The Iron Age 1933-07-13: Vol 132 Iss 2

delphia. der Act IRON AGE.. JULY 13, 1933 ESTABLISHED 1855 Vol. 132, No. Hitch the Big Horses MERICAN employers alone must shoulder the burden carrying out the plans the President expressed the Industrial Recovery Act. They have been asked immediately raise wages and shorten hours but defer raising prices take the increased labor costs. addition, they are told that these in- creased costs should not offset, least for the time being, the installation labor- saving machinery. the metal-working industry, hard hit company surpluses have dwindled many cases the vanishing point. Profits have been almost universally non-existent for the past two years. Many employers who would gladly raise wages immediately, because they believe they would eventually gain through the general increase purchasing power and larger vol- How About Giving Lift? come from. Bankers will not lend them and they are unable even mortgage first class real estate. the R.F.C. can lend money Russia finance the purchase American cotton, why should not permitted lend money reputable American employers bridge the gap between wage increases and ensuing profits through increased volumes? Credit boards, set trade associa- tions, could advise the R.F.C. accurately cases requesting and deserving accom- modation. Such investments, short term charac- ter, would materially expedite the recovery program and the Government would get its money back well speed reemployment. Billions for public works but not one cent for self-liquidating industry not sound principle. = +. ee By washer through which rustless steel hub caps pass. Caps are subjected mechanical scrub- bing boiling chlorinated hydrocarbons and emerge through the back high leg the machine. largest quantities the Ford Motor Co. so-called and and rustless. The former the following analysis: Carbon, 0.05 0.10 per cent; manganese, 0.30 0.45; chromium, 18; nickel, silicon, 0.15 0.30; phos- phorus, 0.04 max.; and sulphur, 0.05 max. The rustless the same analysis the and except that has maximum 0.50 per cent silicon. Physical properties these rustless steels, revealed test bars cut from representative sheets, are follows: rustless steel used 18-8 Elastic limit, per sq.in...... Ib. per sq. 75,000 in., per cent... min. min. Erickson test, per Rockwell test 75-83B C-80 Rustless steel sheets the polished state should withstand per cent salt spray for several hundred hours without showing rust spots. far salt spray correlation actual Iron Age, July 13, 1933 service concerned, not believe any definite relation can given without supposing some particular climatic conditions exposure and that good resistance salt spray indicates longer probable life. the case plated work, life service and resistance salt spray increase with the thickness the plate. author describes the prob- lems met the Ford Motor Co. using rustless steels, par- ticularly the so-called and and alloys. stresses the importance the grain size the steel, the need for special dies for drawing operations and the de- sirability avoiding extra work polishing the finished stampings. tells how rustless steel hub caps are polished, cleaned and painted. The article abstract paper read before the Spring- field and Worcester, Mass., chap- ters the American Society for Steel Treating. Ford's Experience With ustless Stee Metallurgist, Ford Motor Co. The grain size rustless steel, which seems influence the smooth- ness drawn parts, importance. When coarse-grain carbon steel drawn, often noted that rough “orange peel” surface obtained. This rustless steels, since they seem more prone develop this condition. order polish the steel mirror- like finish for bright parts, necessary polish the bottom these pits scales. also es- sential remove all oxide inclusions they would become the starting point for rust. Fortunately should these rust spots appear, they are not adherent and can easily removed washing. Considerable cost the finished articles lies the polishing, that extra work that point must avoided. This cost, course, in- fluenced mill treatment and can reduced proper steel condition. Thus the steel must watched for this. certain ex- tent any material which does not measure the standard can detected the Erickson test cup examination. has been the Ford ae a? - * Z 4 a. 4 4 | that the steel must such condi- tion form the parts for which supplied. This practice makes nec- essary close cooperation between the producing mills and the fabricating shops. The task polishing the finished stamping secondary difficulty only the primary operations, for the rustless steel sheet soft (by indentation tests) and tough that ordinary methods pol- ishing and buffing are inadequate. Accordingly Ford engineers developed large battery high-production polishing and buffing machines which handle the work automatically, al- though several hand repair operations have been found necessary. Compared with ordinary carbon steel sheets, rustless steel sheets are per cent more ductile, but the ductility decreases faster during drawing operations because its work-hardening properties. Rustless steel sheets are relatively softer and yet stiffer account their higher yield point and demand greater allowance die construction for the factor spring back. They require more pressure form, inducing severe abrasive action which produces inordinate wear dies. Thus die design must modified and special die steel used. Moreover special drawing solution for lubricating the sheets and dies required. critical the die where considerable drawing occurs, there definite tendency objectionable but this successfully offset OMING from the mechanical- chemical washer, hub caps pass over spray table painted. The oper- ator holds shield over the caps pro- tect the V-8 emblem the enamel paint the caps when they pass over openings exhaust duct. providing greater clearance these points. Strangely enough, al- though rustless steel sheets exhibit unusual work-hardening properties, has been found possible eliminate annealing preceding the operation the expanding die. first was necessary anneal before forming the filler neck, but this has been over- come punching larger hole before forming the neck. With the type progressive