The Iron Age 1934-04-26: Vol 133 Iss 17

COPPER CORPORATIO APR PAGE PROCESSES -:- NEWS WHEREVER CORROSION ISA FACTOR During more than twenty-five years use, Toncan Iron has made its name synonymous with long life every industry where rust and corrosion cause early fail- ure ordinary ferrous materials. Toncan Iron ordinary metal. true alloy refined iron, copper and molybdenum— more costly produce, but con- siderably less expensive use. available all commercial forms. Literature sent request. NTY-NINTH YEAR SERVICE THE METAL WORKING INDUSTRY RON 2 BRAND: PHOSPHOR BRONZE MODERN INDUSTRIES Spring Manufacture The ever increasing demand spring manufacturers for Elephant Brand Phosphor Bronze throughout the oys fixed standard uniformity and excellence industry. Its great elasticity, tough- fully met Elephant Brand Phosphor Bronze. ness, and other qualities make highly preferable wide range application tnis field. The introduction phosphorus into its composition re- duces any oxides dissolved therein and forms with the Elephant Brand Wire made various grades and purified metal most homogeneous and regular combina- forms for every requirement. Rolled Spring tion; the hardness, strength, toughness, rigidity and Wire, Square Wire, Half Round Wire, Straightened Wire, Tinned Binding Wire, Telephone and Telegraph Wire. Special Temper \) Wire order. Also Wire Rope elasticity being always under control These essential factors together with its great corrosion resisting qualities have not only proved its unusual adaptability Our latest booklet con- for wide variety THE PHOSPHOR BRONZE SMELTING CO. springs; but have WASHINGTON AVENUE PHILADELPHIA, prices established the superior- Castings Rods Elephant Brand products. AGE, published every Thursday the AGE PUBLISHING Office: Cor, Chestnut 56th Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. Executive Offices: 239 39th New York, Y., second class matter the Post Office Philadelphia under Act March 1879. $6.00 year Canada $8.50, Foreign $12.00. Vol. 133, No. 17. ae THE IRON April 26, 1934 VAN DEVENTER itor PRENTISS Cleveland LACHER Managing Editor G. EARNSTROM, JR. Ww. W. MACON T. H. GPBRKEN Consulting Editor News Editor BURNHAM FINNBY Pittsburgh Detroit R. A. FIske A. I. FINDLEY L. W. Morretr Chicago Editor Emeritus Washington Published every Thursday. J. FRANK, Pres Contents Has Steel Passed Savings the Public? Status the Young Engineer Years Ahead Machining Glass with Sintered Carbide Tools How Finish Helps Metal Products Sales Bending Properties Sheet Metal Hardness Variation and Temper Colors New Equipment News Personals and Obituaries Washington Automotive Industry Dangerous Monopoly Markets Construction and Equipment Buying Products Advertised Index Advertisers THE IRON AGE PUBLISHING COMPANY ident G. H. GRIFFITHS, Secretary MILLER Machinery Editor GBRARD FRAZAR Boston R. G. McIntTosH Cincinnati Cc. 8S. BAUR, General Advertising Manager PUBLICATION OFFICE: Corner Chestnut and 56th Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. EXECUTIVE OFFICES: 239 West 39th New York, Y., Member, Audi Member, Associated Business Papers United States and $6.00: Canada, $8 $12.00 a year. Cable Addre ADVERTISING STAFF t Bureau of Circulations Emerson Findley, 311 Union Bldg., Cleveland B. L. Herman, 675 Delaware Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. H. K. Hottenstein, 802 Otis Bldg., Chicago Subscription Price: Possessions, Mexico, Cuba, .50, including duty; Foreign Single Copy Cents Peirce Lewis, 7310 Woodward Ave., Charles Lundberg, Chilton Bldg., 56th Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. Detroit Chestnut & H. Ober, 239 West 39th St., New York W. B. Robinson, 428 Park Bldg., Pittsburgh Sweetser, 239 West 39th St., New York D. C., Warren, P. O. Box 81, Hartford, Conn. 114 SEVENTY-NINTH YEAR SERVICE THE METAL WORKING INDUSTRY | | | | | | | | 40 | « THE IRON AGE....... 26, 1934 Page business and industry ingly alert discover ways effect new, sound economies, the buyer today studying never before what offered for his money. wants know all about what service will give, how long will last, and—perhaps most all—how much will help him save. Because the outstanding value they offer, Beth-Cu-Loy Sheets are made order for this situation. Impartial tests have shown that sheets Beth-Cu-Loy composition (copper- bearing steel) rank first resistance at- mospheric corrosion among the entire range commercial steels and irons. Yet, despite their superior durability, Beth-Cu-Loy Sheets cost only trifle more than ordinary sheets. Keth- Sheets combine high rust- resistance with low cost. They offer the value that buyers want today. Their combination high rust-resistance and low cost makes Beth-Cu-Loy Sheets the sensible ones use wherever exposure weather moist air involved. Used installations around the plant, Beth-Cu-Loy Sheets help reduce maintenance costs. Used products, they give little cost the potent sales appeal rust-resistance. Bethlehem Steel Company, Bethlehem, Pa. int eratior one reduce the made proven The recent questio not steel trend import. rising sumpti been has outstan price the pre trend a | | ... THE IRON AGE ... APRIL 26, 1934 ESTABLISHED 1855 Vol. 133, No. Has Steel Passed Its Technological Savings the Public? The curve for prices general the Bureau Labor Statistics, which the later years includes approximately 800 items taken from all the im- dustry has again been brought into the field political consid- eration. The present paper relates one aspect this subject: Have price policy the steel in- SNYDER Associate Professor Business Statistics Graduate School Business Administration Harvard University the steel companies over the years portant industries and commodity reduced their prices proportion markets. the savings costs production Similar, though less pronounced, made possible technological im- ning the Great War while the contrasts trend are also shown provements? The writer has read with interest recent statements both sides this question. Admittedly, the issue does not permit exact evaluation, but, steel prices have shown downward trend while prices almost all other important, industries have shown rising trend, there strong pre- sumption that savings costs have been passed