The Iron Age 1934-06-14: Vol 133 Iss 24

“Gas gaso- great poten- ied the gaso- news find ashing- editor now ious terms ton or- the big goods ccurate sent a ask- The space, having wanted siza- riber speed which irth ecutive larged. career. brasive Norton YEAR SERVICE THE METAL WORKING INDUSTRY INDEX PAGE For Every User PHOSPHOR BRONZE NICKEL SILVER BERYLLIUM COPPER For more than years The Riverside Metal Company has Bronze and Nickel Silver, the various alloys these metals specialized the production Phosphor Bronze and all the forms produced this Company, their composi- Nickel Silver every variety sheet, strip, wire and rod tion, properties, and the purposes for which they are used various alloys, tempers and anneals for needs. have been described and explained detail. special The production wrought Beryllium Copper commer- interest consumers are the chapters dealing with this cial quantities was announced April, Company’s facilities render prompt service, and the close tion this field has enabled this Company impart its cooperation offered manufacturers who require special products exceptionally high degree quality and uni- alloys for pre-determined purposes. Our booklet “River and gather vast fund practical information side Beryllium contains precise data the prop- relative the production, fabrication and application this heat tre pper all list suggested applications and chapter the heat these metals. These factors have frequently proved treating service extended customers. You are invited send for the booklet covering the metal which our reference works the subjects Phosphor you are wi ove mar THE RIVERSIDE METAL COMPANY RIVERSIDE, County. NEW JERSEY JUNE 14, 1934 PROCESSES NEWS SHE STRIP WIRE ROD THE IRON AGE Page JUNE 14, 1934 ENDURO PERFECTED STAINLESS STEELS "Licensed under Chemical Foundation Patents Nos, 1316817 and 1339378. your product sold its beauty—if must resist heat—if must weather the elements—if must withstand certain chemicals acid fruit meat juices—there isn’t any reason the world why you shouldn’t investigate the possibilities ENDURO, Republic’s Perfected Stainless Steel. Gruen uses for tiny watch that masterpiece beauty. Carrollton and Vollrath use for kitchen ware that housewives can’t resist. Dozens manufacturers dairy equipment swear it. And the latest high-speed train Budd the crowning achievement stainless steel. One the reasons why ENDURO meeting broadening demand because its wide distribution. you are interested knowing more about this lustrous, silvery metal that does not rust, stain corrode under most conditions service, just telephone the nearest distributor listed the column the right. you want try ENDURO—to see how easily can fabricated—the distributor will supply your needs from his stock. ENDURO easy ob- tain the other end the wire. the other ond the wite BOSTON, MASS. Harry Doten Sons BROOKLYN, Katzman Strober, Inc. BUFFALO, Beals, McCarthy Rogers, Inc. CHICAGO, ILL. Central Steel Wire Co. Chicago Steel Service Co. CINCINNATI, OHIO The Mitchell Steel Co. CLEVELAND, OHIO The Prince Co. COLUMBUS, OHIO Vorys Bros., Inc. DAYTON, OHIO Central Steel Wire Co. Ohio Metal Manufacturing Co. DENVER, COLO. Goldberg Bros. DETROIT, MICH. Central Steel Wire Co. EVANSVILLE, IND. Ohio Valley Hardware Co. GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. The Behler-Young Co. HAMMOND, IND. HOUSTON, TEXAS Peden lron Steel Co. INDIANAPOLIS, Tanner Co. JACKSONVILLE, FLA. KANSAS CITY, Townley Hardware Co. LOS ANGELES, CALIF. Earle Jorgensen Co. MILWAUKEE, WIS. Moise Steel Co. MONTREAL, QUE. Jas. Pyke Co., Ltd. NEW ORLEANS, LA. Cahn Bros. Ryder, Inc. NEW YORK CITY, Bruce Cook, Inc. OMAHA, NEB. Gate City Works PHILADELPHIA, PA. Hill-Chase Co., Potts, Son Co., Inc PORTLAND, ORE. ROCHESTER, Case Son Manufacturing Co. SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF. Tayler Spotswood Co. SEATTLE, WASH. Barde Steel Co. Doran Co. Seattle Hardware Co. SOUTH BOSTON, MASS. Avery Saul ST. LOUIS, MO. Hammond Sheet Metal Co. ST. PAUL, MINN. Farwell, Ozmun, Kirk Co. TAMPA, FLA. Eagle Roofing Art Metal Works THE IRON AGE, published every the Executive Offices 239 39th St.. March 1879. Publication Office: Entered second class matter $12.00. Vol. 133, No. 24. $6.00 year S., Canada $8.50, the Post Office Philadelphia, Philadelphia under Act aif ‘ 1c. Co. Co. Co. Co. Co. Co. under Act ~ THE IRON AGE June 14, 1934 & J. H. VAN DEVENTER G. L. LACHER W. W. MACON T. H. GERKEN R. E. MILLER Managing Editor Consulting Editor News Machinery Editor J. Winters T. W. Lirrerr G. EHRNSTROM, JR. BURNHAM FINNEY GERARD FRAZAR Pittsburgh Detroit Boston IF. L. PRENTISS R. A. FISKE A. I. FINDLEY L. W. MorrettT R. G. McInrosH Cleveland Chicago Editor Emeritus Washington Cincinnati Contents When “Hell Breaks Blame the Devil WE DO OUR PART Industry—the Scapegoat the Depression Today’s Pickling Practice Wear Testing Cam Rolls Attractive Finish Helps Metal Products Sales Oil Cracking Drums from Heavy Forgings Insulating Refractories for Industrial Furnaces Corrosion Problems Iron and Steel New Equipment News Personals and Obituaries Washington News Automotive Industry May Ingot Output Markets Construction and Equipment Buying Products Advertised 102 Index Advertisers 122 THE IRON AGE PUBLISHING COMPANY PUBLICATION OFFICE: Corner Chestnut and 56th Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. EXECUTIVE OFFICES: 239 West 39th St., New York, Y., ADVERTISING Member, Audit Bureau of Circulations Emerson Findley, 311 Union Bldg., Cleveland Member, Associated Business Papers Herman, 675 Delaware Ave., Buffalo, Hi. K. Hottenstein. 802 Otis Bldg, Chicago every Price Lewis, 7310 Woodward Ave., Detroit United States and Possessions, Mexico, Cuba Charles Lundberg, Chilton Bldg., Chestnut & $6.00; Caflada, $8.50, including duty: Foreign h6th Sts., Philadelphia, Pa $12.00 year. Single Copy Cents Ober, 239 West 39th New York W. B. Robinson, 428 Park Bldg., Pittsburgh Cable Address, ‘‘Ironage, N. Y."’ W. C. Sweetser, 239 West 39th St., New York D. C. Warren, P. ©. Box 81, Hartford, Conn Bs SEVENTY-NINTH YEAR SERVICE THE METAL WORKING INDUSTRY 4; Ae 7} 4 . — c. | | : THE IRON JUNE 14, 1934 Worlds Largest YERSON Giant Trailer Built Transport Boulder Dam Penstock Pipe The trailer weighs approximately tons and has capacity 200 tons. Its length ft. in., width ft., main frame in. I-Beams. Sixteen wheels (32 tires) are mounted the axles with hydraulic steering separately con- trolling each set wheels. Special air brakes and emergency control features are points. YOUR MOST COMPLETE STEEL GUIDE— More than 200 pages in- ready ship. you haven’t copy, card the nearest Ryerson plant will bring return mail. existing equipment was adequate for transporting the huge sections Boulder Dam penstock pipe. fab- ricating plant was built near the dam possible and this huge trailer built carry the pipe the cable- way the top the dam. Sections the pipe range from ft. ft. diam- SPECIAL STEELS FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES Special alloys that have been developed specific purposes are saving time, money and giving bet- results. These newer steels are immediately avail- able from Ryerson engineers are ready help you solve any ques- tions their application. Call them. eter, with in. wall ft. length. The LaCrosse Boiler Co., who built the trailer for Jahn Co., Chicago, and the Six Companies, Boulder Dam, drew Ryerson stocks for the tons steel sections needed its construction. JOSEPH RYERSON SON, Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Louis, Cin- cinnati, Detroit, Cleveland, Philadel- phia, Buffalo, Boston, Jersey City IMMEDIATE SHIPMENT For more than years Ryerson Steel-Service has stood for the im- mediate shipment of everything Iron and Steel. Today stocks are moste complete. Experience and equipment assure accuracy and dependability. When you need steel—call Ryerson, RYERSON Page ~ 45, h ( INC. Cin- hiladel- City ... THE IRON AGE ... JUNE 14, 1934 ESTABLISHED 1855 Vol. 133, No. When “Hell Breaks Loose,” hell will break loose,” the Amalga- mated labor agents told Madam Perkins, their union not recognized the steel industy. did not know, before, that the rather limited membership the Amalgamated included chapter the nether regions, although were aware that most the smoke has been stirred hot-headed young fire-eaters who have kicked over Mr. Tighe’s traces. When hell breaks loose, the devil blame. this case, many other recent labor dis- turbances, the devil section 7-A the Recovery Act. Upon the heads the legislators, who the behest the labor lobby wrote the biased terms section 7-A, rests the responsibility for the crea- tion Frankenstein and for the disgraceful conflict which has followed the abortive attempt deliver independent American labor into the hands ten per cent minority. that the President and General Johnson have made every effort construe section 7-A, (which they did not write), that would interpreted fairly applied independent labor. But Frankenstein will not listen reason command, especially when egged the deci- sions biased boards and the plaudits distin- guished visionaries. Peace must replace class warfare and hatred the President’s objective new prosperity lame the Devil attained. Capital and labor cannot make prog- ress road lined with brickbats and bayonets. The threat the Amalgamated turn hell loose upon America importance only insofar may stampede legislators into creating addi- tional Frankensteins. That its sole purpose and that why Washington was selected the battle ground the union leaders. They realize, just the industry does, that the vast majority steel workers are satisfied with existing conditions and desire exercise the American right work independently the dictation union agents. The steel strike threat first and foremost attempt drive through the Wagner bill which, even its present modified form, buttress the existing Frankenstein discord. at- tempt impose, through legislation, selfish, mercenary minority will upon majority. Legislation may accomplish this end, tempo- rarily, just possible drive cork into the spout steaming kettle. Ultimately, either case, there will explosion. Redouble your efforts now defeat the Wagner bill, the interest industrial peace and prog- ress. : Se — i wall for cago, Ine. tons > on. im- "acy : 2 MURRAY QUIGG goes marching the street the sound crashing brass and hollow drums, with the ser- ried ranks industry close forma- tion behind the Blue Eagle and Gen- eral Johnson. Let us, however, take quiet look back industry those happy-go-lucky days when romped will beneath the Stars and Stripes. Its task was produce and distribute the necessities and conveniences life. did it. did had never been done before. And when, amid the astonishment, wonder and acclaim the entire world, demonstrated its ability create wealth little cost, speculated with the afforded and lost our bets. suffered financial crash and were forced check the performance industry substantially per cent its capacity. Seeing factories idle, the idle thinkers raised hue and cry against industry, proclaimed the necessity for government control, and demanded that, cost what may, something done. NRA was the re- sult. Unjustly blamed for break- down finance, industry was put government harness. Notwithstanding the presumption guilt all the rules and regulations that have been imposed business under the authority the recovery act, industry need make apologies for its past. the contrary, its record compares more than favorably with that either finance Govern- ment. Before the depression indus- try was creating surplus wealth. Over and above what was spent consumer goods the workers and in- vestors industry, finance was in- vesting this surplus for through insurance companies, savings banks, and the security issues investment bankers and mortgage companies, and Government was taxing and spend- ing with lavishness that would have made Roman emperor look like piker. What Finance’s Record? well did finance perform its function? Through our financial institutions loaned abroad net over eleven and half billion dollars between 1921 and 1929 inclusive. Two and quarter billion about one-fifth these loans 10—The Iron Age, June 14, 1934 ndustry—the Scapegoat are now default and the end not yet. exclude these foreign securi- ties and the stocks bought from our investment bankers, where did our money go? study made last year the Twentieth Century Fund, under the title “Internal Debts the United States” gives the answer. The total long-term (more than year) debt just prior the War was per cent the national wealth. 