The Iron Age 1934-09-13: Vol 134 Iss 11

peer. steel ap- and unit’s fab- part for manu- floors inated. The Today econ- other had, per- pio- writer tribute prob- those elfishly In- from roit, has Cleve- rock- angle ttsburgh, mmercial all dies Machine Walton, rge sales company precision the S-B the speed re- several lucers, Co., rising all bear- develop- wheel the J. H. VAN DEVENTER G. L. LACHER Ww. W. MACON T. AH. GERKEN R. E. MILLER Editor Managing Editor Consulting Editor News Editor Machinery Editor F. J. WINTERS T. W. Liprert G. EXRNSTROM, JR. BURNHAM FINNEY GERARD FRAzaR Pittsburgh Detroit Boston F. L. Prentiss R. A. FISKE A. I. FINDLEY W. Morrertr R. G. McIntTosx Cleveland Chicago Editor Emeritus Washington Cincinnati Contents CODE Business and the Recovery Act 1934 Place the Enameled Steel House Effect Manganese Hardening Ability Steels Heat Treating Knee-Action Springs Mammoth Castings for Boulder Dam Turbine Origin Surface Flaws Steel Sheets New Things Materials and Processes New Equipment News Washington News Automotive Industry August Steel Ingot Production Markets Construction and Equipment Buying Products Advertised 106 Index Advertisers 126 THE IRON AGE PUBLISHING COMPANY F. J. FRANK, President G. H. GRIFFITHS, secretary Cc. 8. BAUR, General Advertising Manayer PUBLICATION OFFICE: Corner and Sts., Philadelphia. Pa. EXECUTIVE OFFICES: 239 West 39th New York, Y., 1DVERTISING STAFF Emerson Findley, 311 Union Bldg., Cleveland Member, Audit Bureau of Circulations Member, Associated Business Papers B. L. Herman, 675 Delaware Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. H. K. Hottenstein, 802 Otis Bldg., Chicago Published every Thursday. Subscription Price Peirce Lewis, 7310 Woodward Ave., Detroit United States and Possessions, Mexico, Cuba Charles Lundberg, Chilton Chestnut $6.00; Canada, $8.50, including duty: Foreign 56th Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. $12.00 Single Copy Cents Ober, 239 39th St., New York W. B. Robinson, 428 Park Bldg., Pittsburgh Cable Address, ‘‘Ironage, N. Y."’ W. C. Sweetser, 239 W. 39th St., New York D. C. Warren, P. O. Box 81, Hartford, Conn. THE METAL WORKING INDUSTRY EIGHTIETH YEAR SERVICE THE IRON AGE.. SEPTEMBER 13, 1934 Page this highly- stressed part nickel-molybdenum carburizing steel, generally considered offer the best possibilities for obtaining both the hard surface that insures wearing properties and the tough core that imparts strength. But this moderate degree uniformity practice with respect analysis means makes the buying the steel cut-and-dried matter. many character- istics, particularly those affecting operations the auto- mobile plant, steels made the same specifications may vary widely. Upon those matters immediate vital concern the automotive manufacturer, namely, machinability and uniformity heat-treating characteristics, Bethlehem has brought bear every resource knowledge and skill. Bethlehem’s experience these problems has been acquired through years living with the steel problems the automotive industry. With Bethlehem Nickel-Molybdenum Gear Steel heat after heat moves smoothly through the factory’s heat-treating department. The number gears per grind the gear generator can pushed figure that means real savings machining cost. Tooth strength the highest that the analysis capable developing. Warpage minimum. BETHLEHEM STEEL COMPANY, BETHLEHEM, PA. we steel ESTABLISHED 1855 THE IRON SEPTEMBER 13, 1934 Vol. 134, No. Business Recovery ERE chart that the dealers” not exhibit. shows the trend business activity since the inauguration the Re- covery Act, June, 1933, compared with commodity prices. The curve the top this chart shows the trend commodity prices during the last months. The commodity price curve course reflects wage rises and the attempt the “brain trust” sup- plant supply and demand regimented price economy. The curve the bottom the chart shows the trend general business activity reflected the index. Business activ- ity reflects hours employment and total wages, well business profits, which course depend upon volume. other words, this lower curve reflects purchasing power. Note the marked divergence the two curves. This means that the moving finger has written indelibly upon the wall that cannot lift yourselves your bootstraps.” writing this indelible record, the moving finger has also written the epitaph the present wing” phase the new deal. The Wallaces and the Tugwells and the Perkins have had months uncontested experimentation economic theory—at the expense the American public. The result this that now find prices per cent higher than they were June, 1933, and business activity—which represents total wages and employment— 13.2 per cent lower. According the latest bulletin the League Nations, the United States stood eleventh place rate recovery since last May measured rate industrial activity. Only four nations, Czecho- slovakia, Belgium, Austria and Poland made poorer showing. This will not mean much the millions who are the receiving end the Government’s stupendous line, but will mean great deal the many more millions who still have earn what they spend and who find progressive shrinkage, week after week, between and pocket book. PRIE Y June, 1933 4 Steel tory’s Tooth A \Wreeniee TWO - Way horizontal combination drilling and boring ma- with hy- aulic feed, used the gallery and rough bore the camshaft crankshaft bearings the crankcase tt The top, bottom and waterjacket side the crankcase are drilled drilling machine with hydraulic feed 10—The Iron Age, September 13, 1934 a Machining : : Way nation ma- hy- sed and mshaft earings ase expand the market for its prod- ucts the Buick Motor Co. recently supplemented its line larger with smaller straight eight, known model 40, sell the low- est retail price the company’s his- tory. introducing this new car, Buick has aimed maintain the high quality which has been built into all its automobiles since the beginning and, the same time, get production costs down sufficiently justify the low price established. The best and quickest means accomplishing this purpose was install machine tools the latest design which make pos- sible the cutting unit costs the minimum. This article describes number new pieces equipment