The Iron Age 1932-06-30: Vol 129 Iss 26

—< THE IRON ESTABLISHED 1855 NEW YORK, JUNE 30, 1932 New Plant Location the Way Out? intense price competition go- ing today many manufacturing concerns con- sider the final and drastic step re- ducing costs—moving the factory new location where large savings space, labor and transportation may possible. Many these manufacturers are doubtful whether they can really save any worthwhile amount moving, consolidating several plants into one, otherwise rearranging production geographically. Most the firms contacted the writer seem have three questions their minds: Great Diversity Costs the United States Answering the first question, obvious that large city has hig living costs demand for labor than most small ones, with consequent higher wages. Labor steady one section and troublesome an- other. Freight costs vary widely and are not uniform they might be. Nearness customers changes new customers are gained and old ones drop out. The present plant may old unsuitable, while better one elsewhere may picked bar- gain. fact, different costs and condi- tions are inevitable large coun- try like our own, with big cities and small ones, with native labor and JOHN PIQUET & unremitting pressure the depression has forced manufac- turers consider every possible means reducing cost. One step, which usually thought last, because the many-sided prob- new location. Factors that must weighed relocating plant are outlined the accompanying article. tte n KIT I and t t 1 freight rat equa differ accomp! rent run and ne I i i ] j Ne arness certain mean great 4 good to I ) I te | on co | ma fir ] ne r ongs tine Fewer manufacturers are today than formerly, largely they not actually know what save through loca and because they feel they canr finance the costs moving manufacturers have involved selves ownership expen do Vant ave tr ind clu aper loca n r manuf turing Any honest manu turer with liable record can have his moving financed paid for most the towns which may moving Factor bargali: ind. matter heap labor hye in the big center al vays cheaper the smaller cit manufacturer who knows his ness and can handle labor and efficient way need not have great lity organizing a new \ arge nutac irer ig rt nd prospering there tor ‘ planning » e to me er city ne etter iilding er r t la re central etal cabinet concer New ne tnere tr g g te 1 smaller t for tl Arne ‘ - Pennsylvania and ett near there | ire ist completing e-story pla 50,000 f , to emt ) 150 er mall town Slatington, the main line Le- Valley Railroad, 115 from Yor Tr company makes r isehold ash trays and stand other — ‘ | Vol. 129, No. q | | | ( 1 Can lower et founda other ana ectior ~ Are many manufacturer noving t r cor ering a move q i | 7 Ae Evernu Lamp Co. Brooklyn 385 1385 metal products. sells nationally. The foundry from which has been securing its castings located but few miles from Slatington, thus sav- ing the former freight New York. The type labor Pennsylvania German, native stock unmatched for stability and hard work when fairly treated. Location the main line insures fast service the West, well as to other points. Incidentally, Diesel oil engines will used for power. small space will retained making allied line, and obtained good one-story plant 50,000 sq. ft., trained labor and the nearby presence important customers. The moving equipment was accomplished dur- ing the slow season the company’s own trucks, small expense and with little loss business. Still another form moving use surplus space another plant. manufacturer gas ranges New England, housed old buildings town with costs, has = 4. Ideal for seaplane manufacture. The Glenn Martin Co. plant, near Baltimore, large site and airport with miles waterfrontage Chesapeake Bay. Brooklyn serve certain New York customers. Through this move the Evernu Lamp Co. obtains location near the source its castings, fast trans- portation chief markets, better laid-out plant, and workers with low living costs pleasant environ- ment. Slatington only miles from the labor center Allentown, Pa., the company can secure addi- tional workers should exhaust the supply, lay off workers necessary without feeling that the tter will become penniless. ( Another form relocation move into the plant competitor allied line, thus obtaining trained labor and suitable plant equipment. The Jackson Tube Brooklyn, maker steel tubes for metal beds, stands, velocipedes, etc., was awk- ward quarters for efficient operation. Much its business was west New York. bought the plant and business the Newark Tube Co., 1386—The Iron Age, June 1932 moved most the production un- used space large foundry and ma- chine shop concern Pennsylvania, located small center near larger city, where finds space, steadier labor lower rate, and good transportation. The depression seems reviv- ing old customs the case small manufacturer metal shop equip- ment, who has asked the writer find plant with water-power, located some small town. This con- cern now located large metro- politan area where labor, taxes and power are high. There are, fact, many available tered throughout the industrial sec- tions the country. New Lines Industry Locate Economically The newer line= industry are nat- urally more free locate where they will than old industries warped custom and heavy investment. ex- ample rayon plants the South small centers, where labor, land and materials are low cost. Aviation manufacturing started many cities, but some the best plants this line have chosen what are probably among the most scientific locations. The Glenn Martin Co., one the leading manufacturers planes, chose Baltimore ideal site for its purposes, because the following reasons given the company: First, Baltimore convenient Wash- ington, where both Government and pri- vate interests buy planes Second, Baltimore centrally located between North and South, and has a shorter freight haul the interior the country than any other large seaport on the Atlantic. has ample labor all kinds at reasonable rates. Third, Baltimore harbor in spacious Chesapeake Bay is exceptionally good for seaplane manufacture because free from fog storm; temperatures are mod- rate and the harbor rarely has ice; the tidal range, factor primary