press used form head USTLESS steel sheets are soft and tough that ordi- nary methods pol- ishing are inadequate. Ford engineers have de- veloped high-produc- tion machines which handle automatically. lamp shells, the die made high-speed steel dnd the punch hardened carbon tool steel. present hub caps take the largest amount rustless steel the Ford car. Former hub caps smaller design and without decoration color are not interesting except note that with the present ones was necessary reinforce them with heavier backing low-carbon open- hearth steel produce the required stiffness. Present operations are blanking from strip stock, drawing, trimming, flanging and pressing, as- sembling, spinning over the edges, washing and painting. For the drawing work lubricant needed, but the blank must held snugly prevent slippage. Actually the gage the metal materially reduced. The punch well the die for this operation made chrome steel. Present operations are done separate machines. the trimming work the punch and die are made with little clearance give shearing action. They are chrome non-shrink steel. Hub caps are polished and buffed automatic machines. buffed, they are cleaned mechan- ical-chemical washer. The loading end the conveyor leading through the washer extends the balcony where the polishing machines are located. Caps pass through bath where they act cooling condensers for the vapors boiling chlorinated hydrocarbons. the washer they are subjected mechanical scrubbing with the same chemical and emerge through the back high leg the machine. Coming down from the washer, caps pass over the spray table (Concluded page 60) The Iron Age, July 13, < f 3 atk 7 rowth Gray Cast lrons RAY iron castings which are subjected repeated heatings elevated crease volume, some cases much per cent. This phenomenon, which has been fittingly characterized “growth,” was first observed more than 100 years ago, but was not until 1905 that any serious attempt was made study its causes. Since that time has been established that the growth cast iron may classified under two separate tempera- ture ranges: (A) That which takes THOMAS WOOD Bayonne Laboratory, International Nickel Inc., Bayonne, below the transformation range) the growth cast iron primarily due the decomposition iron carbide into ferrite and graphite. few in- vestigators believe that additional volume changes result from the oxida- tion silicon the iron matrix. Growth resulting from graphitization facilitated high contents silicon, carbon, and nickel (when made), and retarded high con- tents chromium and sulphur. The Plain cast iron per cent silicon showed the greatest growth, when subjected steam 900 deg. temperature, while um-copper Number Days Temperature place subcritical temperatures, and (B) that which takes place above the critical transformation range. While these two conditions are interrelated certain extent, each will con- sidered here independently the other for the purpose clarity. Causes Growth Below 1300 Deg. There seems quite general agreement that temperatures below about 1300 deg. (700 deg. C.) (or *Developed Norbury and Morgan and reported contain per cent Ni, per cent Si, per cent Cr, 1.8 per cent total and per cent Mn. 2677 Plain showed the least. Fig. Nickel-chromi- cast irons, long test 1100 deg. F., suitability for automotive cylinder blocks, because re- sistance growth and softening. Volume Increase Per Cent not clear because contradictory statements concerning the effects this element. Causes Growth Above 1300 Deg. The majority the investigators appear concur ascribing the temperatures above about 1300 deg. (700 deg. C.) the graphitiza- tion the combined carbon, the oxida- tion the silico-iron matrix, and the expansion occluded gases. ordinary cast iron, growth de- pendent upon the silicon content, high TABLE 1—GROWTH CAST IRON STEAM 900 DEG. Analysis Heat 2677 Plain 0.82 3077 2.89 2.45 1.45 3.04 1.64 13.63 3.23 Volume In- crease Per Cent After Tensile Strength, Indicated Lb. per Sq. In. Number Days fter After nal Days Days 2.99 18,400 13,840 10,600 0.45 1.22 32,840 27,200 0.00 0.36 47,000 54,760 55,200 6.48 0.00 0.23 24,050 27,720 28,400 12—The Iron Age, July 13, 1933 amounts this element favoring high permanent expansion. The ac- tion manganese with respect growth has not been clearly estab- lished. Growth may appreciably retarded the elements chromium and phosphorus. Compositions which must strong and machinable ad- dition being heat-resistant may obtained substituting for part the silicon content suitable amounts nickel, nickel and chromium. Exceptionally good growth resist- ance may obtained the more 200 300 400 600 700 highly alloyed cast irons the Ni- Resist and Nicrosilal* types. quite evident that the growth obtained repeatedly heating cast iron above the transformation range due more complex causes than that occurring the more moderate temperatures. Present Investigations growth cast iron ele- vated temperatures has been subject intensive study the Bayonne Research Laboratory the International Nickel Co. over period several years. this work pro- gressed became evident that growth could classified under the two categories indicated the review previous literature, namely, that which took place (a) sub-critical tempera- tures and (b) super-critical tempera- tures. may pointed out that in- asmuch the low temperature growth does not involve nor require trans- formational changes, only continuous heating was necessary for the tests, contrasted with the intermittent heating essential the acceleration — | Ff OF the permanent expansion occurring the higher temperatures. Low-Temperature Experimental Studies series plain and alloyed cast irons, the compositions which are shown Table were exposed within superheated steam line operating average temperature 900 deg. F., (480 deg. C.). The results these tests are shown Table with the growth data graphically represented Fig. addition the fact that the al- loyed irons are superior the plain irons growth resistance, will also observed that the strength losses the plain irons are much higher order than those the nickel- containing compositions. Indeed, the and irons % Fig. 3—Pearlitic structure normal cast iron; 1000 magnifications; per