The Iron Age 1932-03-10: Vol 129 Iss 10

IRON ESTABLISHED 1855 NEW YORK, MARCH 10, 1932 VOL. 129, No. What Must the Machine? HERE can retreat from the machine. The essence mechanization time sav- ing, and economies time have been passed along every one. “Once better idea better mechanism born there but one way kill and that the birth still better one,” said the author address, here abstracted, before the Hungry Club, Pittsburgh, Feb. 29. The machine has opened more employment doors than has closed, asserted, but its continued success generator prosperity depends the cultivation mass con- sumption. This literally means financing the ultimate consumer, through adequate wages and dividends, that can buy what the machine can make. The capital finance consumption can come from only two sources, according the author. One source modernization, through which further gains efficiency and savings time can won. The other reduction the non-productive load the machine. RITICS our present method use the machine claim that favors the few and de- prives the many; that the fruit tably distributed; that tends make the rich richer, and the poorer. stating that the machine has dis- tributed its fruits unfairly, these critics, almost without exception, be- lieve, have overlooked the most im- portant gain that can come the great mass mankind through mech- anization. This time saving. Dollars cannot lengthen life, but time savings can, and do. The aver- age man today, through time sav- ings secured mechanization, has longer relative life, measured ex- periences, actions, contacts and ac- complishments, than did Methuselah. few hours, through the agency radio, product mechanization, come into mental contact with more experiences and happenings than could Methuselah his life time, JOHN VAN DEVENTER Editor, The Age One evening nechanized movies will give more vicariou thrills and experiences than grandfathers encountered decad The time savings mechanization, vastly more important humanity than its dollar savings, have been passed along the ultimate consum- er, the public. They have been equi- tably distributed. Time savings can- not hoarded. Henry Ford’s for- tune and the hours that has added his own relative life span through his life work mechanization are compared with the time saving that has been passed along his customers through when work, Time savings are more real than For the value the our and the minute constantly in- creasing, whereas the value the dollar has its ups and downs depend- ing upon gold reserves, rediscount rates and other factors unrelated the life span. dollar savings. Thus mechanization, which the most powerful time saver that man has yet discovered, the practical substitute for the fabulous fountain Ponce Leon. such, human nature will not relinquish it. Man- kind will never give time saving, | | ae | | | j | 595 March 10, 1932 596—The Iron The from methods better ment nance consump- tion. life the horse and buggy. span. There will reversion Mechanization, fact, the out- irresistible urge saving. The match, mechanization, puts the flint steel toward time product and the and fire stick the scrap pile, not costs less but because saves time light- The made the automobile horse and buggy obsolete because fires. aves people time going places. From consumer’s standpoint, time more desired than Time bargains open more new markets and keep more old The dollar savings. ones going than dollar bargains. savings better and equip- average automobile still costs more than the average horse and buggy— not only first cost, but upkeep. Its economy lies its miles per hour which time saving. this reason, and mass effort, typified mod- ern industrial practice, are not likely replaced simpler and less efficient forms organization. Too much involved the matter time savings. Once better idea better mechanism born there but one way kill and that the birth still better one. For Working Hours Reduced that the consume products produced mechan anized age, large majority whom are also the producers products, participates automatically the time savings the machine. Here, again, find critics saying that the creased leisure thus produced, when carried its logical conclusion, must result technological ment. obvious The shortening working hours among the large portion the wage earners our country has been quite apparent during the building the machine age. The and 15-hr. working days, prevalent America years ago, have been gradually through mechanization re- has gone, few people will deny that this curtailment has been bene ficial. Naturally, should car- ried extreme, without equi- redistribution portunity, one might well assume that table working this time-saving tendency would many people the opportunity employment. This the supposition Let get the facts which ence has written into the record. More Machines Idle Than Men balance sheet, drawn for either the picture ployment all lines gainful the United States the picture that part our highly mech- anized manufacturing industries, proves without the possibility