impor- tance with seaplanes, only Finally, the more important materials used in plane manufacture are available from convenient distances, The Martin plant beautiful one- story structure located miles from the center Baltimore, site 1042 acres, with airport included. The site peninsula jutting into Chesapeake Bay, and has miles waterfront three sides. Chesa- peake Bay, with 170 miles protected inland waterway from the Atlantic Ocean north Baltimore, offers ideal safe route for airplanes and sea- planes, well vast testing sur- face for seaplane manufacture. General Aviation Corpn., subsidi- ary General Motors, another im- portant aviation company that located Baltimore recent years. While the immediate cause was the avail- ability the new Curtiss-Caproni airplane plant, built for the latter but never occupied, nevertheless the other causes for the location were those given above. Every merger has consider plant location the right sort im- portant purpose the merger itself. interesting example, which may result complete new location the not distant future, merger four companies making similar allied lines machinery and metal equipment light and medium- heavy nature. Sales efforts were con- solidated. consolidation factory production was blocked because the four former owners wished hang their old plants and not lose their identity. Two the plants now have insufficient business warrant two extra overheads. third plant rented space that too small and too many floors. The fourth plant too far away for efficient in- ter-company direction and transporta- tion product. large extra land site storage space and testing ground needed. The amount cash | 7 ‘ as a> — ~ | 3 q story plant Addressograph-Multi- graph Co. Euclid, Latest maximum window and roof illumination. 2 7 4 serve for dividends stockholders. $300,000 year; second, upkeep two this case, the latest word that plants that might not sold; and the declining business the first two this case Plant was old, and third, cost moving heavy machine plants will force consolidation into one the equipment moved was light. tool central plant the best possible lo- cation. When Plants Should Not Why Many New Plants Are Consolidated One-Story Construction When Plants Are Consolidated many cases companies with sev- Middle West had three plant plant location, for lines in- eral plants should consolidate them dustry, the possibility finding under one roof. The decision depends lar main the tropo- The cost cluding future prospects. clear-cut located small cities within cent that multi-story = , 1a rt was a wn 1A made 11,000,000 parts yearly for Plant which finished and assembled showed the advantages continuous supervision, and the elimination double handling and loading: 19,708 193.7 Savings yearly, through elimina- tion of supervision, indirect $ $0,000 Savings in Moving B and C to A Location Elimination double handling Elimination boilers, repairs, DVERTISING Nelson Works, maker truck n — 1 ~ — ECENTLY manufacturer large steel forgings produced roll some in. diameter ft. length, weighing nearly 150 tons. Even today, when the in- dustrial world accustomed works large magnitude, this note- worthy accomplishment. Yet was only the outgrowth art that has been understood since the dawn civilization. have more less authentic data that the use rolls dates back prehistoric times. entirely probable tha means facilitate the movement avy objects rollers were used the people the Stone Age, the uilders Solomon’s and the Egyptians the construction their great pyramids. Coincidentally, lls were used for crushing grain, and herein lies the differentiation the two fundamental uses. Even today, the function rolls used conveying material and material. also have combinations the two sys which both functi I ned, other here the ar¢ ribed, have another hich roll introduces i Examples Roll Applications ving exa vill illu t evel! condi menti ied eyor rollers are used sim ipport the belt that terial, Fig igar-Cal the juice cells, and juice, Fig. four Fig. rollers used simply support the belt that carries the material. Fig. crushing rolls disintegrate the cane, open the high rolling mill includes pair working rolls small diameter which act upon the material, and these are turn backed backing rolls which merely take the load but not act upon the material, Fig. and the paper dryers paper ma- chine which convey paper and impart heat for drying, summary, might safely divide rollers and rolls into two generally ac- cepted classes work, rollers where transportation effected and rolls where the material acted upon di- rect. The latter application will considered the ensuing discussion. Generally, rolls are cylindrical form, with “necks” both ends the “body.” The necks are usually extended include fluted portion called “wabbler” which the roll rotated (Fig. 5). The means which rolls are rotated varies widely, some having simple portion with keyway, and with square extension, but the fluted wabbler with three more grooves perhaps the most common means. Journals are either for sleeve bearings for anti-friction bearings, he latter having been develoy ed quite machine element, the roll roller common any other ele- ment, and some cases, such roll- ing mills, rubber mills, forms the basic part the machine. such, its functioning twofold, i.e., its re- lationship the other elements the and the nature its per- nance upon the material Metal rolling basically juice cells and squeeze out the juice. (At right.) 1388—The Iron Age, June 30, 1932 velopment the forging process which the rolls act directly upon the material. follows, therefore, that the rolls must strong and tough and have hard, dense surface. smooth, Rolls Made Various Materials The material which rolls are made varies widely their usage. ranges from rubber covered the hardest tool steel, and includes such materials granite, porous cast iron for sugar-cane crushing rolls, and chilled cast iron, and the method manufacture peculiar the ma- terial. The earliest known forms were wood, usually tree trunk cut suitable length. This was followed stone that was chipped nearly indrical and gradually worn smooth extended use. The exact date the introduction metal material for rolls not known, but can safely placed some time prior the beginning the Christian era. From that time the present the change manufac- turing methods and design rolls has been spasmodic, sometimes under- going change the basic idea for periods century more. About 1806 the old Garrison Works Pittsburgh said have poured the first cast-iron roll having chilled surface. The accomplishment was far advance its time, the iron roll with chilled surface passed roll material for more than 100 years. The event, aside from its importance the rolling mill in- dustry, started the research into im- proved methods machining hard ASS Bagasse A A \ > — — =, recently. | ror? rolled. cane Rollers = | ~ >. 