cent nital etch; cut one-half original size. showed increase strength after exposure, effect possibly due the relief casting strains. These, well other tests steam temperatures varying from 580 deg. 1100 deg. (300 600 deg. C.), failed develop any evidence oxide penetration either the plain alloyed types iron. studying the effect prolonged heating (90 hr.) 600, 800, 1000, 1200 and 1300 deg. (315, 425, 540, patented process which steel charge melted down the cupola and tapped out low-carbon cast iron containing about per cent and 0.70 per cent Mn. This iron graphitized the cupola during tapping operations suit- able additions nickel and ferrosilicon. its name implies, the outstanding characteristic this iron its high ten- sile strength. causes growth cast- ings and what compositions serve inhibit have been studied length numerous tests the research laboratory Bayonne, the International Nickel Co. investigations cover the behavior elevated temperatures well temper- atures below the critical range. They have demonstrated how nickel may used prevent delay growth and have resulted recommendations alloy cast irons for specific uses. con- nection with the laboratory work, searching survey was made the literature the subject, the scope which will indicated printing the end this article the bibliography. un- usually detailed analysis this literature compiled the author had omitted for lack space. vvv 650 and 700 deg. C.) upon cast iron, was established that tempera- tures below the critical the stability the combined carbon function the silicon content. low Si, Ni-Cr iron again displayed exceptional re- ‘sistance structural deterioration these tests. automotive cylinder blocks essential that the valve seats main- tain their hardness and not warp grow operating temperatures. While these operating temperatures are difficult determine exactly, and moreover, vary with the design the engine, nevertheless generally conceded that they are the sub- critical range. Consequently, series typical automotive compositions were selected for growth tests 1100 deg. Determinations the progres- sive losses hardness the various irons with time heating were also made. The test data are given Table II, and the curves plotted from the growth data are shown Fig. Both the growth curves and the hardness data clearly demonstrate the usefulness the high Ni-Cr composi- tion heat 2534 engineering material which resistance growth and softening are requisite. Figs. and are illustrative the manner which the combined carbon breaks down cast iron and causes growth. The pearlitic structure iron the “as cast” condition shown Fig. The deterioration the pearlite caused heating for 662 hr. 1100 deg. (600 deg. C.) shown Fig. The results these tests establish three useful compositions for applica- tions requiring resistance growth temperatures. These three irons—Ni-Tensyl, Ni-Resist, and the Ni-Cr type—offer not only resist- ture caused heating 1100 deg. (600 deg. C.) for 662 hr.; 1000 magni- fications; per cent nital etch; cut one-half original size. ance volume changes but retention strength and hardness well. second part this article will devote itself the findings tests castings elevated tempera- tures.) Rubber Coating for Metals Rubprotex, product the Rubpro- tex Laboratories, 1059 East 76th Street, Chicago, newly developed rubber product liquid form which can applied the same paint. prevents corrosion nearly all forms and claimed will protect all types metallic surfaces and equally ef- fective wood, concrete textiles. will not harden, crack become brittle under all atmospheric condi- tions and can removed from any surface using ordinary solvents such gasoline, benzol, naphtha, etc. should not applied surfaces coming contact with oils and sol- vents injurious rubber. TABLE II—STABILITY AUTOMOTIVE CAST IRONS 1100 Analysis Volume Increase, Per Cent After Indicated Number Hours 303 3.74 cece wr 00 CODD DO A~Ing OS Brinell Hardness Numbers After Heating Indicated Number Hours 113 231 350 422 542 662 196 175 143 149 143 187 126 130 124 ‘ fz | j 2540 Ni-Mo 3.21 1.99 1.03 Ni-Cr 3.41 1.97 1.73 -60 The Iron Age, July 13, ousings New Large Sheet ings the 84-in. four-high sheet mill built recently the Bliss Co. for the American Sheet Tin Plate Co. were cited Marsh, Carnegie Steel Co., his in- teresting paper “The Use Rolled Steel Machine Construction,” read the recent meeting the American Iron and Steel Institute. Further data this notable ap- plication welded steel were given Lloyd Jones, manager the Bliss company’s Salem, Ohio, plant, and originator the idea constructing these housings the manner illustra- ted. The following paragraphs em- brace not only Mr. Jones’ discussion but also that Mr. Marsh, especially the part not included the abstract THE IRON AGE June The first reference these hous- ings Mr. Marsh was connection with design for welding. Replacing forged steel, welded hous- cast iron cast steel with rolled steel, part for part, section for sec- tion, results nothing gainful, said. The best way start anew with careful analysis the function the machine and its component parts. The direction and magnitude the stresses involved should cal- culated closely possible, their relation each other studied, and then the best adapted rolled steel sec- tions should selected and combined simplest possible way. The welded steel housing the Bliss mill was cited fine example this procedure. The essential ele- ment mill housing closure, which will confine the rolls vertical alinement and permit vertical adjust- ment and vertical pressure. Obvious- ly, rectangular closure would poor one from 14—The Iron Age, July 13, 1933 stresses, rounding the ends have elongated link and insert- ing screw jack between the rolls and the inside top the link fulfills all the requirements housing. All that now necessary provide feet which will assure its maintaining vertical position. the designer had attempted reproduce conven- tional housing welded steel with all its irregularities contour and sec- tion, the result would have been en- tirely different and perhaps not prac- tical from cost standpoint. This job, Mr. Marsh pointed out, also example the help the steel maker can give the designer acquainted with all the