satisfactorily. Such has indeed been the fact. One the outstanding features commodity price history since the beginning the present century the downward trend steel prices the begin- prices commodities general were advancing approximately per cent per year. Moreover, after the war and post-war boom period the down- ward trend steel prices was re- sumed, whereas the trend prices general was practically one the beginning the great depression. These contrasting trends are shown the two curves the first accom- panying chart. The curve for steel prices plots the composite price finished steel items, compiled THE IRON AGE, and represents between and per cent total steel tonnage. the two curves the second chart, which finished steel prices are com- pared with the curve based upon the group index for metals and metal products (including other in- dustries addition steel). Thus, the steel industry has shown more marked downward trend prices than other industries the metals group. The point that here being made may substantiated further comparison the trend steel prices with the trends shown the other curves the chart. These curves represent all the groups com- its recent report the Senate, the Federal Trade Commission criticized editorial The Age which revealed the fact that iron and steel prices had suffered more than their share deflation compared with other commod- ity groups and with respect the long term pre-war level. Part the commission’s criticisms were factually answered “Common Sense Applied Price Levels,” which appeared week later The Age March 29. fruits its technological progress. this article contrasts the long term price trends finished steel with the price trends other commodity groups and with the general commodity average. result this study, arrives strong presumption that savings cost steel have been passed satisfactorily.” Following this thought step further, Professor Snyder takes the commission’s question whether steel has passed the public “full and fair the < tt re TA > peg es ry j j Chart Finished steel composite price trend compared with trend general commodity prices. 1910 1920 1930 and Metal / Products Chart Finished steel composite price trend compared with price trend metals and metal products group. 1900 1910 1920 1930 Chart Finished steel composite price trend compared with price trend food products. 1900 1910 1920 1930 Chemical and Druas ~ Chart Finished steel composite price trend compared with price trend chemicals and drugs group. 1900 1910 1920 1930 Furnishin Goods Chart 10. Finished steel composite price trend compared with price trend house furnish- ing goods. 1900 1910 1920 1930 Miscellaneous Chart 11. Finished steel composite price trend compared with price trend miscellaneous commodity group. 10—The Iron Age, April 26, 1934 Comparison Trend Prices With Trends Commodity (The curve for steel prices the composite price finished steel, constructed from data from The Iron Age. The other curves are constructed from the index numbers for groups related commodities and for “All Com- modities,” compiled the Bureau Labor Statistics. Annual averages monthly data modities which constitute the “All Commodities” index. The contrast between steel prices (or the metals and metal products group) and the prices farm products (the fourth chart) particularly striking. The upward trend the prices farm products was even sharper than the upward trend the general price average (“All Commodities”) during the pre-war period. Moreover, with the war episode eliminated, the war rate increase appears have been closely approximated almost the beginning the depression 1929. Fluctuations prices foods (see the fourth chart) have been very similar those farm products and, consequently, there again marked contrast between the upward trend food prices and the downward trend steel prices. Prices the leather industry (the fifth chart) exhibited especially sharp upward trend before the war, with horizontal slightly upward trend after it. Prices building materials and house furnishing goods not only had upward trend before the war but held during the post-war period prosperity exceptionally high levels relative their own pre-war levels. the various groups covered the data, chemicals and mis- cellaneous are the ones whose trends have most closely resembled the trend steel prices. The trend the miscellaneous group was not seri- ously broken the war were the trends the other groups. Among the commodities included this group are rubber, automobile tires and tubes, paper and pulp, prod- ucts, and cattle feed. son issue been propo ductic prices long trend and cor ward, those costs factor Sin cussio the beyon tion ever. much ous g the price sion age produ have steel much the would group: tically the minist based the g farm risen 1900 1910 1920 1930 Fini: | Gre are b scale rela ric TA A | pare bein ‘ Ww . j | | | j W * | ~ Finished Steel Composite Prices Various Groups are plotted and the curves are scale. facilitate the comparison relative trends, the finished steel price curve superimposed each instance upon the commodity group curve with which com- pared, the point coincidence being 1900.) implied the outset, compari- son price trends cannot settle the issue whether not prices have been reduced over the years full proportion lowered costs pro- duction, but case such the present one, where the trend steel prices has been downward over long period while the general price trend has been upward horizontal and the trends important groups commodities have been sharply up- ward, the burden proof must those who maintain that decreases costs have not been passed satis- factorily the form lower prices. Since the present analysis con- cerned with the trend prices, dis- cussion the cyclical decline during the present depression somewhat beyond its scope. brief considera- tion should perhaps given, how- ever. Steel prices did not fall much during 1930-32 the general average prices. Among the vari- ous groups, farm products suffered the most. The unfortunate aspect price fluctuations during the depres- sion has been that the aver- age prices and the prices farm products and other important groups have declined drastically, not that steel prices have failed down much others. other words, much the more constructive development would for the prices those groups, which have suffered dras- tically, rise substantially than for the prices steel fall further. Fortunately, the efforts the Ad- ministration have, general, been based upon such matter fact, during the past the general average prices, and farm products particular, have risen much more than steel prices. 