4 / t x aa materials which carried with creasing intensity even today. Steel Rolls Followed Product The first material offered provement chilled iron roll terial was steel; its use, however, was more less limited because sur- face comparable with that chilled iron was obtainable only the very sizes tempering. Even ground the extremely large sizes, unheat-treated chilled iron was quired where great density and hard ness surface was necessary these large sizes. Following the steel roll, the alloy irons were developed. While still lim- ited somewhat size, the alloy iron rolls are the first threaten the supremacy chilled iron. Rolls are now produced with surfaces consider- ably harder than the tools used the early part the nineteenth century. While chilled iron machinable, and was successfully tooled for 100 years, the new alloy rolls are classed eco- nomically unmachinable. Prior the introduction all (steam heated) ‘ CARL MOREY Consulting Engineer, Big Rapids, Mich RINDING has been used for many years produce the smooth surface necessary plain rolls for metal rolling. From the com- paratively light, highly sensitive early machine, the roll grinder has developed, especially since the advent alloy iron rolls, into much heavier unit capable roughing well The next step polishing and buffing, says Mr. Morey, this article, which, the first series four, outlines also the various uses rolls and the mate- rials used their ron, in act on i ig the grinding process introduced nishing operation method weve! Vas not univer | accepted ntil a ! iter dat } Y ore t Od 7 } } | V¥Ork = AAA Fig. the four-high rolling mill the pair small diameter working rolls that act upon the terial are backed rolls that merely take the load nany applications, chilied iron were machined approximate size and form, later finished grinding. Since the alloy iron rol must ground rough, machines for his must rugged Therefore, roll today sti k removing ’ well as Early Roll Grinders Sensitive we i K er the ve ment the tools for finishing note that the lathe roughing and finishing the most rugged and simple type that can be dev ised The case the grinder mewhat lifferent. Early roll grinders were extremely light and sensitive. Sensi tiveness was built into them. This was “swing rest” grinder, which employed two wheels and swinging car- riage. The introduction of single-wheel machines caused reversal the idea and required highly rigid machine even for finishing cuts only; and to- ay, where the grinder also roughing tool, this rigidity idea Regarding the rolls, the grinding methods produced far bet- ter surface than the lathe, although only question time until the surface rolls will polished and uffed. Aside from the fact that highly polished roll surface produces better work the life the roll surface materially prolonged. therefore, that the polished and buffed roll expected the very near future. fact, research along these lines now under way group the nation’s most important builders grinding and polishing equipment. Fig. dryers paper machine convey the unfin ished paper and impart heat for drying left Fig. 5.—Roll necks are usually extended include which the roll rotated. The Iron Age, June 30, 1932—1389 a ‘ } . 4 | | f \ ‘ 35 1 ; | 4 =. \ \ \ \' \ / WAITE General Manager, Higley Machine Co. NCREASES population (Below) and dis- tances separating units population, made produce Quantity order that the many, widely separated, might served one and the same time. Seasons were fluence. Fast transportation became necessity. Barter Days’ Above the addition the things used his immediate family, made quanti- ties with the intent trading them for other things. The traded with the original Maker (Above) has ex- panded into consisting (2) Production and Distribution, whose combined activities involve all procedure necessary for the making and delivering intentions purchasing. quantity (Above), quality, grades, styles, types, sizes, variety and range things demanded, be- came necessary for Industry-Business set Planning Division for gath- ering, compiling and efficiently using ability production materials and supplies, procuring labor, studying design, engineering and production methods, creating manufac- turing and distribution schedules, etc. BARTER AGREEMEN population (at Left) increased, acquaintanceship became less general and there was longer opportunity for per- sonal conversation and agreement the details various transactions. Some method had devised keep people touch with and informed what was being made and where might obtained. Thus Advertising, because its possibilities creating demand, became division business. BARTER ROFITS (at Right) represent the incentive which all have conducting business and attending our daily work. generally true that success best gained through proper incentive. Profit incentive creates the incentive for cost-reduction and the incentive for modernization. 