factors in- volved. The housing was originally designed for plates in. thick, but be- cause the large percentage scrap and excessive machining, was sug- gested made thick forgings, which case allowance based the price slabs could made and the material cut from the center. This center piece amounted per cent the weight the rectangular slab from which was cut, and the allow- ance, perfectly legitimate one, made the design commercially possible. illustrating the welded housings the Bliss 84-in. four-high cold roll- ing mill, Mr. Marsh pointed out that the object the design was secure housings with equal stretch. The pri- mary idea, said, steel link set cast steel base with the screw- down mechanism self-contained with- the links. Four methods building the link were considered. The one adopt- uses four forged steel plates about in. thick, welded together. The scrap cut from the center each plate could used for rerolling and slab price allowed it, men- tioned above. This, said, brought the cost per pound below that cast steel. The fourth method considered, but not adopted the housings illustra- OUR these 33- ton links were welded together form each housing the Bliss 84-in. four-high cold rolling mill. Each link was flame-cut from thick slab, the center portion being kept the mill for rerolling. The forging cutting were done the Homestead plant the Steel forgings machined and welded, ready for assembly the 84-in. mill. Because the smoothness the flame-cut surface machining was required the ends the built-up housing links. The eight forgings that formed the housings were completed—ready for delivery—in about four weeks. Mill i ‘ ‘ ; P tw ted, was designed eliminate all scrap. consists core heavy rolled steel slabs for the sides and semi-circular steel forgings for the ends the housings. Universal mill plates the proper width were then formed around the core and shrunk on. These bands were made halves, butt welded, and the welds the successive layers would be, course, staggered. Some weld- ing was also contemplated along the edges. addition eliminating scrap this method permits building housings almost any size. view (above) 84-in. cold rolling mill, assembled horizontal posi- tion, showing the laminated type housings, and the type screw-down employed. Mr. Jones, his discussion Mr. Marsh’s paper, pointed out that the 84-in. mill mentioned believed the most powerful cold rolling mill ever built. Backing rolls are in. diameter and working rolls, 20% in. diameter. The screw-down 000,000 13,000,000 Reasons for making the housings welded steel included quick delivery raw materials. Eight forgings weigh- Made Welded Forged Steel ing about tons were forged, torch cut and rough machined and ready for shipping four weeks time. Two equivalent cast steel housings weigh- ing 110 tons each would require two three times long delivery, said Mr. Jones. Another reason was better mate- rial, due absence shrinkage strains, blow holes and other imper- fections frequently occurring large steel castings. third reason was easy transportation; the housings could shipped sections, special cars were required. Better machine- ability due absence hard chilled spots, was another factor. Finally, uniformity physical properties was considered advantage. the roll- ing wide material accurate gage, extremely important that the elongation the two mill housings under load shall practically the same. This particularly true, said Mr. Jones, when you are trying maintain gage variation over the entire width plus minus one- half thousandths (0.0005 in.). The built-up type housing using multiple links welded universal plate, one shrunk over the other (the fourth type mentioned Mr. Marsh) was said have many desirable char- acteristics and worthy care- ful consideration. “From the illustrations may seen that carefully analyzing the machine and paying close attention (Concluded page 60) 84-in. four-high cold rolling mill (below) horizontal position, partly assembled. Working rolls are in. and backing rolls in. diameter, 84-in. wide. The capacity for strips sheets 72-in. wide. The screw-down capable exerting pressure 12,000,000 The Iron Age, July 13, 1933—15 Ke: 1. + - t \- e ¥ New Method for Determining| result numerous attempts avoid the use hydrogen sulphide for the rapid and ac- curate determination molybdenum alloy steels, the following discovery was made George Warren Johnson the Park Works laboratory the Crucible Steel Co. America. the molybdenum acid solution reduced the well-known stan- nous chloride method and the usual red color developed with KCNS, next adding cinchonine this red colored solution, molybdenum quickly separates red violet compound. color, this substance, which new us, reminds one the dimethyl- glyoxime precipitate from nickel so- lutions. This “new” composition precipitate. The red color quite permanent, far, the laboratory atmosphere. The precipitate turkey red when moist and dries out handsome pale rose shade, and impalpable, rouge-like texture. Other reducing agents can used instead stannous chloride. For ex- ample: Reduce the iron and molyb- Then add KCNS NH,CNS and method, the precipitate separates pale pink formation interspersed through liquid cloudy with white sulphur. Color varies from pink red depending the amount present. Gravimetric Value attempting use this compound for gravimetric determination molybdenum, was found that cop- per co-precipitated the H.S method. was also noted that gravi- metric results, fairly close the act- ual molybdenum per cent, could ob- tained the usual run molybdenum steels and that neither Cr, Mn, Fe, nor interferes. But certain amount tin mechanically brought down, the removal which causes too much lost time. have also Methods for Chemical Analysis Special Steels, 587, fourth edition; John Wiley Sons Co., Inc. “Rapid Methods for Analysis Special Steels,” 592. 