doubt question that the machine has opened more employment doors than complete em- has closed. First let say that the present abnormal unemployment condition can logical displacement. were, would find our machines busy and our men idle. The more nearly true. Against work estimation reverse average out per cent our wage earners, given the American Federation Labor, we — | > : | q > een re- far eny Oop hat Tro» ying em- fort ech- ries, yubt has sent can hno Wwe nore out for the have average out work more persons nearly per cent for our production But that total population, wer the matter money savings equipment. Our machines, these over the age and 294 the machine. For consumption } lie ¢ ring ution the public and brings abnormal times, have experienced under the age 14. must financed, otherwise have more unemployment than have our working age between and overproduction. human workers. 606 out each 1000 our popula ur presen sheet. Let first take the manu- ployed 1930 has been inequitably facturing industries, the steel plants, must stay home tributed—that too large shat all the varied lines called manu- mechanization has gone capital facturing. here that find see how, with withou and little labor—that the hotbed mechanization and the expect gre rea real wages which const out every 100 adults anywhere, that the evidence would wit finance mass consu ion apparent were men being deprived Consumption Must Forty years ago, 1889, when the urchase electric motor was being introduced 1930. the record shows skeptical industry, when the word that the under its and salary cut ave taken “mass production” had not yet been place during the last vera nth uttered, when mechanical handling night think that hithert was exemplified the ment. But. vou established principle and the pinch bar, there were lone the cost overproduction? Wages factor human workers per thousand pop- had gon the boara 4 Thousand ables increase our sum ustment have sive mechanization, electrification, and were workers per thousand wav which will but turing industries. This final figure, employment whole and see what the consumpt the machine has done during And tak away fro past years, for the manufacturing ubject tin avings and wage earners industry but one-fifth our total number breadwinners all 1900, there were 383 breadwin- Industry will the United States for each flourish when thousand population. wage earner and cluded all “gainfully employed” stockholder all lines industry, agriculture, ized. business, professional service, tic and public service, 1930, find the density ployment greater instead less years our most intensive mech- anization. For there were then breadwinners for each thousand our population contrasted with per thousand during the 30-year riod, Employment Close Saturation Point How much more employment could have had 1930, had not had all these machines which are supposed deprive people jobs? told you that, for every thousand our population that year, 398 The Tron March 10, 1932—597 . ep. ur, od- ely ra Dut the ne an om *ts, me in- nen ust urs age lite of -hr. of ion. q > f | 7 4 normal, and just wrong conclude that the present return should expect the future would work and money what been expect rapid overnight for tune making 1928 and 1929 con- tinue permanent occurrence, accept the belief that sound securi- ties will continue sell present prices. Old Idea Financing Business Inadequate safe say that majority the most capable managerial minds both production and distribution are engaged the large-scale indus- tries which are termed mass produc- tion. Brought face face with the accumulating problems over capacity produce, these leaders industry are now compelled give thought the problem consump tion relates the perpetuation their businesses. Many these men now realize that the old conception adequate financ- quite ing business concern 598—The Iron Age, March 10, 1932 Days and weeks for the transmis- sion messages —the age the pony express will never return, that matter how well not well adequately capitalized un- ] it it mers are sufficiently well capitalized present and prospective cus- buy its products. Mass production financed through real wages and real dividends; other words, through the income the average man upon the credit based upon it. the final analysis even the most highly specialized capi- tal investments products. Trolley cars and power lants that propel them must ulti- mately financed the fares paid individual consumers transporta tion. Sheet mills and machine tool equipment are largely financed purchases automobiles and other metal products. manufacturing company may have the highest rating the basis past performance, may have enviable surplus cash and Govern- ment bonds and yet poorly capi- talized today because the shortage working capital its customers. And customers are necessary from dawn dark yielded only the bar- necessities—me- chanical power was limited what wind and could produce. any business are its officers and board directors, not more so. There are normal times approxi- mately 