now operation Buick’s Flint, Mich., plant machining the cylin- der block and forged steel crankshaft model 40. The distributor, generator and introducing its Model 40, Buick aimed maintain the high quality always associated with its cars and, the same time, get production costs down sufficiently justify the low retail price established. accomplish this turned the use machine tools the latest type, some which are described the equipment for machining the cylir accompanying article. Other pieces ider block and crankshaft will described the next issue spring clip bosses the cylinder block are machined five-spindle traveling table type Ingersoll milling machine. The top place and housings carry the built-in spindles which are arranged their proper positions for performing this operation. elec- tric feed box controls the reciprocat- ing feed cycle, which consists the table feeding forward mill the two spring clip bosses and then reversing mill the generator and distributor pads and the remainder the spring clip bosses. the completion the feeding cycle, the table returns quickly the loading position and the machine stops. Production blocks per hour high for this type work account the rapid tra- verse and fast speed rates made pos- sible the unusual design the feed box. Drilling Crankcase The top, bottom and side the crankcase are drilled Greenlee three-way horizontal and vertical multiple-spindle drilling ma- chine with hydraulic feed. The ma- chine stands directly the conveyor line, the work passing into the ma- chine one side and out the other. & The Iron Age, September 13, > 2 q 4 q 3 4 q 4 > of the 1 ne butor, gener- ater and spring clip bosses vertical machined ona five nindle hlo hydraulic type Ingersoll milling ers 4 ; d — i = Top and bottom the cylinder bores are chamfered Foote-Burt enters the fixture, the bottom face the crankcase and the waterjacket side the rear. After the work roughly located, raised into machining position and clamped means the raising ac- tion the elevating platform through rack and pinion actuated cams oper- ated the crank the lower right front the fixture. The upper ver- tical head drills the bottom, the lower vertical head drilling the top and the rear horizontal head the waterjacket side. Holes drilled this machine are follows: Upper Vertical Head 28-G (0.261 in. dia.) holes for 5/16-18 tap (0.316 in. dia.) holes for %-16 tap ey 10-27/64 in. holes for %-13 tap 5-15/64 in. holes for 0.250-0.251 in. Lower Vertical Head in. dia. holes in. dia. holes 27/16 in. dia. holes in. holes 29/16 in. dia. holes 2-U (0.368 in. dia) holes for 7/16-14 tap Rear Horizontal Head 3-G (0.261 in. dia.) holes for 5/16-18 tap 5-O (0.316 in. dia.) holes for tap 1 29/64 in. dia. hole for % in. pipe tap For the drilling the oil gallery and the rough boring the camshaft and crankshaft bearings the crank- case, Greenlee two-way horizontal -hydraulic feed combination drilling and boring machine used. This machine has fixture. The work enters the front from the loading position and progresses through the two working positions the rear, where discharged onto conveyor. the first position the left-hand head has two spindles, one for rough boring the No. camshaft bearing and one for drilling the 19/32-in. oil gallery approximately in. deep. The right-hand head also has two spin- one for rough boring Nos. and camshaft bearings with double diameter cutter and one for drilling the 19/32-in. oil gallery in. deep. the second position the left-hand head has two spindles. One com- pletes the drilling the oil gallery. The second, which special spindle driven from the left-hand head but with auxiliary cam feed actuated through the movement draulically-fed left-hand slide, rough bores the camshaft bearings. The secend cut the cylinder bores, termed straighten- ing operation, 's per- formed Foote- horizontal type cyiin- der machine with unit ce e ‘ | | co September 13, Age, Sep ream 16-14 16-18 6 tap e tap shaft rank- ontal illing This ‘ture. from onto -hand rough aring in. oil The spin- and rilling eep. com- allery. but tuated rough cut on raighten- per- a Foote- it-spindle ype machine Since the work comes this ma- chine without the main bearing caps assembled, not necessary with- draw the crank bearing boring bar for loading unloading. The length the feeding stroke this bar only sufficient bore the longest bearing, namely the Rapid advance the boring bar not required. The auxiliary cam takes care these functions. Separate Hydraulic Heads Because the fact that the sec- ond position the oil gallery com- pleted, essential that the drills from the right hand and left hand head have overlapping strokes, thus requiring separate hydraulic feed system for each head. The two hy- draulic systems are controlled from one operating lever, which addition starting the heads through their cycle provides instant emergency reversal both heads any point the For set-up purposes each head control levers. Tool guide bushings are provided over which the work must loaded. ically-operated elevating device used. extends from the conveyor the front the machine the conveyor the rear. While the operations are being performed po- sitions and work may moved directly from the conveyor onto the elevating device the front and the completed work passed onto the con- veyor the rear. When the elevat- ing device up, handwheel the right front the fixture used Foote-Burt 16-s advance all pieces work the next successive station, discharging one completed piece and supplying one piece machined. The machine completely inter- locked mechanically insure proper sequence the various functions. That is, the heads cannot started forward unless the elevating device pindle hydraulic feed drilling machine employed for final finish reaming the valve lifter guide holes the cylinder block has been lowered and the work prop- erly clamped, nor can the elevating device operated raise the work unless both heads have returned their neutral position. Likewise, the transfer bars must returned the front position before the work can lowered into the operating positions, (Concluded page 88) angular holes the bination drilling, — The Iron Age, September 13, 4 — LeROY ALLISON and MALCOLM CATLIN The Place the Enamel tracing the