16—The Iron Age, July 13, 1933 DR. MORRIS JOHNSON Chief Chemist, Park Works, Crucible Steel Co. America found that fairly accurate and rapid quantitative determinations molyb- denum can made with thiosulphate alone. was decided try combination method, reducing with thiosul- phate instead tin salt. This scheme promises eliminate H.S from the iron and steel laboratory, providing one uses Johnson’s KCNS method for copper steel’ and elec- trolytic separations for brasses and bronzes. this point, the dangers breathing, daily, laboratory air mixed with This gas will kill mouse quickly hydrocyanic acid gas. have tried Pittsburgh mice. The writer knows, personally, one chem- ist charge laboratory that was incapacitated for months from working continuously with this gas. was not the employ the Crucible Steel Co. The discoverer this red compound molybdenum cinchonine and cyan- ate was also laid several times with H.S poisoning. Two others were sickened our force. once overcome, the victim more sensitive bad effects later exposures. Method (A), Approximately Quanti- tative Method for Preparation Red Pigment Weigh and gm. drillings into 600 ml. beakers. Add 200 ml. 1:7 Heat till decomposed. Remove from the heater. Add drops per cent Boil minute. Rinse lid and sides down and dilute original volume. Add 100 ml. Then ml. KCNS (50 gm. 1000 ml. Next stir ml. HCl (1.20 sp. g.). Then dilute the 2000 ml. Keep metallic tin shot this solution. After introducing the ml. SnCh, add once ml. cinchonine alkaloid solution (125 gm. the alka- loid dissolved 1000 ml. 1:1 The cinchonine addition almost instant precipitation, the cold, the highly colored compound with cinchonine and KCSN. This precipitate filtered, and washed with ml. cinchonine solu- The precipitate rapidly dissolves water alone. This precipitate ignited lowest red porcelain crucible mix- ture MoO;, CuO, and some tin. weighing this ash and extracting same with conc. several times, and again ashing the ammonia insoluble; weighing and deducting the weight from the first main ash, the and CuO are gotten difference. The blue solution titrated with KCN and the found calculated CuO and deducted from the MoO, CuO weight the method. Always evaporate the dry- ness with drops conc. HNO; be- fore extracting with conc. stated, the method only approxi- RESULTS OBTAINED METHOD (C) COMPARED WITH OTHERS Per Cent Bureau Standards, (C). Per Cent Method Per Cent 0.92 0.92 0.915 and 0.930 No. 106 Nitralloy.......... 0.17 0.163 0.170 0.71 0.70 Average Four Laboratories ammonia 2.983 2.95, 2.96 per cent steel No. 9426 3.02 2.97, 2.9 No. standard required two ammonia extractions. All others were one extrac- tion (C) unless otherwise indicated. j { Oomrorod & olybdenum Alloy and Plain Steels HIS article records the discov- ery new compound molybdenum and that connec- tion the development new method for the rapid and accurate determination molybdenum steels. This gravimetric meth- od, employing precipitation with cinchonine alkaloid, forming red colored compound. the new compound has been given the name “Johnson’s Molyb- denum Red,” tribute the discoverer, George Warren John- son. The development the re- sult numerous attempts avoid the use hydrogen sulphide, and therefore eliminate the seri- ous dangers breathing labora- tory air mixed with that gas. Other new methods analysis, such ascertaining aluminum and steels, will outlined shortly these columns Dr. Johnson. rounded-out coverage the current problems the steel works’ chemist, from one who has had intensive experience with the newer alloys, the proposed series articles should properly tied the author’s notable contribu- tion THE IRON AGE Feb. 12, 1931, detailing methods analyz- ing for carbon rustless steels. (Publication permission executive department, Crucible Steel Co. America.) mately correct account tin resi- due having repeatedly extracted with remove all Quantitative Method for Molybdenum Precipitation With Sodium Thio- sulphate This way has given satisfactory re- sults about 0.50 per cent Mo, but percentages the order 0.90, far, are several hundredths too low, the average, compared stand- ard H.S method.’ Method (B) Weigh and into 600 beakers. Add 300 ml. 1:7 and heat until decomposed. Add drops (30 per cent) the warm (not boiling) solution the steel. Boil min. and cool. Dilute orig- inal volume and add 100 ml. Add cold solution ml. sodium thiosulphate (500 gm. 1000 ml. Heat boiling and boil min. Filter and wash times with ml. sul- phurous acid solution, about per cent 500 Ignite the brown sulphide porcelain together with the copper sulphide lowest red and finish for method. Method (C) This method combination (A) and (B) and gives accurate re- sults for all steels, i.e., accurate enough meet the exacting require- ments present-day specifications. Results will check, other words, within 0.01 0.02 per cent steel the order 0.90 1.00 per cent Mo. The qualitative value unsurpassed; 0.06 per cent easily detected. Dissolve and gm. 600 ml. beakers with 300 ml. 1:7 and heat until decomposed. Remove from heater. Add drops (30 per cent). Boil min., cool, dilute original volume 300 ml. and add 100 ml. Then pour ml. KCNS solution and stir mix the solution. Add ml. cinchonine alka- loid and again stir thoroughly. Now add ml. (20 g.) sodium thiosul- phate and stir. The appears once salmon colored precipitate the midst white sulphur cloud. low percentages, the order 0.10 per cent, the pink coloration slight. Continue stirring until the pale pink precipitate coagulates. This takes about min. Now heat till hot, i.e., 160-170 deg. but not boiling, i.e., bring just temperature and remove once from the heater. Filter through double No. 12.5-cm. ashless rapid filter papers. not mix any paper pulp with the precipitate but put %-in. diameter ball wet filter pulp the bottom the cone filter papers before starting the filtrations. All these precautions have been found neces- sary secure filterable and washable precipitates. other words, precipi- tates that not cling tenaciously the beaker walls and that can washed free the excess thiosul- phate, Ashless paper moistened with the wash makes good scrubber. Wash the precipitate and pulp times with cold wash consisting ml. per cent sulphurous acid water plus ml. cinchonine solution diluted with 500 ml. Ignite lowest red porcelain crucibles; cool; weigh and evaporate dry with drops conc. HNO;; then extract the MoO, and CuO with ml. conc. NH.OH, heating min. just below boiling; filter out insoluble through single No. 9-cm. ashless paper. Wash times with fine jet cold water. should not over ml. for titration the