The Iron Age 1933-08-17: Vol 132 Iss 7

THE IRON & CONTENTS Open Letter Administrator Johnson Choosing the Right Drive Determination Aluminum Steels Gray Iron Acid Electric Furnaces Basing Points Iron and Steel Industry OUR PART Electric Resistance Welded Boiler Tubes Heat Treating Wrought Steel Wheels New Equipment Letters the Editor News Personals and Obituaries Automotive Industry Washington News Markets Construction and Equipment Buying Products Advertised 84. Index Advertisers 100 AGE August 17, a2 ae THE IRON AGE PUBLISHING COMPANY J. FRANK, President G. H. GRIFFITHS, Secretary Cc. S. BAUR, General Advertising Manager PUBLICATION OFFICE: Corner Chestnut and Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. EXECUTIVE 239 West 39th New York, Y., Member, Audit Bureau Circulations Member, Associated Business Papers Published every Thursday. Subscription Price : United States and Possessions, Mexico, Cuba, $6.00; Canada, $8.50, including duty; Foreign, year. Single Copy Cents Cable Address, ‘‘Ironage, $12.00 ADVERTISING STAFF Emerson Findley, 311 Union Bldg., Cleveland Herman, 675 Delaware Ave., Buffalo, H. K. Hottenstein, 802 Otis Bldg., Chicago Peirce Lewis, 7338 Woodward Ave., Detroit Charles Lundberg, Kent Rd., Upper Darby, Del. Co., Pa. Ober, 239 West 39th St., New York W. B. Robinson, 428 Park Bldg., Pittsburgh W. C. Sweetser, 239 West 39th St., New York D. C. Warren, P. O. Box 81, Hartford, Conn. SEVENTY-NINTH YEAR SERVICE THE METAL WORKING INDUSTRY 7 : | + re, rs. | 4 ad for ine unt ght stor THE IRON AGE AUGUST 17, 1933 Page Har job demanding Tool Steel that just about right. making screens for sorting anthracite coal, the Remaly Manufac- turing Company, Inc., Tamaqua, Pa., forms holes hard, abrasion-resisting steel plates Exacting work, calling for expert die-making —and fine tool steels. This manufacturer uses Bethlehem Steel for punches and inserted dies, and Bethlehem Tool Room Oil Harden- ing Tool Steel for the sectional dies, where non-shrinking, non-warping properties are vitally important. has used these steels exclusively for the past twelve years. le-punched Holes Steel Plates This but one many cases where shop with job calling for the utmost tool steel performance has found the solution the problem one the grades Bethlehem Tool Steel. Bethlehem has been making tool steels for many years. Important developments tool steel manufacture have been made the Tool Steel Division the Bethlehem, Pa., Plant. Whether you use tool steels punch-and-die work, machining, some other applica- tion, among the many grades Bethlehem Tool Steel you are certain find oughly and completely suited the task. BETHLEHEM STEEL COMPANY GENERAL OFFICES: BETHLEHEM, PA. " ESTABLISHED IRON AGE AUGUST 17, 1933 OPEN LETTER ADMINISTRATOR JOHNSON: The Iron Age, announced last week, has joined the rapidly growing ranks those enlisted under the banner the blue eagle. have done this because believe the essential sound- ness and necessity the President's program, which calls for sorption the unemployed and for expansion mass purchasing power. not believe that the Administration's intent that those who subscribe the purposes the Recovery Act should condone the abuses which opportunism invites into the train every major so- cial economic movement. Let reiterate frankly, therefore, what have said before. This great movement will not succeed if, under duress the emergency, permitted used for partisan advantage. Nothing will more resented the American spirit fair play. believe that the Administration itself has too much stake the outcome, have all us, allow the Recovery Act become recruiting measure for the American Federation Labor any other minority organization employees employers. Thus far, all must admit the admirable impartiality your own attitude. less important the recovery movement than freedom from minority exploitation recognition the plight many smaller employers, who are unable obtain credit from their banks finance the increased cost them complying with the provisions the act. ask particular, this time, Mr. Administrator, that you devote some the precious moments your busy days finding way which these financially pressed employers may conform with the President's intent. Certainly this intent not that they should forced out business, either through lack ability meet rising costs through public boycott. Editor, The Iron Age 7. | Gane } 4 4 q a3 4 ? ae } : } 4 ‘4 ay f group method, employing shaft- ing and chain, although similar arrangement the belting group method, possesses driving characteris- tics not found other methods the flexible system. Chain instead belting employed from line-shaft from motor line-shaft head- shaft shown Fig. The belt- ing group and the chain group can similar the extent utilizing either belt chain from motor head- line-shaft and line-shaft, the determining factor being center distance. ample cen- ter distance possible practica- ble use belting conjunction with the chain group method for the con- nections mentioned. Based the short centers possible with chain, also times practicable employ chain connection line- head- shaft from motor when employing the belting group method. Chain the “silent” “multiple strand finished steel roller” type always employed from motor head- line-shafts en- closed steel oil retaining casing. From line-shaft apparatus the single double strand finished steel roller type employed. For this ser- vice chain speeds 600 ft.p.m. are permissible without the use oil casings. excess this speed they should used, based the necessity fluid instead plastic lubri- cant. Uses the Group Chain Method This method particularly adapt- able the driving demands the process manufacturing industry, be- cause strength, flexibility and ease control. Its use production shops limited connecting motor with group line-shaft the silent multiple strand roller type chain. The arrangement from motor head- 10—The Iron Age, August 17, 1933 shaft and head- line-shaft shown process plants based short centers, positive transmission and strength re- quirements. Its chief field, however, group line-shaft apparatus requir- ing slow input speeds coupled with relatively high power demands. For such transmission, chain must em- ployed necessary be- cause regardless ample center dis- tance belting impracticable. example: Four individually controlled mixing vats are arranged series for group driving. Each vat requires h.p. input speed r.p.m. the top bevel pinion shaft. Space limits the receiv- ing pulley this shaft in. diam- eter. The line-shaft the group op- erates 120 r.p.m. Based the 1G. 8—Center dis- tance the prin- cipal determining fac- tor the selection chain drive from head shaft illustrated right. Group Shafting Chain Drives 36-in. diameter pulley and the given speeds the ratio drive 3:1, neces- sitating pulley the line in. diameter. in.