The Iron Age 1933-07-20: Vol 132 Iss 3

THE IRON AGE July 20,1933 J. H. VAN DEVENTER W. W. MACON A. I. FINDLEY G. L. LACHER Editor Consulting Edilor Editor Emeritus Menaging Editor Pittsburgh Detroit Boston Cleveland Chicago Washington Cincinnati CONTENTS New Materials from User’s Standpoint Speculative Buying Metal-Working Industry 18-A Abrasion-Resistant Castings Fabricating Pipe Boulder Dam New Equipment Ornamental Iron Gains Favor 26-A Jordan Economic Planning 26-B 26-E Machine Tool Builders’ Meeting 26-G What Industry Thinks Industry Control 26-H Washington News Automotive Industry Construction and Equipment Buying a & & Products Advertised THE IRON AGE PUBLISHING COMPANY FRANK, President GRIFFITHS, Secretary BAUR, General Advertising Manager PUBLICATION OFFICE: Corner Chestnut and 56th Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. EXECUTIVE OFFICES: 239 West 39th New York, Y., Member, Audit Bureau of Circulations ADVERTISING STAFF Member, Associated Business Papers Emerson Fiaodley, 311 Union Bldg., Cleveland Herman, 675 Delaware Ave., Buffalo, H. K. Hottenstein, 802 Otis Bldg., Chicago Published every Thursday. Subscription Price: Peirce Lewis, 7338 Woodward Ave., Detroit United States and Possessions, Mexico, Cuba, $6.00; Charles Lundberg, Kent Rd., Upper Darby, Canada, $8.50, including duty; Foreign, $12.00 Del. Co., Pa. Single Copy Cents Ober, 239 West 39th St., New York W. B. Robinson, 428 Park Bidg., Pittsburgh W. C. Sweetser, 239 West 39th St., New York Cable Address, ‘‘Ironage, N. Y."’ D. C. Warren, P. O. Box 81, Hartford, Conn. SEVENTY-NINTH YEAR SERVICE THE METAL WORKING INDUSTRY 4 wing | ~ : =. a 4 eed = > r i = THE IRON AGE JULY 20, 1933 Page His bag always packed. Yesterday was distant city, helping write new specifica- checking some special heats Tonight urgent heat-treatment problem awaits him. who knows? It’s all the life Bethlehem contact metallurgist. The ever-widening use highly-specialized steels has led newer and closer relationship between steel-makerand user. metallurgists are liaison officers between the men the mills where alloy steels are made, and the men who use these steels. They supply the follow through necessary realize the full possibilities fine steels. the exacting manufacturer Bethlehem offers quality alloy steels, made long-established and inflexible standards. Equally important, applying these steels the intended tasks, Bethlehem offers the coopera- tion men long experience—men deeply, thoroughly skilled interpreting your needs and problems terms analysis and heat-treatment. Men who know and live with Steel. Bethlehem Steel Company, General Offices: Bethlehem, Pa. IRON AGE.. ESTABLISHED 1855 JULY 20, 1933 Vol. 132, No. Industry Deserves Spanking ERTAIN have shown tendency censure industry for slow- ness submitting codes under the National Industrial Recov- ery Act. Such censure almost en- tirely unwarranted. was mistake the part the Administration as- sume the first place that the complex ramifications gional and other relations in- volved agreement hours and wages could arrived with such short consideration. This means indicates that industry antagonistic the President’s plans for shorter work week and higher wages. believe sincerely, and with our finger the pulse America’s largest industry, that the metal trades, that American industry has put and putting more earnest, non- partisan effort into efforts effectuate the purposes this plan than has ever heretofore devoted any single purpose. The chief reason why the American business man still business because has insisted upon having least some slight idea where going before starts the way. Editor, The Iron Age: PRESUME you have read carefully the speech delivered July New York, Donald Richberg (chief counsel General Johnson the board). refer particularly the statements contained the paragraphs beginning success this Administration” and ending serve selfish special interests.” the official organ our indus- try, you will doubt take cognizance these wild and illogical statements and coming from responsible spokesman the Administration. effect, are handed set blueprints new machine, de- signed someone else, and told that cannot build and make run successfully, either because are unwilling incompetent! sit down meekly under Mr. Rich- berg’s words. was noted Ameri- can who said not deference that men win their rights.” And, most assuredly, not deference the outpourings such minds Mr. Richberg’s that these rights maintained. (From prominent metal-product industry expected re- organize itself two months’ time from its long-time base individualism the new base planned economy, should not admonished for asking questions chided for delay- ing action when these ques- tions are not clearly answered. Industry has right know, for example, whether not waives its constitutional open shop rights signing code. Thus far, there has been specific answer this vital question. Hundreds other questions importance the industrial- ist who work upon code making remain unanswered. best, meets with gen- eralities. This criticism the President’s plan, General Johnson’s earnest efforts put unfair expect the hurriedly organized administrator’s staff able answer these ques- proceed intelligently without them. Attempts, such Richberg’s, spank industry for unavoidable delays are not likely “effectu- ate” the President’s plan. ; 4 ta yer > = n 7 e a > Ww > a. ) ll = HAT type drive use? This the question confront- ing the plant manager, the designer and the engineer. What type drive suggest? This the ques- tion confronting the sales engineer. Much has been written and con- siderable research has been made the comparative efficiencies and main- tenance costs the group and unit systems driving, but these comparisons are applicable about one half the mechanical driv- ing industry. They are useful the plants utilizing numerous machine tools and small equipment because mechanical transmission complications seldom occur this character work. process manufacturing plants that perplexing driving prob- lems arise. this field industry, mechanical driving cannot defi- nitely segregated into the so-called group and unit systems. During the past months the author has refrained from writing the