blue copper with standard KCN. Before titrating, neutralize the excess ammonia with conc. HCl from dropping bottle till blue disap- pears. Then cool and add conc. NH.OH until just blue and six drops excess. This get the best con- ditions for the KCN titration the copper. The calculated CuO and deducted from the MoO; and CuO weight. This weight gotten ash- ing the insolubles from the ammonia extraction; weighing ash, and de- ducting this weight from that the first crude MoO; etc. The ammonia insolubles are washed ten times only with water remove the blue color the copper. This filtrate and washings are reserved for the KCN titration already de- scribed. The insolubles washed ten times more; ignited free char and weighed, and deducted stated from crude CuO weight. Analytical data have been obtained this laboratory which indicate that this red-purple compound molyb- denum prepared varies somewhat composition. One lot gave anal- ysis corresponding more recent batch nearer This variation, believe, due occluded sulphur. Unless develops, later, that some- where the published chemical liter- ature there exists record this red compound molybdenum with cin- chonine, are inclined christen Molybdenum Red.” The Iron Age, July 13, i, q j : AG, | 2y q e i- he ). X= 1e ( “gt e; N j { > nia nia q New Things Materials Coating Metals With Aluminum Tungsten LATING coating metals, such iron steel, old art, one the oldest. And yet new develop- ments are coming light constantly. fact two are the threshold announcement—tungsten and alumi- num coatings. Preliminary but somewhat meagre announcements have been made but detailed facts are yet available. They will soon. Perfection electro- plating tungsten has reached the final stages with results that are sure Coating steel with aluminum claimed successful. From the display which have seen some the results, there appears wide possible use for aluminum coated ma- terial. The aluminum not applied electrolytic methods—attempts this have never proven com- mercially successful. Electroplating With Rhodium the same field the electroplating rhodium—a rare metal. Facts regarding this were presented before the annual spring meeting the Electrochemical Society May, Montreal. paper, “Electroplat- ing Rhodium,” Dr. Colin Fink, Columbia University, New York, and secretary the society, the process was described. There are several interesting industrial appli- cations, which particulars may shortly forthcoming. New Method for Heat- Treating Rails method for heat-treating steel rails has been perfected. Patent negotiations, however, are holding announcements. The rails after treatment are said stand very good drop tests; also careful etching tests regular intervals show them free from shatter cracks. this connection recalled that few years ago method heat- treating rails was proposed which consisted suspending them from one end during the process, thus pre- vent distortion. Several other heat- 18—The Iron Age, July 13, 1933 HATS what store for the metal working industry the term could well apply the budget informative items here assembled. Notable developments now under way such fields metallurgy, heat treatment and protective coatings are covered particular, and Mr. Cone promises discuss others the same order from time time. treating methods have been advanced but none has been generally adopted yet. The steel rail, one our most important products, has never been subjected heat treatment commercial scale, except the Sandberg air-blast process. Signal Progress Alloy Steel Castings ITTING during the deliberations the sub-committee alloy steel castings the A.S.T.M. New York, which formulated tentative specifica- tions early March, one was deeply impressed with the striking progress made this branch the foundry industry. This especially true the case the writer who, while once active that interesting department years ago) has been out touch with some the details the progress registered. Back the 1900’s, simple full annealing was the only heat treatment then practiced, and tensile strengths 80,000 90,000 per sq. in. were the highest obtainable. The new specifications, made public June the society’s annual convention Chicago, reveal de- tail and concentrated form the signal progress. Today, tensile strengths 150,000 Ib. per sq. in. are now common practice with suit- able elastic and ductile properties. Three heat treatments, now regular practice, are responsible for these en- hanced values. These include, beside full annealing, normalizing and liquid quenching and drawing. Only few years ago, quenching and drawing steel casting was regarded heat treatment heresy and years ago was applied only forgings and tool steels. Today steel castings are many cases the equal forgings which they are often replacing. Nor they need replaced with welded structures. New Light Gray Iron Castings the same series meetings, re- ferred the foregoing para- graphs, there was opportunity listen the proceedings sub- committee A-3 the A.S.T.M. gray iron castings. One was filled with admiration one listened the story the completion ex- haustive set research tests the impact values many grades gray iron. These data will also presented the convention Chicago June. They will reveal facts which will demonstrate the excellent impact properties certain gray believed such comprehensive in- vestigation has even been completed, here abroad. This another demonstration the growing con- sciousness that gray iron has means lost its “place the sun.” Beryllium the Front NCREASING interest being dis- played the rare lium. Its possibilities, when alloyed with certain metals, are evidently quite revolutionary and valuable. This been made public. American company now mar- keting “master alloy copper and beryllium containing 12.5 per cent Be. This offered basic raw material with which introduce beryllium into copper and brass prod- ucts. The same alloy also imported. Reduction beryllium from its ore the difficult and expensive problem. The German method electrolytic re- duction fused mixture containing fluorides while the American said involve the chlorides. Both are analogous the electric fusion proc- ess for aluminum. Predictions wide use beryllium alloy steel and iron seem reasonable—at