1921 was per cent, but between 1921 and 1929, while the national wealth was expanding, the financial fraternity moved this debt from per cent our wealth. Ina period prosperity, when, under wise financial advice and guidance should have been paying our debts, and decreasing interest rates, actually increased our debts dispro- portionately the increase the wealth until one-third all had was under mortgage. This meant that abnormal amount all were earning must paid interest. The moment the forces expansion hesi- tated, the demand for money meet interest and other fixed obligations took disproportionate amount what had spend, and money which otherwise might changing hands rapidly and aiding the exchange wealth had stored against the periodic day for inter- est payments. Internal Debt Rose Per Cent National Wealth HETHER spend our money interest for the use other peo- ple’s money whether spend dividends profits for risk taking, for the purchase rent the products labor not import- ance long the money has rapid author, who has taken the pains look the record, finds that industry was sound basis before the depression but that finance and Government were not VV rongly blame d fc r the con- quences financial misman- ment and governmental extrav- agance, industry alone has record that justifies popular faith and 1929 automobile, says, tangible reality which worked when you bought and still works Your 1929 investment now unhappy memory. Your 1929 radio brought real service and still inging service. Your 1929 taxes brought less rather than more turnover. When, however, the pro- portion our income which must employed for particular service in- creases rapidly and money must kept hand meet the demand that service, the velocity turnover checked. Since rely upon money means for the exchange goods and services, the flow those goods and services also checked and the disproportion between what needed for fixed charges and what avail- able for all other purposes, becomes even greater. result the col- lapse values brought about this situation—indeed the crucial situa- tion the depression—the internal debt 1932-1933, represented per cent the national wealth. How Financial and Governmental Indebtedness Soared interesting see how this debt mounted the various categories a ! pe m m tic in to nore in- ist nd of nover noney goods goods the avail- comes col- this situa- ternal per ntal this and was forced submit un- precedented Government interfer- ence atone for its supposed sins Instead being given the freedom function with its old-time ernment finance—it led into maze restric- which have discouraged rprise and initiative and upset nor- | tir ployer-emMpioye relations which has been divided. the period between 1921-1922 and 1929 farm mortgages, which hear much, increased billion and half. But their proportion the total debt declined from 10.9 per cent per cent. the other hand, urban mortgages jumped 8900 millions 27,- 600 millions, and from 12.2 the total 23.2 per cent. Railroad mort- gages increased only 800 millions and declined per cent their propor- tion the total. Long-term debt industries increased from 4800 mil- lions 10,100 millions. The increase going manufacturing industries was, however, only one and half bil- lion. The long-term obligations the federal Government actually declined 3800 millions, and its proportion de- clined from per cent the total; but the long-term obligations States and local creased from nearly 9500 millions little over 16,500 millions—a billion every year for seven years. Finally, the obligations financial institutions one sort and another increased from 6000 millions 19,000 millions. For the country whole, long-term in- debtedness increased from 75,000 mil- lions 126,000 millions, per cent increase seven years; and since 1929 the further increases govern- ment long-term borrowings, and the obligations financial institutions, have brought the total estimated long- term indebtedness $134,000,000,000. Between 1921-1922 and 1929 urban mortgage indebtedness increased 208 per cent and that financial institu- tions 193 per cent against in- crease industrial institutions, in- cluding stores, hotels agencies commerce well manu- facturing concerns, 111 per cent. The actual increase long-term debts manufacturing concerns was only about $1,500,000,000 between 1920 and 1930, one-third the total in- crease the so-called industrial class. During this period when long-term obligations increased per cent, the short-term obligations due demand within year and comprising prin- cipally bank deposits and loans various forms commercia] paper and goods advanced credit, which formed rough gage the expansion actual business, increased less than per cent. Proof the Pudding—the Relief Loans The result this investment policy reflects itself perfectly the figures the RFC. The total loans made that institution show that was called upon advance $2,110,000,000 banks and trust companies, $402,000,- 000 railroads and $222,000,000 mortgage loan companies. importance which have had with hat hand the Government for loan save their existence; and will remembered that leading in- dustries the country for period months after the crash continued the policy requested the President and paid high wages and kept em- ployment against declining market. Present Heavy Burden Due Bankers’ Mistakes The disproportion this burden fixed debt charge shows itself the changes ratio total income paid out. The National Bureau Economic Research (Bulletin 49, Jan- uary, 1934) has issued figures the disposition the national income for each year from 1929 1932. Interest payments 1929 were $5,687,000,000 and 1932 were $5,506,000,000 de- cline 3.2 per cent. The total income going wages and salaries declined from $52,000,000,000 $31,000,000,- 000, decline 41.2 per cent. The decline dividends for risk-taking was from just under $6,000,000,000 little over $2,500,000,000 56.6 per cent. The percentage the total income the country which was paid wages and salaries declined less than per cent, while that which was paid interest funded debt increased over per cent. This the burden investment banking policy during the period between 