The Iron Age 1934-02-08: Vol 133 Iss 6

ening per for inted hours urers tiful llin. va- ‘On Engin YEAR SERVICE THE METAL WORKING INDUSTRY MANAGEMENT FEBRUARY 1934 PROCESSES -:- Difference Between HIGH COST and LOW COST Kolling Operation Taking friction out roll necks makes possible higher foot per minute speeds and the same time reduces power demands much 50%. These are not theoretical advantages. They have been proved over and over Timken Roll Neck Bearings leading mills all over the world. Neither are they temporary nature, for Timken Roll Neck Bearings have demonstrated their ability roll many hundreds thousands tons— and still good for more. Moreover, with Timken Bearings your roll necks you can say “Good Bye” production interruptions arising from roll neck bearing failures. Specify Timkens for old mills new. Your satisfaction Timken en- Tapered gineering knowledge and experience. Roller COMPANY, CANTON, OHIO FEB ode be- car ” hat, THE IRON 1934 Page “HAPPY om 4% axle the landing gear certain well-known plane, and its alloy wing ribs shown here, are heat- treated this Hoskins Electric Fur- nace. The vital factor safety attained proper heat-treatment—and the company chose electric heat avoid uncertainty results. The Wire that Made Electrical Heat Possible Heat generated electricity may not the cheapest compared fuel heat. But appraised basis results, lower insurance rates, and lower cost furnace maintenance and labor, elec- tric heat the cheaper. Remember that the electric furnace brick work almost never needs renewal. HOSK FUR The Chromel heating units course need occasional renewal; yet Chromel recognized the most durable the electric furnace resistors. you investigate Hoskins electric fur- naces, described Catalog 531. kins Manufacturing Co., Detroit, Mich. ACES THE IRON AGE, published every Thursday the AGE PUBLISHING CO. Publication Office: Cor. Chestnut 56th Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. Executive Offices: 239 39th St., York, Y., Entered second class matter the Post Office Philadelphia under Act March 1879. $6.00 year $8.50, Foreign $12.00. Vol. 133, No. strength assured, whe | course the invite Hos- Mich. der Act } J. H. VAN DEVENTER G. L. LACHER W. W. MACON T. H. GERKEN R. E. MILLER Editor Managing Consulting Editor News Editor Machinery Editor WINTERS EHRNSTROM, Jr. BURNHAM FINNEY GERARD FRAZAR Pittsburgh Detroit Boston Cleveland Chicago Editor Emeritus Washington Cincinnati Contents Silver Lining Has Its Cloud Foundry Supervision and Standardization Professor Sprague Discusses Price Levels Industrial Chromium Plating Preventing Porosity Castings Taylor’s Cutting Tools Compared Making Super-DeLavaud Pipe New Things Materials and Processes New Equipment News January Pig Iron Production Washington News Personals and Obituaries Automotive Industry Markets Construction and Equipment Buying Products Advertised Index Advertisers THE IRON AGE PUBLISHING COMPANY IF. J. FRANK, President G. H. GRIFFITHS, Secretary Cc. S. BAUR, General Advertising Manager PUBLICATION OFFICE: Corner Chestnut and 56th Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. EXECUTIVE OFFICES: 239 West 39th New York, Y., STAFF Member, Audit Bureau of Circulations Emerson Findley, 311 Union Bldg., Cleveland Member, Associated Business Papers Herman, 675 Delaware Ave., Buffalo, il. K. Hottenstein, 802 Otis Bldg., Chicago Published every Thursday. Subscription Price: Veirce Lewis, 7310 Woodward Ave.. Detroit United States and Possessions, Mexico, Cuba, Charles Lundberg, 45 Kent Rd., Upper Darby, $6.00; Canada, $8.50, including duty; Foreign Del. Co., Pa. $12.00 a year. Single Copy 25 Cents (. H. Ober, 239 West 39th St., New York W. B. Robinson, 428 Park Bldg., Pittsburgh \} Cable Address, ‘‘Ironage, N. Y." W. C. Sweetser, 239 West 39th St., New York Warren, Box 81, Hartford, Conn. SEVENTY-NINTH YEAR SERVICE THE METAL WORKING INDUSTRY : | } gy x | 24 | | | | ing | e 4 1} tl | J | | THE IRON 1934 Page igid Qual ity Control Outstanding Feature Ryerson Products You are probably familiar with many the exacting standards set various manufacturers steel and allied lines. They assure better product. But for Ryer- son customers have gone several steps further and set our own rigid specifications which permit guarantee analysis, higher qualities and greater uniformity the many Ryerson products. For instance, consider Cold Finished Steels and the varia- tions acceptable finish, straightness, etc. within com- mercial practice. The Ryerson established policy puts all Cold Finished Steels accurate specification basis subject rigid double mill inspection finish, straightness and tolerance. third inspection made expert when the steels are placed stock. O.K.ed stocks are placed special racks constant tem- perature, heated storerooms maintain their perfect condi- tion. This unusual policy typical the rigid standards that protect the quality all Ryer- TOOL STEEL Performance Ryerson has shown some remarkable results. new revolu- tionary process produces dense, fine grain structure. keen, durable cutting edge with for water hardening steels. Users report real operating economies. Write for sample test. JOSEPH RYERSON SON, INC. Plants at: Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Louis, Cincinnati, Detroit, Cleveland, Buffalo, Boston, Philadelphia, Jersey City RYERSO SERVICE son products. Results are re- flected production economies and greater general satisfac- tion users. matter what kind type steel you may require you can get quality product from Ryerson almost quickly from your own storeroom. you not have our Stock List, will glad send copy. for ACCURACY FINISH Precision Quality Stock, Accurate within Plus Minus Uniform quality, triple inspected, Cold Finished Bars all standard sizes, many extra wide widths and special intermediate sizes shipped immediately. Cold Finished also include full line sheets. You can meet every requirement accurately and quickly drawing the nearest Ryerson plant. JOSEPH RYERSON SON, INC. RYERSO SERVICE That —LUSTROUS —STAINLESS —ALLEGHENY METAL This well known leader among the stainless steel 18-8 group affecting economies and increasing saleability nearly all lines industry. Available sheets, plates and bars. Also castings for ornamental