-pulley 120 r.p.m. results belt speed 380 Assuming combination tan- nage leather belting can employed; would require belt in. wide transmit the load safely, using effective tension. Individual control the shifting 12-in. belt ex- tremely 380 ft.p.m. speed. The finished steel roller chain oper- ating cut tooth sprockets solves problem this character, because its high tensile strength and its adapt- ability friction clutch control. For this particular case chain in. pitch operating 8-in. and 24-in. pitch diameter sprockets could em- ployed without oil retaining cas- ing. Control could accomplished and Chain and Direct the Thi: tain pres ther stan the ing dust the moto chair the any manc Capac the s while > A = = —_ = cha giv obv ing : con tior stra the friction clutch the line-shaft. Assuming center distance ft. the cost comparison belt and chain drive for this installation given: From cost comparison alone, obvious that the chain method should employed. driving this character, start- ing loads are usually severe. Such condition causes premature destruc- tion belting due the slipping ac- tion caused frequent shifting under strain from loose tight pulley. the use chain this action avoided because the friction clutch which especially designed for this service. many operations such described the speed agitation must not vary. This demand cannot accommodated belting because creep and cer- tain amount slip which are always present. Chain driving positive, therefore the required speed con- stantly maintained. summarizing the applications and characteristics the group method employing shaft- ing and chain only, the process in- dustry will considered the ac- companying condensed presentation. Description the Direct Chain Method This method most applicable for the direct driving apparatus from motors operating standard syn- chronous speeds 720 1800 r.p.m. both production shops and process manufacturing plants. The type chains employed are the “silent” and the “multiple strand finished steel roller,” because the high speeds in- volved. Choice between the two for any given demand difficult owing equality efficiency and perfor- mance. However, the silent type due wider range speeds and power employed more exten- this field. Both types can employed either with without oil retaining casings. Fig. illustrates the silent type with such device, while Fig. shows without. Fig. shows the multiple strand finished the Right Drive—2 HIS the second article the series modern mechanical power transmission methods Mr. Staniar. part ex- tending series which will completely cover the subject both rigid and flexible transmission systems from the standpoint choice and adaptation. this installment, the author describes the applications chain drives both direct and group shafting combination. Mr. Staniar’s series will particular interest both because its thorough and skilled treat- ment and because the many developments this field trans- mission during the past months. WILLIAM STANIAR Mechanical Transmission Engineer roller type without casing. While possible operate chains this character without oil retaining cas- ings, not advocated because better service and longer life result- ing from continuous flow lubri- cant the multiplicity parts which such chains are composed. drive this character operates without casing, soft grease instead oil must used lubricant. Such lubrication materially shortens the chain life owing “throwing off” action induced centrifugal force. Furthermore, plastic does not pos- sess the penetrating characteristics Comparison Belt and Chain Drive Belt ft., in. combination tannage leather $111.80 Chain ft., in. pitch finished steel roller type $1.00........... 20.00 No. solid friction clutch 2}§ in. bore Difference favor chain............. 25.00 75.00 9—Short centers, positive transmission and strength requirements dictated the selection chain for this process plant drive. ‘The Iron Age, August 17, Dives a \ Th sifted fg | 4 ays | 4 34 Production Shop and Process Manufacturing Plant Driving METHOD Chain direct from motor apparatus SERVICE TYPE Driving machine and wood working tools, where motor mounted integrally with machine. Driving machine and wood working tools where input speed not practicable for direct coupled motor connection. Driving machine working tools where positive speed ratios must maintained. Driving heavily loaded line- head-shafts. Driving direct all types equipment encountered cement mills, clay working plants, rubber mills, dye manufacturing plants, and similar work where overloads are frequent and where positive velocity ratios must maintained. Driving individually integral parts machines where positive Where static hazard. speed differential required. Under any atmospheric condition, enclosed. Chain Location Machine and wood-working tools direct Silent type, enclosed oil retaining from motor. casing. process industries. Various direct driven equipment all Silent multiple strand finished steel roller, enclosed open depending LUBRICATION Chain Type Chain Speed Lubricant Silent. Fluid grease. Approxi- mately per cent soap content. Silent. 500 Oil not less than 250 sec. retaining casing. Fluid grease approximately 2 per cent soap content. 