subject mechanical power trans- mission because the art has been such state change that con- 12—The Iron Age, July 20, 1933 sidered best defer until the situa- tion clarified. Numerous “don’ts” the past decade are now common practice, because new devices and the improvement all appurtenances employed the mechanical transmis- sion power. The belt today will perform manner thought impos- sible few years ago; chains are al- most perfection; short center methods are numerous and the reduction gear dependable and efficient. Recent treatises the subject group vs. individual drive have de- fined convincing the spheres economy the shafting and belting group system compared with the individual installation. The author from experience corroborates the facts stated, but this material does not assist the plant engineer the driving miscellaneous machinery not the production shop class, the 1G. flat belting power transmission this power medium compete favorably with all other methods for certain classes driving. designer who must choose transmis- sion method for new machine, nor does assist the sales engineer who desirous suggesting definite method transmitting power. There need now for information this direction. The transmission equipment sales engineer knows that should able inform his customer the proper method driving, regardless whether not his particular com- pany can supply such method. Such action establishes confidence. The plant engineer knows that upon him rests the responsibility for either high maintenance and loss power ef- ficient and economical power trans- mission. However, both are uncertain suggestion choice chiefly be- cause modern methods are times closely related that proper selec- tion becomes extremely difficult. will employ the chain drive and where the multiple rope drive; where the pivoted motor flat belt drive and where the short centre flat belt stationary motor drive?” The lines are drawn very close these comparisons, yet WILLIAM STANIAR Mechanical Transmission Engineer Analytical Presentation Modern Mechanical Transmission Methods many instances the inherent char- acteristics one would outclass those the other for particular installa- tion. Short Center Belts Now Practical certain past articles the author, particular attention was call- belting all types and the improve- ment equipment has made obsolete certain phases mechanical power transmis- sion theory. therefore imperative that the ingenious work the belting and transmission equipment manu- facturers during the past few years should recognized. Such recognition methods transmitting power mechanically. New installation driving one problem, and the revamping old driving methods another. The latter most evidence today be- cause the engineer aware that an- tiquated methods driving are cost- compared with what available, but the selection the modern industry facing “closed season” “labor saving” machinery? For the sake capital, labor and the public, hope not. For through labor saving machinery, capital has been able earn profit, labor has been able earn increased wages and the public has been able buy more products lower prices. the textile code any criterion, would seem though obstacles were put the way those who endeavor reduce their costs decreasing the labor content products. Therefore, behooves management scan the fields economy which lie outside the payroll. One the most fertile these fields that mechanical power trans- universal factor, running through the length and breadth the metal working industry. And has been, comparatively, neglected fac- tor. Conditions will now force explore thoroughly pursuit savings. this end, THE IRON AGE commences, this issue, thorough analytical study mechanical power transmission methods one our foremost trans- mission. mission engineers. Industry may hunt for transmission economies the year around. There The next article Mr. Staniar will appear THE IRON AGE Aug. 17. the difficulties the short centre flat belt drive. For drives 100 h.p. centre distance not less than ft. was advocated. That was based the type belt then available. Now the author sanctions driving air compressor with in. flat leather belt from stationary 100 h.p., 900 r.p.m. motor in. center with are contact 138 deg. the driving pulley. Something unheard before the advent high friction leathers. The perfection will enable the consumer avail him- self the transmission equipment now the market. will also re- ward the increased sales and satisfied customers. Transmission equipment investment should write itself off from three five years the form lowered maintenance, decreased power con- sumption, and lengthened life. That the reason the plant engineer hesi- tates unless familiar with the various characteristics the modern WILLIAM STANIAR method based simply favorable impression, the resulting operating cost may higher than the old. Group Drive Especially Adapted For “Production” Plants The group driving method gen- erally known consists shaft from ft. long driven belt, chain V-rope from motor. From this line, batteries low powered ma- chines are driven either chain belt through countershafts direct. The Iron Age, July 20, 1933—13 > ae ~ ae active +4 P “Wee st Lin therefore obvious that this meth- most applicable quantity pro- duction plants shops, because the existence machinery character. Compared with the indi- vidual motorizing machinery this type has been conclusively proven that the group system from in- stallation, operating, maintenance, power consumption, power factor and efficiency standpoint the most econ- machinery this class the actual problems power distribution and control are integral with the machine itself. only necessary drive the power input shaft. will observed from Figs. and illus- trating typical production stallations the group method that not transmission problem, rather one suitable arrange- ment machinery, shafting, and mo- tors because the speeds, ratios, power demands, and atmospheric conditions are normal. the process manufacturing plant, such the steel, dve, chemical, paint, cement, explosives, leather, mining in- dustries, etc., the transmission power mechanically very different. difficult make comparisons be- tween the group and unit systems, because