1390—The Iron Age, June 30, 1932 Al rn MAKER BREN rom Darter Modern ustry \ d Ady 7 Q | | } ye | i] I< VU OLIN RADTETI \ AA BARTER | if \ d | ) see \ | FINAN | v \ and Business HEN (Below) that wages were the greater part the cost serving the wants and needs human beings, employment as- sumed its position separate department planning. Owner and Tenant controversies pre- vious periods were reborn the arguments Capital and Labor. Graphic Picture Business Evolution Which Will Help Thinking About Present Problems the criticism business revolves around the activities the financial division. means, all the criticism groundless unprovoked and aimed make this fact stand out the charts calling order financing became outgrown Then was introduced “the incor poration method” business pro cedure, tending create, within business management, two separate man and the more less drifted apart the power parent necessity for “team work” (at Left) throughout Industry-Business was early recognized essential Division. Associations, Unions, Conventions and “Get- Together,” have marked the progress Cooperation. This likely become even more emphasized the future. building (at Right) the Business System has had for its object the final act putting into the Consumers hands, the place indicated him, such things might desire purchase and the cutting down the time required for doing. The chart shows curve detour, PROHIBITORY LEGISLATION, which many think breaking the regularity service. 4 . | t, 1 i i P ( ) 7 > | | | \ ) 4 4 a (sei ~ . + j if 9 The Iron Age, June 30, 1932—1391 —- Ford V-8 Crankshaft Department Equipped for Operation & BURNHAM FINNEY Detroit Editor, The Age extending from each machine tool discharges chips conveyor which carries them larger conveyor running under the floor points outside the building. YNAMIC balancing the Ford tion the article page 1349 last special two-way drill, all this work V-8 crankshaft and some week’s issue, being done the operations that immedi- Six holes the flywheel flange are tion from this machine ately precede the balancing, well drilled, reamed and countersunk (four crankshafts hour. some the efficient general facili- also are tapped), the front end cut the finish grinding the four ties the crankshaft department length and %-in. hole drilled, pin bearings the crankpin grinder whole, are outlined this continua- reamed, countersunk and tapped equipped with rheostat maintain WENTY crank- which measures the amount unbalance means compen- sating weights. 1392—The Iron Age, June 30, 1932 7 | wr ig — \* € 5 the desired surface speed the grind- ing wheel. the wheel worn down during the grinding, the rheo- stat automatically increases the speed the wheel spindle, thus giving the proper peripheral speed. The result this arrangement better grind, higher efficiency from the grinding wheel and elimination the possibil- ity rough bearings. This machine finishes crenkshafts hour. crankpin grind- for finish grind- ing the bearings equipped with the surface speed the grinding wheel. The rheostat automatically the wheel wears down, increasing the speed the wheel spindle maintain the pre- determined peripheral speed. FTER all the ma- chining operations are completed, the oil holes the crankshaft are flushed with kero sene under pressure per sq. in. machine Ford design Keyways are milled the crank- shaft four-spindle vertical con- tinuous rotary milling machine. Prior for balancing, crankshafts pass through 20-ft. long overhead- conveyor washing machine, where they are cleaned with soda water solution. After all machining operations are completed, the crankshaft goes special Ford-designed machine which type equipped with pressure pump for the + flushes all oil holes with kerosene pressure lb. per sq. in., washing out all abrasive material, fine chips and other foreign matter. The ma- chine hydraulically operated and cleaning compound. One the machines for dynamic balancing crankshafts measures the amount unbalance means compensating weight. That is, justing screw thrown off the center line, creating unbalanced condition counteract any unbalance the crankshaft. From the operator takes readin responding the amount unbal- ance the crankshaft. This reading then translated chart which tells the exact depth the hole quired remove the unbalance. The machine driven synchronous motor operating 285 r.p.m., and run speed per cent under the critical. balances both ends the crankshaft rate per hr. drilling holes compensate for unbalance the crankshaft, operators use 7/16-in. drills assure accuracy. The allowable tolerance small that larger drill were employed, larger error than the limits prescribe might result. Chip Conveyor Located Rear Machines already mentioned, machine tools the crankshaft department are ar- ranged parallel rows back back. the rear the machines and par allel with them are built into the floor for carrying away chips. metal chute rom each machine discharges this conveyor. All turn deliver chip (Concluded on page 1426) The Iron Age, June 30, 1932—1393 — tH 4 * | —s 1 Large Attendance Marks Meeting and Steel Electrical Engineers new developments the iron and steel industry, and with hnical sessions devoted to mechan- il, electrical, lubrication, combustion and safety engineering programs, the twenty-eighth annual convention Association Iron and Steel Electrical Engineers was held the William Penn Hotel, Pittsburgh, June ttendance the technical sessions and the exposition totaled ast 4000 instructive display major and auxiliary electrical equipment and re- lated apparatus interest the steel ndustry was staged yme ex- bitors the exposition. Working models ingot stripper cranes, soak- pit and ladle cranes were displayed and photronic tube control demon- strations attracted considerable atten- ion. Roller bearings for 4-high mills shown after having withstood of over 100,000 tons of sections. Lubricating systems and devices well special lubricants for rolling mill service were among other exhibits interest visiting mill engineers. Review Technical Papers The technical sessions were well tended and the papers presented cov- ered wide variety topics in- terest both makers and users steel mill equipment. Burr, electrical superinten- dent Lukens Steel Co., Coatesville, Pa., reviewed the problems and ac- complishments 1931 affecting mill electrification. But main roll drives were sold during 1931, about half the the year preceding. this total, comprising 119,325 h.p., Russia took approxi- mately per cent. The principal de- velopment the past year, Mr. Burr’s opinion, has been the applica- tion alternating current squirrel- cage motors roller and catcher- tables sheet and tin mills. Increase the use welding applied the fabrication crane parts was also characterized important devel- opment. Proposes Use Electric Are for De- seaming Slabs Davis, vice-president, Lincoln Electric Co., Cleveland, advocated the use the carbon for de-seaming slabs