1900 1910 1920 1930 Products Chart Finished steel composite price trend compared with price trend textile products. 1900 1910 1920 1930 and Lighting Chart Finished steel composite price trend compared with price trend fuels and lighting group. 1900 1910 1920 1930 Buildin Materia Chart Finished steel composite price trend compared with price trend building materials group. 1910 1920 1930 Products Chart Finished steel composite price trend compared with price trend farm products. 1900 1910 1920 1930 and Leather Products Chart Finished steel composite price trend compared with price trend hides and leather products group. The Iron Age, April 26, Ge Ya A j }. 2 ; : ‘ is | = Nig; HAT taking place the changing industrial and social aspects life profoundly affecting the status the engineer. Such the theme address de- livered before the Land Grant College erts, the Westinghouse Electric Mfg. Co. Here are some his views: Fewer Engineers Will Needed “We have passed our national history from period exploitation, speculation, and development into level period operation fewer engineers will needed. “Superior ability and training will demanded for success, not only the field engineering operations which will demand the services the greater number, but especially the part the relatively smaller group that will continue push engineer- ing research and design into yet un- explored fields. the temporary strain numbers relieved, quality must receive the emphasis. Will Retire Years “Quick adaptability productive work will rewarded. dare the graduate advised drift about for five more years. These are years longer available for ex- periment. His big stake, win one, must come before age forty. Productive life will end earlier than the past: sixty may see him retired. “Under the new conditions graduate training will flourish, but much will industry and part the job, but with the cooperation the schools. Curiously, this graduate education will not all vocational professional, but will exhibit aspects broad culture 12—The Iron Age, April 26, 1934 seeking develop independence personality, and creative thought— looking toward worthwhile life after retirement. Curiously, too, industry will foster and develop this side post-school training along with the vocational. Promise Lies Perceiving New Uses Products “Finally, and more immediately im- portant, engineering teachers must recognize new fields for these gradu- ates. Hitherto, the very immensity the rich fields research and design, that lay near hand, has caused adjacent acres lie uncultivated and neglected. That the graduates them- selves are pioneering the way al- ready apparent the occupational shift commerce and distribution. must significant that the few recent graduates who have found technical work are not research and design, but manufacturing selling. Let faculties and students reflect that there are other engineering functions besides the creation material things and dealing the abstract features science. “For years industry has offered the thesis that ability perceive bility new application for engineering product and the negotia- tion its use order ability and training does calls for high the design and manufacture the products the first place. But has been met with the retort, ‘He too good man wasted sales.’ This must pass away, and the func- tion negotiation, arbitration, and interpretation placed with design, re- search, and process broad fields endeavor for engineers the future. only through the recognition this outlet for engineering training, and the preparation programs teaching for with the same con- spicuous care and judgment that was put building men for the technical fields, that the engineers the future will saved. But, done, may be, perhaps through time society itself may saved.” Scarcity Youth leading the foregoing state- ments, which offered his conclu- sions, Mr. Roberts touched the slowing the country’s population growth but also what may termed the age characteristic the population. this said: “In 1850, youth was abundant, and age was scarce. Now this reversed, and youth scarce and maturity, abundant. While the instantaneous view reveals many young men unem- ployed, nevertheless is. true that makes for premium, and plenty for discount. The relative number youths the population has been halved since 1850, and another twenty years, will halved again. This example the transient condition oversupply, tending obscure inevitable re- verse condition. decidedly fac- tor the bright side, far the placement graduates concerned.” next considered the increase industrial activity between 1920 and 1930 with the concurrent mechaniza- tion everything the home, the farm and the mill, well commerce, and emphasized how some engineers, more versatile than others, had apply seeking new outlets for their products. “It the action the versatile group,” said, “that will bear close own quiri denc likeli light add has but farm, source social portat and claime thousa life group, groups sented motion seen ¢ acceler 1920-1! Leade 3 b tatus the Young Engin Wy 4 | | eer the emphasis the need the carving out his own career rather than depending others conceive projects re- quiring his skill; statistical evi- dence that the young man potentially strong position; the likelihood that the expansion peri- for colleges has come end—these are some the high- lights thought provoking address here reported length. examination. collective effort sustain the pace that had been set. apparent that distinct shift has not alone engineers, but all the population, from the farm, the mine and the mill—the real sources production—to the more social functions commerce, trans- portation, business, domestic service, and claimed more persons out every thousand for the promotional aspects life than did 1920, and all these were drawn from the productive group, for the miscellaneous small