1921 and 1929 which the country carries today. How Good Record? well did government perform its function? the performance investment banking; and divergence social and political theory leaves wide margin for dispute the functional suc- cess government during that period when industry was demonstrating its capacity meet the needs men perhaps they had never been met be- fore. consider what govern- ment costs and how spends its money then may make closer judgment the merits its per- formance, whatever criterion each may personally employ. Sharp Rise Governmental Costs Based figures issued the Cen- sus Bureau, the National Industrial Conference Board has issued infor- mation from time time the cost government the United States, and the following figures are based upon its published data. Between 1923 and 1929 the gross expenditures the Federal Govern- (Continued Page 74) The Iron Age, June 14, 1934—11 * AN | l€ ection Of YOu and pro- cord, rty and in large part were ex- f to, o pended economic and social COr!- 4 + cing + INQUSITY Was SiIngied Out as nan- cord aliQG 3 ff orks €Triciency UNKNOWN eitl er ; cx building which the pickling room situated can built steel, brick wood, the inside be- ing coated with asphaltic acid-proof paint. should well lighted and well ventilated for the benefit those who have work it, and should properly heated order that complete visibility may main- tained even the coldest weather. Forced ventilation essential good pickling room and all suction fans should equipped with rubber blades prevent corrosion. The gen- eral floor plan would naturally “line production,” with material pickled coming one end the department and the pickled material going out the other end. Space for material waiting pickled should ample that loaders can work with speed and efficiency. Crane Equipment Often Inadequate The crane equipment sufficient power handle easily load double the weight the average load called upon handle, and its vertical and traverse speeds should sufficient maintain forced pro- duction under extreme interesting and surprising note how few pickling rooms, modern and up-to-date every other respect, have crane equipment which adequate and satisfactory from speed and overload capacity point view. Crane control cabins should cated close the pickling tubs possible order that the operator will have clear view his work, and the same time should built close enough the floor that ris- ing steam will not obstruct his vision. Starting with the arrival the acid plant, the first contact made with the storage tanks. the various types tanks possible, the vertical tank recommended, inas- much all tanks accumulate sludge and dirt over period time, and the vertical tank can made with clean-out manhole the side and the bottom for the removal this 12—The Iron Age, June 14, 1934 sludge. This opening would below the acid line leading from the tank. The tank should properly installed, which, among other things, means that should absolutely level order that the amount acid contained can accurately measured. From this storage tank the acid would run through exposed pipe line—acid costs money and pipe line leaks are not uncommon—to accurately gaged measuring tank the pickling room. Good pickling practice, accurate check the acid consumed, especial- more than one pickling depart- ment gets its acid from the same storage tank, demands that there some means knowing how much acid being used each department. This knowledge always obtainable with individual measuring tank each pickling tub group tubs each department. measuring tank can any shape; can made iron, wood, lead lined, and its size should governed the size the depart- ment and the amount acid used given period time. should have large graduated sight feed that the operator knows just how much acid going into his pickling tub any one time. the top the tank would overflow line down one the pickling tubs and out the bottom would the feed line the pickling tub. This line empty the measuring tank quickly and would end the pickling tub little above the highest pickling solution level. The whole acid line from the main storage tank the pickling tub would protected acid-proof gate valves, one the main storage tank, one the inlet and outlet opening the measuring tank, and one the pickling tub. There are many types and kinds pickling tubs and tanks which can and are being used. This selection comprises the all-wood tub, usually Practice made from cypress long leaf yel- low pine; the all-wood tub, lead, rub- ber, pitch composition lined; steel tanks, rubber acid-proof lined; solid acid-proof concrete solid brick tanks with bricks banded together with sulphur; and then there are several tanks pat- ented construction the market. All storage, measuring ling tanks should accurately cali- brated and charts should made showing their capacities per one inch depth and per one-half inch depth the case horizontal tank car storage tank. may appear that stress accurate calibration, gaging and charting tanks unnecessarily often, but the number plants where accurate information this nature not available surprising. Stresses Leak-proof Outlets The size and shape the tub natu- rally depends upon the shape and the amount the product which pickled one time. Where feasible, the floor the tub should have slight slope toward the drainage out- let order facilitate cleaning. This outlet would ground and seated acid-resisting metal valve. Inasmuch one the largest wastes acid most pickling rooms comes from leaky tubs and inasmuch the big- gest part these leaks are found the drainage outlet, placed the importance having leak-proof outlet. One method in- suring tubs from loss this nature have acid-proof metal lead line run from the drainage outlet the tub acid-proof valve foot from the tub; from this valve the line would run This line and valve would not away with the ground and seated valve the tub. While the initial cost this insurance would appear high, would take but small leak over short length time more than leak away the cost this insurance. The steam line the pickling tub should well trapped cut sil i a Vi 0 Vv n u steel brick and pat- pick- cali- made inch tank that arily the sible, ve a out- This ated nuch acid ‘rom ture lead foot alve way