progress and pros- pects porcelain enameled buildings, the steel house presents rather alluring picture. Recent careful national some 300,000 potential purchasers small homes today: how many these can sold all-steel enameled house when the buying movement re- turns? While purely matter guess work, only fair percentage can influenced give affirma- tive answer, will open the way for most attractive outlet for the product the sheet steel mill and the enameling plant. Each buyer will i 14—The Iron Age, September 13, 1934 beget another, and the success the steel dwelling will assured. The attainments that have fol- lowed the use enameled steel commercial and have prompted some notable develop- ments the past few years, espe- cially during 1933, struction, residences. Those intimately asso- ciated with this radical departure from conventional type homes are en- thusiastic over the possibilities the all-steel enameled dwelling, including architects who have been giving in- ensive study this new trend. All are the firm belief that one i the definite types homes the future. Extensive research ments the part sheet steel manufacturers and enameling ests, with the cooperation progres- sive architects, are responsible for the present status the steel dwell- ing. Porcelain enameled houses have been built and are available for inspection. While the material gen- erally might seem have certain handicaps for construction this qualifications, the other hand, that respond readily the demands residential buildings. Backed the The house the Ferro Enamel Corpn., Cleve- land, has enameled steel walls and roof carried steel s tudd ng 3 a: the xperi- steel inter- ogres- for dwell- have for gen- ertain this efinite that the Ferro Cleve- led steel arried ng giving comprehensive won the house sheathed with enameled-metal panels and tiles, the author here also touches the use metal enameling for architectural decorations and for large-scale advertising signs. This article the third devoted ap- plications enameled steel sheets building construction the same authors (The Age June 21, July and Sept. subsequent issues will appear dis- technique live and progressive manufacturers raw materials and finished enamel sheets, willing expend time and money worth-while project such encouraging proportions, more than likely that enameled steel houses will bring active competition with different types residence con- struction the months ahead. One thing sure, the results date show sound accomplishments archi- tectural innovation, and certainly other group building interests has made such substantial recent years. There has always been certain evolution architecture, and this instance has been inspired entirely new channel through the enterprise various steel mills and enameling plants. The first all-steel porcelain enam eled house was designed Char'es Bacon Rowley and Associates, Cleve- land, architects and engineers, en- gaging active cooperation with the Ferro Enamel Corpn., the same city. The residence was built 1932 Campus Drive, near Notre Dame College that city, and was officially opened October that year. This structure eight-room type, built entirely porcelain en- ameled steel. Fabricated steel studs were used for the framework. De- signed the form shallow rectangular panels, backed with Cele- i 4 The Bremmer design wall with enameled shingles tex, fiberboard, these steel sheets are fastened the studs special method bolts and battens. The wall thickness about in., insu- lated with mineral wool. The porce- lain enamel exterior matte glaze limestone color. The formed porcelain enameled shin- gles. Many interior features the house are this material, including bathroom, kitchen, lavatories and recreation room. This dwelling has attracted wide atten- tion; has been visited and inspected hundreds people throughout the Cleveland district. will noted from illustration, the house has been designed the English Georgian cottage style. Closely following this first porce- lain-steel residence, the American Mill Co., Middletown, Ohio, another prominent sponsor this new type dwelling, erected house Solon, Ohio, employing entirely structural system, commonly referred frameless steel, de- signed and perfected Millis Clark, president the Insulated Steel Co., Cleveland. Under this method the structural unit arranged the form shallow pressed steel pan, partly assembled with the wall sec- tions the shop, the remainder such work being carried out the field. distinct departure from trasting The Iron Age, September 13, a) the usual steel stud frame type con- struction. The exterior walls this house were handled much the same the case the Cleveland dwell- ing, previously noted, similarly insu- lated and covered with porcelain enameled steel shingles. The floor sheets under this method building are formed lapped-over structural Z-sections, welded. Further substantial progress was made with the porcelain enameled steel house the Century Prog- ress Exposition, Chicago, where two different model homes These aroused marked attention and comment. One the structures was known the house, joint product the American Roll- ing Mill Co., and the Ferro Corpn. The other residence was the well-advertised Stran-Steel building, sponsored Good Housekeeping, and built the Stran-Steel Corpn., cooperation with the Republic Steel Corpn., and the Porcelain Enamel Mfg. Co., Baltimore. The Armco-Ferro home was two- story, frameless steel type, similar the Solon, Ohio, dwelling, noted above. The exterior was 18-gage porcelain enameled steel, formed strips in. wide, with edges crimped provide waterproof joints. The color motif was peach blend two tones. was announced that there was not piece steel this house eled panels for the lower part the ove and enameled shingles con- for the roof thicker than dime,” the frameless system construction eliminating studs, joists, rafters, etc., these being formed welded sheet metal shapes. The cost such home the pro- spective owner was stated $5,000. The Stran-Steel house was de- 1933, pages 20-21. Briefly, this unit employs framework cold-rolled steel strips, which building mate- rials are fastened patented nail- ing method. Steel 16-gage used, rolled and assembled into joists, studs and rafters, these