combination these two systems generally required, based high power requirements, similarity machinery and the in- 14—The Iron Age, July 20, 1933 2—Where ditions the group method becomes problem the most suitable arrangement ma- chinery, shafting and motors. power requirements are high and speeds low, neither direct connection nor group drive will suffice, for additional sion equipment must tween the motor and the machine. dividual driving demands each piece equipment. This necessitates the use individual driving, but can- not compared the individual mo- torized equipment production shop. The input speed process plant machinery usually slow power requirements high, therefore obvious that due dimensions equipment, the general- termed “group system” trans- mitting power cannot employed. equipment requiring h.p. in- put shaft speed r.p.m. with avail- able space for in. diameter pulley, would necessary use double leather belt in. wide ef- fective tension. Assuming individual control necessary drive this tions would required because belt in. wide cannot shifted. There- fore the fallacy the group system for driving machine such this. must individually driven but not the machine tool, posed between motor and machine additional transmission equipment necessary accommodate the speed and power requirements. This illus- trated Fig. Fig. shows bat- tery Edge mills wood pulp plant, each requiring h.p. in- put speed r.p.m. the pinion shaft, while Fig. shows equipment requiring h.p. r.p.m. driven 1800 r.p.m. motor with combined a ana a a spur and worm ratio 860:1. These are examples mechanical transmis- sion problems that are frequent oc- currence process industrial oper- ations. Unit Drive Requirements Regardless general savings pos- sible use the shafting, belting and chain system, certain classes modern manufacturing equipment must driven individual- ly, therefore the demand for this type mechanical transmission resolves the “process” in- dustries the trans- mission power leans vidual combination drives. itself almost totally into the unit drive with the possible exception teries low powered steady speed ap- paratus. However, due similarity power transmission equipment available frequently difficult arrive the most efficient and eco- nomical solution the problem. view this situation attempt will made describe the various meth- ods modern mechanical power transmission and advise their proper adaptation and uses. Modern mechanical transmission — power may into two gen- eral systems—namely, the flexible and the rigid. The Flexible System shafting and belting 2—-Group method—employing shafting and chain —Chain method—direct —Multiple V-rope method motor method 6—The variable speed unit method The Rigid System direct coupled motor method 2—The vertical worm gear reduction unit method The horizontal worm gear reduction unit and compound spur gear reduction unit method —planetary and non-planetary method 6—The horizontal and vertical motor- ized reduction unit method 7—-The open direct geared method combination method considering the two general sys- tems there are certain fundamentals demand and operation that tend determine which the two should employed. After such determina- tion system reached neces- sary select the method the system most adaptable the specific require- ments. some instances the method characteristics closely parallel each other that selection difficult. Based this fact each method each sys- tem will discussed. The Flexible System All methods the “flexible sys- tem” are certain extent shock absorbing and tend eliminate vibra- tion transference the motor prime mover. This particularly true with the group shafting and belting, the V-rope, and the pivoted motor methods. Another attribute these three methods their inherent char- acteristic slip, which some classes The group method, employing shaft- ing and belting shown Fig. modernizes the transmission power flat belting, thus power medium compete favorably 4—Wood pulp plant quirements hp. and r.p.m. the pinion shaft are solved means this massive but com- pact all geared drive. The Iron Age, July 20, 1933—15 7 with all other methods for certain classes driving. The possibility belting functioning this manner has been about the elec- tric motor. Before the advent the motor, grouping was therefore difficulty was involved determining the method driving. There was only one alternative, the use shafting and belting driven from located prime mover. The motor makes possible the segregation power distribution into convenient sections groups. Modern group driving employing shafting, bearings, hangers and belt- ing may installed furnish low high ratios from motor driven equipment. The two methods usually employed production shops are shown Fig. “A” shows the line group with possible maximum ratio 16:1, while “B” shows the line and countershaft group with pos- sible maximum ratio 64:1. Ratios high 64:1 are seldom necessary owing the usually high input speed the driven production tool. The arrangement group driving usually employed process plants shown Fig. and known the head- and line-shaft group capable fur- nishing possible maximum ratio 80:1. this class industry, ratios such this are frequently necessary where the group method driving practicable because the slow input speed the driven apparatus. production shop group driving the line usually from ft. long, and the countershaft employed sufficient length accommodate the necessary pulleys from the line and the machine. process plant group driving the head-shaft sufficient length accommodate the receiving pulley from the motor and the driving pulley the line. The line usually Batteries Small Machines This method should employed both production shops manufacturing plants where batteries small machines apparatus are driven requiring not over h.p. per machine, and where possible group such machinery that the maximum power demand the prime mover does not exceed h.p. this demand exceeded, based economical speeds for line shafting, the transmission equipment dimension Fig. 6—Group driving may furnish either low while shows line and countershaft drive with possible maximum BELTING TYPE AND —_— JOINING. Head-shaft PROCESS MANUFACTURING PLANT DRIVING Group Shafting