40,000,000 people gainfully employed the United States. these large majority are wage earn- ers. This group constitutes the pri- mary market for the products prac- tically all our industries. Customers Are Undercapitalized How are these customers capital- ized today finance consumption? The National Industrial Conference Board has just issued its compilation the average earnings all wage earners manufacturing industries for November and December 193 The average for November was $20.29 and for December, $20.74, per week. After you take from $20 week the amounts required for the neces- sities life, housing, clothing, food, come not per capita population but per wage earner, would not seem there would much sur- plus wherewith finance the opera- tion large-scale production outside the necessity divisions, even the basis our present lower price The men who direct our large-scale industries are not shutting their eyes this situation. They realize the fact that their own businesses cannot survive and prosper, let alone expand, age mass buying power measured real dollars. You will find, there- fore, find, that these leaders industrial activities who are sense the owners and managers the machine are keenly—one might almost say selfishly—interested seeing the wage earner and the stock- holder properly capitalized through income having sufficient work- ing capital for their own businesses. Therefore, although compelled now the force circumstances cur- tail wages well all other expenditures, they will not tolerate the defeatist’s attitude that must progressively lower the American standard living the future, that American wages must sink the levels European and other countries. The experience the past few years, however, has taught that there must more intelligent ratio between capital expenditures for pro- duction facilities and income, the form wages, salaries and dividends, which constitute such large part the means financing the consump- tion production. Where the money come from finance consumption, assuming he —— — cannot consider the abnormal that capital, management and labor were reach accord this mat- ter the distribution wealth? There are but two sources from which additional mass buying power can had. One making trenuous effort secure efficiency gains and time savings which will and make for our past losses. The other lighten the non-productive load the machine. Fortunately, have good deal slack that can take the matter our industrial efficiency. Our machine, refined com- pared with the mechanization countries, can still vastly mproved. For fact that over per cent the productive tools American industry are now obsolete. other words, because the possi- ble time saving and dollar saving, would pay handsomely wealth in- rements could scrap this per ent inferior machinery and re- place modern equipment. Making Losses Through Modernization This what call modernization, and such modernization, intelligently applied would quickly make for the losses that have experienced. Invention and improvement, which are the essentials modernization, have been put work before make for depression losses under similar conditions. essfully, too, even the face price declines. During the period years fol- lowing our Civil War, the average commodity prices declined almost un- interruptedly. During the same pe- riod receding prices increased annual output manufactured products four times dollar volume, eight times actual volume, and mul- tiplied the annal industrial wages paid almost four. was this per- formance that laid the foundations for the prosperity which could suc- cessfully stand the later terrific pun- ishment over-capitalization, infla- tion, speculation, graft, Government interference and excessive taxation, and which failed shaken until 1929, Consciously unconsciously our redecessors chose the one effective way build prosperity the face price declines. They put improved machinery work American in- dustry such scale not merely compensate for the declining prices but make increasing profits out them and pay increased wages spite them. For real wages—meas- ured purchasing power—doubled during this period shrinking prices. matter mo- ments for words span thousands miles saving the most important gain Thus prosperity was coaxed back two ways, decreasing the products the consumer and creasing its average purchasing pow through increases real wages other result was possible from this except the ensuing multiplication business volume and the diver industry. Obstacles Modernization You may ask why, this fact recognized and accepted industrial leaders—and _ it is—there ha been any hesitation adopt this policy modernization. The difficulty has not come from lack acceptance the part those who manage machines but because inability get the money finance the purcha improved equipment. the fact that such programs replacement were designed for saving and time-saving purposes and not for the expansion plant pacities, frozen credit and the liquid ity complex have effectively prevented these improvements. possible that