industrial purposes. Write for Allegheny Metal booklet. JOSEPH RYERSON SON, INC. Plants at: Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Louis, incinnati, Detroit, Cleveland, Buffalo, Boston, Philadelphia, Jersey City Time placing orders Time interviewing salesmen Time following orders Time waiting for ship- ments Time receiving, check- ing and paying for material You will find many advantages grouping orders for immediate ship- ment from the Ryerson plant. Stocks are complete, from the finest screw stock the heaviest structural. experienced organization, with unequalled equipment assures de- pendability, accuracy and speed. JOSEPH RYERSON SON, INC. Plants at: Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Louis, Cincinnati, Detroit, Cleveland, Buffalo, Boston, Philadelphia, Jersey City STOCK FOR IMMEDIATE SHIPMENT Ryerson quality assurance Ryerson service now includes well assorted stocks non-ferrous shapes and sheets. sheets, tubes, pipe various grades de- livered immediately. The Ryerson Stock List gives the complete range sizes. you haven’t the latest copy will gladly mail one your request. JOSEPH RYERSON SON, INC. Plants at: Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Louis, Cincinnati, Detroit, Cleveland, Buffalo, Boston, Philadelphia, Jersey City RYERSON ESTABLISHED 1855 RON AGE FEBRUARY 1934 Vol. 133, No. fact that the recent billion dollar issue Treasury notes and certificates was oversub- scribed the amount billions “delighted Secretary Morgenthau, encouraged Wall Street and enabled banks and bond houses rushing After conforming the customary proprieties remarking that this accomplishment demonstrates the moneyed public’s confidence our Government, add that emphatically shows its lack confidence private business and industry. The fact that billions dollars applied for temporary work the low wages and per cent would indicate that unemployed money felt unable find permanent job elsewhere better wages and safety. With banks crammed with idle money and credit and with much the two billions which fled this country during the past year now returning with their profits add the plethora, there should trouble “floating” almost any short-term issue Government tax exempts. How much better would for the capital goods industries savings and credit were busily and profitably employed private activity that Uncle Sam would have some real persuading enlist gigantic army dollars! is, our dollars are not doing their duty American in- dustry either the short term the long term basis. Foreign buying now currently supporting most the activity some our important capital goods industries. The last report the National Machine Tool Builders’ Association, for example, shows that more than one-half the total current loud business being booked this industry for foreign delivery. this foreign demand, minor part only from Russia. Stop and think, for moment, what this means. means first that private capital abroad, unlike that here, going into private enterprise abroad long term basis. means too, that our foreign com- petitors for world trade are alive the vital neces- sity replacing obsolete equipment that they can manufacture more cheaply and thus better con- tend with our depreciated dollars. These nations are buying here only that part their equipment which they cannot make themselves, yet they are taking over half all the machine tools that are producing. When you see your competitor across the street across the sea putting the finest tools that the world can supply—and lots them—it means trouble ahead for you you remain content operate obsolescent standards. HIS record grave indictment American judgment and foresight time when need all and more than our tool building industry can produce put our plants not only competitive position for world trade but also position make the necessary cost savings which alone can pay our bill for recovery. even more serious indictment the obstacles which stand the way the return our private capital its normal employment private industry. 4 | 4 : is, > ; = A 4 +1 many respects art. There much connected with this very interesting work that unknown those not actually engaged it. different some respects from other kinds supervision and de- mands type character and tem- perament that can lend itself vari- cus conditions and situations. Some are more successful than others the supervising work because they have found the pleasure there it. foundry supervision pleasure. Each day new problems con- front us. They may not new but may represent something very mysterious others, and always some one about something know about from actual experience. Then comes the question untangling some complicated controversy men that taxes our talents also and takes the monotony out life. know there are always little troubles and misunderstandings the foun- dry; fact, believe the foundry that does not have them does not have any production boast about. also interesting straighten out cases where some one person even several persons are trying put over something that they know not right and think that the boss can- not see through the scheme. be- lieve can truthfully said that great deal satisfaction can found foundry supervision. The main thing know how things and study human nature. believe that practical man, progressively in- clined, should more successful than one without practical experience. Opportunities the Practical Man Over- looks practical experience refer men who have made molds with their own hands, who have made castings and found them the scrap heap, who have learned the cause bitter ex- perience, who have made cores and had them blow and scab fall pieces when handled, who have oper- Iron Age, February 1934 ated cupola and have bung the middle the heat cut through the bottom doors, who have made pat- terns that work decided hardship the molder. Such men through many successes and failures become experts molding, core making, pattern mak- ing, melting and sand mixing and should better qualified keep pace with the rapid strides foundry ve ~ Fig. standard molding practice for textile roll with solid trunnions each end provides for gates in. diameter for rolls 12, 14, and in. diameter. The cover over the feeding head removed soon the mold