and Belting METHOD pulleys is possible. conditions involved. Location Motor to Head-shaft. Belting Mineral retan leather. Atmospheric Conditions Driving two and not more than low powered, moderate speed units. Where space available for proper belt drive centre distance. Where control tight and loose Where proper type transmission equipment used for the Joining Extra dressed mineral retan leather. Mineral retan leather. High grade stitched canvas. Solid woven cotton. Balata rubber. to Line-shaft. Line-shaft to Apparatus. Pulley Control. Iron Age, July 20, 1933 Regular oak tanned leather. Balata, rubber, stitched canvas solid woven cotton, Acid fumes and tempera- tures. Damp, steam, moisture. Dust and grit under dry conditions. Normal. Metallic. Endless. Endless. Endless metallic. Reinforced copper stitched with special friction compound. Solid woven hair. Ashestos filled stitched canvas. Acid fumes and temperatures. Waterproof oak tanned leather. Regular light weight duck type rubber. Balata, cotton woven stitched. Solid woven hair. Rubber. Damp, steam moisture. Dust and grit under dry Regular oak leather. Combination tannage leather. Rubber. Balata. Solid woven cotton. Stitched canvas. Combination tannage leather (extra dressed). Reinforced copper stitched with special friction compound. Solid woven hair. Asbestos filled stitched canvas. Waterproof oak leather. Combination tannage leather. Regular light weight duck type rubber. Balata. Cotton woven stitched. Solid woven hair. Dust and grit under dry conditions. Rubber, Normal. Acid fumes and temperatures. Damp, steam moisture. Special acid resisting metallic. Metallic. Metallic. Metallic. Special acid resisting metallic. Metallic. Metallic. Fig. 7—Above the arrangement group drive usually employed process plants. SERVICE Normal. Endless. | | RA SP SH — BEI TYE BEA PUL Line 4% ~ Ho = Counter . SPEE LINE cour SHAE - PROCESS MANUFACTURING PLANT DRIVING (Continued) Spacing Head-shaft. Self oiling babbitted For this shaft two and not more than anti-friction. Bearings three bearings should used. Use the solid rigid type adjustable base plates. Maximum are preferable. centres Line-shaft. Self oiling babbitted Close power receiving and delivery anti-friction. Support pulleys and not exceed centres. adj. hanger frames Closer depending dead load and BEARINGS ball and socket pillow belt pull. blocks. Split type bearing preferable. Atmospheric Material Types Condition Normal. Steel, cast iron, wood Solid split. paper. Keyed clamped. PULLEYS Damp, Cast iron. Solid split. moisture. Keyed clamped. Dust and Steel, cast iron wood. Solid split. under dry Keyed clamped. conditions. Cold rolled steel. Nickel Forged steel. Ground and polished steel. Chrome Vanadium steel. diameter. 6’ to 75’ long. HORSEPOWER Maximum running load for individual equipment H.P. CAPACITIES Maximum size motor for group=75 H.P. all standard motor speeds. RATIOS Head-shaft line-shaft =5:1. Line-shaft machine 4:1. Total = 80:1. Line-shaft SPEEDS SHAFTING 150 to 450 R P.M. 80 to 359 R P.M. METHOD Group Shafting and Belting SERVICE Driving two more low powered machine tools, where space available for proper belt drive centre distances. “Where control machine pulleys, clutch stepped cone pulleys. Under normal conditions. Location Belting Method Joining Motor line. Mineral retan leather. Endless Line machine. Combination tanned pulley control. leather. Place mineral Metallic. Stepped cone stepped cone controlled. BELTING Line machine. Regular oak tanned rawhide lace Line machine Combination tanned Metallic. counter. leather fabric. controlled. Line machine Regular oak tanned Metallic. counter. leather fabric. High speed, small pulley Mineral retan leather. Endless. drive machine. Types Spacing BEARINGS Self-oiling babbitted, anti-friction. Close power receiving and delivery Support adj. hanger frames. pulleys and not exceed 8’0” centres. Bearing either split solid. Closer depending dead load. Material Types PULLEYS Cast iron, steel wood. Solid split keyed. Split clamped. Material Diameter and Length SHAFTING Cold rolled steel. Maximum dia. long. HORSEPOWER Maximum running load for individual machines CAPACITIES Maximum size motor for group—50 all standard motor speeds RATIOS Line machine 4:1. Line counter Total 16:1. Counter machine 4:1. Total 64:1. SPEEDS Line-shaft Counter-shaft LINE AND SHAFTS becomes prohibitive. Power one the basic economies when the group system applied batteries small machines. The group shafting and belting method driving battery machines requires less total power than direct-motor-connected battery similar machines. The starting load each machine always great- than the running load, therefore each machine individually motorized requires motor equivalent power capacity its starting load. The group method can motorized equiv- alent power multiple the machine running loads, plus slight margin for line bearing friction, be- cause desirable each machine can started separately. The efficiency ating near its rated capacity. When selecting the size motor drive group machines see that equipment large power require- ments and infrequent operation are not placed group with machines re- quiring light medium power. The power capacity motor direct con- nected machine should slight- excess the power required start the load. This fact small consequence where one two small machines are involved but ap- preciable when applied batteries, because the charge for power par- tially based upon the demand and power factor addition the load rate. The demand charge must paid regardless whether the ma- chines are operating idle. low power factor “inefficiency” and caused over-motored machinery. Such condition loss, because the consumers electric current are penalized the power companies the power factor drops below cer- tain set figure. Input speeds and atmospheric con- ditions usually cause difference the driving characteristics small machinery employed the production shop and process plant, therefore the group method must designed ac- cordingly. the driving production tools this method, based the usually high input speeds the machines, motor belted line-shaft and the line-shaft belted the machine suf- ficient. The counter-shaft which generally