this hort way tub cut and Steel HOBBS Engineer Charge, Steel Service Division, Grasselli Chemical Co. down condensation much sible. The ideal method heating pickling tub lead coil which arranged along the sides bottom the tub. This gives uniform heat with dilution the solution. How- ever, the initial cost and the cost maintaining this coil such make this type installation high overall cost. The other method the open end steam line which goes down into the tub and discharges the steam into the solution one solid stream, through series holes the line, through patented jets the end the line. This type steam line should the bottom the tub and installed pre- vent “steam hammering.” not agitation pickling solution benefit from the point acid consumption, better pickling and in- creased production. Everyone seems agree that extremely beneficial, yet the number pickling rooms which have are greatly the mi- nority. However, its advantages are strongly recommended. Agitation has the following distinct advantages: forces the acid through bound places load steel, such tight yoke rod—which would never touched the acid still pickle. Because the movement produces the load itself and the constant swirling acid, the time cycle can materially reduced and the acid the solution can used point which would impos- sible with still pickling. Mechanical and Air Agitation Mechanical agitators which agitate the material the solution are admit- tedly the most efficient form agita- tion and there are several well-known agitating picklers the market. The designing and building mechan- ical agitator not the job nor the ex- pense would seem be. From ob- have been made, they are apparently giving satisfaction. Agitation from the steam line not favored rec- ommended, for the pickling done low temperatures, the steam sel- dom for over few moments time, and even then the valve prob- ably just cracked open. Efficient agi- tation cannot expected from this set-up, and even though neces- sary open the steam line point where good head steam forced into the solution, there not sufficient force cause more than slight swirling motion three four feet from the end the steam line, and tub any size this move- ment reduces volume gets further away from this line. Where air available, efficient agi- tation can obtained with its use. The air line, made acid-resisting pipe, laid down the center the floor the tub with the necessary arms extending out from each side the main line. The jets the end the arms are 1/16 in. diam- eter. prevent the jet air from striking directly against and imping- ing the metal being pickled, the jet covered wood block ap- proximately in., which has been cut out fan shape underneath where the jet fits. This diffuses the air and prevents burning the pickled ma- terial. Very little air required this operation and the agitation ob- tained strong and violent necessary. Automatic steam control and tem- perature recording strongly recom- mended. The value this mechanical control lies not only the economy effects the steam and acid con- AKE-SHIFT practices are gradually giving way. Improved modern equipment and the de- velopment pickling aids the form good inhibitors have de- throned the old order and are lift- ing the pickling room itself out the slough fog, filth and fumes Experienced practical picklers be- longing the plant personnel manufacturers are raising the pickling department the same high standard efficiency and prevails today other branches industry. All these are statements the author, who recently addressed the Asso- ciation and Steel Electrical Engineers, and whose introductory Lt unscientific th remarks that occasion were re- ported length The Age May page sumption but also the consistently improved quality work which turned out with its installation. the rinsing pickled material there should ample water that the rinse tub will kept clean with fresh supply water running into all times, and this waterline should large enough quickly fill the tub after has been emptied. high-pressure spray system fitted in- side the rinse tub greatly facilitates the rinsing and cleaning rod and wire. This spray would above the water level the tub and would spray the material removed from the tub. high-pressure hose value the rinsing rod and wire but the use one should not eliminate the rinse tub which can used stor- age tank the necessity arises. Adequate sewerage and drainage with strongly constructed lattice- work floor around the tubs recom- mended. Pickling rooms operation are wet and messy under the best conditions. Setting the Time Cycle for Pickling AVING described modern and efficiently equipped pickling room, will now endeavor describe how make use it. such carbon steels SAE 1010-1020 are prob- ably the grades pickled more plants, and greater extent these plants than other grade, general way, pickling practice cov- ering low carbon steel. There are three factors which en- The Age, June 14, 1934—13 ay 3 + i = yi | =! Ss ¢ “ « ire 2 ce solution Pounds Metal per 1,000 Sq.Ft. Surfa free from scale. ter into and control pickling practice plant: the time cycle time allowed for pickling one load, acid content, and temperature. most cases the time cycle set and controlled factors outside the time actually needed for clean- ing the steel, g., the speed the department ahead behind the pick- ler; the speed loading unloading material; the speed the crane equipment the pickling room. These factors, along with any others that may present themselves, tend establish set period time for the various parts the operation, all which are more less consistent un- der daily conditions. While the ideal pickling set-up from the viewpoint acid and steam consumption, and the finish and color the pickled material, the solution pickle the steel the shortest period time, may that the time cycle for the complete operation such length that the ideal set-up would pickle too fast and result the ma- terial soaking the acid; hence the proper set-up would acid con- tent which, with low temperature, would turn out clean material the period time that fits with the time cycle the department. The stress low temperature re- quires explanation inasmuch the type and grade steel pickled and local conditions cause difference every