600 Oil not less than 250 sec. retaining casing. Uses CHAIN Wire flange on driven sprocket. Middle side flanging chain. Where drive integral part the driven machine, choice merely matter convenience. Where motors are mounted independent- from the driven machine due pos- sibility mis-alignment. Plate flange driven sprocket. Where heavy side action anticipated and high-powered installations. chain. Where both faces chain are required operate with the sprockets. SPROCKETS Driver—generally forged steel. Driven—cast iron cast steel load requirements. HORSEPOWER Silent type. Multiple strand finished steel roller. Fractional 5000. Fractional 500. Silent Type P | P | Pp > P | P P P Pp R.P.M. OF 2000 | 1500 | 1200 | 1000 800 650 500 300 300 SPROCKETS 5000 | 2000 | 1500 | 1200 1000 800 650 500 | under PITCH Multiple Strand Finished Steel Roller Max. Max. Max. Max. Max. Max. Max. Max. 2600 1900 1500 940 645 520 370 325 SPEED Silent Type RATIOS Multiple Strand Finished Steel Roller 1:1 to 15:1. 1:1 10:1. seldom reaches the vulnerable parts casing, due structural interference, fluid grease, low soap content, should used and frequently ap- plied. When casing employed, the oil level should not allow more than in. immersion the bottom the chain. immersed deeper than in. foaming action the oil occurs, causing heating and losses from leak- age. Periodically the casing should drained oil, thoroughly cleaned and refilled. Regardless installation difficul- ties the casing should always used 12—The Iron Age, August 17, strand finished steel roller. Multiple strand finished steel roller. 10—Silent type chain drive instal- lation with oil re- taining casing. where dust, grit and acid fumes are prevalent. Abrasives and ccrrosives will not only cause premature chain failure, but will addition cause rapid wear the sprocket teeth. plastic lubricant retains foreign mat- precipitates. The sprockets for these types chain are made forged steel, cast steel and cast iron with cut teeth special design. The silent chain due its construction requires guiding the sprockets. This accomplished either the center guide link which fits into groove the sprocket, the side links which fit over each edge the sprocket rim and the plate wire flange the driven sprocket. Uses Direct Chain Drive production shop driving, this method frequently employed means direct connection between motor and machine tool, particularly when the motor mounted integrally with the tool and the input speed not suitable for direct coupled motor connection. Certain classes ma- chine wood-working tools require comparatively input speeds. For this demand, the silent chain cannot excelled. process manufacturing plants direct motor connection chain used exten- sively for the driving various equip- ment where flexibility, short centers, and positive speed reduction are es- sential. Where shock load occasional and where positive speed differential integral rotating parts must maintained, the silent multiple strand finished roller chain should employed, they possess the “no-slip” characteristic and can operated close centers. When correct size and the driving ratio within proper limits, these types chain will out- last other short center methods the flexible system, based proper lubri- and protection from injurious Continuous shock loads and matter. CHA 1 — SHA severe vibration should avoided when using chains this character, such condition results exces- sive pin bushing wear causing pitch elongation. This action also causes wear the sprocket teeth. Addi- tional attributes the silent and multiple strand finished roller chains are: static hazard, particularly when operated oil. Can run slack, thus eliminating excessive bearing pressure. depreciation occurs when idle. Unaffected atmospheric changes. Action remains perfect after long service. 98.2 per cent efficient. summarizing the applications and characteristics the “chain method direct,” production shop and Silent drive, like multiple may operated without oil ures, but their use advocated. multiple strand finished roller type chain drive, operating without oil casing from motor coun- tershaft. Process Manufacturing Plant Driving METHOD SERVICE Group Shafting and Chain Driving one and not more than five moderately powered slow speed, high starting torque units. Driving two and not more than five low powered, moderate speed units where belting due excessive width not practicable. Driving two and not more than five low powered, moderate speed units where space will not permit adequate belt centres and where belt shifting not practicable. Where positive speed reduc- tion necessary. Driving from motor head and head line group. Chain Location Silent multiple strand finished steel roller types, with oil casing. Single double strand finished steel roller type with oil casing. Single double strand finished steel roller type without oil casing. Motor head-shaft line-shaft group. Head-shaft line-shaft group. CHAIN TYPE Line apparatus, having high starting torque, slow speed requirements. Line apparatus, having moderate Malleable roller type without oil casing speed, low starting torque requirements. BEARINGS Similar those specified for group shafting and belting. SPROCKETS Forged cut steel cast iron for silent chain. Cut cast steel cast iron for finished steel roller chain. Cast tooth steel cast iron for roller chain. SHAFTING Similar that specified for group shafting and belting. HORSEPOWER Maximum running load for individual equipment CAPACITIES Maximum size motor for group all standard motor speeds. CHAIN Silent Finished Steel Malleable Roller 400 2500 ft. 200 1200 ft. 200 600 ft. SPEED RATIOS 1:1—8:1. SHAFTING Similar those specified for group shafting and belting. SPEEDS process manufacturing plant are com- bined the accompanying condensed presentation the opposite page. Inconel Springs Retain Load Capacity 700 Originally developed non-cor- roding container for milk, Inconel alloy, product the International Nickel Co., has recently revealed un- expectedly good spring properties elevated temperatures. This alloy produced adding nickel sufficient chromium give surface stainlessness without decreas- ing the malleability workability the material. has composi- tion per cent nickel, per cent chromium and per has excellent resistance tarnishing and staining, freedom from weld decay re- sulting from carbide precipitation, and resistance pitting penetration the presence brine solutions. With fiber stress approximating 65,000 Ib. per sq. in. Inconel springs retain their load-carrying capacity 700 deg. F., whereas bronze springs lose many spring properties about 250 deg. F., carbon steel springs 