author. cipally have lifted the plain gray iron out the doldrums and have given engineers and designers new con- ception this engineering material. Cast iron, itself alloy, now com- petes successfully with the modern al- loys and steels. Cast iron term covering series iron-silicon-carbon alloys, which also contain manganese, phosphorus and sulphur. The term applies gray iron well white and chilled iron. proper manipulation the prin- cipal constituents cast iron wide range physical, electrical and chem- ican properties can obtained, and can said any metal that can made order for particular application, certainly applies cast iron. Progressive foundries are able furnish castings with high physical properties, with high fatigue limits, castings possessing high damping capacity suitable for high-speed ma- chinery. heat-resistant parts are desired, these also can furnished specially suited cast iron. Some applications require heat and wear resistance well lubricating quali- ties, as, for instance, Diesel en- gine cylinders. Cast iron can fur- nished with good magnetic properties, or, the other hand, may made practically non-magnetic. Other va- rieties castings have resist dis- tortion and growth high tempera- ture, while still others are made for resistance against abrasion corro- sion. Handbook Information Commonly Antiquated Due the rapid development the gray iron metallurgy, dissemination information through literature, handbooks, has been lagging considerably. Even recent issues engineering handbooks present the chapter physical properties cast iron practically unrevised, and again and again find that properties certain alloys welded steel struc- tures are compared with cast iron the basis the antiquated information found handbooks. Many discussions design, sup- posedly scientific, appearing trade journals are wholly erroneous, because the comparison with cast iron The Iron Age, October 18, 1934—23 7 i= 7 Ww n 24,000 20,000 S S 0,000 Tensile Strength, sq. = 123000 8,000 0.0010 0.0030 0.0050 32400 0.0070 0.0090 0.0110 0.0130 0.0150 Fig. tests three classes cast iron; 25A, 2.60 per cent silicon; regu- lar iron with 0.50 per cent molybdenum; iron with per cent steel scrap and per cent silicon. The test bars the case the first two irons were 0.798 in. diameter, machined, showing permanent set 0.0026 in. in., while the test bars for the 30B iron were 1.10 in., machined, and the permanent set in. was 0.0060 in. physical properties which might have been representative this material 100 years ago. The purpose this paper present the engineering properties the cast iron today, putting special stress such fundamental properties tensile, compression, transverse and fatigue strength. All information given collection facts mod- ern gray iron. The section trans- verse strength contains data which the author obtained with the aid Mazurie. Tensile Strength NGINEERING state that the tensile strength cast iron 15,000 20,000 per in., and some the more recent editions give figure 25,000 Ib. for high- grade iron. The modulus elasticity about 10,000,000 Ib. per sq. in., ac- cording the same source. The Gray Iron Founders Society tested hundreds test bars from different sources recent survey, and reports that 20,000 the lowest tensile strength figure encountered. Most common grades iron have tensile strength between 25,000 and 30,000 Ib. per sq. in. The latest A.S.T.M. (American So- ciety for Testing Materials) specifica- tions for gray iron castings list seven different classes gray iron according 1Kommers, Proc. A.S.T.M. 1929, page 24—The Iron Age, October 18, 1934 tensile strength, ranging from 20,- 000 60,000 Ib. per sq. in., which il- lustrates quite forcibly that with the term “cast iron” series materials with large range physical proper- ties covered. The seven classes iron mentioned are commercial irons obtainable jobbing foundries; how- ever, they not represent the ulti- mate strength which can attained especially with alloy cast irons. Tensile strengths over 100,000 per sq. in. have been reached with heat-treated castings. Automotive camshafts are poured from alloy cast iron having tensile strength 60,000 70,000 lb. per sq. in., and modulus elasticity 24,000,000 per sq. in. Fig. shows stress-strain curve lar soft iron used for light work, while another per cent steel mixture used medium-weight castings, where tensile strength 30,000 Ib. per sq. in. desired sections in. The third represents the same regular iron with addition 0.50 per cent molybdenum. The regular iron has ultimate strength 29,700 lb. and modulus elas- ticity about 14,000,000 the range the safe working stresses generally applied. The test bar the per cent steel mixture breaks 32,400 while the modulus elasticity be- tween 20,000,000 and 18,800,000 stress 8000 Ib. The large range properties avail- able cast irons makes imperative for the engineer specify the type iron desired for casting, and this connection recommended that de- signing engineers become familiar with the aforementioned specification (A.S.T.M., 48—32 T). The strength cast iron greatly modified the cooling rate the casting, which