the liberalization credit now being fostered may make this move possible before long. Lightening the Non-Productive Load much for the matter speed- ing our time-saving and wealth- Today abundance mechanical power awaits intelligent use —finding outlet for surplus goods should far sim- pler than trying, our surplus needs. > — producing machine. The second way increase mass consuming power lighten the non-productive load which has been placed upon the back our machine. Before say that the old gray mare mechanization which pulled our prosperity cart many years faithfully not good used be, should examine the load that has been placed her cart—the non-productive load which contributes little nothing our use the machine, which posi- tively acts brake upon it. Such things over-capitalization, specu- lation, graft, ence business, excessive taxation, and ever mounting Government cost. Some these things can mea ured definitely dollars, such the tremendous rise the per capita cost government, State, national and local. Others cannot, but know that they constitute tremend burden which eats large portion the wealth produced the ma- chine and prevents its more equitable distribution. were not content with having the old gray mare increase her speed safely and gradually year after year. Instead that, stimulated her with the hypodermic infl (Concluded page 652) ation, and The Iron Age, March 10, 1932—599 pe 218) L n- ‘a- on ice res id, re- a er or win b | | TANTALUM HARD CUTTING. Pittsburgh Editor, The Age machining steel with the new tungsten-carb cutters nuch carried oft the nts carbide cemented with Investigation indicated quite det t-tungsten-carbon alloy. Although nitely that the formation such cutting enerally admitted superior cavities was traceable the seizing balt previous material developed the chips produced the machin ing metals high speeds, ing operation the cemented-carbi onsiderably, was found gen high heat conductivity the cutting that cutting steel tip. This forced the heat generated was developed directly the high speed operation carried con the cutting edge the tool. Thi off through the ordinary steel shank rdinarily sufficient the tool, subjecting the entire op- inder materially the cutting life eration violent fluctuations tem- tipped with the cemented perature, ingsten-carbide alloy and requir Further lic grinding with the out the fact that substitution tan- oval considerable quantities talum-carbide the cemented hard alloy tip. This condition and cementing with cularly noticeable the machin alloy produced small ing soft material which would cut steel UNGSTEN-CARBIDE cutter mounted the spindle wood-working machine and used for trimming the corners zinc base die casting which, having fin very high silicon, presents difficult machining problem. guard placed over the cutter protect the operator from the heavy spray chips. The tool shown had cut miles metal Nov. producing the rate 100 pieces hour. The tool life said about times that high-speed steel; the tool requires only hand honing and not regrinding. The probable life the cutter estimated 10,000,000 castings. 600—The Iron Age, March 10, 1932 4 : | - ‘> 4 “ | > = Tungsten-carbide and tantalum-carbide tools are being used success fully machining chromium EVELOPMENT new The tantalum bearing alloy The new alloys made cutting-tool hard alloy— nder has also been found ple have cobalt binder and intended the chip the cutting tip. The most nductivit the tungsten-carbid eliminate cratering and other obalt material difficulties hard alloy tools Wil | | ard noth ni? th Cal A r hind the cutting edge the tool. dueing cutting the higher + + recentiy appeared mater | natel < vy lower | itv tnen ing eT nd cobal cor i ngsten-carbide, resulting ten- tion which nearly ident empha may possibly lower the heat the tool possible with that whicl produced the necessity for using hea during cutting. Instead, the vhen tantalum-carbide nded les, undoubtedly tends remain the chip and obalt tungsten terials high specific gravity nducted away rather than carbon have been added, entire themselves much more readily y nsmitted to the cemented carbide es of alloy has been develope ntering proce Another grinding operation—a group tipped tools being ground i ing = Set-up for grinding the tungsten-carbide tools surface grinder. lar The Iron March 10, ‘ tal x - e wre. - af Lge COPPER BRAZING nufacturers nique methods have fic value with description the appl raction ntrolled atm thin the furna tee] milar function | ner etho wet the surface and, since copper and iron have some affinity for one an- other the brazing temperature, alloying effect takes place which gives strong bond upon cooling. The arts are ordinarily cooled they from the furnaces bright and atmosphere, that come The copper-brazing process has had rather general application the manutacture tungsten-carbide tools, ince affords very convenient means fastening the tips into their shanks. Henry Disston Sons, Philadelphia, has developed inter- solid- cutters, inserted and saws, esting line tooth disk