has been filled with metal. tandardization progress than anyone else, providing they are progressive. The more complicated ings, the greater need there for practical experience, and should require very little effort the prac- tical man’s part keep with lead the way greater achievements the foundry. Unfortunately few men with all this ability are not inclined lay aside the hat their fathers wore but are eontent stand aside and watch others with much less experience things that they could great deal better they would only apply their knowledge the new ideas. However, this not true with all practical foundrymen, but the point wish emphasize that practical men would take their proper place the foundry parade they should the head the line, leading on, instead being content take second place adviser someone who struggled through with only smattering what all about. Standardizing Practice the Need Today standardizing practice far should have the safest and most eco- nomical methods, and standard prac- tice can only created from prac- tical experience. Whether passed practical man himself, the latter best and cheapest because special course study experimenting necessary (experiments are instruc- tive but often very costly). pos- sible establish some kind stand- ard practice any class work. The value standard practice the jobbing foundry its influence upon the quality the work. Competent molders have different ideas about the best way the work and naturally some are better than others. method such cases pick out the best way and make standard for all men work by. few ex- amples how this work handled jobbing foundry are shown the Supervisi oO n a ad re the Foun following sketches. These standards refer only the gating, feeding and the grade metal used. Examples Standard roll mold.—The casting was molded many different ways with very poor results. The loss often was per cent over. The main trouble was the method gating and feeding. The scheme shown reduced the loss less than per cent, and conse- quently was adopted standard. kettle job.—Considerable trouble was experienced account soggy metal the point indicated the letter was found that chill used this point corrected the trouble and gates, located shown, worked out well for the size kettles indicated. Fig. covers old method gating and feeding castings the character shown, but was found most effective where clean and solid piston heads were required and was adopted standard for all similar castings. Fig. shows cross section Diesel engine piston head. These cast- Fig. 3—An old method (above) gating and feeding steam piston castings was adopted standard for all castings the general class. The inlet gates enter directly under the lightener core. The bottom the channel lead- ing from mold riser must least in. above the point where the groove for piston ring cut. All cores are oil sand and the bottom gate made core. Fig. 2—The standard molding practice (at right) for acid kettles emphasizes the use chill prevent so-called soggy metal, the chill being part the ram-up core. For kettles and in. diameter, four 4-in. diameter risers are called for and for and kettles, four dry wealth foundry ex- perience the author makes strong case for the practical man the supervisor the foundry. nature well foundry tech- nique, which true those show- ing any progressive traits, the foundry will signally successful respect quality output and minimum foundry losses. What stressed outstanding need foundry procedure recording practices that eventually stand- ards are established for the control every class product handled the foundry. ings are very important and must free from sand holes and other de- fects. The standard this case was adopted control the location, num- ber and size the gates. Fig. cross section mold and standard for air compressor liner used connection with the Diesel engine. was not unusual for the foundry cast eight these liners order secure one that would accepted the machine PAUL RAMP shop. The method chilling the cast- ing was found very bene- ficial. The feeding head was also suffi- cient take care the shrinkage, and metal mixture No. was stand- ard mixture for this work. Fig. another standard for gat- ing Diesel engine liners the number, size for gates, molding method, This plan standardizing work jobbing foundry very simple and each week new standard can worked out and adopted until almost the entire field can readily seen how much can ac- complished the way improving the quality the and secur- ing the value practical man’s knowledge the work. There are few practical foundry supervisors that not know all about the best methods for doing work, and they would only put them shape that they could recorded, the prac- tice would lasting value the foundry trade. practical supervisor the head foundry responsible for the results all departments. the castings the shop turning out are not the standard, his fault. has alibis. cannot blame the metal, the sand, the pattern the molder, because the master molder, pattern maker and sand mixer and must make right what wrong quickly can before excessive * . . » 4 7 risers are required; two gates, in. diameter are recommended all cases. The Iron Age, February 1934—13 or its ey ey tat Ke = led = : . . . . z v4 ross Section Mold not indication that does know how prevent these fail- ures but probably because not following the job closely should be. Supervisor Often Given Too Much Help foundrymen not need much help manage the foundry the general opinion. The idea relieving him many details will free supervise only can overdone, and instead helping him only makes him lazy. not ex- pect him timekeeper keep the production records, etc., but all this work should under his super- vision, including many other details. Workmen’s mental attitude toward their employer vast importance. They need not love him but they must have respect for his ability before will able get the best that them. know practical man who charge large foundry plant manager. has wonderful organi- zation foremen and workers, who all respect him because they know competent judge their efforts and pick the good from the bad. They never try deceive him but are continually striving improve meth- ods, because they know able appreciate