and billets. stated that seams can welded speed from two five ft. per min., and that Iron Age, June 30, 1932 the cost the operation, taking into the saving metal, will only about one-half that the usual chipping gas-burning methods. the process described arc struck between carbon electrode and the slab billet, one end the small area the metal means magnetic field induced coil. special fiber rope, called the fed into the arc, and burning gives off gas which forms protective atmosphere around the are. The electrode holder mounted suitable carriage, supported mini- ature two-legged which straddles the slab. The bridge motor driven, and the carriage may moved either direction along the bridge, cause the follow the claimed that the are will weld together the edges the seam, and that regardless the depth the only about in. the seam ex- tends below this, was stated that the action the are and surrounding gases will cause the elimination any oxides impurities the crack, leaving the adjacent surfaces, beneath the weld, clean that they weld to- gether subsequent rolling opera- ions. The change chemical compo- sition the fused metal very slight, only ten fifteen points carbon 0.50 carbon steel. date the method has been used experi- mental way only, but the results look very promising. Ladle Crane Practice Some interesting facts regarding the practice various steel mills inspecting and replacing the cables hot metal handling brought out one the sessions Cramer, chief electrical engi- neer, Republic Steel Corpn., Youngs- town, Ohio, and chairman the ladle crane committee. Replies question- naires sent plants showed that over per cent ladle cranes these mills are overloaded, some the rating. This rather surprising, the first consideration handling hot metal safety. The average life cables reported was eight months, with maximum and minimum three months. The frequency inspection the cables varies from once day once month. only five the plants reporting the practice have the crane hold the ladle while the heat being tapped. would seem that general change from the practice ten years ago should increase the life the cables, the intense heat and flame while tapping the furnace must have detrimental effect. About one-half the plants use cables with steel cores, and one-half hemp cores. great deal attention given the proper design drums and sheave wheels. modern cranes the sheaves are frequently made hard manganese steel, and are mounted roller bearings. The use safety cables, and equalizer sheaves, being quite largely discontinued. discussing the returns from the cable manufacturer warned against the general practice overloading ladle cranes. Such overloading de- creases the factor safety, and safety the prime requisite han- dling hot metal. The desirability adopting some standard method reeving the cable the drums and sheaves was suggested. possible, reverse bends the cable should avoided. Small diameter sheaves cause the cable wear rapidly. This especially true equalizer sheaves, which are usually located that difficult inspect and lubricate the cable passing around them. They should eliminated whenever possi- ble. recommended that cables with steel centers used the crane must hold the ladle during the tapping period. hemp center may char such service. Crane manufacturers’ representa- tives stated that practice usu- ally necessary reverse the rope travel, but that this has little ill effect the sheaves are sufficiently large diameter. The sheave should from times the diameter the cable for best results. The improvements which have been made design sheaves, reeving, etc., modern cranes indicate the possibility obtaining cable life Electronic Tubes Three interesting papers describing various applications photo-electric and other types electronic tubes were presented engineers from the General Electric Co., Schenectady, the Westinghouse Electric Mfg. Co., East Pittsburgh, and Weston Elec- trical Instrument Corpn., Philadel- phia. The photo-electric tube, which a 1 r r a L ‘ ] r { 7 | sensitive light rays, muy used flag switch initiate the opera- tion tables, shears, other aux- iliaries. Mechanical flags often cause cobbles thin strip similar ma- terial, but even the thinnest piece metal can intercept light beam with difficulty. The photo-tube may made turn lights off the natural illumination increases de- creases. can detect the presence smoke, warn the smoke from proper combustion the furnace. The photo-tube makes excellent pyrometer for temperatures above 1500 deg. Fahr. The current passing through the tube proportional the amount radiation received it, and this, turn, varies with the temperature the object which the tube “looking at.” only nec- essary place ammeter the output circuit the tube and brate this terms temperature. The device operates successfully all ordinary temperatures above 1500 deg. Fahr. The amount radiation from bodies below this temperature not sufficient give reliable results. Reducing Furnace Operating Costs and Scaling Losses Several interesting papers were pre- sented the meeting combu tion engineering division the asso- ciation. Dobrin, consulting neer, emphasized that even under the present very much reduced rate operation possible obtain rea- sonably low fuel costs, proper at- tention given all details fur- nace operation. Several rather re- markable instances substantial sav- ings were cited. one plant the fuel used open hearth and auxiliaries 1928 was about 8,200,000 B.t.u. ton per 1931, with very much lower tonnage rate, and consequent greater fuel losses due shut-downs, the fuel consumption was reduced about 5,400,000 B.t.u. per year. another open hearth plant fuel con- sumption 6,640,000 B.t.u. ton per year 1929, including auxiliaries such ladle heating, etc., was reduced 5,640,000 1931, with only about per cent the tonnage 1929. another mill the fuel used for sheet normalizing 1928 was about 3,860,000 B.t.u. per ton. 1931 only 2,518,000 B.t.u. were used per ton. The fuel for box annealing sheets, which 1929 amounted approx- imately 1,920,000 B.t.u. per ton, was cut 1,750,000 B.t.u. 1931, with only about one-half the tonnage. these savings were brought about close attention furnace operation and upkeep. Such matters reducing air