least soon the metal becomes cheaper. Greater Use Wrought Iron developments wrought iron products are about an- nounced which are said insure new properties and uses for one the oldest materials. Details are not available now but publication will possible the near future. in- dicated that, special methods manufacture and manipulation mixtures, new forms the material are possible which are claimed in- sure engineering and industrial uses not heretofore employed. Alloying not feature these developments. Titanium Solves Problem HETHER welding high temperature service, early use the and type rustless steels developed serious defects failures. This was given the name carbide precipitation—a type intergranu- lar corrosion. resulted break- down the steel. There have been many research studies overcome this tendency and several solutions have been found. successful procedure add titanium the steel. This claimed prevent the phenomenon carbide precipitation under mentioned. The usual amount titanium required has been found addition about five times the carbon content. Thus rustless steel 0.10 per cent carbon would require about 0.50 per cent titanium. Already there has appeared increased de- mand for titanium-bearing materials from the rustless steel makers. An- nouncement recently the United States Steel Corpn., “Stabilized and calls for the use titanium but the real factor re- ported the heat treatment em- ployed. Three Methods Making Rustless Steels HERE are three general methods producing the chrome irons the chromium-nickel steels—the rust- less steels. The one most general use add very low-carbon fer- rochromium the steel bath which has been processed very low- content. this way high- chromium steel possible with low- carbon content. The nickel may added when called for. second method called the direct method—reducing the chromium di- rect during the melting down and refining process, using high-chrom- ium ore the source the chromium. The third and probably the most recent method obtain the high- chromium content replacing the ore with high-carbon per cent) ferrochromium. the two latter processes which have figured prominently the recent celebrated patent suit. All the rust- less steels are made the electric furnace process. not all unlikely that the not far distant future will pos- sible make these steels the open- EDWIN CONE hearth process. This might well result lower prices for rustless steels. Alloy Steel Definition Needed HAT alloy steel? When shall have definition which can quite generally accepted? planned discuss this subject more detail these columns later. Prop- interpretation essential, particu- larly the collection statistics. medium manganese steel (1.00 1.75 per cent Mn) alloy steel? Also vanadium steel containing 0.10 0.20 per cent alloy steel? Similar questions pertain molybdenum and copper steels, for some claim all these are not the alloy class. Evidently uniform classification desirable for statistical and other reasons. Crane Chains and Slings Stored Floor Pits ITS located the floor under crane runways are utilized for the handy storage chains, ropes and wire slings the Ingersoll Milling Machine Co., Rockford, These pits extend along the wall close the building columns and occupy unim- portant space. However, the pits are covered hinged steel-plate covers that are flush with the floor that except for the time when cover chain there actual loss usable live floor space. Stenciled the wall opposite each pit section are the designations the = ¥ | chains, ropes slings that belong the section. Therefore operators al- ways know exactly where find the equipment needed. This scheme time saver and convenient. The pits are formed concrete trough which was poured when the floor was laid. 3-ft. intervals are steel guides that permit the insertion steel-plate partitions. The pits are ft. deep and ft. wide and the length compartment can suited partitions. The covers are 3-ft. sec- tions and match with the partitioned sections. 4 q 7 The Iron Age, July 13, Fo = | x - 2 2 S- y q 4 HOWARD COONLEY President, Walworth Co. ITH the recent passage the Industrial Recovery Act, in- dustry faces journey into uncharted territory, which many appears fraught with danger. Even the most courageous executive will admit that untried and therefore the goal the journey bit proble- 1931 and 1932, discussed with many groups and individuals that in- teresting question when the depres- sion would end and what would cause its demise. There was one answer and one alone. there was una- nimity opinion. That was that the end would come only when found vigorous and intelligent leadership. life-long Republican, was naturally timid the change Dem- ocratic control last March. During the War, had come contact with Franklin Roosevelt and that time had failed discover those qualities greatness which has since dis- played. The amazing change which has brought about since his in- auguration makes realize how out focus must have been lens estimate his latent power. The leadership which have all Can and Should Adjust Itself Meet the New Conditions,” says Howard Coonley. prayed for has come. inevitable that this leadership should have its motive-power new ideas and, because new, some extent experimental ones. The fact that industry has been pulled out the mire straps should make all ready accept these innovations and back this new leadership with optimistic en- thusiasm. Certainly there ample and tan- gible evidence the benefits the Groups competitors who never sat about table before been brought together cooperative dis- cussion ways and means meet the requirements the Recovery Act. Some who have heretofore met timid consultation have been drawn into full and frank discussions their common interests. Vast good must come from such gatherings. Over many years, American indus- try has demonstrated its ability progress. The generation does not lack the acumen the breadth mind adapt itself the new situation. journeys about the country have been constant during the past year and have stimulated be- lief the resiliency the average American. Six months ago found business men generally state mind that indicated dazed condition, which amounted almost apathy. Today they are full