professions; 193 groups, such those engaged gov- ernment service, remained the same. Engineering alone gained 10, repre- sented largely the vast increase planning, supervision, designing, pro- motion, selling, 1930 1933 has seen cessation all promotion and retrenchment the other fields. The acceleration, rate change, 1920-1930 cannot sustained. Leaders Will Come from College- Trained Group “But there another factor the positive side. business not over ears one-half the better positions are held college graduates. Inevitably larger proportion these jobs must commanded college men. The country cannot expect recruit large proportion its leaders promotion from the ranks those without formal education could generation ago, for the reason that there not now the ranks the relative number young men in- herent ability that there was gen- eration more ago. Those who have that ability become leaders have found way school, and they that increase high school and col- lege population which now have, spite the fact that the proportion youth the whole population falling rapidly. simply inevitable that leaders the future must drawn from the college-trained group. Expansion Colleges Thing the Past must guarded not fall into the conclusion that schools will larger classes. Such not the case. Education, because its momentum, cannot respond changes readily can industry. They must keep turning out their product, even the absence demand for it. College en- rollments this year are equal slightly above those last. Ulti- mately, however, the enrollment trend down, even though the transient complications cloud the fact. Already there are vacant seats the first and second grade rooms our rural and urban schools. Neither schools nor colleges will have the continu- ing problem expanding faculties, building facilities, libraries, and labo- ratories. “So far engineering enrollment concerned, the trend turning down, even advance the general decline. There shift from engi- neering the business courses and other departments reported num- ber the most significant schools. The reason has been construed sev- eral ways. President Shantz the University Arizona joins with President Hutchins Chicago in- terpreting this keen interest the part the rising generation know more about the world which lives, and adjust itself the conditions the New Deal. would look for the reason the interpreta- tion youth puts current events. lawyer, dentist, physician, even business man can out job without apparently being so. has office, routine, and some per- functory activities which give him the appearance still being the job. The engineer, the other hand, un- der our modern conditions, out job, unemployed man. has paraphernalia for continuing the appearances being work. can say that fifty thousand engineers are unemployed with some certainty, but one can tell how many lawyers and how many doctors are, the same time, out work. Whether the deeper the more superficial reason accounts for the lead engineering taking the decline, assuredly fact that the engineers the country are not nearly fully employed are those the professions.” The Iron Age, April 26, 1934—13 | te { 2 4 10° Turning Screw Cutting — x 10° / oO Planing Angle sizes cemented carbide tools for various machining operations glass. far machining technique glass entirely dif- ferent from metals. This differ- ence not due the entirely different properties glass the finished con- dition, nor due the entirely different production methods, but primarily due the difficulties encountered the forming and working glass into usable objects. Glass workers take all the forming difficulties into consideration, and carry out forming operations temperatures which glass can worked. Because the great soften- ing interval, glass even more work- able than metal high temperatures, but room temperatures inferior metal far finishing and polish- ing are concerned because its brittle nature. From the standpoint hard- ness, brittleness, and tensile strength’ room temperature, the satisfactory machining glass has been appar- ently hopeless until very recent period. There are, course, several com- mon methods cutting and polishing glass, but they are far from satisfac- tory. The possibility cutting glass rests upon the that once the extraordinary hard surface pene- trated, the transference into the interior takes place compara- tively easily, and times this frac- ture transference takes place undesirable degree. The polishing glass, however, delicate mechani- cal operation, and, tion cutting, consists wearing down the hard surface piecemeal with- out altering the internal cohesion. The polishing treatment has consid- erable economic much the operation slow and requires great amount polishing material. The circumstances above have, how- ever, been entirely changed the use sintered hard metal carbide alloys, the origination and structure 14—The Iron Age, April 26, 1934 which were detailed previous articles. Moreover, sintered carbide tools are being used the finishing hard insulator materials such fibre, glazed cardboard, mica, porce- lain, and materials such Micalex, compressed inorganic insulating ma- terial which consists mainly mica and glass. The sintered alloys work now possible, after many years pre- liminary researches and experiments, turn, mill, plane, and drill glass objects economically torily. The dimensions obtained approach the tolerances re- quired the production machine this, the third and last article the series dealing with ce- mented tungsten carbides (the preceding articles appeared THE IRON AGE, issues Feb. and Feb. 22), the authors present most comprehensive review tested shop practices the ma- chining glass. glass prob- ably the most difficult materi- als successfully turn and mill, the procedures described herein should partially transferable the cutting and finishing ex- tremely hard and brittle metallic and non-metallic materials. The superiority sintered tools for cutting hard materials high speeds probably arises from their abnormally high capacity for super- hardening. Hard chips passing the edge under very heavy pressure harden the top surface the tool and increase its resistance sub- sequent abrasion, and is, there- fore, often advisable work hard