fully the value their work. result has numerous minds working his problems daily; and with such help one could fail succeed. practical supervisor can reduce bad casting losses and prevent their Iron Age, February 1934 Section A-A Fig. 4—The standard adopted for Diesel engine piston head provides for introducing the metal that will not fall the wrist-pin cores, For pistons in. diameter, in- clusive, gates diameter are recurrence better than one without practical experience, because able teach his men how overcome their troubles they are fault, make the necessary changes his metal, sand mixtures, etc.; and best all his workmen not question his wisdom regarding what teaches them. Neither they resent it. talks their language; consequently, gets closer them than some one who has not pounded sand himself. The same thing applies produc- tion. much easier for him in- duce workman the proper day’s work because the workman knows cannot fooled. can over the work detail with him and demand what right for the man and for the company. Costly Experiences with Non-Prac- tical Men Men very quickly discover the fact that their superior not practical man, and sometimes all his lieu- tenants, from the foreman down, pro- ceed take advantage him wher- ever they can. have mind one foundry superintendent who, while not practical man, insisted upon work being done certain way, be- cause was advised another about practical he, read account how was done but did not thor- oughly understand it. His foreman, knowing was wrong, did, neverthe- less, follow his instructions without protest with disastrous results and the company paid the bill. true there are men who have never made molds with their own hands who are successful managing foundries. also true that most cases they have loyal lieutenants who work with them and advise them many details, and, with their man- agerial ability and loyalty, help them become successful. course, time they learn the practical side the business the expense the company they are working for. were not for the daily changes the casting requirements, would not always necessary have practical man charge, the work would time become more less habit. Much money sometimes wasted impractical men insisting upon do- ing things that are not practical, especially new work through the shop. They resort numerous cost money. might said that some supervisors without practical experi- ence are fair-weather foundrymen. easy for them deceived carried away suggestions from others. have mind man without practical experience who insisted up- NE N: N: Fig. 5—For casting cylinder liners, the standard practice requires molding dry sand, casting end, pouring with hot metal and chilling the points A,A. The length the feeding head in. for the 10-in. liner, and in. for liners and including in. diameter. The gates are in. diameter and number. f | n ur . ¢ his foreman experimenting with all kinds gates and risers effort produce small head for refrigerator out iron mixture per cent steel scrap, per cent pig iron and per cent old brake shoes. The result was numer- ous defective castings, which were charged the method molding and gating, and relief was felt until the percentage steel was reduced and the old brake shoes eliminated. Then was found that almost any the molding methods tried would pro- duce perfect casting. The practical man charge all operations would not have suffered this would have used the metal suited for the casting the beginning. Men who have practical experience molding, core making, melting and pattern making seldom need waste any unnecessary time and money determine the cause for failures the possibility reducing costs. They can decide these questions generally without dozen expensive conferences all concerned. Training apprentices another thing the practical foundryman best qualified do. has the knowledge all the little details con- nected with making castings. All true supervisors are not all teach- ers, but they can learn how teach much easier than the impractical man can learn how mold. They know what they want teach and all they need know the best way put over. great deal more can taught practical demonstration and one can make demonstration and point out each detail easily who has worked the trade with his own hands. have often heard foremen com- plain that the apprentice boys the instructor was turning out were value him, but the same time never did thing help them. This man what would non-progressive practical man; and such men that have created the impression that practical foundry- man has his limitations and cannot far toward greater and bigger things. This mistake. There are numer- ous practical foundrymen today who are progressive and responsible for per cent the improvement foundry practice and are leaders standard methods. friend mine who has been the foundry for fifty years one the most progressive men his line. Years ago made careful study sand and sand control and perfected method testing sand that equal any now use. was his prac- - Fig. 6—For large liners and bushings, dry sand molds, casting end and the use very hot metal are items the standard practice. Gates are in. diameter; them suffice for sizes and including in. and for diameters large in.; the feeding head in. for 20-in. bushing, and in. for larger diam- eters. tical knowledge that enabled him this. could feel handful sand and decide whether not was good, but wanted standard that anyone could use. Such men are the men that are making the foundry business this country better every day. Foolish Foundry Failures Many foolish foundry failures oc- cur the foundry where the company paying the supervisor while learning the business. few ex- amples guessing may mentioned. First, effort mold retorts the plan called for six chaplets the cope and six the drag hold the core. Great care was required secure uniform thickness both sides the core, but the result was crooked and cracked castings and the high cost molding. The proper way mold the castings this character are necessary. When molded edge, the lifting pressure under the core was reduced and the core lying edge- wise the mold was rigid enough withstand the lifting pressure without the aid chaplets. The result was two castings per mold, seven molds