circular radius cutters, planer tool bits, such those shown Fig. Checking cracking the bits during assembly, well oxidation which frequently results when using other are practically elimi- nated using the copper-brazing 602—The Age, March 10, 1932 pusned on into the long enough hold two provide cooling period charge end of the a WEBBER Industrial Department, General Electric Co. Schenectady, fastening the insert When brazing, the tools are loaded and charged into the irnace, one tray time, copper any one several convenient rms being placed near the joint the tungsten-carbide alloy in- rest recesses the shanks. brazed cooling chamber charge and replaced with new charge the chamber. The cooler trays, twice that the heating-up time. The charging described above can be repeated after one tray has been removed from } the cooler through door the dis- furnace. 10-kw. furnace used for this rated 220 volts, cycles, and illustrated Fig. The dann working dimensions are in. wide The tray work in. high in. long. means which the charged, are about in. wide in. long. The front door the fur- nace slides angle cast iron door frame, and the back door the hinge and latch type. Both arrangements furnace when these gas within the doors are closed. screen illuminating gas flame projects across each the door openings when charging and discharg- ing the furnace, minimize the dif- fusion air into the chambers and conserve the gas used for the con- trolled atmosphere. this instance tanked hydrogen employed for the controlled atmosphere, being supplied drums and piped the furnace from convenient location. cooling Between the heating and » Sudacing Knife tungsten carbide alloy tools with in- serts copper brazed V1Ul electri lurnace naving / led ty spheres is b Alte! 4 én oh q q 4 7 : | Shaper Knite BS" Thick Slitting Saw Portable 1 ciean. i 125" Thick Sitting Sew — A lame door arg- dif- and con- ance the nace n- brazing furnaces with controlled atmospheres have found practical application the fabrication various products, among them tungsten-carbide tools, golf club shafts and steel tubing. Atmos- pheric control, the author states, prevents oxidation and acts agent clean the steel surface, like flux. Use this method brazing steel tubing will described the second and concluding portion this article. hambers this furnace are two the transfer trays from the ors, one being fire-clay heat baf- the cooler. the furnace chamber. The other door gas-tight gate valve, adjacent the heating being woun the heat within the cooling sinusoidally thin alundum sla revent the formation circulating radiant heat the and ras currents. Since the molybdenum resistors have reasonably long resistors are quite sensitive oxida- considering the service tion, this gas-tight door contributes them. They are quite sensitive largely the success the furnace oxidation the copper-brazing tem preventing in-rush air when perature, the molybdenum oxide the end doors are open. This inner ing off into the atmosphere whit door is, course, kept closed much vapor, which reduces the diameter possible the charging dis- the wire whenever air currents con charging work, but raised during contact with the resistors. 2—Electric fur- nace with controlled atmosphere for cop- per brazing tungsten- Sons, Inc., Philadel- phia llustrates copper-brazing manufacturer for experimental pur- poses with view applying copper brazing the fabrication variou parts his product. This furnace the bell type, rated kw., 110 rking dimensions in, in. high. Nickel-chromium resistors are mounted the side When harging, the pedestal shown, and the furnace then lowered over the charge the shot seal around the base. After load has been heated and brazed, allowed cool within the fur- suitable for ex- 1e work to the air. The furnace can lifted while filled with the controlled atmosphere, since the gas will burn sheet flame across the lower opening, provided The Age, March 10, 1932—603 & tnis reason, it Is necessary to resort the precautions furnace design described above. by ays, fur- iron 1 Ol W all seal H ‘ “4 hs. 7 — | | q | > — ; } + + Cu Al 1 iit « ny } teel tubing can found ‘ lay} "4 clu na \\ e which beer mace oO} era al th Hort ndicates the manner which embly the shaft fabricated. the left showna specially formed teel strip which has been drawn seam—a patented feature. inction this strip twofold. erlaps the surfaces the steel h ide of the butt joint, tor rel orcement, and carries strip This copper melts when the shaft pushed through the copper-brazing throughout the furnace, it. After copper brazing, the part the steel strip remaining the shaft leaving smooth exterior surface. outside of the ground off, advantage manufacturing the product this manner the abil ity control the carbon content the steel. The uniform distribution carbon the original stock insures Iron March 10, — 3—Bell-type furnace used perimentally for copper-brazing work left.) 4—Sections golf shaft before and after copper brazing. Copper carried steel strip melts into joint and forms bond shown iniformity the product. Steel