materials with carbide tools before the tools are used soft steels and non-ferrous alloys. Machining Glass parts from metallic materials, and now possible cut glass threads with exactness entirely sufficient for all usual purposes. the working glass with car- bide alloys the shaping not done means detachment cuttings,’ because there formation chips due the brittleness the material. The tool hooks back the smallest inequalities the surface during its first contact and thereby pulls out the smallest particles which again leave behind freshly fractured surfaces. The operation thereby always renewedly provides the tool with new surfaces for attack. Cooling Necessary Adequate cooling workpiece during machining operations absolute importance. There strong development heat during the work- ing procedure, and because the poor heat conductivity the glass the cre- ation cracks would unavoidable unless sufficient cooling provided. general the machines used for metal working can adapted the working glass, but necessary that they perfect condition. The effects even small oscillations are more unsatisfactory tageous glass machining with re- spect the quality the surface stances. addition, the dressing the working tools care. Experience has shown that hard metal tools for the working glass require different grinding than customary for the working metal. compilation the angle sizes which the tools intended for the dif- ferent kinds glass machining should The first finishing operation considered turning. this opera- tion possible operate the glass peripheral speed about 260 ft. per 0.12 done the roller hard and, tively cuttin per 0.12 the chi Sev this left out two both 10° A ‘ q | = | i 4 at f > 4 > . | whi with Sintered Carbide Tools per min., and depth cut about 0.12 in. Feeding should always done hand. Naturally for finishing the cutting depth must much less than 0.12 in. Fig. there shown glass roller being finished lathe. The hard metal cutter exchangeable, and, this case, directed nega- tively. During rough finishing the cutting speed was 260 325 ft. per min., with feed 0.004 0.12 in. During finishing, however, the same cutting speed was used, but feed 0.0008 in. and depth chip 0.004 in. were used. Several pieces glass shaped this manner are shown the lower left Fig. The forms were turned out cylindrical glass bodies. The two small rollers with turned pins both sides, which are seen the fore- KARL SCHROETER and FEHSE glass roller lathe. The hard metal cutter directed negatively, and operating and feeding speeds are given the text. (Left) forms and stoppers were turned lathe. The stoppers the foreground fit exactly into the bores the forms, although the dry seals are not entirely air- tight. milled slotted shown right. The work piece cut from both edges toward the middle forestall chip- ping the edges. ground the illustration, fit exactly into the bores the ends the forms turned into the shape cone shown the background. Moreover, the seal exact that pressing pulling out the pins not require very large force. This type fit facilitates the exit entrance inclosed air during insertion and pulling out the rollers. Characteristics the Glass consider the requirements demanded the glass which machined. possible finish hard almost well soft glass. The authors are particularly familiar with glasses having coefficients expansion The Iron Age, April 26, 1934—15 this whole range the same methods machining were applicable. course the hardness the glass has some influence the finishing, and surface closely resemble matte silk the glass should not too hard. That say, glasses with coefficients expansion between 10° and 10° are best suited for the pro- duction even the finest surfaces, but the glasses are softer the has tendency tear out large particles from the surface. peculiar and first confusing observation might well mentioned customarily used the experiments, thick rough plane chip from ordinary glass taken there then obtained very coarse surface. this operation repeated with glass the surface considerably bet- ter. would, however, dangerous conclude that hard glasses are bet- ter suited for turning than the softer glasses. The case entirely altered the surface finished polish- ing. With ordinary glass the surfaces secured are entirely satisfactory whereas the hard glass behaves extraordinarily refractory manner. Whereas the finest surface chips can removed the tool, the subsequent surface less fine than the original. ordinary shop lathe can certain sense considered over- loaded during the machining glass with hard metal tools. The magnitude the oscillations which appear 16—The Iron Age, April 26, 1934 Glass acid nozzle with interior and exterior threads cut with sintered carbide tools right. The threads are greased give air-tight seal. switch plates About 160 plates can pierced for each drill sharp- ening, and more than 300 plates can drilled one hour. cates the heavy forces encountered, and the appearance the surface after finishing directly dependent the tendency the lathe vibrate. course, the tendency even more pronounced the case very hard glasses. There are times when the oscillating jerks the tool exceed the chips’ thickness, and then further turning able improve the surface. the case hard glass this condi- tion reached more quickly than the turning soft glass. This con- dition especially pronounced the case poor lathes, but the phenome- non appears some extent even the best type equipment. From the above observations possible there- fore determine the type glass and quality lathe required for any particular glass surface desired. addition, imperative that the glass kept well cooled during work- bility fracturing. Milling Procedure machine shown Fig. disk miller tipped with hard metal cutters preferably used tool. For this work preliminary machining rec- ommended. That is, the surface should cleared with radius angle miller, and then should milled gradually from the edges. The workpiece seen Fig. was milled with cutting speed 162 ft. and depth chip 0.4 in. Dur- ing milling and turning impera- tive work from the edges the middle order avoid bursting out the edges the cut. also comparatively simple plane simple forms. Operating values are about strokes per min. cutting