being covered with rust-resisting paint. The exterior walls are large size slabs panels, in. wide, ft. long (with 16—The Iron Age, September 13, 1934 some smaller sections, required) and in. thick, formed mate- rial known “Glasiron Macotta,” product the Maul Macotta Corpn., Detroit, consisting stainless porce- lain enamel fused Toncan iron the Republic Steel Corpn. These en- ameled iron panels are backed with Haydite and cork concrete for insula- tion purposes. The panel units this building, designed cream color, were edged with Enduro stainless steel, another product the Republic organization, eliminate corrosion the joints. The cost this home the Exposition grounds was given $9,000. The two porcelain enameled houses Chicago made decided change from the earlier use steel shingles for wall exteriors, utilizing enameled panels the stead. This departure may have been inspired possibly architectural comment that the enam- eled shingle unit has monotony and flatness surface and texture, not entirely harmonious for various distinctive modern dwelling The Armco-Ferro house, the Century Progress Exposition, Cnicago, has exterior enam eled strips in. wide Tne Stran-Steel house, the Cen tury Progress Exposition, Chica has exterior enameled strips effects. This can hardly said, however, the enameled panel sheet, which not handicapped any such natural limitations and can developed any reasonable de- sired size. The latter reference interesting connection with another develop- ment the porcelain-steel house, using both panels and shingles for 1 | Mie ‘ exterior architecture. This dwelling follows the design Harry Brem- mer, Cleveland, architect, the initial unit, here reproduced, being one proposed group such type dwell- ings. The exterior walls are covered with porcelain enameled steel panels the second floor level and above that point with enameled steel shin- gles. The roof formed the latter material contrasting color. the designing, effort was made retain traditional and conventional lines, order develop pre-fabri- cated steel units the shop cover the entire group dwellings, with greatest economy and ease field erection. reference the porcelain enam- eled steel house would not com- plete without including the structure completed early this year the Wheeling Corrugating Co., Wheeling, Va., the residential section that city. This unit was designed Charles Bacon Rowley and Asso- another type steel dwelling par- ticular merit. employs distinctly novel method applying the exterior steel enameled sheets. The wall sections, 20-gage, one- story high, are erected top and placed and securely fastened the foundation masonry. The wall sections are designed not only serve bearing members, but surface which the exterior and interior finished walls are attached. Another steel plate covers the top the first story wall sections and the second story wall section, similarly, rests and welded this steel plate. The exterior wall panels porcelain enameled steel range size from ft. wide and ft. long, in. wide and ft. long, about thick. The edges the panels are shaped engage with special fasten- ing devices the wall sections. applying the exterior wall panels, furring strips are accurately spaced and welded horizontally; stainless steel screws with washer project over the flanged edges the panels when applied the furring. The enameled panels are light gray background, with dark gray sprayed over; the corners and pilasters, this color scheme reversed, being dark blue gray tone and lighter gray sprayed over this background. The flat roof utilizes red quarry tile, in., the finished surface, pro- viding roof deck around the pent house for rest and recreation. Enameled Sheet Panels General From the standpoint fabrication, the production sheet steel panels for architectural service this char- acter presents particular difficul- ties other than the necessity for care avoiding warpage, well pos- sible surface defects that later might lead the exposure parts the base metal the weather. fusing porcelain enamel steel iron, there always tendency for the enamel pull away from sharp edges; for this reason, the latter The Budweiser sign cludes the trade-mark pieces metal finished shades enamel and, counting the clock face, presents nearly 580 ft. porcelain enameled surface. w Bane porcelain-steel house can devel- oped, with respect cost factor, meet the future demand (according all surveys) for the really low-cost home. Enameling interests are still indefinite this subject, the field new and moreover, because much the work this line date special and experimental char- acter. Consequently, does not indi- cate what real basic economies can must avoided, otherwise pro- vided for the structural system. flanged pan-type panels, the edges, course, are turned back, eliminating the necessity for the con- siderations noted. Naturally, flat steel panels must covered with battens engaged with clipping device, sealed with waterproof mastic, when used the job. The steel buildings erected this date not appear have sustained any loss deterioration this direction, indicating that the problem one reasonably easy solution. rather problematical, least this time, say just how far the made pre-fabricated methods under actual mass production. The enameled steel sheet alone can hardly expected solve the low- cost home problem, nor for that mat- ter any other exterior finish panel. steel houses can erected interest the prospective purchaser the modest dwelling, will come through the combined savings dif- ferent structural well interior features, all tending the one main end. the other hand, for residences the larger and better class, porce- lain enamel steel already has earned the right considered, The Iron Age, September 13, 1934—17 ngles neled rture nam- rtain and for a \ said, can de- ting for and the coming months undoubtedly will show proof this claim. Enameled Steel Tile The porcelain enameled steel iron wall tile intimately associated with the all-steel house. Numerous examples may found the utility this product for bathrooms, kitch- ens, lavoratories and other domestic quarters, well for the interior stores and similar commercial structures. One the first companies give attention and research the enam- eled