plant what considered low the far most plants were concerned, there was just one pickling temperature used—boiling, tained. The steam valve had only 14—The Iron Age, June 14, 1934 12% Acid Concentration Weight Solution Activity inhibited and uninhibited pickling solution relaton the acid concentration: Temp. bath, 180 deg. F.; acid used, sulphuric; inhibitor, Grasselli per cent weight sulphuric acid time immersion, min.; carbon, 0.15 per cent; steel Surface Metal Los fal two positions—shut wide open; and, previously explained, these high temperatures were greatly blame for considerable portion early pickling troubles. Right Temperatures Pickling Bath this fact came recognized, the line average temperatures used began drop. Five years ago the average line was around 185 deg. F.; today around 170 deg. F., and another five years, safe say, would around 155 deg. There denying the fact, all things being equal, that low tem- peratures will produce more eco- nomical pickling cost, better finish and color, and less danger from hy- drogen embrittlement. Other advan- tages low temperature are im- proved working conditions, longer life for equipment and reduced mainte- nance costs during that life, and less chance burned pitted material should there failure power and the material has soak the solution. Today, these facts are recognized, and except for few isolated cases where old-time picklers still hold sway, where local conditions neces- sitate high temperature, the reduc- tion temperatures the lowest point that will still permit the ma- terial come out clean the cycle time available, receiving close at- tention from operating departments. temperature which can con- sidered low pickling with sulphuric acid, regardless grade type steel local conditions, 150 deg. F.; fact, low that very few plants can use and keep their time cycle, although know one two plants which pickle low car- 120°F 180°F 200°F Temperature Activity inhibited and uninhibited pickling solution relation the temperature: Acid used, per cent weight sulphuric; inhibitor, Grasselli per cent weight sulphuric acid solution; time immer- sion, carbon, 0.15 per cent; steel free from scale. bon steels temperatures low 130 deg. F., and other plants which are pickling high carbon steels even lower temperatures; but they have local conditions which enable them so, and are far the minority that they can counted the fingers both hands. Temperatures 155 160 deg. will fit per cent the pickling done today with sulphuric acid, and they can used without loss pro- duction. may necessary some cases play with other factors the complete set-up, such using higher acid content, breaking open the material pickled—as for instance, coils rod and wire—in- stalling agitation, but many cases merely ing down age-old tradition and prov- ing the personnel that they can pickle low temperatures. Having set time cycle and pro- posed temperature 155 160 deg. there remains the acid content produce the necessary speed pickling. the line average tem- peratures has gradually dropped over period years, the line average acid content has spondingly—and this the way should be. the two methods pickling— high acid and low temperature, low acid and high temperature—the ad- vantages, previously mentioned, are all with the former set-up. Our set-up general pickling practice “run-of-mine” mill, far type and grade steel and local conditions are concerned, try for temperature 155 deg. This may require acid content ; + + + + + + + 4 140 4 + + —— + + + . — b + + > + + + > > ] 1 00 + + + + + + + + ii | x) a A 2 t +— + + + + + + + 60 4 4 4 e | nid + + + + + + 4 + + 4 40 4 4 4 — a ‘ ‘ lants steels they nable the kling and some ing open for great reak- prov- can pro- deg. tem- over erage corre- low ad- are ckling and eg. higher. Additions acid are made when necessary keep the pickling normal, until the iron con- tent reaches the point where has been decided add more acid. this point, the good acid remaining the solution used increas- ing the temperatures deg. time, until the solution refuses pickle clean within the time cycle, even the highest temperature ob- tainable. The solution then dumped, and the average plant the acid content this dump will not over 0.5 1.25 per cent volume. When Pickling Tub Must Dumped How high one can acid con- tent order use low tempera- job plain pickling, where finish and color are little importance, such blooms, rough forgings merchant bar, the possibilities out- side dirt contaminating the solution can disregarded and the iron con- tent allowed build until reaches point 0.63 0.72 roughly speaking, per cent iron, before the addition acid the solution stopped; and may reach iron, the time the acid remaining the solution has been used and the tub dumped. However, when finish and color are prime importance, and when coat- ing the pickled material part permanganate for titrating the iron, the acid being titrated every hr. and the iron every hr. goes without saying that this practice would embody the use good inhibitor the amounts and ac- cording the method prescribed its manufacturer, and this use would also cover any practical and technical service which could obtained from them. How Daily Records May Charted chart, simple make and use, which will show glance the acid and iron content, and the tempera- tures the solution for the life the chart, which usually one week, can made follows: Use graph paper, ruled Pickling control chart may made this form long enough cover one week. The chart calls for temperature readings (in brown pencil), and acid and iron titrations every hour. pickling department can operated readings taken every two hours, the chart would reduced size one-half. content readings are made blue pencil and acid content readings red pencil. One chart provided for each tub. The chart shows the life pickling solution through four 8-hr. shifts under actual operating conditions. The groups three hori- zontal lines provide for recording the amount acid added (first line), the cumulative acid consumption—(second line), and the tonnage material pickled (third line). The chart includes notation follows: “Add acid needed keep the acid content and temperature the desired level until the iron content reaches per cent. this point