speed, feed 0.004 in., and depth chip 0.004 in. metal, can performed lathe the lathe the cutting speed ft. per min., and the feed preferably carried out hand. large number glass pieces have been drilled and the comparative efficiencies are well established. For drilling massive pieces glass, spiral drills with hard metal cutters 0.06 0.6 in. diameter are preferable. With such drills 320 holes 0.32 in. diameter can perfectly drilled Thuringia glass one hour. re- grinding the drills after about each 140 pieces. Spoon bits, just like the special drills with flexible shaft for drilling through thinner glass pieces, have proved quite satisfactory. The latter, however, require certain amount care while operation order avoid drill damage the cutters jerky working conditions, Recent experiences seem prove that advantageous use pointed drills during drilling. representation the practical application drilling with hard metal drill shown Fig. Glass switch plates 0.20 0.22 in. thick were drilled open with cutting speed ft. per min. and hand feed hole depth 0.12 in. Under these conditions 2000 glass plates were drilled open hr. The drilling procedure took place vessel under water, and the the drill was resharp- ened times that 160 plates could drilled open with each resharpen- ing the drill. About 300 plates could pierced one hour this method. is, therefore, apparent that drilling with hard metal has consid- erable potential factory application. Fig. there shown glass cylinder being finished which was pierced with special drill provided with water feed. this case pre- liminary drilling with drill 0.52 in. was the with was flow shaft out strue must cle cor glass the made IRON with out ing glass metal The suffici agains used. The resent pieces glass were ing probab with was the The ft. long the cer end gear. the the being shaft minimu Was 3.30 for the ; 4 2 Co., in. diameter 425 r.p.m. was employed, and then the hole was finished with drill 0.88 in. diameter 225 r.p.m. both cases the feed was hand. The water flow through the drill shaft, shown the sketch, must sufficient volume wash the separated glass particles out the drill hole. glass objects are con- structed several pieces, the glasses must have very similar coefficients expansion case the completed arti- cle subjected thermal changes. compilation nearly all described glass working methods contained the model calendar for acid pastes made entirely glass shown THE IRON AGE Feb. The cylinders with turned bearing pins are worked out glass block, and the attach- ing the side cheeks means metal screws which engage cut-in glass threads. additional example cutting threads glass means hard metal tools recognized Fig. The object acid nozzle with interior and exterior screw threads sufficient length give good seal against liquids when light grease used. The illustrations shown herein rep- resent only few examples shaped pieces which can obtained from glass employing hard metal tools. Work piece Piercing glass cylinder with special drill provided with water feed. The flow water prevents temperature rise and also washes out the separated glass particles. The arrangement the hollow drill sketched the upper left. extremely probable that numer- ous other application possibilities will appear for particular purposes. BIBLIOGRAPHY Pirani, Scheel, Glastechnische Tabellen, Berlin, 1932. Rinne, Ber. Sachs. Akad. Wiss., phys. math. 527 Nov. 1925. Fehse, Die Umschau, XXXVI, 1932, No. page 748, and Wissen und Fort- schritt. Jan. 1933, No. page 20. ‘A. Fehse and Kindt, Glastechnische Berichte, Vol. 10, No. 4 of April, 1932. Thermit Welding Quickly Restores Street Car Service ITH the breaking the main drive shaft power house the Market Street Railway Co., San Francisco, three car lines were completely tied up. obtain- ing and installing new shaft would probably have required several weeks, with the car lines still out service, was decided repair the shaft the Thermit welding process. The shaft which fractured 18% ft. long and has large drive gear the center and cable drum each end and one each side the drive gear. The break was shoulder the drive gear seat and bearing, the diameters the shaft this point being 10% and 13% in. With the shaft place, and requiring the minimum dismantling, the repair made less than hours. The break occurred Saturday for the welding was under way, (Concluded Page 63) The Iron Age, April 26, s--Water feed l ne t How inish Helps 16—Polishing Different Metals acteristics metal products after polishing often overlooked not only the shop superintendent but sales managers and top executives well. Obviously definite effect the appearance product should comes matter chance, and proc- esses cannot standardized costs determined. value specific surface char- were possible draw curve showing the sales appeal different finishes, and plot with this curve costs, the two curves would prob- ably increase together and yet there could fixed relationship between them. very high gloss, for instance, only achieves value when associated with appropriate products. For some metal articles elaborate and ex- pensive finish might prove econ- omy the long run, yet for others less expensive finish might have greater sales value. Costs finishing vary through wide range. small metal product may perhaps polished for 10c., but different kind luster color effect the same product may cost 20c. even 30c. produce. manufacturer building hard- ware, when questioned about polish- ing, said: “Our trouble not how and buffing but, rather, determine what kind final finish should have. Take our chromium door sets. want mirror finish which looks fancy when first unwrapped but shows finger marks, would better for use dull finish which keeps its appearance longer? one can tell you about such things. You’ve just got try different finishes and see how they sell, and the strange thing that sometimes finish which big number the East won’t 18—The Iron Age, April 26, 1934 all out through the Middle West.” Comparing Polished Surfaces With any type finish, definite specification difficult, shown the fact that several engineering so- cieties’ committees have been work- ing for years attempt de- scribe and standardize some the more common finishes as, for instance, the