cent carbon used and brought out quenching treatment. After the shafts are cop the grain structure, and then rdened and drawn. Many them are plated, usually with copper, im- prove the appearance and give pro tection against corrosion. battery four electr furnace atmospheres ved tor the opera- They the muffle type, being alundum about in. wide in. high in. long. molybdenum wire irally wrapped about the Stainless Steel Welding Problem LTHOUGH the welding stain- less steel longer difficult, y ] inusual application sometimes which offers more problem the mere welding process. Such problem presented itself recently and solution offers possible aid many others using this comparatively new alloy. making Allegheny metal food container, manufacturer wanted seam the inside the along the outer Solder would cover the seam smoothly and prevent food particles from lodging which might decay and contaminate subsequent batches. found, how- ever, that after the welding opera- tion had been performed, hard oxide prevented the the process were reversed, the high temperature 3200 deg. F.) (Melting point tank, also weld flange for greater strength. deposit the seam solder from adhering. required for welding would melt the solder 150 deg. F.). \ Copper Strip 4 tube, maintains the necessary ten perature within the furnace water-jacketed cooling chamber mounted the outgoing end eac discharge seal, supplying for the work. production, eight shafts lowly pushed into the furnace mechanically-operated pusher operat front end the furnace always open accommodate the golf shaft and mechanism, while discharge end always closed oil seal. Electrolene used for controlled atmosphere. (To conclude d) | 7 Engineers Joseph Ryerson Son, Chicago, suggested plar that demonstrated before the Waukegan, Welding Society recently. avoid the tionable deposit oxide, the tank soldered and partly filled with before welding. The water served check the intense welding heat that followed, and prevented the from melting. Ryerson Allegheny Metal Welding Rod and Type “S” Wilson were used conducting this test. Allegheny solder and special flux car ried were supplied for the soldering solde application. Production metal ware December, 1931, rose 72,558 doz. from 67,145 No- vember and for the year aggregated 1,326,511 doz., against 1,312,097 doz \ » » 4 | 4 | Club Shaf Rrazing Golf Club Shafts af - % sheet No- gated doz od a HIS close-up the business end the un- loaders shown above. Two operators are required for one these machines. One operator stationed the bucket leg directly over the bucket and controls the raising and lowering the bucket and the travel machine The other operator sta- which the bridge the machine and which transfers the load from the bucket cars storage piles. controls the movement the larry, the operation the larry gates, and the weighing the load. At S ~ . 4 handling used for unloading boats the Great Lakes have large capacity and quick operation so as to permit ships make many trips possible during short season Some docks are equipped with unloaders this type, four which are operating one boat the same Note the load can deposited railroad into the storage bins for distribution the try crane the unloaders that the bucket leg rotates com plete circle which permits into narrow hatches and yet turn any direction gather load. This view shows two buckets the hold the ship. When the cargo nearly unloaded necessary clean into piles with shovels The buckets are built capac- possible for one unloader handle from 500 1000 tons per hour Lit the | yn & . - - ding a | t hat 4 | = J » ja The Iron Age, March 10, 1932—605 Tank for heat treating duralumin the plant the Boeing Airplane Co., Seattle, Wash. Close-up heat-treating tank showing gas burners the front and the flues the back. Iron Age, March 10, 1932 ALLOY HERE are two distinct typ: equipment for heat treatin aluminum and its alloys, cluding duralumin, and ate claimed exponents The first type the regulation bri furnace, the parts being placed di- rectly the heating chamber, whi the second type tank liquid which the parts are mersed. The heat-treating techniqu including temperatures, heating riods, quenches, aging, etc., are equa applicable both types gas, commonly used fuel heat treat ing. One the world’s plane manufacturers, the Boeing Air- plane Co. Seattle, Wash., uses the immersion type equipment. This company, operating commercial passenger-mail lines from coast coast and from Mexico Canada, builds planes for some the most important interests the coun- try well for the Government. Aging Temporarily Suspended Several novel features, based recent research, have been introduced among the heat-treating practices this company’s plant. One thes the temporary suspension aging duralumin rivets after treating, until they can used. This ac- complished putting the rivets di- rectly from the quench into refrige rator which cooled with dry ice from plus minus deg. Previous this, small batches were treated from time time throughout the day, but with the new practice enough can