350 deg. F., and chrome-vanadium al- loy springs 400 deg. addi- tion, Inconel, stated, has excellent resistance purely oxidizing atmos- pheres temperatures high 2000 deg. F., and free from inter- granular deterioration the higher temperature ranges. The alloy gaining favor with makers high heat apparatus, and spring being advantageously incorporated high temperature steam handling equipment. The Iron Age, August 17, 1933—13 4 New Rapid Determination Aluminum NEW analytical technique for the determination aluminum corrosion-resisting and plain steels has been evolved the writer. The method accurate and rapid. nitralloy steel, for example, can completed duplicate from start requires about one hour. The writer has tested this meth- repeatedly dissolving known amounts aluminum with the vari- ous alloy steels aluminum con- tent, getting complete recoveries. fact, uniform blank two three milligrams recovered excess the aluminum added the start. When the United States Bureau Standards established its Nitral- loy standard No. 106, asked the writer give blind results alum- inum content. determined the same the method about de- scribed. reported 1.06 per cent aluminum the bureau, and the di- rector then wrote back, stating that the average all the accepted re- sults was 1.06 per cent. This method has been use the Crucible Steel Co. laboratory for quantitative and qualitative work since January, 1932. out- growth the writer’s method pub- lished 1919 Chemical Metal- lurgical Engineering, (Vol. 20, page 523) whereby Al, Ti, Cr, Zr, and can separated from the bulk the iron fractional precipitation these elements away from the iron the ferrous state dilute The steel can dissolved either dilute HCl, mixture equal volumes 1:1 and 1:3 sulphuric acids. Steels containing con- siderable molybdenum with dis- also “Analysis Special Steels,” fourth edition, John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York. analytic methods, particularly for rustless steels, have been developed Doctor Johnson. THE IRON AGE Feb. 12, 1931, detailed methods for determining carbon, and the issue July 13, this year, new method for analyzing for molybdenum. The accompanying contribution covers aluminum, following article will discuss new method applying titanium and third article will devoted certain oxides corrosion- resisting steels. presenting these methods the profession, Doctor Johnson believes there decided need for 14—The Iron Age, August 17, 1933 DR. MORRIS JOHNSON Chief Chemist, Park Works Crucible Steel Co. America solve rather slowly all hydrochloric acid; and the per cent chromium steels, with per cent and higher nickel, are slow dissolve sulphuric acid alone. The No. 106 standard analysis was conducted follows: gm. and 3.5 gm. for check, were dissolved 100 ml. 1:1 HCl 800 mm. beak- ers. Mild heat was applied. For speedy solution, 30-mesh drillings are advantage. finally boil- ing make sure that all the steel dissolved. Then boil down ml.; cool the solution; rinse down cover glass and beaker walls. Then add per cent sulphurous acid water. Follow with filtered 1:1 ammonia water until there slight but distinct excess. thick white precipitate forms. When the ammonia very slight excess, some green precipitate will appear the top the white hydroxide. Redissolve these hydroxides, once water, stirring thoroughly, adding the until the solution nearly clear and smells slightly water will retard the subsequent precipitation the Then add ml. water, excess. Heat once boiling. Volume this point should about 500 ml. five minutes, after boiling be- gins, the appears white cloud- iness the the order 0.10 per cent. Ina nitralloy, shows white flocculent precipitate. This rapid qualitative test for Al. Boil ten minutes more. the below 0.100, may discolored with little basic iron. Some chromium starts precipitate further boil- ing. Boil min. after appears. Remove beakers from heat; add diameter ball wet ashless paper pulp. Stir and, once, filter quickly through double ashless 12.5 em. rapid ashless papers. Wash ten twenty times with SO. water. ml. SO, water 500 ml. Re- ject the filtrate. All foregoing opera- tions must proceed with the least pos- sible delay, too much iron will co-precipitated with the Al, thereby rendering the subsequent separation the and chromium single peroxidation incomplete. There need not more than per cent the total iron and chrom- ium, the original weight sample taken, carried out with the white pre- hydroxides should form, the per- oxidation made later for the removal the iron, than will cover the bot- tom the beaker with thin layer iron hydroxide. After washing the precipitate the crude hydroxide obtained the hydrolysis, just described, dis- solve this hydroxide, which will contaminated some ferric iron and chromium hydroxide, pouring over the mixture pulp and hydroxides ml. 1:1 HCl that has been brought boil. This acid boiled the beaker which the fractional pre- cipitation was made, long enough clean the same. The acid is, there- fore, nearly boiling hot after the cover glass and beaker walls rinsed down with water jet. thus poured the mixture pulp and precipitate. The pulp must stirred with glass rod during the treatment. Reheat the acid and pour through simple and rapid gravimetric method for the de- termination aluminum Nitralloy steels and the high-chromium steels and so-called 18-8 steels. positive this true the case titanium high-chromium steels. About year ago, one laboratory plant en- gaged the melting 18-8 steels, with titanium, reported melt the order 0.50 per cent Ti. The true content was 1.00 per cent. Two other heats were also reported much too low. corporation engaged the manufacture titanium products recently requested advice him | | \ q | again. filter rack six notched holes the best facilitate the changing beakers during this hot acid performance. Wash the pulp, from which the hydroxides have been dissolved, twenty times with per- mitting each washing drain well before the next one applied. Then upset the pulp and drench and the filter with about ml. hot 1:1 HCl; and wash twenty times more, un- til the washings longer taste acid. The solution and washings are peroxidized separate the from the small amount iron, follows: Peroxidation With