finish gray iron casting comes from the mold. polishing, particularly dif- HAT kind finish metal products has the greatest sales appeal? This question which has been appearing again and again this series. question which solved for any one product any one metal must solved again for another prod- uct and another metal. This article deals with problems concerning the polishing some the more usual industrial metals, including stainless steel, brass, aluminum and nickel. ficult accurately describe finish. Usually one polished surface differ- entiated from another the natures the abrasive grain last used each. Metal, for instance, may pol- ished buffed until all marks left after No. 150 abrasive grain have been removed. description this sort can only approximate because the method removing the fine grain determines the effect the coloring. However, sales man- ager determines for any one product trial and error, suggested the manufacturer quoted above, the finish which has the greatest sales value, then fairly simple for the head his polishing department duplicate this finish quantity pro- duction, provided the material from which the product made runs uni- form. Polishing Different Products Among the thousands articles which polishing considered one the regular manufacturing opera- tions are the following items which give some idea the diversity this field: Stoves, wrenches, tools, hardware, auto trim, cutlery, oil burners, shovels, axes, sewing ma- chines, typewriters, bath room tures, sad irons, plumbing supplies, bicycles, guns, cooking utensils. Frequently desirable for manufacturer change the metal used for certain product, and under such circumstances may want keep close possible the orig- inal finish. thimble manufacturer changed from German silver alu- minum and desired keep the ap- pearance the new thimble the same that the old. This was spe- cial problem which finally was solved the satisfaction the manufac- turer through combination acid dipping and buffing with sequence different compounds. certain type finish often be- comes associated with product and thus develops value independent its actual appearance. For example: edged tool changed from carbon steel alloy steel improved prop- erties, but doing, changed the final appearance received complaints from old customers. this case was merely necessary alter few details polishing adjust for the change material and Bee: diffe whe the for ever the luste quen of 2 buffi roug ish earl) abov polis suce dries bras and with shee same some The ishin come r.p.m (2) | eta maintain the original appearance. Because the different behavior different metals under the polishing wheel, seems advisable consider the polishing characteristics some the more common materials. Polishing Brass brass surface has characteristics for the polisher similar steel. How- ever, because softer, some the operations required for high luster steel are frequently omitted the case brass. Small brass castings such pipe fittings are fre- quently water tumbled, then polished large wheels using compound grease and No. 150 emery. For better finish this followed buffing with tripoli and coloring with rouge. with most metals, the final fin- ish brass determined the early polishing operations and even where castings are fine grained, the above method will not remove all the sand marks. more careful polishing calls for the use series different abrasive grain sizes successive operations. Some foun- dries sand blast, then rough polish brass castings with No. emery, and follow this with wheel set with No. 120, and finally buff with grease and fine emery compound. Die marks may removed from sheet brass products much the same technique above, although some special compounds developed for this particular service. The Lea Mfg. Co., Waterbury, Conn., gives the following practice for fin- ishing stamped lighting fixtures made brass: (1) the parts after they come from the dies are polished in. sewed pieced buffs 2400 using Grade compound, (2) they are then oxidized liquid sulphur solution, and (3) finally they roducts HERBERT SIMONDS are relieved in. loose buffs 1800 r.p.m., using Grade compound. For nickel plating Magnus Chemical Co., Garwood, J., ales recommends using high grade tripoli compound which free from un- saponifiable grease, then following this with thorough washing, rinsing, effective use high polished chrome plated copper shown this exhibit en- trance. The corrugated portion the foreground oz. sheeting, plated and polished the American Nickeloid Co. plant. The Age, April 26, 1934—19 and drying, and then buffing with high-grade lime compound. After buffing, the parts should promptly cleaned the following sequence: Immerse electro cleaning tank tinse cold water cyanide Rinse cold water Dip acid Rinse cold water Nickel plate Rinse cold water Rinse hot water electro cleaning the work should the cathode. Special cleaning compounds are frequently used after different coloring operations and, the nature the buffing compound highly important from the point view subsequent cleaning. Polishing Nickel chromium finish almost always encountered plate over other metals other plated coatings. chromium plate, particularly when applied over nickel plate, calls for careful cleaning because the chromium film, being extremely thin, often not over 0.00002 in., must preserved intact when desired get the full appearance value. chromium plate over nickel the nickel must given very high polish. One large manufacturer, polishing with wheels set with No. 120 abrasive, uses the following sequence prepare nickel for chromium plating: Grease 20—The Iron Age, April 26, 1934 coloring with fine emery cake, cut- ting down with tripoli, then coloring with white finish and cleaning with whiting. Monel Metal The procedure polishing Monel metal similar that for nickel, although many Monel metal products call for matte finish which does not require many buffing operations. When cold rolled Monel metal sheets are polished for cabinet work ho- tels and restaurants, the operations are frequently reduced two, the first using tripoli and the second chrome oxide compound. the case stampings, often economical remove die marks with emery be- fore using the One manu- facturer sinks removes