infiltration, preventing air and gas leaks, controlling air supply proper regulation dampers, heat insula- tion checker chambers, and atten- tion flue gas analysis, all had part making these savings possible. Michigan, analyzed the various fac- New Officers and Directors the PRESIDENT, Donovan, Republic Steel Corpn., Massillon, Ohio. FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT, Miller, Beth- lehem Steel Co., Johnstown, SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT, Burr Lukens Steel Co., Coatesville, TREASURER, Van Campen, Republic Corpn., Youngstown, Ohio SECRETARY, Clauss, Great Lakes Steel Corpn., Detroit. DIRECTOR-AT-LARGE, Carroll, Jones Laughlin Steel Corpn., Aliquippa, DIRECTORS: Esterly, Alan Wood Steel Co., Conshohocken, Marshall Youngstown Sheet Tube Co., Indiana Harbor, Sanner, Carnegie Steel Co., Duquesne, Gilbert, Tennes see Coal Iron Co., Fairfield, Adams, Spang Chalfant Co., Inc., Pitts burgh; Miller, Carnegie Steel Youngstown, Ohio; Haberstick, Wheel ing Steel Corpn., Wheeling, Foell, Arthur McKee Cleveland fluence f forging and emper conclusion erature; that the iling ream passing over eel, ft. per min.; that the nere with the te ire ris- ing very rapidly when the melting point about 2500 deg Fahr reached; that in- ere the presence free oxy- gen and that litt 0.1 per cent reasing the | Determining Rolling Mill Power Requirements Winne, the General Electric thers wa described in conside rabl detail method for determining capacity motors for mai 1? The 1 of ne 1 a large amount of data which ha been col- lected from tests made existing motor driven mills. These data are called “power curves,” show lation between total the metal, and total horsepower hour per ton metal rolled. deter power needed drive pro mill, the curve + mine mine Ut Cle 2 le Gite which most nearly fits the conditions. Then from the rolling schedule and mill data, the elongations after are calculated, and the corre- sponding values horsepower hours per ton are read from the curve. From the weight the piece, and time required for each pass, the power required the stand during the pass can then easily After determining the power needed actual rolling the pass, the motor capacity may selected. Care must used insure that the motor has sufficient continuous capac- ity take care the root-mean- square the duty cycle, and sufficient handle the power during the pass. Standard main roll motors the synchronous usually have guar- anteed maximum load capacity 250 per cent their normal rating. How ever, wise allow certain fac- r safety to take care of « ld steel ect the motor such that the max calculated peak-load will not 1175 per the normal rating Similarly, while main-roll direct cur adjustable speed motors usually are guaranteed carry 200 per cent rated load for one minute, best motor such that the i pe ik ad dk it exceed 150 the normal rating ery important effect tem rature and analysis the steel power required roll emphasized. decrease 200 deg. Fahr. may double the amount power needed. seems juite probable that many mills are not ving sufficient attention proper are not aware the rtance effect their power Roll Neck Bearings and Their Lubrication the eting ation Sle Electrix il Engi: i reat deal interest was expressed the subject non-metallic roll neck bear- ings, particularly those made loth paper base, materially bonded phe nolic resin, such Bake- number these bearings are the market, under various trade names, such Celoron, Glyco, Mi- ‘arta, Synthane and Textolite. Shirk, steel mill engineer Westinghouse Electric Mfg. Co., East Pittsburgh, presented per describing the application “Micarta” roll neck bearings. have been kept mills using bearings, according the author, which have shown reduction kilowatt hours, per ton energy amounting from per cent. There appears some difference opinion among the manufacturer to whether it is bette r to have the ions paper cloth perpen- di to or parallel to the surface of the journal. Water recommended lubricant, with occasional use grease, such tallow, particularly before the mill shut down. The applicatic the grea materially reduces the starting friction, which therwise might high. Bearings this type must not ibjected Fahr., but tated that they J will operate, with proper lubrication, pressures 3000 Ib. per sq. in., emperatures above The Iron Age, June 30, 1932—1395 4 q 4 q | Je 3 i 4 5 - | | | journal speeds from about 200 ft. per min. and alt claimed that the application these non-metallic bearings many cases materially reduced fric tion losses, resulting power Mr. Dahlstrom, the Morgan Con truction Co., described special type metallic roll neck ng, With provision for complete lubri stated that the friction loss the same general order roller bearings, and that far nit had been found the allowable pressure, even speeds r.p.m. Hodson, the Hodson Cor- tion, made plea for more care attention the lubrication ks, both the design and oper- rolling mills. stated that the use the proper lubricants and ibricating devices would make very great mill operations. Ornamental lron Shops Hold Trade Conference WASHINGTON, June 28.—Fabrica ornamental iron, bronze and have been authorized Federal Trade Commission hold trade practice conference, the tim and place determined. Com missioner Hunt will preside Trade practices far proposed liscussion include the following: ithorized substitution mater I of fabricat i nd « é wit! pl LLINg £ ( Members the industry fabricate install such articles fire escapes, stairs, railings, grilles, levator fronts and enclosures, fronts, lamp standards, balconies, coal mail chutes, sidewalk doors 1929 the production was about 6,000,000 and 1931 was about half that amount. The fabrica- ire situated widely separated part the country and have local associations New York, Phil adelphia, Boston, Baltimore, ] Cleveland and St. Loui Chicago. Stephens-Adamson Mfg. Co. Can- ida, Belleville, has concluded arrangement with the Orton Crane Shovel Co., Huntington, Ind., for the nanufacture and sale Canada Orton locomotive cranes, dipper shov- pull back ditchers, skimmers, clamshell and orange peel buckets, traveling gantry and cantilever cranes and similar equipment. Sales and engineering offices are located 926 Bank Hamilton Building, Toronto, and 220 New Birks Building, Mon- treal, with sales representatives the large cities other provinces. 