expressed the pro- portion volume the casting the surface. With increasing section metal the strength decreases. Although this mass effect the strength complicates somewhat the problem predetermine the strength certain parts, not difficult might appear, because the variation strength with section now quite definitely established. Table the result study the Gray Iron Founders Society dif- ferent foundry irons and gives aver- age values strengths remaining iron when cast various diameters tensile bars. TABLE Strength Iron Affected Section Size Sec- tion, In. .. % 11 1.6 2.0 Lb. per Per Per Per Sq.In. Cent Cent Cent Class 20A... 20,000 will noted that the higher- strength irons are less affected sec- tion changes than the weaker varieties. From the study this table will become clear why would meaning- less specify tensile strength iron without stating the size section which this strength de- sired. The above-mentioned specification gives full consideration this condition calling for three different sizes test bars according controlling sections the casting. Test bar which 0.875 in. di- ameter, used for sections in.; bar 1.20 in. diameter, for sections from 0.76 1.10 in., and the bar, for sections 1.11 in. Test bars cut out from sections have shown fairly close agreement with the results from the separately cast bars. Compressive Strength THE compressive strength one the most valuable properties cast iron, being greater than that any the common metals. Kommers Moore’ have tested different mix- tures varying tensile strength from 20,000 50,000 Ib. per sq. in. and found that the compressive strength str bas bee pur sec the AS for lars tha ical axis sect abo tota sion sion met: avoi deer Dra but soun ture more than three times the tensile prop- erty any case. First signs buck- ling appeared twice the tensile strength. safe average value for the designer use is, “compressive strength.” Transverse Strength ENDING stresses cast iron beams defy mathematical analysis account the great many vari- ables which will affect the ultimate strength. The conventional beam for- mulas for ductile materials not applicable cast iron beams because cast iron does not obey Hooke’s law proportionality stress and strain. Cast iron beams are stronger than the conventional beam formula would indicate, and certain unsymmetrical sections are even stronger cast iron than steel, although the tensile strength the iron may half that the steel. The design cast iron members sub- jected bending must proceed the basis strength comparison with sections which actually have been tested. This method, proper attention cooling rates given, accurate enough for most practical purposes. serious mistake can made kept mind that cast iron member, matter what type section, will least strong the ultimate figured from the beam formula. order get the greatest efficiency, i.e., the lightest section carry given load, section with large tension area must chosen, that the high compressive strength iron taken full advantage of. symmetrical section not econom- ical, since the metal above the neutral axis understressed. The best pro- portions are obtained choosing section which the centroid located about one-third one-quarter the total height section from the ten- sion flange, the intensity compres- sion stress will then two three times the tensile stress. However, excessive accumulation metal the tension flange must avoided, the cooling rate will then decrease and cause loss strength. judicial removal metal will quite often result stronger casting. Drastic changes section thicknesses will not only weaken casting due the mass effect the tensile strength, but also might render the casting un- sound. The fact that the modulus rup- ture cast iron beams some high two times the tensile strength has led some believe that Bach “Maschinen Part » Dage 459, the neutral axis loaded beam shifts toward the compression area and thus brings larger area into the tension field. order test this theory and also check the empirical formula for transverse strength cast iron Prof. von the various sections shown Fig. were broken transverse test with supports in. apart. Aside from the sections shown Fig. 1%-in. bar was also subjected transverse test. Not only were defections various loads noted, but the elongations fibers various heights were determined with the aid Berry strain gage, which reads 0.0002 in. 8-in. length. All bars shown Fig. were cast end dry sand and were aged for about three months. similar test previously made green casting showed erroneous results due initial casting stresses, and should noted here that quite important re- lieve casting stresses proper aging annealing castings which will submitted high working stresses. The iron mixture from which these bars were cast represented the tensile test bar regular iron stress-strain diagram, Fig. Tensile and transverse sample pieces were poured from the same ladle, two each kind. The test reaults only one each specimen are recorded here, since the figures from the duplicate specimens did not vary more than per cent from the first. The regular iron soft iron used for general