The above solution and washings are diluted with cold water 350 ml. 800 ml. beaker. Project the under the partially raised cover glass with porcelain spoon. (150 mm. long with bowl about mm. length, outside dimensions.) This spoon will hold about dry Use the “sulphur grade which quite low Al. Stir well with each addition the peroxide. When the solution becomes alkaline, usually foams and, times, quite violently. make certain alkalinity, test with litmus paper. Add two spoonfuls excess the peroxide. Rinse off the spoon into the beaker and dry the former. Rinse cover and sides beaker down. The peroxida- tion takes about three minutes for one sample. Place the beaker the stove and bring solution boil, and boil ten minutes remove all excess and precipitate any titanium that may have been dissolved the peroxidized liquid. After this boiling, remove from heat, stir the hot solution the same paper pulp that was used the first filtration the crude were being encountered. another steel works laboratory, engaged for years alloy steel analysis, reported 18-8 steel have 0.20 per cent Ti, when the true content was The low results were gotten “German method,” was stated. 0.40 0.50. These discrepancies were, all probability, due attempts use the sodium-thiosulphate boiling method which will give accurate results for only when larger amounts chromium are not present. The mercury cathode method accurate but hydroxide, and filter through the same double 12.5 cm. No. rapid filter paper. Wash the pulp and precipitate least twenty times with hot wash consisting this salt dissolved 500 This filtrate and washings will contain all the Al, part the Cr, Ti, and con- siderable silicic acid. The latter tends separate after time cot- tony mass floating about. Pay at- tention it. Precipitation the Hydroxide Dilute this alkaline filtrate and washings 450 ml. with H:O. Cool running water till cold. Add the filtrate drops the usual phenolphthalein indicator, and nar- row strip litmus, about in. wide in. long. Now add slow stream from burette, with thorough stir- ring, cold 1:1 HCl until the red color the indicator just disappears. Then, few drops time, more 1:1 dropped in, stirring thoroughly, until the blue litmus floating the solution looks red. This consumes about ml. the dilute acid. this stage, when the content 0.50 per cent and higher, the hydroxide will have formed and again redissolved. the content low, about 0.100 per cent, may not show all until the neutralized solution boiled while. When the litmus strip turns red, then add, once, few drops 1:1 ammonia water until the litmus turns purple but not blue. Lift out the strip and examine for purple color. absolutely essential that these directions are followed, exactly, the hydroxide will run through, dissolve part the subsequent nitrate washing. Now put the neutralized, faintly alkaline solutions boil and boil Recently, quire hr. slow boiling cause low content, 0.05 per cent, for example, become visible. will show plainly directions are followed closely. For the low percentage range, from 0.010 0.050 per cent, are taken for analysis and dissolved 150 ml. ml. 1:3 When the per- under, sometimes better con- tinue the boiling the hydroxide slowly for min. little ashless paper pulp added these solutions facilitates the boiling, there tendency gather head steam and boil over. After boiling slowly for about min. for steels the nitralloy type, longer for low content, stir more pulp and filter hot through double 12.5 No. papers. rush, this precipitate can filtered through two funnels into the one beaker. Wash fifty times, letting each washing drain well before the next one applied. Wash with hot solution (need not over deg. C.) ml. Filtrate and washings must boiled least hr. make sure has been redissolved the wash. some coagulated precipi- tate forms, this must filtered fresh papers, washed and burned with the main which has mean- while been charring the muffle furnace. mere fine cloudiness forms that does not coagulate and settle, but remains suspension, this may either from the indicator silicic acid. The latter present considerable quantity. Such cloud can ignored the filtrate after the boiling test. When the pure white, free slow and does not separate the aluminum from the titanium. Aluminum always present titanium steels made from ferrotitanium produced reduc- tion processes using aluminum. Such ferrotitanium frequently contains much per cent alumi- num. The 18-8 steels are, therefore, likely alloyed with 0.04 0.20 per cent Al. cathode method requires considerable outlay for platinum and metallic mercury. redistilled frequently, which expensive rather costly glass stills are only good for few runs and then crack. Also, the The latter should The Iron Age, August 17, a Ss. e- 1 is- he 3 er \ nt. the q char, cool it, weigh, and add, drop time, about drops 1:7 from dropping bottle. This device indispensable aid. Then add about ml. HF. When the red heat, will dissolve perfectly clear the mixture these two acids; usually the cold. Titanium oxide similarly treated requires heat dissolve it. Evaporate this solution dry the hot plate, being careful not boil the solution during the evaporation. this solution and evaporation, great advantage use crucibles low wide shape, giving much more bottom area. This greatly minimizes danger loss spattering. Low, Wide Crucible Used The writer had the following di- mension crucibles platinum-rhodium made for this work. Top diameter in., bottom diameter in., and height in., weight g., including lids; capacity, ml. This shape satisfactory account freedom from upsetting and spattering and denting (heavy wall and platinum- rhodium stiffness) that the writ- er’s intention standardize his new crucibles this shape lesser capac- ity where desirable but the same low, wide-bottom form. Remove excess heating. The following procedure quite sat- four-burner affair with individual control can regulated nicety. These perforated burner parts should heavy cast iron and will last long time without repairs. The only precaution oil the white handle controls about once week prevent sticking. Always regulate each handle and not the main valve, for the avoiding frozen valves. The stands are cheap operate and will last for