tile was the Chicago Foundry Co., Chicago. light-weight cast unit this kind was developed and manufactured commercial quan- tity. The tile fastened the wall means interlocking lugs and screws. The material produced variety popular colors and shades. The enameled iron tile units can installed new old walls, and with unskilled labor. They show marked saving compared with the cost regular clay tile, and have much greater flexibility for different kinds service than that material. few years ago company was organized with headquarters Chi- cago perfect and manufacture enameled steel tile patented type, known Porstelain, covering, well, standard system installation for such units. Later on, this organ- ization was acquired the Youngs- town Pressed Steel Co., Warren, Ohio, and now operated unit that company, under the name the Porcelain Tile Co., with plant and offices the same place. The trade name Veos (vitreous enamel steel) now given this product, the same that used the parent organization for known line enameled steel sinks. Two Standard Sizes Available Under the new ownership, this steel tile unit now being marketed through established agents parts the country. They have base thin pressed steel, 24-gage, and are produced two main stand- dimensions clay tile. They are made wide range attractive colors and color combinations, with high glaze surface. Larger steel tile this type also are manufactured, spectively. The smaller units, how- ever, are the most popular and conse- quently form the bulk output. The problem crazing, serious with clay tile, has been entirely over- come, said, with Veos tile, the 18—The Iron Age, September 13, 1934 fusing the porcelain enamel the steel giving finished surface durability and long life, free from chipping crazing tendencies. The units are particularly light weight, another advantage over the clay material, and are with flanged edges all sides make for neat and effective joint. Installation carried out first nailing the wall board fiber-asphalt, corresponding the height the tile wall, the ceiling entire surface covered. This composition board grooved slotted horizontally and vertically in. centers. The flanged edges the tile fit into these grooves, the tile units being attached with special cement and grouted in. Although the initial cost produc- tion higher with the porcelain-steel tile, compared with clay units, the marked decrease expense in- stallation, especially with respect labor cost, brings the investment required for the enameled tile appreciably lower level, said aver- age about one-fifth one-sixth the ultimate cost clay tile wall installation. Wide Application Possible These porcelain enameled tiles are designed provide for all character wall tile requirements homes and dwellings, well interiors stores and other commercial estab- lishments, dairies and similar indus- tries where sanitation and cleanliness are important considerations. Mar- kets and other food product stores, chain lunchrooms and the like, have been among the leading outlets for Veos wall tile. date, about 10,000 installations have been made through- out the country. the present time, the company giving search and attention the possibili- tits porcelain enameled steel floor tile, cooperation with the Pittsburgh Testing Laboratories. Another organization active the production porcelain-steel tile the Columbian Enameling Stamp- ing Co., Terre Haute, Ind., and its units, the tiles are known the trade, have been mar- keted for several years. These tiles are manufactured wide variety colors and shades, more all. The units are standard size, and installation are mounted special warp-proof, waterproof wall board, being flanged for this purpose, much along the lines the tiles pre- viously described. this instance, however, slightly different system employed through special clip- ping device. The Columbian com- pany, may added, also manu- factures porcelain enameled shingles for houses and small commercial structures, and has the distinction having installed the first roof the country such material, Terre Haute 1924. Ornamental Enameled Products opments the use enamel metal would not com- plete without mention distinctly ornamental products this category both for exterior and interior pur- poses. Brief references some recent outstanding suffice, the perfection this art and the rapid progress now being made indicate appreciable limit accomplishments the future. this work, other metals are frequently employed with steel bring about the desired ef- fects. rather notable conception porcelain enamel metal-working, may termed, found the Inter- national Music Hall, Radio City, New York, where three ornamental porce- lain enamel murals, depicting Song, Drama and Dance, adorn the exterior wall the structure, ft. above the street level. These murals plaques, two which are shown accompanying illustrations, are circular design, about ft. diam- eter. They are executed stain- less steel base and make use, well, number other metals, includ- ing bronze, brass and copper, each having specific function development the plaques. The different pieces were enameled and then assembled, with result that original and startling. The design and rendering the work Miss Hildreth Meiere. These plaques tend show that new mode exterior way and one which steel and other metals will take important part. Turning interior murals, those now adorning the walls the offices the Ferro Enamel Corpn., Cleve- land, give pertinent example what may expected the future with enameled metals. These porce- lain enameled panels were illustrated THE Feb. 22, 1934, pages 24-25. They average about ft. size. Each mural util- izes four five colors, giving unusual contrasts red, green, blue, black, white, base Armco ingot iron used. Signs and Displays While hardly considered the direct line architecture, enam- eled signs and displays have direct | | : | | | | | | 9 | ° manu- hingles nercial tion the Terre ucts com- ategory some will his art being imit ils are tainless red ef- Inter- New Song, above rals are diam- stain- well, includ- each the The led and that design Miss tend exterior the other part. those offices Cleve- mple future porce- ustrated 1934, about ral util- unusual black, ingot enam- direct