per day against one casting per mold and four molds per day. Another was attempt mold large kettle bottom because the bottoms were in. thick and the side walls only in. thick. was heavy section could proper- fed. The result was the kettle failed service; and the reason failed was because where the best metal was needed the least pressure was exerted when was cast and the 7 liquid metal did not lie quietly the surface the mold that formed the bottom the kettle. The method used kettles everyday foundry practice bottom down. The in. wall kettle sufficient feed the heavy bottom, and the increased metal pres- sure the bottom part the mold when the kettle cast bottom down insures sound metal the casting this point. There are numerous cases this kind that occur daily, and some- times surprising how few castings are lost rather than how many. The writer not attempting belittle any man’s efforts who has not made molds with his own hands, but try- ing make the practical foundryman realize that not the head all progressive movements the foundry today his own fault. The Proceedings the American Society for Testing Materials for 1933 are available two volumes. Part 1092 pages, covers com- mittee reports, including the specifica- tion writing the year with its estab- lishment tentative standards, and Part II, 804 pages, contains all the technical papers presented the 1933 annual meeting. notable feature the physical properties cast iron, probably the most comprehensive ever assembled this country. Also significance are data corrosion and discussions short-time high-tem- perature tension tests. Each volume obtainable, $5.50 heavy paper binding, cloth and half leather, from the headquarters the society, 260 South Broad Street, Philadelphia. The Iron Age, February 10st . out . Py efforts, and large, says Dr. Sprague, noted mone- tary expert and one time Ad- ministration advisor, “should directed toward creating situa- tion which something other larger quantities than the Price rises which come about through such activities are bene- ficial, believes, but does not regard the artificially boosted price level panacea for pros- perity. foresee discover the kinds things that people want en- larged quantities they were offered slightly lower prices, and then dis- cover the methods and means pro- ducing these things the lower prices and profit. This key im- proved business according Prof. Sprague, Harvard Univer- sity, who recently addressed joint meeting the Illinois Manufacturers’ Association and the Illinois Manu- facturers’ Costs Association. Prof. Sprague pointed out that have now reached stage trade recovery when most important that the policies our Government subjected searching and examination. Last spring the situa- tion was critical and dangerous that critical attitude was inappro- priate. needed move, go, President Roosevelt. But have now gone far enough upon our way prop- erly inquire whither are going. the prime business industry all seek situation which there shall full employment la- bor, active business, believing that such circumstances prices would rise, somewhat lightening the existing bur- den debt. There general agreement re- gards the new deal, when expressed very general terms. could all wish that economic conditions more stable than they have been the past and also that there some- what more equitable division the product labor and capital, and that some the very disconcerting acts that have characterized some people important positions should longer afflict the community. When, however, examine the situation more detail, differences opinion begin merge, and yet find ourselves the situation which there almost vocal criticism and examination what being done. Certainly there party criticism. 16—The Iron Age, February 1934 Sprague Discusses Only here and there individual voice raised Congress critical examination any one another the various policies the Govern- ment, and the same true outside Congress with the public large. going forward towards trade recovery have relied far more than the past upon governmental action. Washington there very con- siderable number people who hon- estly believe that desirable that there should continue indefinitely very, very large measure govern- mental control over all our indus- trial economic activities. They not believe that pos- sible secure the general objectives the new deal anything approach- ing return our old traditional, individualistic system. They desire, for example, that industry generally organized each line production with few producing units, because then they believe that will far easier exert governmental control. Trend Toward Quasi-Monopolies This seems one the serious problems presented NRA. The Government seems favorable the organization each and every in- dustry quasi-monopolistic basis, conducted more less trade asso- ciations under the supervision and control the Government; and least very considerable number industrialists, especially industries that are already organized large have fallen for this form organization. They have looked with favor upon anything that would rid them the anti-trust law, enable them make arrangements among themselves regards production, regards prices and all the rest it, including even the introduction new machinery the establishment additional plants, forgetting apparent- that such power lodged private hands almost certain speedily followed the adoption strict governmental control. Our organization government not well suited for the concentration power Washington which seems taking place. There im- mense difference power and prestige between the president the United States and anyone else Washington. The president has colleagues the sense, for example, that the prime ministers various countries have colleagues. More and more the organi- zation Congress such that large measure ineffective mea- sure control. Our system divided powers was satisfactory the old days when the functions the na- tional government were comparatively few and simple. Our organization not suited situation which such extraordinary powers and controls are being concentrated Washington the present tendency. When Government Spending Stops Consider the question huge Gov- ernment expenditures for