years with expensive re- placements. Having thoroughly dried the silica free from most the SOs, place crucible some type Bunsen burn- er. Carefully raise the heat, this time, with the lid on, redness. Then five minutes yellow heat. Cool and weigh rapidly, one two milli- grams moisture may absorbed weighing slow. calculated metal the factor 0.529. From this weight deducted the blank obtained putting simi- lar type steel through all opera- tions. the same weight such steel added pure aluminum drill- ings 99.8 per cent Al. For example: for nitralloy steel blank, 0.030 and 0.035 are weighed with the drillings. the foregoing technique, normal excess (blank) will close 0.002 Al, which deducted from the found the nitralloy before calculating the per- centage. doing, the following results were obtained from the No. 106 steel, different times: 16—The Iron Age, August 17, 1933 TABLE I—Results Obtained With No. 106 Nitralloy Standard Al, Blank Per Cent Deducted 1.075 0.0025 1.054 0.0020 1.069 0.0015 1.050 0.002 1.040 0.002 1.05 0.002 Average 1.0576 Where the control standard steel lower chromium than the unknown sample being tested, dichromate weighed with the control bring its chromium content close the sample. Likewise, vanadium can added the start, and molybdenum acid. Ora selected which drillings are added. the sample dissolved dilute then first dissolve the Alin small beaker with ml. 1:1 HCl and rinse this solution into the beaker which the sample dissolved. Decidedly the best way clean the crucibles for the next analysis fill them nearly half full and heat them gradually red heat half way for min. with lids tight. Then cool. The fused cake bisulphate will usually drop out, leaving the crucible clean and bright. brief boiling dilute HCl will re- move all bisulphate. This method has sodium carbonate fusions for cleaning purposes. Prolonged either flux cause loss platinum. When the content low, several determinations can made without removing the residues from previous tests. Start with the last recorded silica free weight. This not advis- able when the excess about 0.100 per cent, with 6-g. sample taken. The determination duplicate can less time the nitralloy types, dis- solving 1:1 HCl. Results should check indicated the No. 106, which results were reported the bu- reau blind determinations. Usually the percentage this grade steels low, the order 0.30 and lower, mainly less than 0.100 per cent, carried into the steel some cases with the titanium added. The ferrotitanium made the thermit process frequently contains per cent Al. Also added for experi- mental purposes. the the order 0.100, the method given for the nitralloy answers well. But the content ranges from 0.01 0.05, with very high Cr, advisable use larger amounts, e., This com- plicates matters. Per Cent Chromium Stainless Material The writer has analyzed such steels solution 100 ml. 1:3 sulphuric acid. Then proceeded exactly the nitralloy method the point where the hydroxides have been redis- solved the per cent and ml. excess this water has been added. Then the solution boiled slowly until the clear solution becomes cloudy, and then min. extra boiling. the percentage under 0.100, this cloudiness may not appear until min. slow boiling has elapsed and may white color, but the only 0.03, thereabouts, the tur- bidity may colored, rusty cast. For control (to similar steels without Al) 0.008 and 0.002 were added the No. standard. bring No. content per cent Cr, 0.500 was also weighed with the drillings. The dissolved little 1:1 HCl, con- verted sulphate and put with the drillings and then the 100 ml. 1:3 will require more sulphurous acid, redissolve the hydroxides obtained with the slight excess 1:1 the prolonged boiling such steels the following were obtained from known amounts: TABLE Blank to Added, Found, Deducted Grams Grams From Tests 0.00298 0.00497 0.00198 0.0000 0.0026 0.0026 0.00297 0.0044 0.0015 deducting blanks gotten with re- spective runs, the steels being determined checked follows: Per Cent 0.037 0.073 TABLE and Found Filtrates, Milligrams First Peroxidation Mixtures Second Peroxidation Present Present Traces mg. traces traces Traces 28.89 trace trace TABLE V—Aluminum Recoveries From Controls When Analyzing Other Steels for Aluminum High chromium stainless steel....... Chrome-vanadium steels .... High Mn. nickel Blank 0.005 0.0077 0.0027 0.010 0.0128 0.0018 0.010 0.0125 0.0025 0.005 0.0072 0.0022 0.005 0.0066 0.016 0.0050 0.0071 0.0021 0.0070 0.0096 0.0026 gm. sample were taken the above steels. ul fr ar fir cit 3.0 3.5 Ad cr interesting analytical fact deduced Dr. Johnson that ammonium salts, present large enough amounts, will prevent the wet peroxidation practice described this contribution. the other hand, the same salts degree interfere with the ex- traction from the Fe. How- ever, very much greater excess the about four times much necessary part the from Fe, will accomplish the same result for the when great excess ammonium salts the solution. The advantages using gas- heated hot plate with four indi- These steels can analyzed for exactly nitralloy steels. Also the method precipitating the Cr, Ti, and away from the bulk the ferrous iron adding the hot sulphurous solution 1:1 until there longer any smell only faint smell ammonia. This will necessitate two peroxida- tions. The chromate solutions filtered free iron and from the two per- oxidations (as described fully article follow titanium determi- nations) all the Al. Not over 3.5 should taken. The 18-8 steels, sometimes, especially drillings are the thick, chunky type, may very slow reaching final solution 1:3 Such steels dissolve very much better the latter acid used, can dissolved 125 ml. 1:1 HCl and most the free acid removed boil- ing down least one-half volume. Then proceed with neutralization, re- dissolving excess water. Boil for min. after coagulation occurs. Two peroxidations will necessary Bureau Standards No. 72, Cr-Mo- Non-aluminum Steel; Recoveries From Single Peroxidations Blanks to Deduct, Being Excess Added, Recovered, Recoveries, Gm, Gm. Gm. 0.0349 0.0370 0.0021 0.0299 0.0314 0.0015 0.0349 0.0370 0.0021 0.0349 0.0371 0.0022 0.0299 0.0323 0.0024 Many similar control examples could cited obtained when vidually