furnished component part machine tool functions chief- means control and reverse rotation action, not means speed reduction. Atmospheric condi- tions are normal, therefore standard transmission equipment can em- ployed without concern prema- ture failure. Special Requirements “Process” Plants process plants the situation different, because slow input speeds and many instances atmospheric conditions that are destructive transmission equipment and particu- larly belting. Based the economy The Iron Age, July 20, 1933—17 i. Material Diameter and Lengths SHAFTING é > = i 5 A q high speed motors and the neces- sity operating process plant group line-shafts comparatively slow speeds, the usual practice in- terpose shaft between the motor and the line-shaft, known “head- shaft.” This allows total practicable ratio from motor line 20:1, which turn can furnish total ratio 80:1 from motor final input speed demand. The interposing counter-shaft between line-shaft and machine for added reduction seldom employed, since when total ratio exceeds 80:1 direct con- nection through reducing mechan- ism should resorted to, the main- tenance and space factors then over- balance the power economies the group method. From atmospheric standpoint primary consideration must given the motor. some instances inflam- mable vapors, fine dust lint are present which prevent the use the ordinary squirrel cage motor. This necessitates separating the motor from these conditions, but not prac- ticable the explosion proof type for the inflammable vapor condition and the totally enclosed type with duct connections the outside for the dust and lint conditions must employed. other cases the may charged with acid vapors which materially shorten the life the transmission proper selection made. For such 4 Fig. ratio 860 given, with motor speed 1800 r.p.m. and output hp. r.p.m through this combination spur and worm reduction. conditions, enclosed bearings, cast iron pulleys, and correct belting type for the particular acid should employed. For in- formation the type belting employ for various acid conditions, reference made the author’s book entitled Power Trans- summarize the application and standard characteristics the group method employing shafting and belt- ing for both production shops and process plants the accompanying tabu- lations are given. Similar tables will accompany the presentation each the other transmission methods subsequent chapters. New Materials from the Standpoint RODUCT engineers are sometimes several years behind the proces- sion the matter adapting both present materials and newly avail- able materials economic use, accord- ing Alden, Western Electric Co., Chicago, who addressed the meet- ing the American Society Mechanical Engineers that city the subject “Substitution Dif- ferent Material Product.” Materials are fundamental in- dustry the sense that practically all activity concerned directly indirectly with production and adapta- tion materials. The two great ac- celerators advances the uses and changing uses engineering ma- terials are the research the one hand and the demand for consumables and enjoyment ma- terial benefits the other. laboratories have found multitudes new materials; yet any one in- dustry very few really new engineer- ing materials, useful that industry and capable genuinely different ap- plications, appear available. Some the valuable materials which 18—The Iron Age, July 20, 1933 have recently become available are the new high-strength, corrosion-re- sisting steels, plastics, the precipitation hardened non-ferrous metals and alloys, the high-strength cast irons, the mag- nesium and beryllium alloys, high- strength glass and ceramic materials, and the almost perfectly pure metals for commercial use. indicated, further, that the fac- tors industrial production may considered being the form equation, and that the material factor altered the others will affected should altered, vary- ing degrees, assure maintenance the desired balance factors, and cost and quality. perhaps seldom that all the con- siderations likely associated with material substitutions will impor- tant any one case, but each must thoroughly investigated insure the success the substitution. The degree which material- substitution engineering can car- ried profitably varies considerably, depending upon the types and varie- ties products manufactured. the manufacture products such automobiles and telephone equipment, which large varieties well large quantities materials are used, very considerable savings realized result continually di- recting engineering investigation against the material factor costs. The importance the material fac- tors reflected the cost sheets de- termines how much action justified, granted that the quality factory. Long-time planning material substitutions extremely advisable cases where large purchases normally are made and buying contracts are effect. recognized that many industries very quick changes must made for styling, but seen that raw material substitutions made result long-time planning and in- vestigation are generally more profit- able than changes made hastily from sales standpoint. Engineers com- monly think terms the properties materials which are available their purposes, but doing the (Concluded Page 58) Se Mg Pis Bo! Ele For Ser Aut Val X-] Pig peculative Buying the Metal- orking Industry Original Survey The Iron Age UPPLEMENTING the original survey con- ducted The Iron Age the increase business the metal-working field (published our issues June and July 6), the question was raised how much this increased activity was due buying, manufacturing for stock, excess orders. intelligently answer this question, additional survey was necessary. The results this survey are published the following pages. order that might entirely repre- most cases conforms the increase orders with reasonable allowance for building de- pleted stocks point justified the present volume sales. Regarding the stocking dealers, hardware sales manager who had just com- completed swing around the country reported that dealers are building their stocks slightly because they were far below normal. the Middle West dealers are not stocking the extent that orders would