stop adding acid and use the good acid remaining tub increasing temperature gradually until tub refuses pickle highest temperature. this point dump tub.” ture and maintain the time cycle de- pends mostly how fast the acid used compared with the speed which the iron content the solu- tion increases. this mean that the acid content should not high that when the iron content reaches the point where has been decided add more acid, this iron content will increase point saturation, necessitating dumping the solution before the acid has been used where the dump low acid and economical. most cases, this the limiting factor how high one can with acid content. Another determining factor the life the solution the subsequent processing the metal, subsequent processing, outside dirt and other contamination and adher- ence iron sulphate the pickled material enter the picture, with the result that the life the solution shortened materially. this picture, acid added until the iron content approximately 0.36 0.45 per cent per cent iron. From here the operation using the good acid the solution the same has already been described, and this set-up the iron content upon dump- ing would approximately 0.45 0.54 lb., roughly, per cent iron. The acid and iron contents the pickling solution are known and con- trolled all times the use titrating the acid, and potassium in. both vertically and horizontally. Each vertical line represents 2-hr. period and the chart marked, from midnight mid- night with the hours underlined. The horizontal lines represent per cent acid and iron content and deg. temperature, which starts 110 deg. These horizontal lines are numbered which gives per cent acid and iron content, and 110 220 deg. Each acid, iron and temperature reading recorded the hour when made and each tied with the previous readings line between these readings, the acid line being red, the iron blue and the tempera- ture brown black. the end (Concluded Page 68) The Iron Age, June 14, 1934—15 = HEN rotary motion irregular rectilinear mo- tion, when some complicated tim- ing motion effected, the cam and roll are very commonly employed. The success such mechanism de- pends not alone upon correct design contour but also largely upon the suitability the materials used and their treatment during manufacture. has not always been easy ar- range tests roll and cam demonstrate their and their length life, especially when the cam has number lobes different radii. Should such tests attempted, the results usually will not indic- ative the performance other cams somewhat different contour. The purpose this article de- scribe method testing, thought eminently practicable, which will yield fundamental data that can applied the design any cam. With such fundamental data, designs contours may made more in- telligently and cams longer life may produced. Roll Service Related Roll Radii one considers the service which roll subjected when engaged with having lobes with variety radii, will find that the service really the equivalent number 16—The Iron Age, June 14, 1934 different services, each one related particular radius the cam. other words, given roll were sub- jected number test runs, each made conjunction with circular disk having the radius one the lobes the cam question, would found that the wear the contact surface for given test run would that which would caused the lobe corresponding radius the cam question. series tests this kind will demonstrate therefore which lobe will cause the greatest wear the roll and which lobe will limit the life the cam roll. may also yield valuable information with which longer life may obtained through slight changes contour. Very little information published relating the materials suitable for cams and rolls and the tests which are required demon- strate results. real program tests made the ordinary way re- quires rather extensive equipment, suitable for wide range loading and speeds and recording means. For these tests the kind using roll and circular disk were recently made find out what effect heavy static loads might have the section the roll and what the en- durance limit cycles might be. Re- sults these tests are recorded later this article. Wear Testing reconditioned Olsen wear-testing machine, shown Fig. was used for the tests. The illustration shows the method using weights apply the static load directly the roll. prevent damage the equipment case failure the roll, switch was installed directly under the load- ing weights; breakage the roll would cause the weights drop the switch, stopping the motor im- mediately. revolution counter placed one end the roll shaft recorded the number stress cycles. pre- vent application the static load accident with the rolls not motion, the lever was allowed come into contact with the roll without the weights starting the tests, and weights were added after the rolls were Fig. shows the head the roll- testing machine opened spection. When operation with the head closed, roll contact with roll The gear guard the ex- treme right, houses motor-driven reduction unit. The large spur gear encased this housing drives gear which turn drives gear Roll integral part the shaft support- ing gear drives surface friction; roll housed the weight- supporting arm given flexible surface alinement the swivel hous- ing which rotates about pins The weight-supporting arm supported the stationary bed the roll-testing machine. Both rolls are mounted ball bearings, which are shielded means felt washers prevent foreign matter entering from the sides the roll. Different roll ratios may run simply supply- ing the necessary diameters roll stations and The rolls are op- erated during the test without lubri- cation. Paper troughs may posi- tioned under roll catch any fall- ing particles from the rolls, and some instances felt pad placed against the rolls collect surface particles for analysis. The 1-in. and diameter rolls, Fig. used these tests were manu- factured from tool steel. Special attention was given the finishing the surfaces; ex- ceptional care was taken when grind- ) q r = | 4 s 0 0 a ¢ r e ‘ esting used shows apply ll. load- im- placed pre- into the and ments roll- the with ex- gear ear pport- irface eight- exible hous- roll roll op- lubri- posi- fall- placed