bearing the widening market for steel and iron for porcelain enamel- ing service. reference needed the smaller sign units employed for every conceivable purpose for exterior and interior use. These are found innumerable quantity and quality. Collectively, they repre- sent important branch the netal enameling industry, absorbing a annually. appreciation the importance porcelain enameled iron and steel for outdoor display purposes shown the large electric display An- heuser-Busch, Inc., St. Louis, the recent Century Progress Exposi- tion, Chicago, developed the form mammoth chiming clock, aug- mented with the company trademark, towering above the exhibit buildings. The sign was ft. high and ft. wide, with sizeable part this area carried out porcelain enamel; the latter comprised some exception- ally fine detail work. The complete trademark, including the eagle, consisted fabricated pieces metal, later assembled, executed different colors shades color. The application the enamel the base metal required the customary ground coat firing and nine additional firings for the individual colors. The enameling was carried out with the use stencils, well consider- able hand work desired detail and secure The clock this display, forming the main feature, was fabricated different sections, each averaging about in. width. There ap- proximately 528 sq. ft. porcelain enamel this part the display, exclusive hands and numerals. The faces the two hands the clock required close sq. ft. porce- lain enameled metal; the minute hand ft. long. This sign was out- lined and illuminated night neon tube lighting units. was built the General Outdoor Adver- tising Co., Chicago. still larger porcelain The Iron electric display has just com- pleted for the Chevrolet Motor Co., overlooking Michigan Boulevard, Chi- cago, stated the largest such display the world. This structure has entire face enameled steel. The unit 148 ft. high and 150 ft. long, the bottom the sign being 140 ft. above the street. With ap- proximately 10,000 sq. ft. surface, the entire display required about 330 tons steel, and the majority this porcelain enameled. idea vidual figures are interesting—the Chevrolet trademark outlined 14-ft. letters; the monograph ft.; the electric clock ft. high, with minute hand ft. long, weigh- ing close 1000 There are miles wire and cable the unit, which was built the Federal Elec- Co., Chicago. Combination Enameled Bathtub- Lavatory Fixture rather unique cast iron enameled bathroom fixture has been designed and placed the market the Philadelphia. phia, and now being manufactured quantity for that organization the United States Sanitary Mfg. Co., Pittsburgh. This unit combines bathtub, shower, lavatory and towel cabinet single compact fixture. The tub supports one end the lava- tory and recessed under it, gaining this amount floor space installa- tion, and eliminating, well, the need for the usual pedestal support for lavatory. The tub section full standard length, with bottom practi- cally flat, and with large part area arranged for convenient shower stall. The lavatory in. wide and suitable for further use dressing table. This fixture designed espe- cially for small bathrooms apart- ments, modest dwellings, hotels, ete. ft. ft. size. The porcelain finish available white and range standard colors; the units are being made both for right- hand and left-hand recessed installa- The lava- tory end also finished for corner installations. This new fixture rep- resents the second departure recent months bathroom equipment, the tions, the case may be. square tub, announced only few weeks ago, being the first marked change units this kind for many years. Continuing the survey of the enameled iron and steel industry. the author, subsequent issues, will discuss details enameling technique. Age, September 13, j q 4 i | Combination tub, shower and lavatory made enameled cast iron WERNER JELLINGHAUS cerning the influence the speed cooling carbon steels, Wever and recently published extensive data concerning the influence the alloying element chromium upon the conversions carbon steels. Therefore seemed desirable extend such investiga- tion other industrially important alloying elements, and the influence manganese especially appeared de- serving notice. Somewhat simul- taneous with the investigation chromium steels, series experi- ments concerning the isothermic au- stenite decomposition were carried out Wever, Lange and The results this latter investiga- tion seemed make appear worth- while, especially with regard fur- ther planned kinetic investigations, again ascertain the influence an- nealing temperature and time the hardening ability. Experiments this direction showed that the thermal process mentioned Wever and Engel not suitable the form previously used. The advantages ob- tained the choice wires the form for samples and hydrogen the quenching agent were reversed when long annealing periods and high an- nealing temperatures were used. This came from the fact that the small cross-section the sample and the high temperature the hydrogen re- sulted excessive decarbonization. This decarbonization must taken into consideration during the investi- gation the influence manganese the conversion carbon steels. The process mentioned Wever and Engel was used first, but quenching liquids was used for high cooling speeds. The numerical knowledge the degree cooling numerous hardening agents obtained from the 20—The Iron Age, September 13, 1934 extensive experimental series Engel* proved very valuable this connection. The following report em- braces series sub-eutectoid steels 0.92 per cent with manganese contents 1.5 per cent. Steels this composition belong the pearlite and Waring’, and all agree their structure synthesis with the carbon steels. For this research number steels the form wire were used. The carbon contents these steels lay between 0.29 and 0.89 per cent, while the manganese contents amounted 0.31 0.69 per cent. For supplying higher manganese con- tents four additional steels containing and 1.5 per cent were melted together and worked into wires with the laboratory apparatus. the case the last mentioned manganese contents, marked dis- placement the conversion temper- atures compared with