treated each morning last out the day, fact several days. considerable saving thus effected not only labor but fuel consumption. Furthermore, this piece heat-treating equipment free for uninterrupted service throughout the remainder the day. large quantity aluminum ané aluminum alloy used the tion airplanes the Boeing fac ad tory. Aluminum, Dural and are utilized extensively for surface 4 = = = = — | q J ‘ | PARTS HEAT equa gas, treat ig Air- ses the reating erating from xico the coun- ment. nded Y used On ‘tices thes aging ac- ivets refrige dry ice deg. 1es were roughout practice morning several thus fuel this pment service the and 1e produc Alclad IMMERSION PROCESS LARGE airplane manufac- turing plant uses novel method for heat treating parts tanks and other parts, well for the atmosphere with induced draft jet. Two the quench tanks structural, tubing and strutwork. made aluminum alloys. are heated with similar burners, the duralumin parts are heat treated for described this article, these parts being quenched cold water hardening and toughening parts are immersed hot and and then washed the hot water sheet metal heat-treating department, which adjoins the sheet metal divi- Each the hot-solution tanks has thermocouple, which connected with cold solutions certain salts bring out the properties de- sion the plant’s large metal-work- switchboard and recording ing unit. sired. Dry ice also used dicating pyrometers. temporarily suspend low How the Hot-Solution Tanks Are temperatures the aging alu- How the Aluminum Alloy Rivets Are Arranged Treated minum alloy rivets. This department equipped with The rivets are charged into ste three hot-solution bath tanks and pipe ft. long and in. each these paired with cold diameter, sealed one end and open water tanks similar size and con- the other and these pipes are then struction. The heating medium near the bottor two these with closed end into one the these tanks 50-50 solution tanks there are three burners and tanks, and left there for about half potassium and sodium nitrate, which pipes and the other four. hour. They are then removed and kept temperature 940 One end each pipe welded int poured into perforated dipper that 950 deg. One these tanks the end the tank close held under the surface the cold ft. long, in. wide and in. high bottom, the burner being outside water quench, where they are allowed inside, while the other two are the the tank and firing into the pipe. The remain for few seconds, follow same cross-sectional dimension and other end the pipe turns and ing which they are placed contain ft. and ft. long respectively. protrudes above the surface the ers and put into the refrigerator, Each these tanks heated with bath and all products combustion from which they are removed used gas burners firing into pipes lying are collected hood and ventilated page 628) 4] 3 Three gas fired heat-treating baths accommodate the increasingly large volume duralumin heat treating required the manufacture Boeing planes. The Iron Age, March 10, 1932—607 he ie >, | bri ALL al I earir re i improvement over plain | ings because the loss of power ransmitting motion rolling fri derably less than rit ] I int t pe u ed I i re ense only, friction T s 1s pres nt and necessitates tne f a lubricating mediun oO pl the life « the iring n actua ball and roller bearing best realized from a detailec lvsis of the 1 itive motion of t iring element n ved re es bearings, but due elast construction, the rolling motion unavoidably accompanied varying amount slipping and slid Fig. illustrate axial cro ection deep-groove ball bearing exaggerated torm tne load the elastic deforma f the |} t10n OF Tne ) Contact Surface Elliptical The theoretical contact between ball and the race grooves point, but actually—due the the steel—it the form elliptical surface, the dependent upon the area design bearing and varies with the applied ad. The ball revolves about ax X-X, and obvious that radii ind are unequal length, which accounts for certain amount slip- the one source It is to be the contact ellipse the inner race different than the ping in pressure area, forming friction. noted that the shape outer race, the difference the rela tive curvature the surfaces con tact—being convex the inner race and concave the outer race, with reference the section the ball roller. (See Fig. correctly designed ball bearing, the radii the grooves the outer and inner races are proportioned the diameter the balls that the contact 608—The lron Age, March 10, 1932 and consequently the stress are the same both races. gue, the bal! the con longer outer and and 25/64 of radii the grooves ¥/16 iameter, respectively. tact area the inner race ind narrower, follows that there slightly greater amount slipping icti the inner than the outer race. against race Useful Between Contact Surfaces Lubricant Referring now Fig. which hows view through the middle the bearing, perpendicular its axis, may observed that the balls der pressure become slightly flattened, and the grooved surfaces both races are also slightly flattened