indicate. also reported that consumer buying the hardware sentative, was made anonymously, care being has improved throughout the country, ex- taken that the identity replying concerns cepting few places the East—particularly remained unknown, even our own editors. New York City. This survey indicates that materials are be- This the first survey this sort, our ing purchased further advance than was the knowledge, yet undertaken. The results should case prior May This represents ap- interest manufacturers, merchandisers proach normal practice buying materials and also the authorities the National rather than speculative buying. Recovery Board. deals facts, not The increase manufacturing operations suppositions. Manufactur- |Increase Manufacturing Product Orders Ord Increasing Practice? Increase Small Machine Tools. Months Months 28% Yes nat Pumping Machinery Months Months Product Order in- Electrical Products. Months Month Yes Screw Machine Products. Weeks Weeks Machine Tools........... Weeks From Stock Yes The Age, July 20, = : i fr = MOT AT, de wae Ly “a 7 Product Metal Vacuum Oil Burners Printing Mac ry. Boilers Electric Lamps. Stampings Clutches. Orders by: Months Months Months Months Very Little As Needed Months Weeks Months Purchases Brass and Produc Made Therefrom Weeks Hack Saw Months Power Transmission Apparatus. Rubber Stampings Machinery... Pumps, Engines Axes, Picks, Hoes. Auto Hardware Furnaces Bearings Steam Spe Springs Machinery Crushing Machinery Gas-Fired Mining Tools Non-ferrous Lock Washers. Stampings Machinery........... Electric Electrical Compressors, Hand Hydraulic Presses. Gears Motor Starters Ball Bearings. Electrical Supplies Roll Forming Machinery Machine Screws Boilers Heavy Hardware Textile Machinery Machine Tools Machine Tools Hack Saws...... Small Steam Turbines .... Steel Office Partitions Machine Numbering Machines Electrical Perforated Metals....... Grease Cups Builders Hardware............. Bolts and Roller Boilers, Engines Air Filters Portable Elec tric Powe Pre sses.. Cutting Tools Steel Balls Transmission Chain Tools. Steam Power Mac hiner Electroplating Equipme Engines, Auto Accessories. nt. 18-B—The Iron Age, Tool Accessories. July Weeks Month Weeks Months Months As Needed Weeks Months Needed Month Week Months Needed Months Weeks Weeks Month Month As Needed Month Months Months Needed Needed Months Weeks Months Months Weeks Days Weeks Month Ball Bearings........ Weeks Months Months Month Weeks Month Weeks Months Weeks Weeks Weeks Weeks Months As Needed Months Days Needed Months Month Weeks Needed Months Months Months Months 20, 1933 Change Materials Purchases| Materials ticipated Orders by: Weeks Month Months Months Needed Months Month Sales Weeks Months Month Needed Days Months Month Needed Weeks Weeks Needed In Policy Month Weeks Months Months Needed Month Weeks Days Month Month Needed Month Weeks Needed As Needed Days Weeks Months Weeks Weeks Days Weeks ho ho = Month Weeks Weeks Months Weeks Weeks Days Weeks Weeks Needed Months Days Needed Month Week Weeks Needed Month Month Month Month Manufactur- ing for Stock Excess yond Normal Practice? Yes No No No No No Yes Yes No No | No No No No | No No No No | No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No No Increase Manufacturing Compared with Orders Increase Order Increase 40% 50! | 50% | 50°; 15% 38% 50° 50° ( 20% 30°; 220% Yes 200°; 300% Same Same |Ratio 200% 100% | | 50% 20% 25% 100% 100% 100% 45% Orders Mfg. Continued Next Issue Are Dealers Increasing Stocks Materially? No Few Are No No No No | | : | al : re Yes | No wi the ive & ng lis] the deg | Ss | bon. | 0 | It W eek No | chro chre chro Yes chro and | | NO 1 that Yes erformance Stainless Steels steel extensive industrial scale was owing ance nitric acid. was soon recog- nized, however, that had other use- ful properties well—particularly resistance oxidation high tem- peratures, and good strength some- what elevated temperatures. use per cent chrome Tubing Chromium Steel seemed that these properties would useful for distillation tubes oil-cracking stills for making gaso- line, and also superheater tubes The making seamless tubes was therefore undertaken, and with unexpectedly The success piercing the tubes was the more unexpected because was necessary make very marked modi- fications the practice, account the then unfamiliar properties the steel. But the manufacture was soon production basis and was not long before many thousands tubes were service, and were estab- lishing very high efficiences high- temperature processes. With such satisfactory service, was unfortunate that came light which must avoided this particular application. There the immediate neighborhood 900 deg. F., where this particular type steel becomes brittle upon long expo- sure. This was discovered when the tubes were cooled for cleaning. They began break when scrapers were used remove incrustations car- bon. The condition plained. common all the straight chromium, high-chromium steels, and more pronounced the higher the chromium. Thus per cent chrome steels show markedly, per cent chrome steels less so, per cent chrome steels show some extent, and has been found even the per cent chrome steels. The moral “Avoid straight-chromium (high- chromium) steels for long exposure the immediate neighborhood 900 deg. F.” should pointed out that steels which have become brittle this manner may made tough again heating above the danger- ous range. Tubing 18-8 Steels Steels containing per cent chro- mium and eight per cent nickel were MARCUS GROSSMANN Research Engineer, Illinois Steel Co. then discovered have better strength elevated temperatures than the per cent chrome steel and the oxidation resistance and corrosion resistance were least good. therefore seemed promising ma- terial replace the failed per cent chrome steel the above described service. was first necessary develop new technique for piercing the seam- less tubes 18-8, but this was soon done. The tubes were then put service, and showed that they were capable long and satisfactory life. The 900 deg. brittleness was longer source concern. The toughness the 18-8 was entirely satisfactory. The steel was satisfactory other respects, also, such workability and ease fabrication, that