pure carbon steels was expected. Therefore few determinations the breaks were carried out with the aid ex- pansion-temperature curves very low heating and cooling speeds about 0.1 deg. per hr. The results are shown Table During the heating austenite formation does not appear under 710 720 deg., and the case sub- eutectoid steels the solution the pearlite ended temperature around deg. more under the points unalloyed steels the same content. During the cooling off the beginning and end the con- versions are displaced 100 deg. toward lower temperatures com- parison with plain carbon steels. Method Thermal Analysis For determining the conversion temperatures increased cooling speeds the process mentioned Wever and Engel was used. The wire samples were heated electrically hardening temperatures, and after the heating current was disconnected nfluence Manganese LOWLY cooled manganese steels having carbon below 0.4 per cent are pearlitic when the manganese content less than per cent, martensitic with man- ganese between and 13.5 per cent, and austenitic with that ele- ment exceeding 13.5 per cent. Steels with per cent manganese through the Hadfield type have been previously examined with re- gard the influence cooling speeds the critical points, but this manuscript deals with cor- responding phenomena for steels with between 0.29 and 1.5 per cent. The speed heating de- cidedly shifts the positions the they were quenched hydrogen. The temperature measurements were taken the samples. complete and exhaustive treat- ment the influence manganese would necessitate determination the lower and upper critical speeds for the various investigated steels. However, this investigation was re- stricted part save means and time and order carry out the experiments with comparatively few steel wires. The lowest cooling speeds are, therefore, mostly relatively high, whereas the upper critical speeds are not quite reached the case steels poor carbon. The survey is, there- fore, not entirely uninterrupted, but sufficiently inclusive obtain idea the action manganese the hardening ability the carbon steels. The results the thermal analyses are compiled Table according the manganese contents, carbon con- tents and cooling speeds. For indi- vidual steels, curves give the position the conversion tempera- tures with respect the cooling speeds. description the experimental 7 7 » | | 4 | anese below when than man- per ele- cent. have re- ooling but The taken treat- ganese tion speeds steels. ‘as re- and the few speeds high, are steels there- but obtain 1ese carbon ling con- indi- the mpera- mental Hardening Ability Carbon Steels critical points, and manganese even small amounts appreciably lowers the point. The experi- ments which this article based were conducted the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institute for Research Germany, and the data were released that institution. Major conclusions the author are that per cent exerts ence, whereas per cent and above greatly shifts the criti- cal cooling speed, and the pearlite temperature reduced ad- the speed results follows: Steel 0.31 per cent Mn, 0.54 per cent For the lowest cooling speed deg. per hr. the A,, and points fall together into single thermal effect with vigorous subsequent heating 643 deg. With increasing cooling speed the conversion temperature further depressed. the highest speed reached 620 deg. per hr. martensite point appears 276 deg. for the first time. The conversion temperatures are represented curve No. with respect the cooling speed. Steel containing 0.31 per cent and 0.64 per cent corresponds its behavior entirely with steel (compare the data Table 2). Steel 180, containing 0.32 per cent and 0.85 per cent was available only wire size 0.6 mm. diameter. The lowest cooling speed was 550 deg. per hr., for which pearlite point appeared 497 deg. and martensite point 189 deg. Steel contained 0.52 per cent and 0.29 per cent the lower cooling speeds, shown curve the and points are separate. deg. per hr. the point lies 657 deg. and the pearlite point 632 deg. increasing the cooling speed 220 deg. per hr. the first point depressed 603 deg. and the latter point 545 deg. 260 deg. per hr. both conversion points coincide, and 316 deg. per hr. martensite point appears. The strength the mar- tensite point increases with increas- ing cooling speed the expense the pearlite point. Steel contained 0.58 per cent and 0.56 deg. per hr. the and conversions coincide 553 deg. with increased cooling speed, the conversion temperature drops about 500 deg. 300 deg. per hr., and there also appears this speed martensite point 237 deg. The data secured steel mit comparison the measuring process used with the kinetic measur- ing process employed Bain’, TABLE Mn Cc No. Per Cent Per Cent Heating 231 1.10 0.31 229 1.09 0.95 9 232 1.52 0.38 230 1.48 0.78 1 100 400 400 1000 100 400 Degree Curve Curve Curve 0.31 per cent Mn, 0.52 per cent Mn, 0.59 per cent Mn, per cent The Iron Age, September 13, 1934—21 Dilatometric Analyses Four Types Manganese Steels Heating Cooling Deg. C Deg. C 719 735 628 709 813 738 716 735 677 656 711 729 634 708 772 672 592 709 782 693 602 713 734 650 628 707 728 6236 608 Curve Curv Steel No. 23] Steel No. 229 per cent Mn, per cent 0.92 per cent ‘ cor- steels per de- the 900 1000 100 1000 100 400 1000 100 400 which the steel was quenched bath constant temperature, where was held certain period, after which was again quenched. The time hr. determined from the structure investigation for com- plete conversion the austenite into steel containing 0.5 per cent and 0.55 per cent 525 deg. agrees well for the two processes. survey the data Table shows that cooling speed 200 deg. per hr. for cooling from 900 deg. the end the conversion required hr. the other hand, for speed 300 deg. per hr. only about hr. were required, and this case there also appeared mar- tensite point lower temperature. Steel having 0.59 per cent and 0.74 per cent shown curve deg. per hr. there was observed strong pearlite point with subsequent heating 594 deg. deg. per hr. there was drop the pearlite point 507 deg., and ac- companying martensite heat- point 173 deg. higher speeds the strength the pearlite point reduced. For steel having 0.58 per