1396—The Iron Age, June 30, 1932 esting Society Holds Annual Meeting Atlantic City thirty-fifth annual meeting the American Society for Testing Materials, held At- lantic City, June 24, was one the smallest number years. The registered attendance was about per cent normal judged recent conventions held that place. Despite this, however, the many ac- tivities that important organization continued function successfully and smoothly, although familiar workers were unable attend, handi- capping the work certain commit- tees and limiting the discussion papers. The contrast with the record meeting last June Chicago was marked. The usual committee reports were made the various sessions, dealing largely There were number important technical papers interspersed with the commit- tee reports the main sessions the week. Besides these there were over 140 meetings various commit- tees and sub-committees. The tech- nical feature the week was the symposium steel castings. And among committee reports mention should made one the joint research committee the effect metals. The annual report the executive NEW OFFICERS PRESIDENT: Cloyd Chapman consulting engineer, New York. VICE-PRESIDENT Bassett, metallurgical manager, American Brass Co., Waterbury, Conn. NEW MEMBERS EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE: Gardner, chemical engineer, Paint and Varnish Research Washington. Leech, assistant metallurgical Carnegie Steel Pittsburgh. Mackenzie, chief chemist, American Cast Pipe Co., Birmingham. Ramage, engineer tests, Southern Railway Alexandria, Va. Vassar, laboratory engineer. Public Service Electric Gas Irvington, committee, the society’s governing body, made public one the ses- sions, reveals loss membership for the year ended June 1932, 365, about per cent. The year 1931 was successful one and there favorable balance about $5,000, that there will curtailment for the year publications. For the coming year every effort made meet conditions with the ex- penditure less money. The seventh Edgar ture, established memory the society’s last secretary, was delivered this year Prof. Hugh Scott Taylor Princeton University. His subject was “Fundamental Problems Re- sistance Deterioration.” was masterly exposition factors which influence the speed chemical reac- tions, with some practical references methods now used slow down inhibit such reactions involve de- materials such rub- ber, paper and other important indus- trial products. has been customary for few years, the Charles Dudley medal was awarded this year the author whose paper the last (1931) con- vention the society was considered the most outstanding special committee. The recipient this year Menzel, associate engineer, re- search laboratory, Portland Cement Association, Chicago, recognition his paper “Tests Fire Resistance and Stability Walls Concrete Masonry Units,” delivered the Chi- cago conventon last June. The medal was presented the an- nual dinner, which officers for 1932-1933 were introduced and which the retiring president, Clements, delivered his annual ad- dress, entitled “Research the American Society for Testing Mate- rials.” Technical Progress and New Specifications few the many impor- tant committee reports and tech- nical contributions can touched this limited survey. Metals High Temperatures outstanding prominence and impressiveness was the report the joint research committee the A.S.M.E. and the A.S.T.M. the effect temperature metals. presenting the report, the chairman, French, International Nickel (Continued advertising page 16) for lower bids after having re the “lowest” bid, resulting in low tandard ind quality f el tallation and building constr How Depressions Enc ROBABLY two our major financial and industrial depres- sions have come their end exactly the same way. fact, opin ions might vary with respect past depressions what particular event chain events was directly responsible for the first impulses to- ward recovery. noteworthy, how- ever, that study the history depression periods reveals that the all former periods stagnation finan- cial and political uncertainties were uppermost postponing the return confidence, they are now. The striking similarity between present conditions and those other days are shown excerpts from reports the American Iron and Steel Association (predecessor the American Iron and Steel Institute). Following the panic the early nineties there was one-year recov- ery upon which the American Iron and Steel Association commented fol- lows its report for 1895: the increased confidence the future and the improvement busi- ness which were observable the early months 1895 were due the purchase the Government over $60,000,000 gold February, which was hoped would check fur- ther exports gold, and the final adjournment the Fifty-third Con- gress March, and the consequent ending for the time being tariff agitation and revolutionary finan- cial schemes. The annual report was scarcely printed May 15, 1895, until there was everywhere percepti- ble throughout the country more hopeful feeling than had been de- scribed. Three weeks had brought increased confidence all business circles. Industrial activity had been quickened March and April, but with the coming May had been greatly stimulated. Gold had ceased abroad. June even those who had been most discouraged were con- vinced that the year would one least moderate prosperity for most the great industries the country. Thenceforward the fact was everywhere accepted that revival prosperity had actually commenced.” There was secondary slump, how- WRIGHT Markets and News Editor, The Age lapsed because fell int speculators and because the coun try whole was not prosperous under the Wilson tariff. the spring months 1896 dullness and declining prices again characterized the whole American iron trade, well other home industries.” During the depression the ties was common observation tha productive capacity farm product and manufactured articles was yond the world’s needs. However, crop failure abroad 1897 and large surplus the United Stat brought back prosperity that year. rose over dollar bushel before the end