irface rolls, manu- adium given method testing here out- lined was devised yield fun- damental data that would permit more intelligent designing cam contours and the production cams having longer life. ing and lapping the roll contact-face order eliminate minute cracks that might cause residual stresses ing the heat treatment. After heat treatment, the rolls were polished and the surfaces minutely inspected as- certain whether there were any cracks due hardening. Micrometer read- ings were taken for comparisons different stages the test. this specific test with static load 1800 lb. the Hertz contact stress the rolls was the order 250,000 lb. per sq. in. and ap- proximately 19,000,000 cycles the de- crease diameter was the order 0.0008 in. The characteristic en- durance curve elastic materials has tendency flatten out and remain constant 10,000,000 cycles and this test was run nearly twice that range, was considered indicative the life the roll. Inspection the rolls showed that they had purple discoloration and had lost most their polish. photo- graph the rolls magnified diam- eters revealed multitude breaks the surface, also few short cracks parallel with the axis rotation. The decrease diameter and evidence falling debris was first noticed 750,000 cycles. Chemical analysis the debris, which fell thin shiny black flakes, gave 1.1 per cent Fe, 44.6 per cent FeO and 54.2 per cent Cam Rolls Fig. 2—Head cam roll tester, opened for inspection. When the machine operation, roll contact with roll Attention should called the fact that the rolls were operated dry, that is, without lubrication, and time were they appreciably higher than room temperature. conclusion was found that the rolls had infinite endurance far the static load imposed upon them was concerned, and operating dry very little wear was encountered. was recognized from the tests and equipment outlined above that valuable fundamental data can tained, and that possible also, it ” = with slight modifications, extend the useful range testing conditions the equipment. For example, the construction oil bath possible test the wear various materials operating oil, and utilizing cam operate the weight supporting lever the testing ma- chine possible produce the ef- fect dynamic loading the rolls themselves. hoped that the future this work might extended cover the complete field modern applications. a & Fig. Chrome-vanad- ium steel rolls, in. and in. diameter, were employed the tests. Special attention was given the surface finish. The Iron Age, June 14, 1934—17 F ich the are are ers | HERBERT SIMONDS result from the use colors metal finishing has already been pointed out. Having decided upon color, color combination, the next step determine what method use for securing this color the par- ticular product question. Lacquers form one method, and their rapidly growing use the metal industry in- dicates the popularity this means finishing. Another method select alloys which themselves have the colors desired. example this seen the architectural use stainless steels, bronzes, and many other so-called white and red added sales value which may metals. third method producing color that actually dyeing the metal. Experimental work being carried into molten metal, and some predict that colored metal, cast, the realm practical possibility. modification metal dyeing metal surface dyeing. Certain porous cast- ings, for instance, may dipped appropriate dyes and the color then may set with subsequent heat treat- ment. This particular process, while still experimental stage, offers much hope for its future development. The denser metals natural state are particularly resistant dyes, but slight modification the surface, oxidizing, may reverse this char- acteristic and make these metals readily receptive most all dyes. De- signers and metallurgists have but recently become aware the great possibilities the surface treatment metals. only within the past few months that practical method has been announced for producing artificial patina copper. Surface ef- fects now may produced this metal the mill, which formerly took 18—The Iron Age, June 14, 1934 é = The walls this attractive room are entirely covered with aluminum. Even the curtain made aluminum foil. Note the streamlining the fireplace aluminum natural color. years exposure the weather create. Oxidizing Aluminum the case aluminum, process has been discovered whereby the sur- depth, and this coating then dyed, after which the metal surface may polished brush-finished. The proc- ess which was introduced industry Aluminum Colors, Inc., Indian- apolis, was described THE AGE March 1933, page 357. The made the anode elec- trolysis tank using special elec- trolyte. coating average thick- ness produced about min. and becomes integral part the metal, that is, will not flake off. This coating, without any coloring, forms interesting finish with some unusual properties. has much higher resistance abrasion than the uncoated metal, and also less sub- ject corrosion. One its most dis- tinctive and perhaps one its most elec- thick- and metal, loring, some much the sub- dis- most Products Sales valuable properties high dialectric strength which makes aluminum, thus coated, excellent material for many electrical devices. Oxidized aluminum wire may wound bare, form elec- trical solenoids, thus avoiding the ne- cessity special insulating Aluminum plates, when oxidized, find use for mounting elec- trical instruments and for other pur- poses where strength and moderate insulating properties are desired. Physical Properties Variations the current density and the composition the electro- lyte during the process forming the oxide coating produce variations its physical properties. Thus the coating can made porous impermeable, and can produced varying de- grees hardness. When produced with just the right amount porosity can perma- nently dyed throughout its depth, with almost any color the rainbow. When uncolored, the oxide coating has silvery white appearance, which may varied from dull slate high- gloss mirror finish, depending the method polishing brushing. Methods have been devised for oxide- coating sheets and strip produc- tion basis, and the finish thus pro- duced used without alter