relief, pub- works, etc. may assume that however expended will have especially those lines industry producing consumer goods. creates situation analogous that which ob- tains time war. the case great war Government expenditures enormously increase. The Government makes huge demand for labor and active use great deal manu- facturing plant the country, and prices those circumstances. And not impossible that prices will under the impact the huge and greatly increased Govern- ment expenditures the months just ahead. quite certain, because there such great amount slack and excess plant capacity. Still, moderate improvement prices would result Government expenditure the next few months. But there another aspect the matter, one which also the war comparison probably helpful. When are engaged great war all know that when the war comes end the expenditures will taper off very rapidly, and that will then for period painful readjust- ment, and recognize that one the inevitable burdens costs be- ing engaged war. not » « é a 7 I I ( \ a ( ‘ » a } 7 | stige rton. rime have nea- ided old na- vely such regard the prosperity resting upon permanent foundation. perfectly well know that will end with the Armistice Treaty Peace. What, however, the situation regards analogously large govern- mental expenditures period de- pression? What will happen when and the expenditures cease? Are readjustment analogous that which follows war? This should an- swered the affirmative, unless the governmental expenditures are han- dled that they will gradually taper off from the absorption the men employed the Government into pri- vate industry. Intrigued the Price Index Washington has been intrigued that wretched device the statisti- cian, the index wholesale commod- ity prices. eager get prices that does not seem inquire very particularly what prices up. Does make any difference whether the price index goes because increase the price hogs increase the price agricultural machinery? order get permanent trade recovery must obviously produce with full employment much greater quantity goods and services than are now being produced and consumed, and the problem know what sorts things would find market pro- duced much larger quantities, and whether possible produce those things prices which will permit their consumption and the same time prove profitable those engaged producing them. That was sort development witnessed this country pre- vious decades the case important industries which perhaps the auto- mobile the most striking instance. Between 1910 and 1928 there was enormous increase the output automobiles, and the industry was reasonably profitable, with, course, certain amount mortality one would expect new industry. But how did the automobile producers tap this potential demand for more cars? somehow other finding pos- sible place upon the market lower priced cars, and that tapped poten- tial demand. Choking Off Future Employment Public works, relief work and civil relief expenditures are largely the direction producing something which analogous construction work home building for the mass people, but the policies that have been adopted are calculated rather main- tain and possibly increase the rela- tive cost production. How can emerge from the depression, other than good luck, adopt policies which tend choke the most promis- ing single channel for the profitable employment large amount additional labor and additional ma- terial? Consequently, when the six billions whatever is, that are being expended for relief works have been expended, there will very nearly great need for expending another six billions. There are, course, plenty prod- ucts, which many agricultural prod- ucts are the most conspicuous, for which there elastic demand, ow- ing the limitations the human stomach. shall not get greatly increased consumption most the agricultural food products the American public however great this prosperity may come be. not that direction that can look for the absorption any appreciable number those who are now out work dependent government agencies for work. can only ex- pect these people absorbed industry important industries are able tap increased demand for their product creating situation which they can offer those products relatively lower price and still make profit. that condition develops, all prices may expected rise. one would suggest permanently low level prices. order get rise prices, need create situa- tion first, which there will more active demand for labor and more active demand for additional capital, and that problem which be- yond the wit private industry, then the prospects for the future are means promising. Failure these di- rections responsible for the urge toward the adoption some sort monetary device extricate ourselves from the present situation and bring about rise prices. But there possible monetary means bringing about rise prices ex- cept that other than that situation which there active demand for more credit and currency —with one exception. There one method bringing about least temporary rise prices. Monetary measures which would excite univer- sal distrust the currency and flight into tangible goods and equities would doubtless yield upward spurt prices. monetary policies were adopted, calculated reduce the value the dollar nickel, they would have such effect confi- dence the currency induce wholesale withdrawal deposits order buy anything that was tangible. Distrust Price Raiser Extreme inflation, other words, leading distrust can bring about temporary rise prices, with all the consequences made familiar the experience some the European countries. But our government does not contemplate measure that sort, nor the people Congress. There seems supposed that just little depreciation just little inflation will almost automatical- bring about rise prices. And does not it. does not excite (Concluded Page The Iron Age, February 5 £4 that stry and and ces. just use ack bor the var we off be ist- HEN the base metal has been properly cleaned pared, the plate will have ex- cellent adherence. the common materials gray cast iron and the tungsten steels, with high speed steel outstanding, offer the greatest diffi- culties. surface passivity presuma- bly caused graphite the cast iron and