the year. Railroad securities advanced price cons quence the increased traffic resul ing from increased demand for cultural and other and steel business improved, but with- corresponding gain prices until fall. Output iron and steel 1897 was the largest our history that time. 1908, following the panic 1907, the American Iron and Steel Association declared that the agi tion for tariff revision combined with the results political meddling and + + financial mismanagement “to preven the restoration industrial perity.” that time was the fear tariff revision that prolonged the uncertainty the 1907 depression. ever, “the panic had done its worst, its financial scars had healed, and the spring became known that the new would not contain many changes duties the President had desired. When the tariff bill finally passed both Houses and cles had been complet lished, industrial activity everywhere fully restored, and the country had started upon era prosperity which has continue day, the abundant crops 1909 con- tributing this condition. eiy reesta iron trade was the great manufacturing industri experience the new industrial awa ening, production all its leading the turn the tide may said have commenced. The rebound the iron trade the early part 1909 from the depression following the panic 1907 was marvelous its ntensity and results.” Black despair every major de- pression has been followed activity which has greater heights than had been attained before such catastro- phes. Yet every major depressior there have been the same fears, ame uncertainties and the same givings productive faciliti having overtaken quirements. 1909 was stated these iron and steel reports that “‘it alarming proposition that the railroads this country can erated only under conditions whi ibject them the absolute the general Government,” yet let later years the railroads reached greatest period prosperity. also stated that time that “con the railroads may prelud the control the manufacturing ining industries the whole try,” another example the unrea onable fears that mold our thinking times great stre wever nnan i as an confidence necessary resumptio activity. This may come about through cessation gold exports, through the ending agitation over currency inflation and bond issues for unwar- ranted public expenditures, and the possible adjournment Congres after has completed its emergency legislation. Within the month consid- erable progress has been made toward the attainment these stabilizing factors. Confidence slowly coming back, even though business has not yet made the turn. The Iron Age, June 30, 1932—1397 or | f e if ~ K- ranche teadily increasing from month month after February, 1909, ; a 1S B- mn 4 a themselves out, but actual improve- ment usually depends upon some phys- ical psychological factor, very often = | that we muet firat k for ; ntial pre- yn 3 n, Overhanging Double-Crank Presses Made Welded Steel Henry Wright Mfg. Co., Hartford, Conn., has added its welded steel press line new series, which the No. 25% overhanging ustrated typ machine inclined fixed ion deg. that large such automobile produced compound can slide gravity con the rear. Frame, slide and gear are steel and are fabri- eated welding and carefully nor- malized and annealed eliminate stresses set either the rolling welding processes. feature emphasized the design. The throat inclined with re- spect the center line the slide and has large radii top and bottom, the welded steel inclinable presses introduced last year the Henry Wright company. Photoelastic tests this throat design are said show that stress concentration reduced minimum compared with the throat parallel with the center slide and small radii the top and bottom the throat. This, claimed, results much more uni- stress distribution throughout frame, but particularly the hroat. The ribbing the frame designed give maximum rigidity even under extremely severe eccentric loads. The crankshaft made from hammered alloy steel forging, heat and ground, and mounted bronze bushed bearings. The slide guided extra long ways, the pressure side the bronze lined, while the gibs are made close-grained alloy iron. The welded gear has high-carbon rim, and driven heat treated 0.50 per cent forged pinion. The drive shaft equipped Timken roller bearings mounted pressure lubrication upplied all principal bearings the system shown, the pump and res- ervoir which located the frame and driven from the crankshaft. lubricant furnish amour each bearing can adjusted suit con- litions, and the time application ean varied from every min for each bearing. Principal dimensions are: Opening through frame, in.; area bed, area slide face, 66% in.; shut height, bed slide, stroke down, ad- justment up, 15% in., and thickness 1398—The Iron Age, June 30, 1932 < 4 - THROAT design assure form distribution stress throughout the frame, larly the throat, feature these new welded steel gap frame presses. + bolster, in. The stroke in. and the number strokes minute 35. The net weight the machine shown 30,000 lb. Steel Floor Armoring Applied rolls containing approximately 100 sq. ft., used reinforcing the construction concrete, hot and cold asphalt mastic, magnesite and other types poured floors, well for resurfacing old floors. also used over wood with suitable filling material. 4 \ a = The floor armoring rolled out like carpet. The concrete base course has been the usual manner, and has been struck off in. below the finished floor line. The finishing coat poured into the matting and leveled off flush, leaving the top edges the steel exposed. >. After the rolls are laid upon the floor base, they are easily and quickly joined into mat, continuous all di- rections, simple system pin connections and wire splices. Filling material poured the matting and the floor leveled off, leaving the top edges the steel exposed the sur- face take the wear. truck wheels and loads pound and grind over the floor, the exposed edges the steel become slightly peened over, mushroomed effect, presenting increased area steel the floor. The result non-skid floor. Cracks, holes and ruts, which slow traffic and create accident hazards, are avoided, stated. The floor armor- ing manufactured the Acme Steel Co., 2840 Archer Avenue,