controlled cast iron per- forated burners, for low first cost, cheapness operation, and free- dom from costly replacements, are set forth. The best size in. low, wide form heavy-wall platinum-rhodium crucible de- scribed most suitable for this work and many other analytical separations. Analytical methods should given full details working drawings and specifications for complicated pieces machinery instant value the an- alyst. the descriptions has been the author’s aim meet this ideal. more iron will coprecipitated. And iron increases, the separation impeded, the and tending remain with the iron. (The presence much ammonia salts must avoided these cause the iron re- tain the aluminum, strange say, but not the chromium. Will treat this later.) The following very satisfactory re- sults were obtained: TABLE Blank 0.00998 0.0115 0.00155 0.00499 0.00656 0.00157 Al, Found Per Cent 18-8 steel, No. 013, 0.190 0.210 18-8 steel, No. 704, g....... 0.130 0.126 The larger amounts sample re- quire more the sulphurous water redissolve the hydroxides. 6-g. sam- ples much 200 ml. will re- quired for the redissolving these precipitates. general 3-g. samples are more convenient handle and there much less coprecipitation the iron. When NH,OH Prevents Separation From The writer encountered the fact that the presence considerable salts NH.OH almost completely prevents the separation aluminum from iron peroxidation when determining some titanium the mercury cathode method. These steels had been found contain from 0.12 0.20 the foregoing methods TABLE VII—Aluminum Added 0.92 Per Cent Molybdenum Steel and Chrome-Vanadium Steel Weight Sample, Gm. Added 0.100 gm. gm. Added, Gm. Found, Gm. Blank, Gm. 0.0299 0.0317 0.0018 0.0399 0.0419 0.0020 0.0299 0.0314 0.0015 Much free sulphuric acid was present the mercury cathode solutions. was added after the mercury cathode process had removed most the and but course not the Al. This excess was then nearly neutralized with NH.OH. proceed- ing remove the total and the small amount from the residual the wet peroxidation, strong ammonia fumes were noted soon alkalinity was reached. The usual excess two spoons full were added. The solution boiled min. and the chromium was separated filtering out the and (and Al!). neutralizing the yellow chromate and boiling traces appeared either steel. Al, there- fore, must with the iron and Titanium, spite peroxidation and great excess free redissolving this iron and titan- ium and peroxidizing again, was apparent that good separation had been gotten the first per- oxidation, the alkaline filtrate from the second peroxidation being free from yellow chromate color. But neutralizing this latter solution the appeared promptly, there being ammonia present. Later this interest- ing fact was further demonstrated. Some Fe-Cr-Al mixtures were dis- solved and fumed with ml. 1:1 These solutions were di- luted; heated till all was solution and then just neutralized with am- monia. Then ml. 1:1 HCl were added and the usual peroxidations were made. The chromium was found the chromate filtrates from the first peroxidations but appeared neutralizing with 1:1 HCl, making faintly ammoniacal and boiling. The iron hydroxides from the first peroxidation the mixtures were next dissolved from the filters with ml. 1:1 HCl usual and second peroxidations were made. The alka- line filtrates from the second peroxida- tion showed only faint trace color but all the was found them neutralizing, making faintly ammoniacal and boiling. See Table Preparation Sulphurous Acid Per Cent Strength considerably cheaper pre- pare the sulphurous acid the labora- tory. The writer uses the cylinder containing lb. The gas run into two liter bottles filled with cold, distilled water. When evident that the gas not being absorbed any further, test the liquid and when shows specific gravity 1.02 1.03 stop the stream. Keep the sul- phurous solution cool place, soon loses its strength warm. Rub- ber stoppers are better for these so- called 5-lb. solutions, glass stops are liable fly out with considerable force. About lb. the per cent acid can gotten from one cylinder. The Iron Age, August 17, 1933—17 x3. | ter | —-—§ | ] e 3 id AS — 4 — — Producing Gray Acid Electric Furnaces APID strides have been made recent years the production gray iron high quality electric arc furnaces. This develop- ment undoubtedly potent factor the maintenance the gray iron industry high plane meeting competition from other products. Experience the use the elec- tric furnace was recounted paper, entitled “Gray Iron Production the Direct-Are Acid-Lined Electric Fur- nace,” Clyde Frear, metallur- gist, Laval Separator Co., Pough- keepsie, Y., presented the recent convention the American Foundry- men’s Association. Brief reference Mr. Frear’s discussion was made report the convention proceedings THE AGE June 29, page 1041. outlining advantages the elec- tric method over the cupola, Mr. Frear enumerated the following facts: Much cheaper grades raw material may used without detracting from the quality the castings. The electric furnace process par- ticularly flexible. The bath can held as long as desired, it can be heated to any desired temperature, and the composition and physical properties may changed desired during the melting and refining process. ladle iron should cool too far, may returned the furnace without being pigged. periods low production, much smaller heats may economically made than the cupola. With the ease superheating the metal and consequent high refining and solution the graphite, ladle additions alloys should much more effective than with metals only partially refined. Control Graphite Particles Important the metallurgical problems involved, the author stated that the properties the finished casting are almost entirely dependent upon the amount, distribution, shape and size the graphite particles. There may several gray irons chemical composition, even the content combined carbon and graphite, yet these irons will have dif- ferent physical properties and machin- ing qualities. The chief items con- trol, therefore, the production iron with specified physical properties are, first, the composition the bath itself, and, second, the control the graphite precipitation