tungstides the tungsten steels often becomes manifest, and the part either will not plate all else the plate will peel due poor adherence. essential that prime metal exposed for plate deposition. sandblast finish these two types metals ordinarily helps consider- ably. generally known that lead anodes are employed for chromium plating. The chromium taken from the electrolyte, and regular intervals additions are made the bath order maintain the proper metal content. The anodes are insoluble and may used over and over again. When dealing with wear-resisting plate, becomes neces- sary have the anodes shaped that they properly distribute the plate 18—The Iron Age, February 1934 NEMSER Chief Metallurgist, Pratt Whitney Co. the part being plated. This made necessary because the ex- tremely low cathode efficiency the plating system. very small per- centage the electrical energy used the deposition the chromi- um, the energy being mostly con- sumed the electrolysis the water with the accompanying evolution large quantities hydrogen the cathode and oxygen the anode. The building suitable conforming anodes extremely important and overshadows importance the edge the electro-chemistry involved the plating reactions. Suitable “thieves” prevent plate build-up must provided. Fixtures must rigid that the spacing between the anode and cathode constant all times. The work must set eliminate gas pockets. Stop off materials that are not easily decom- posed also are essential. Since the rate deposition about 0.0005 in. 0.001 in. per hour, the work must remain the tanks for extended periods for the heavier plates. Ordin- ary stop off materials will break down and allow plating take place through the leaks. The most outstanding application chromium plate connection with tools the cylindrical plug gage. Records from five ten times the production obtained gages made the best grades alloy tool steels are obtained. When cost and perform- ance are considered, this application places chromium plate outstand- predict that this type tool eventu- ally will almost exclusively fur- nished with chromium plated sur- face. customary grind the gage 0.003 in. 0.004 in. under size diameter before plating. Sufficient plate added include grinding ground, ground and lapped, de- pending the mechanical tolerance and finish desired. The residual plate depth 0.0015 in. 0.002 in. will withstand the normal abuse given tool this sort throughout its life. typical setup for heavy plating depth 0.005 in. 0.006 in. cylindrical plug gages. This shows how the gages are clamped anodes which will lowered together with wires prevent plate built-up the edges. | | ing ; as ga re 4 When worn undersize the gage can stripped and replated. liberal radius should ground the enter- ing end the gage before plating. This radius should ground large permissible after plating order eliminate the tendency chip. Flat, snap and cylindrical ring gages also are being plated ex- cellent advantage. Reamers for use non-ferrous al- loys, cast iron and many ferrous applications have given excellent ser- vice. For this type tool, the plate allowed remain the flutes only. This accomplished plating the reamers when they are oversize the outside diameter. After plating, they are ground size. Thus the cutting actually takes place against chromium edge, which offers maxi- mum wear resistance against the soft abrasive materials, such aluminum alloys, brass, copper and nickel alloys. addition, the plate the flute in- sures rapid chip disposal. plate depth 0.0002 in. 0.0003 in. ordinarily employed. Whenever conditions permit, carbon steel reamer should used prefer- ence one high-speed steel. Taps and drills for machining abrasive materials such Bakelite and for soft metals will show de- cidedly improved performance after plating. The plate depth usually 0.0001 in. 0.0002 in. The flutes these tools should polished after plating. fact, all cutting tools should have the plate removed from one the cutting faces, cutting plating tank show- ing rigid superstruc- anodes and cathodes. ARIOUS cutting tools for both hard and soft metals, well dies, rolls, gages, etc., are given marked increase length life means chromium plating and replating. New fields applica- tion are being found daily. therefore timely subject in- terest broad industrial field. this article, which the con- cluding installment the treatment the subject, valuable data are presented technique application. The first these two articles appeared our pre- ceding issue. These are part our general series metal finishing. edge chromium plate undesirable because its brittleness and conse- quent tendency chip. Various cutting tools for the soft metals, such copper, offer another field application. Drawing dies, forming dies and rolls for working soft metals such copper, brass, nickel, gold, silver, pal- ladium, platinum and many others are greatly aided chromium Metals this type adhere the dies, causing short tool life and poor finish the metal being worked. Chromium plate entirely eliminates this tendency stick and thereby yields added tool life and better finish the metal. Drawing and forming dies for steel also have been plated successfully, particularly for the working the softer steels. plate depth 0.0015 in. 0.002 in. satisfactory when applied the fully hardened drawing die form- ing tool. the mechanical tolerance not too close, the die lapped after plating. Otherwise sufficient plate must added allow for grinding. The residual plate depth the rolls usually held between 0.005 in. and 0.008 in. Grinding resorted for properly maintaining mechanical ac- curacy. Molds for the forming resinous products such Bakelite, and for molding celluloid and kindred com- pounds, are rendered far more ser- viceable the application chromi- plate. Prevention sticking the mold and product with high lustre result. Mold life also ap- preciably prolonged. customary buff the molds before plating and add plate depth 0.00015 in. 0.0002 in. Buffing after plating resorted the plate not entirely bright, since extremely smooth and brilliant finish required. Rub- ber molds are plated advantage. this case the corrosion action the sulphur compounds the rubber withstood because the passive- ness the plate. The product smoother