life and energy. Some are still disturbed lest find ourselves jumping from the frying pan into the fire. But even this frame mind disappearing. Upon recent trip the Middle West, was greatly stimulated finding large groups actively work setting their own house order. Industry can and should adjust itself meet the new conditions. have sufficient faith the Ameri- can business man believe that entirely ready pay wage that will make possible for our working people maintain good standard living and have enough left over indulge modest luxuries. believe that all these business men ask re- turn fair margin profit that will enable them rebuild their de- pleted working capital and pay their stockholders reasonable return for the money which they have in- vested. Further, feel that know the working man well enough affirm that more interested good working conditions and freedom from the devastating worry caused 20—The Iron Age, July 13, 1933 I € u Cc Ci n t] if the Bear Before You Sell the Skin,” says Moore. inadequate pay envelope than par- ticipation the management the business from which gains his live- lihood. wants and deserves proper amount opportunity for self- expression. seeks and should have information the standing the company with which has cast his lot, the soundness its financial structure and the foundation upon which its policies are laid. will happiest under those conditions di- rect cooperation between employer and employee which recognize the American plan. Howard Coonley. Act, American business has un- usually effective instrument, pro- vided American business men make use properly and sincerely with good will. great good does not come out this act will another proof the incompetence Ameri- can business leadership added the many serious failures this leader- ship during the past four years. the National Industrial Recovery believe that sincere good will the single great necessity operating trade associations under the Indus- trial Recovery Act. This some- thing which cannot legislated into being, must come voluntarily from leaders the various industries their common sense contribution. The real task trade associa- tion put its industry sound earning basis. The functions as- sociations the capital goods class are: The establishment and mainte- nance good spread between manu- facturing costs and selling prices, the doing away with unfair trade prac- tices and raising the collective mo- rale the industry point where can resist all efforts purchase be- low prices which give fair return the seller. opinion that trade prac- tices are little amenable regu- lation law personal habits have proven under prohibition. The whole subject outside the law, the realm public opinion. the final analy- sis the public opinion created within each industry will the only real force any value. The collective good will and opinion its members and their voluntary submission what each one knows right the matter trade practices offers indus- MOORE Chairman-of-the-Board Manning, Maxwell Moore, Inc. try opportunity profit greatly under the Industrial Recovery Act. Good wages and good hours work are obviously dependent healthy condition each specific in- dustry throughout the nation that needless comment this self- evident fact. And equally clear that only earning substantial and steady profits can industry keep healthy and keep alive. squabble about the division earnings any industry before earn- ings are assured cooperative action with good will, like selling the bear skin before killing the bear, from the days our cave men ancestors sim- ple-minded piece folly. Every trade association’s first job killing its bear, earning profits, afterwards its second job dividing the bear skin. The Industrial Recovery Act, be- lieve, recognizes these two jobs clear- and the above order. gives every essential power accomplish both jobs. Success recovery de- pends upon how American business men use their opportunities build honest earnings and make honest distribution earnings. Moore. the Only Force Real Value” eet hat that the good yan The Iron Age, July 13, Non-Ferrous Sessions Chicago session the annual meet- ing the American Society for Testing Materials held last week was devoted non-ferrous metals. Bearing alloys particularly for use for automobile bearings was the outstanding subject study the physical properties certain.tin base and cadmium base bearing alloys was the subject paper entitled Comparison Cer- White-Metal Bearing Alloys Particularly Elevated Tempera- tures” that was prepared Swartz and Phillips, American Smelting Refining Company, Mau- rer, J., and presented the for- mer. The authors pointed out that in- creased interest being shown white metal bearing alloys for use automobile motors which due, least part, the trend toward higher compression, higher speed and more sustained speed motors neces- sitating the use bearing composi- tion that will withstand this more se- vere service. Methods testing and results obtained were given the pa- per which Mr. Swartz said was offer- showing results preliminary tests cadmium base bearing alloys made temperatures which bear- ings are subjected while service. The cadmium base bearings were found first class condition after be- ing given severe road service test. The authors found that comparing the physical properties tin base babbitts and cadmium nickel bearing alloys, especially elevated tempera- tures, the latter showed superiority. The authors drew the following con- clusions from the data obtained: The compressive strength cadmium nickel bearing alloy greater all temperatures investigated than the ordinary tin base babbitt. The soft- ening point the al- loy higher than that any tin base babbitts now use. Creep tests in- dicate much higher order creep resistance the cadmium nickel than the tin alloy. Elongation and re- duction area show that both alloys are about alike ductility. The hard- ness the cadmium nickel alloy was greater all temperatures studied than the hardness the tin babbitt. However, micro hardness measure- ments showed that the cadmium nickel alloy not too hard act bearing contact for the softest steel shaft. The cadmium nickel alloy, un- like other cadmium alloys, capable well brass and bronze, the