the casting when poured. The strength the iron, Frear asserted, will depend certain ex- tent upon the various constituents the metallic matrix, just the strength steel varies with the car- bon content, the grain size and the form the various constituents. The effect these latter variables, how- ever, much less than the effect the size, form and number the graphite inclusions, which weaken the metals. Control the graphite particles depends several important factors —amount steel scrap used; pres- ence silicon coming from the charge from reactions between the metal slag and the lining the furnace, only acid practice and non-alloy irons being discussed; rate cooling; tem- perature the melting and refining; addition small amounts soft pig iron; long holding high temper- atures accompanied excessive refin- ing and the correction this. Difficulty Experienced Using Cast Iron Borings difficulty has been encountered the author using cast iron bor- ings the electric furnace. his plant, states, all cast iron borings resulting from manufacturing opera- tions are remelted. exact data have been obtained the melting loss when borings are used, but this loss does not exceed per cent. The borings are not subjected any treat- ment before melting but are used just they come from the shop. the author’s discussion melt- ing practice, many details cluded, such charging, melting down the charge, control slag, fin- ish melting, adjusting the composi- tion, raising finish temperature, melting, correcting the increase silicon the bath, and ef- fect holding low temperature. Several tables typical melts are furnished, one which here repro- duced. his remarks the heat recorded this table, the author states that pig iron was used the original charge and silicon was added until the original charge was melted and the desired amount carbon dis- solved. 2:40 small amount steel scrap was added, along with the returns reduce the silicon con- tent, and some pig iron counteract the refining due holding hr. and carbon and the silicon were held with- very close limits during the entire heat, and the combined carbon was normal for high-grade, soft but close-grained iron. The iron the heat was melted for castings which must withstand considerable hydraulic pressure and yet easily machinable. Some photomicrographs show rea- son for the increase strength iron made the electric process. comparison the graphite the iron when first melted with that after refining for hr. shows large reduction size primary graphite flakes due refining. there were fewer graphite flakes formed the molten and pasty iron there was less chance for growth these flakes before the iron solidified. Prob- ably both conditions occurred result the solution large pro- portion the graphite nucleii present the iron when first melted. Low-Nickel Cast ICKEL additions only 0.4 per cent gave the most favorable re- sults the case hollow cylinders FURNACE RECORD AND COMPOSITION ELECTRIC FURNACE HEAT Material Charged, gray iron that were polish ground No. inside and out, made into piston Charge Steel chinery mobile Pig (50 Per (80 Per (23 Per rings, according Dr. Ing. Carl No. Time turns Scrap Scrap Cent) Cent) Cent) Coke foundry metallurgist Orig. 484 1023 the Humboldt-Deutz Motor Co., Chemical Composition aper irons Combined paper alloyed gray cast Test Time Carbon Graphite Silicon ganese Phos. Sulphur presented before the annual confer- 1:00 3.38 2.27 0.50 0.42 ence Cardiff, Wales, late June, 3.40 2.83 0.57 2.24 0.67 0.51 men. Also, the manufacture bar overnight sand. four-cylinder blocks for gasoline en- gines, found that with addition 0.5 per cent nickel thin flanges could machined exceedingly well. Power low tap 11:00 Metal poured 2:00 and 4:00 18—The Iron Age, August 17, 1933 q » { per ders ound iston rgist Co., men- nfer- June, ndry- en- anges Pipe, rigid electric conduit Pipe—std. line pipe and oil country tubular prods. Sheet Tin plate, tin mill black plate and terne plate Wire nails, staples, barbed wire and wire fencing Wire rods Wire—spring (1) GULF PORTS: Mobile, Ala., New Orleans, La., Orange, Tex., Port Arthur, Tex., Beaumont, SHAPES: (3) PIG TRON Duluth, Minn. (except basic). Code Basing Points for and Steel Inq l- 1e o- til is- ith n- act tal th- ire yas put the ich ble. ‘ea- ron rge hite 1ere nese rob- sa pro- sent Wash. Birmingham, Ala. PACIFIC COAST SHAPE 1 bey | | ’ | v | « | | . ‘ y | if a | | 1 | i The Age, August 5 ectric tubes boiler can right- fully considered the heart the boiler, because the very life the boiler depends upon them, and consequently prime importance that they meet such requirements ductility and uniformity, that they should not susceptible prema- ture failure any localized point be- cause inherent defects the mate- rial from which they are made, and last, but not least, that they should offer maximum resistance corrosion and erosion and thus insure long service life for the equipment which they are installed. This applies all tubular boilers, whether water tube fire tube, whether low pressure high pressure, whether heating, mini- ature power boilers. Those properties boiler tubes which can determined inspec- tion and physical testing are closely controlled A-83 the American Society for Testing Materials. This specification, which considered standard for boiler tubes, incorporated toto material specification S-17 Boiler Construction Code promulgated the boiler code committee the American Society Mechanical En- gineers, and also used basis for most the specifications which are issued the many consumers boiler tubing. These specifications include flang- ing, flattening and crushing tests, the primary object which deter- mine the ductility the steel and its ability withstand the fabrication placed upon the tubes when they are assembled into the boilers. These tests are made certain percentage each lot tube, and addition each individual length boiler tubing must hydrostatically tested fiber stress about 16,000 lb. per sq. in., insure against failure after the tube installed service. The test pressure used sufficient guaran- tee high factor safety. The rest the specifications cover analy- sis, size, uniformity and such other details which are apart from physical properties. These specificati