die marks around the corners locally means buff. Another manufacturer deep drawn Monel metal products uses the following sequence: No. 120 emery dry. No. 150 emery and grease. No. 180 emery and grease. Tripoli. Fine lime. Clean with whiting. we Occasionally the above sequence operation with sheepskin wheel set with No. 200 emery, and many a & HIS typical example where high polish means increased sales appeal. (Upper) The use polished nickel steel sheets making this corn popper lifts once into quality class. (Lower) Stamped metal trays are successfully made the Mathews Mfg. Co., Detroit, Mich., from sheets which are plated and polished before blanking. manufacturers use artificial abrasives place emery. Polishing Zinc Zine sensitive alkaline cor- rosion and calls for special cleaners. For rolled which plated, one company recommends buffing with free-cutting tripoli and then color- ing soft buff traveling 6000 ft. per min. using soft dry white compound, then electro cleaning boiling cleaning solution with the work cathode, followed hot and cold rinse and acid dip one per cent hydrochloric acid, then cold rinse and finally the nickel plate process. Interior trimmings for automobiles are frequently made alloys which are polished large soft wheels set with No. 120 abrasive. This followed with tripoli and then with pumice and wa- ter tampico wheel, when the parts are ready cleaned for plating. After nickel plating, these parts are frequently brushed over with pumice and water wire wheels. Polishing Stainless Steel the specialized field polishing stainless steel, Leather the Lea Mfg. Co. gives the following conclusions based the experience his company and some extent the use its compounds: “As with any other material, the various taken the appe raw burnishe jected causing addition the ing. the rolling subjectec are always the poin known quires the “On grain siz sive, typ is, the speed sure all must give plant indicate tails mu: each indi Examples Table sired. sheet 1. No. polis No. whee No. poun Buff ting Roug w Reame No. No. Forgec ish l. No. ] 3. No. ] Pumi color No. 2. No. ] poun 3. No. 1 4 i 5 various mechanical features must taken into account. These include the appearance the surface the raw material comes from the mill. may have been polished burnished, may have been sub- jected severe pickling operation causing rough etched surface. addition this, the actual temper the metal has effect upon polish- ing. This temper dependent upon the amount drawing, forming, rolling which the metal has been subjected. “In the case articles formed from sheet stainless steel, die marks are usually present, even minute. severe bending operation nearly always causes slight roughening the point the bend. This effect, known the orange peel effect, re- quires considerably polishing and buffing than the unbent portion the article. “On the polishing operation the grain size, type and blending abra- sive, type polishing wheels—that is, whether hard, medium, soft— the speed the wheels and the pres- sure the wheels against the work, all must considered and adjusted give best results.” few cases taken from actual plant operations are here offered indicate general practice, although de- tails must altered adjust each individual set conditions. Examples Stainless Steel Polishing Table cutlery. Mirror finish de- sired. Products blanked out sheet stainless steel. No. artificial abrasive set-up polishing wheel. wheel. No. 180 abrasive and grease com- pound soft buffing wheel. Buff using flour abrasive compound. Tripoli special compound for cut- ting Rouge for coloring. Reamed stampings about in. diameter. High coloring desired. No. 120 dry set-up wheel. No. 120 set-up wheel with grease. No. 180 set-up wheel with grease. Buffing with cutting compound. Buffing with coloring compound. Satin fin- Forged golf club heads. ish desired. No. 120 abrasive and grease. No. 150 abrasive dry. No. 180 abrasive with grease. Tripoli. Pumice tampico wheel. Forged golf color desired. High No. 120 abrasive dry. 120 abrasive and grease com- pound. No. 150 abrasive dry. Courtesy, American Nickeloid Co. use polished metal for interior trim increasing popularity. This corner one the New York offices the Johns-Manville Corpn. shows polished metal mold- ing strips used between the panels and also the point where the walls meet the ceiling. The curtain trim also polished No. 180 abrasive and grease com- pound. Cutting down compound. Rouge buffing. a cr Use Special Compounds “Polishing operations stainless steel with the abrasive firmly glued the surface the polishing wheel,” continues Mr. Leather’s statement, “are often too severe give greatest efficiency. The grains which are tightly held the surface the pol- ishing wheel cause harsh cutting gouging, and the cuts must re- moved the subsequent polishing buffing operations. Grease used some polishing wheels reduce this harshness, but still rela- tively severe operation whenever abrasive grains are held rigid while they are doing the cutting. “To relieve this harsh action the Lea Mfg. Co. developed series special compounds which contain fine but sharp abrasive grains mixed with binder containing grease but having the property adhering soft buff the compound dries. This leaves very thin layer dry abrasive attached the flexible sur- face the buffing wheel. The func- tion the use such combina- tion intermediate the usual polishing and buffing operations and many cases found that one more polishing operations may thereby eliminated. The surface, after using the greaseless compound, easier buff than where work goes direct from polishing wheel the regular buffing operation.” Greaseless Buffing The following example the use from the experience table cut- lery manufacturer. The products are stainless steel forgings. The former method polishing was No. dry set-up wheel. No. 150 dry set-up wheel. 3. Cutting burrs off tines with loose buffs set hard face with 180 grain The new method uses No. dry set-up wheel. No. 150 dry set-up wheel. Lea compound Grade in. loose buff operated at 3300 r.p.m. The use the greaseless com- (Concluded Page The Iron Age, April 26, r rs. len kel for the for ese ver re tent particular sheets were ap- plied advantage the telephone parts, thereby dem-