has now become standard steel for oil-crack- ing service. widely used for this purpose today and the preferred steel many gasoline refineries, func- tioning well the tendency toward higher and higher temperatures. should mentioned that 18-8 has one drawback for this service, ing New York stain- less steels, described the devel- the chromium and the chromium-nickel ferrous alloys. Beginning with the application cutlery, touched some length the uses stainless steel nitric acid industry and recounted the solving weld- ing, riveting and pickling prob- lems. also mentioned con- ditions its adoption auto- mobile, paper, pump, chemical and dental goods manufacturers and referred the duplex plate now available, composed base ordinary steel surfaced product. The accompanying his ac- count experiences with stain- less steel tubing, report the behavior the material building exterior adornment and statement the part that other alloying elements may play. reduced ductility around 1400 1700 deg. result, the still overheat, the 18-8 may rupture with- out warning and there have unfor- tunately been few very serious oc- currences this nature. However, care supervision the stills avoids this hazard altogether, and there are many thousands 18-8 still tubes service today, without single serious accident record two three years. this connection shall men- tion later the treatment 18-8 with titanium, which preventive should stated that some refiners are using for this service lower- (four six per cent Cr) with with- out molybdenum which has shown creditable performance tempera- Behavior Architectural Service Now word details be- havior architectural service: The first widely publicized use stainless steel for weather resistance was the Chrysler Building, New York, fol- lowed shortly the Empire State Building. Since these are sense test cases, and have been the weather now for several years, be- results close examination made the buildings few months ago. The Chrysler Building employed, just mentioned, the first large quanti- ties stainless for sur- faces. The behavior the steel the upper floors, where has been exposed the weather for three years, our main point interest. slight dulling which has removed the brilliant glare which was present when the building was erected ob- servable. Perhaps the severest buffet- ing the weather visited the gargoyles, which project from the sixty-first floor. Streaks due rain and dust are noticeable, but the metal- luster well preserved. Welded places have held well, and there are signs destructive corrosion. The Empire State Building was likewise examined September. Some discoloration dust and rain streaks only surface deposit which can rubbed off, hand- kerchief. The steel itself retains its (Concluded Page -58) The Iron Age, July 20, a 4 j | | | | | ts | | Rae j ; ey ™ — exceptional wear requirements, the advantages chrome- molybdenum are well illustrated this 7-ft. dry pan. The tire the left ordinary cast iron and the right, Bethlehem chrome-molybdenum. the ceramic industries great portion the machinery consists abrasion and some cases mod- erately high impact stresses. The rel- atively short life most these stimulated careful study abrasion-resisting metals, with the re- sult that the Bethlehem Steel Co. re- cently developed chrome- molybdenum alloy steel having un- usually high resistance abrasion. the research work preceding this development the general characteris- tics the raw materials pro- cessed were studied with reference the wear specific parts the ma- chinery. These raw materials include clays, shale, silica glass sand, ganister rock, feldspar, sillimanite, carborun- dum, mullite, and product known aluminum oxide. Hard shale and fire strains upon the parts the ma- chinery that come contact with these materials. few specific parts are muller tires, bottom plates, pug mill knives, crusher rolls, screen plates, roll shells and sprockets. The causes uneven wear were studied, with particular reference analysis, hardness, microstructure and design. Chilled iron tires are general use the ceramic industry. When the chill worn through, there nothing left but gray iron resist wear. The two outside corners are always harder than the center the face the tire, causing the tire wear concave the face and often causing the high corners break off. When alloy iron tires are used, pockets often develop which cannot Iron Age, July 20, 1933 overcome readjustment the plows. The wear will more rapid the softer spots, which accounts for the pockets. Most iron castings this character are not susceptible effective hardening treatment and, accordingly, the material often used the cast condition. Austenitic manganese steels have been tried for this service but have not proved entirely successful all applications. While the Bethlehem Steel Co. produces large tonnage this material, not advocated for such use, that does not show advantage from service standpoint commensurate with its cost. Some manganese steels are probably the toughest all steels, but requires impact impart hardness before its value abrasive resistant becomes effective. Under repeated impact the hardness will mount from 200 Bri- nell cast over 500 Brinell hard- ness. However, most clay machin- ery, there not sufficient impact effect this required hardening, and thus this steel found unsuited for some applications. Heat-Treatable Casting After detailed study these vari- ous factors, the Bethlehem Steel Co. felt that new alloy steel should developed which would meet more closely the demands imposed many applications. The answer was found chrome-molybdenum alloy steel capable heat treatment obtain the desired abrasive and im- pact resistance. Chromium dissolves liquid iron and, according Sauveur, retained solid solution, both gamma and alpha iron. the presence car- bon, chromium carbide formed and when other alloying elements are present, double and complex carbides develop. Chromium imparts steel hardness and wear-resisting proper- ties and permits deeper penetration hardness. Molybdenum, again according Savuer, soluble both gamma and alpha iron. generally accepted that also forms complex carbides and induces the steel marked ability retain these carbides solid solution upon cooling