and better lustre. Molds for making ceramic parts will show added life when plated. the paper industry many parts are plated with chromium give wear resistance and also counteract The Iron Age, February nded din own lace ace tion the are rm- tion itu- h the size ent de- ate vill ife. Salvaging the worn bearings heavy steel roll building with chromium plate and then refinishing size. The cylindrical anode around the bearing surface position ready for plating. the corrosive action the sulphite pulp. The textile industry employs chromium plate extensively obtain wear resistance against the abrasive action the thread fibre. Detroit Electric Furnace British Plant the Westwood works, Peterbor- ough, England, Baker-Perkins, Ltd., manufacturer food machinery, laundry machinery, and also mixing machinery for rubber, wood pulp, chemicals and other materials, type rocking furnace the Detroit Electric Furnace Co., Detroit, has been installed. makes use the borings, turnings and scrap turned out large quantities the machine shops the company. The Baker-Perkins American plant Saginaw, Mich., has used the in- direct rocking furnace for about four years, and when the British head- quarters’ plant decided electric melting, the same type unit was selected. Rhoads, vice-president the Detroit Electric Furnace Co., who recently returned from England, says the new furnace Peterborough now regular schedule one heat steel day, with the remainder the time given over the melting gray and white iron. The furnace operated cold charges 1000 each. The electric 20—The Iron Age, February 1934 For moderate pressures, mum depth 0.002 in. plate should prove satisfactory base treated Rockwell hardness C55 C60. desirable have gray iron now obtained shows per cent increased tensile strength and per cent better rate machining, stated. Charges per cent cast iron borings and per cent foundry re-melt and steel scrap are melted and superheated 2950 deg. min. White iron made synthetically from steel scrap, with crushed coke added supply the desired carbon content. This iron used for making Rockwell hardness C62 over steel base when heavy pressures are encountered, especially the plate must minimized. Under these conditions, the depth should least 0.001 in. Due the hydrogen pickup, with brittleness, parts that are fully hardened might crack open during plating. Appar- ently this brittleness intensifies internal defect, such seam. result, the hard steel tool with its inherent lack toughness and mal- leability, will crack. Tempering these tools Rockwell C55 C60 will overcome this tendency. Chromium plate may termed the industrial tool. being used salvage many parts every field manufacture. Gears, spindles, miscellaneous small tool and machine tool parts, engine parts and host others too numer- ous mention have been rendered usable fraction the cost the part. many instances, the perform- ance the plated parts have been superior the unplated product, and result chromium plate has been adopted standard procedure. New fields application are being found daily. This growth fostered both the development plating technique and the manufacturers’ appreciation the properties in- dustrial chromium plate distin- guished from decorative plate. certain rolls, gears and abrasion-re- sisting parts. heat treated produce high-strength castings (100,- 000 Ib. per sq. in. with per cent elongation), castings requiring less strength and greater toughness, these last being heat treated register 50,000 60,000 tensile strength cent. Electric steel castings made the furnace show strengths 90,000 94,000 Ib. per sq. in. ( He over ures the hese with tool par- its mal- hese C60 ture. mall gine mer- ered the orm- been and been eing ered in- stin- n-re- 100,- cent less these ister ngth per Preventing Porosity Non-Ferrous Castings CHEETHAM Factory Manager, Chance Co., Centralia, Mo. rous castings, remembered that oxidized metal chemical ailment and gasified metal me- chanical ailment, elimination will easier. degasify metal pre- vent the metal absorbing oxygen and other gases the use proper melt- ing and pouring temperature control. This obtained the use neu- tralized flame, the case oil fur- naces, and all types furnaces metal must not allowed absorb gases from the oil, coke, coal. The best results are obtained means proper metal protective covering ex- plained later. general, the case non-fer- Deoxidizing and Degasifying Agents deoxidize metal remove the combined metallic oxides, cupric cuprous brass and bronze mixtures caused the absorption oxygen either its ore state the melting process. this requires the addition ele- ments having high affinity for oxy- gen, addition agitator drive the oxides the surface addition element prevent additional oxygen being absorbed the metal. degasifying and deoxidizing metal closely related, that elim- inate chemical fault, some mechan- ical means must resorted and vice versa, its fluxes can readily come under one heading. Referring the list elements which have de- oxidizing and degasifying effect, find listed: 1—Phosphorus 2—Boron 5—Silicon 6—Soda ash 7—Slack lime 8—Plaster Paris 10—Borax 13—Salammoniac chloride 15—Bicarbonate soda 16—Barium sulphate Phosphorus: Phosphorus now commercially sold and used waffle form and can readily purchased and per cent grades, the bal- ance being copper tin. Copper be- ing the most popular this form, can readily handled before and during its application and more effective than the old method using pure phosphorus. one the most active and effective deoxidizers known, well the most abused, because overdosing, which causes more trouble than good. Phosphorus has strong affinity for copper oxides and precipitates copper sulphate into the slag. Briefly, per cent phosphor cop- per most popular, but should not used nickel, high alumi- num alloys. Phosphor tin should used exactly phosphor copper, ex- cept allowances for tin should made the mixture. One-half ounce one ounce for ingot new metals and oz. for scrap metals added 100 metal melted sufficient, and should added the same time tin, lead, zine added the melt, which generally from min. before pouring. excess phos- phor copper gives hard, dirty cast- ings, eats into cores and sand, which makes rough, ragged castings the form