cent and 0.81 per cent there are shown several pearlitic points with strong subsequent heating low cooling speeds deg. per hr. speed 210 deg. per hr., ad- dition very weak pearlite point 460 deg. per hr. there strong martensite point 193 deg. 520 deg. per hr. the pearlite point only just perceivable. For steel having 0.60 per cent deg. and 0.89 per cent the smallest cooling speed deg. per hr. sufficient completely suppress the pearlite point. The martensite point lies about 160 deg., and higher cooling speeds this point altered. The difference the steels and view the small differences Thermal Analyses and Structures Manganese Steels TABLE nation Per Cent Cent Deg. Deg. Deg. Steel per Steel With 0.31 0.35 Per Cent 0.31 0.54 643 80 ‘we 580 330 400 538 600 503 620 537 st. £0 cue 560 220 545 320 re 548 570 495 0.35 0.68 130 559 LB180 0.32 0.85 550 497 Steel With 0.52 0.60 Per Cent 0.52 0.29 657 632 608 579 Curve 220 603 545 260 os 548 st 300 556 st. 740 519 100 555 220 538 300 503 m. 660 0.59 0.74 40 594 H 80 507 Curve 220 250 458s 560 450s 1450 0.58 0.81 45 ci 622 M 90 nie 564 Martens- Structure Ferrite and pearlite Ferrite and troostite little ferrite and troostite Troostite Troostite Troostite and martensite Troostite and martensite Troostite and pearlite little ferrite troostite Troostite Troostite Troostite and martensite Troostite little troostite with much martensite and 189 Ferrite and troostite Ferrite and troostite Ferrite and troostite Troostite and martensite Troostite and martensite Troostite and martensite little ferrite pearlite Pearlite and troostite Troostite Troostite and martensite little troostite with much martensite Ferrite and pearlite Troostite and martensite little troostite and martensite A little troostite and martensite little troostite and martensite Martensite Pearlite Troostite and | Point 4 ety vlo in. . 259 st. eee 74 90 208 st. 234 st. = 9 271 e iron ge, . eptem per per r., ad- ite point strong 520 only per cent the deg. per suppress artensite and int and rences nese Steels pearlite troostite rrite and and te stite with irtensite | troostite troostite troostite te nd te fe rrite and troostite id with irtensite pearlite and and and e high degree. The question what extent the somewhat higher sili- con and phosphorus content Steel (0.26 per cent compared 0.11. and 0.031 per cent against 0.013 per cent) responsible for this dif- ference does not come within the scope the present work. According the conversion speed also greatly influenced the inclusions and their distribution. 231 having 1.10 per cent and 0.31 per cent shown curve deg. per hr. the and points are still shown separated 682 and 645 deg. deg. per hr. the time-speed curve barely permits the recognition the point, and the pearlite point lies 597 deg. 100 deg. per hr. the pearlite point has dropped 538 deg. and weak mar- tensite effect apparent 233 deg. The strength the martensite point increases with speed. Steel 229 having 1.09 per cent and 0.92 per shown curve deg. per hr. there can observed pearlite point with strong subsequent heating 644 deg. deg. per hr. there appears, be- sides the pearlite point, which dropped 496 deg., martensite point 192 deg. 210 deg. per hr. the pearlite point only indicated slightly, and higher speeds entirely sup- pressed. Steel 232 analyzed 1.52 and 0.38 the very low cooling speed deg. per hr. the and points fall together. From deg. per hr. there appears besides the greatly lowered A,., point martensite point 278 deg. 370 deg. per hr. the martensite point already greater than the pearlite point, and 820 deg. per hr. the former point only weakly indicated the cooling curve. Arranged According the Contents and Cooling Speeds Desig- nation Per Cent of Steel 0.60 0.89 1.10 0.31 231 Curve 4 1.09 0.92 229 Curve 5 1.52 0.38 231 1 48 0 78 230 st.—strong Per Cent Spee Deg. C. Deg. C Deg per Hr. 210 310 a 503 s. 520 428 s. 90 240 Steel With Per Cent 4 682 645 30 615 s.s. Martens- ite Structure Point 193 st. A little troostite and martensite 192 225 st. little troostite and martensite Martensite 185 Martensite 160 Martensite Ferrite and pearlite Ferrite and troostite Troostite and trace 233 s.s. martensite Troostite and 220 308 martensite Troostite and 320 482 martensite little troostite and 347 st. martensite 2140 361 Martensite 4 644 Pearlite 30 562 Pearlite and troostite Troostite and Trace troostite 210 190 st. and martensite 350 160 Martensite With 1.5 Per Cent 618 Ferrite and pearlite 278 st. Troostite and much martensite 220 407 s.s 290 st. Troostite and much martensite 370 pad 396 s.s. 310 st Trace of troostite and martensite &20 400 s.s. 326 st. Trace of troostite and martensite 2000 361 st. Martensite 619 Pearlite and troostite 30 472 168 Troostite and martensite 90 187 Martensite 200 190 Martensite Comparative estimation the heat tones shown s.—weak perature curves. weak 196 Martensite the time-tem- The Iron Age, September 13, 1934-—23 597 & higher cooling speeds the pearlite conversion disappeared. Steel 230 had 1.48 per cent and 0.78 per cent deg per hr. pearlite point with subsequent heat- ing 619 deg. appeared. deg. per hr. the pearlite point was very greatly depressed, and next ap- peared martensite point. For deg. per hour there appears only the martensite point. Results Structure Investigation For suplementing the anal- yses described above, the structures the samples were examined micro- few characterizing ex- amples are given Table and brief description the observations given below. For steel containing 0.31 per cent and 0.54 per cent cooling speed deg. per hr. free ferrite was observed addition pearlite. With increasing cooling speeds fine structure attained chiefly the troostite parts. 620 deg. per hr. troostite and martensite appear coincidence with the thermal analysis. For steel containing 0.52 per cent and 0.29 per cent cooling speeds deg. per hr. ferrite- pearlite mixtures are obtained. 220 deg. per hr. the portion the ferrite only small. The structure obtained 300 deg. per hr. shows little martensite well troostite. With increasing cooling speeds the amount martensite increases. For steel containing 0.28 per cent and 0.56 per cent deg. per hr. the structure photograph shows small amounts ferrite ad- dition pearlite.