from above the critical temperature. this pro- pensity toward hardening, molyb- denum (with the exception car- bon) the most active and potent ele- ment used steel, imparting strength, resistance wear, and toughness. Molybdenum tends inhibit grain growth when steel heated high temperatures and its presence renders steel practically immune temper brittleness. When properly alloyed, molybdenum does not segregate, but uniformly disseminated. most effective when used connection with another alloy such chromium. The problem was determine the proper proportions these elements, together with carbon, manganese and silicon, produce alloy steel cast- ing which, after heat treatment, would result product with the de- sired characteristics. The new alloy castings are made melted steel furnaces operated un- der close metallurgical and chemical control. The manufacturing process all times under the supervision observer, independent the production department, who keeps permanent record all details from charge pour. This includes record materials charged, chemical tests, additions, temperature readings and other pertinent points manufac- ture. The steel poured into pre- pared and dried molds, suitably gated and provided with ample heads, in- sure sound castings. The castings are shaken out molds and then cleaned preparation for heat treatment which varies with shapes and sizes and accordance with the service in- tended. has been found that knowledge definite service condi- tions greatest importance that 7 | 7 | 4 J \ \ \ heat treatment can varied con- 220,000 Lb. Tensile Strength Physical properties will vary from average 110,000 lb. per sq. in. tensile strength, 60,000 lb. yield point, per cent elongation, and per cent reduction fully annealed piece, 220,000 tensile strength piece hardened 400 500 Brinell. Brinell hardnesses high 600 can ob- tained, although for most conditions has been found that less hardness more desirable. After heat treatment the castings are not only tested for hardness but for structure well. felt that the measure abrasion resistance not alone hardness but hardness coupled with proper grain structure. Complete metallurgical control over all the above exercised the steel foundry metallurgist. This chromium-molybdenum steel has been tested grinding varied assortment materials—clays, shale, coal, sillimanite, flint and gan- ister. tests made direct com- parison with other castings, the alloy steel has been found equal to, su- perior, based reports received from users. Performance Records the plant leading shale brick manufacturer operating five Ameri- can and one Clearfield grinders, well six Hatfield-Penfield dry pans, this grade steel castings outwore the manganese tires two two and one-half times, thus effecting saving from service and installation cost standpoint. another plant set these cast alloy steel tires was installed Aug. 16, 1932, and Sept. 26, 1932, after grinding 290 tons hard shale, equal 1,124,335 bricks, the tires showed not enough wear measure. Another comparison actual ser- The alloy cast steel tires were per cent worn out after 1,063,300 bricks, whereas two other tires (not alloy) were per cent worn out after 789,500 and 802,930 bricks respectively. About year ago there was in- stalled 7-ft. dry pan used for grinding sillimanite two new mul- ler tires. One tire was ordinary cast iron tire supplied the manu- facturer the dry pan and the other tire was Bethelem cast chrome- molybdenum alloy steel tire. silli- manite extremely abrasive ma- terial and causes rapid wear all dry pan parts. the end two three months the ordinary tire was grooved the center depth about in. and showed some chipping the edges, whereas the alloy steel tire showed appreciable wear any point and the edges remained sharp and unchipped. WILLIAM HARTMANN Steel Foundry Metallurgist, Bethlehem Steel Co. After about six months’ use, the ordinary tire was worn and chipped badly that had removed, while the alloy steel tire showed wear the center the grinding face depth only in. in., with the edges still free from chipping. This illustrated the accompany- ing photograph taken just before the removal the cast iron tire (on the left) which was replaced second cast alloy steel tire. After this tire test had been under way for about three months, was decided install solid wearing plates made the same alloy steel castings. six months’ use these plates showed appreciable wear. Creep Nickel-Chrome- lron Alloys Measured Research Paper No. 572, which will published the June number the Bureau Standards Journal Research, gives the results “creep” measurements series nickel- chromium-iron alloys 870 deg. (1600 deg. study was made the creep re- sistance alloys covering range from per cent nickel and from per cent chromium. The re- sults were compared with those previous investigation 538 deg. (1000 deg. F.) similar alloys. the investigation 538 deg. (1000 deg. F.) mium-iron system, was found that the alloys containing little iron, per cent the greatest resistance creep. 870 deg. (1600 deg. F.), the strongest alloys are those containing approxi- mately equal parts nickel, chro- mium and iron. attempt was made metal- lographic study distinguish between the effect structure elevated temperature alone and elevated temperature and stress combined. comparison was made between the structure specimens used the creep test and that the unstressed specimens the same alloys annealed 870 deg. (1600 deg. F.) for peri- ods ranging from 100 1000 hr. quenched iced brine from that temperature. nearly all cases the quenched specimens were similar structure the annealed materials which indicates that these alloys were not readily heat-treated. Carbide precipitation and agglom- eration the carbide the grain boundaries were most pronounced both the binary alloys and the ternary iron-chromium-nickel alloys higher chromium content. Prolonged heating, both stressed and unstressed specimens, did not produce any pronounced changes the structure the binary iron-chro- mium alloys the ternary alloys ex- cept those containing per cent more nickel. Improvements the vacuum fusion method for determination gases metals will described Lewis the Detroit meeting the American Institute Mining and Metallurg