under com- pression material due applied These deformations are all within the elastic range the steel, that while they are continuous nature, they involve expenditure manifested heat due the move ment the steel grains. While internal friction the steel cannot reduced the application lubr cant the exterior quite obvious that true rolling exists, and certain contact surfaces, which min imized proper lubrication. surfaces, can Some ball bearing engineers are the opinion that film lubricant can exist between the contact surface the balls and heavily loaded bearing account the eno mous pressure present. Whatever the actual conditions which are extremely difficult prove one way the other—it appears logical that however much the lubricant film may distorted broken up, even minute quantity lubricant lodged the the metallic surfaces should perform useful function. races may pores third cause pure sliding yet they are not permanent, tion exists between individual Contact Area AA A AAR Inner Race Area Outer Race Fig. Fig. Fig. the effect load stresses the bearing elements elastic deformation the bearing elements under load section taken through the races and rolling element shown taken the compressibility bearing. Fig. the nature contact = Ci fect elements which re- sults hove ‘icant eno or the are Way that ven red rfaces n. fric- vidual ken ressibility tact REQUIRE BRICATION & regarding the function lubricants for anti-friction bearings vary widely. Some attach undue importance lubrication; others appear minimize it. view this, Mr. Reswick’s engineering analysis the operation ball and roller bearings, and his conclusions relating proper lubrication, should timely interest. second article, will discuss the properties the cants and their applications, including those for extreme pressure conditions, rolling mill bearings. balls and the cage ball retainers. from the contact surfaces the This particularly true the case ers and races and also from high speed annular bearings and contact against the separators thrust bearings having races, cages. Additional causes sliding where the action centrifugal force friction are produced the guiding and spinning increases the friction flanges the inner race where they the balls against the ball retaining come contact with the ends cage. rollers, and further slipping caused the case cylindrical roller overcoming the tendency bearings, the theoretical contact rollers skew between the races line, but actually elongated maintaining axial alinement the rectangle, shown Fig. rollers. This applies varying tion the form slipping present grees roller bearings every Area Inner Race “~ \ \ 1 ve Fig. Fig. ball bearing typical design. Fig. exaggerated form the ball roller bearing perpendicular the bearing The “flattening Fig. the effect load stresses cylindrical-type roller ball roller and the races bearing. &» MAURICE RESWICK Chief Engineer, Pennsylvania Lubricating Co., Pittsburgh whether cylindrical, tapered, spherical, any other form. The elastic deformation the ing elements introduces tresses the metal, while the ping and sliding friction, that between cage and rolling ments, further produces power the form heat, and the speed the bearing increased, some these factors become pronounced. Due the more fre quent recurrence stress with speed increase, the load rating ball and roller bearings must decreased with increase operating speed However, while lubrication ball and roller bearings not factor termination bearing capacity, great importance assuring rea sonably long life the bearing, and the selection proper lubricant will many cases increase the safe erating speed rating ball and roller bearings. equally important function the lubricant protect the finished the balls, and races from corresive action. mospheric moisture and acid kali fumes will attack the bearing, and once pitting rusting started, the life the bearing greatly re- duced through increased and wear setting abrasion from iron oxide. Effective Grease Seal Important Function Lubricant When good grade neutral grease used the lubricant, also seal excluding the infiltra- tion dust and dirt into the live bearing elements. When seal may consid- red the most important function the lubricant. For best results the bearing housing should grease slinger seals Lubricants ball and roller bear- ings serve, then, the following pur- oses, the order their import- 1.—Reduce friction the points sliding contact between the ball The Iron Age, March 10, 1932—609 ot | 10uNn! min re ol mm a | WY -onnding are articularly dirty. ar roundings are particularly dirty, roller and the separator cage, guid- ing flanges grooves, and the de- formed contact pressure area the races. protective coating. seal which excludes in- filtration dust, dirt and water. and dissipate the eat generated the localized friction Characteristics Required Lubricant Both grease and oil are used the rication roller bearings. Grease sed majority applica- ns, while oil used under spe- conditions where high speed and ther considerations are the ing factors. rovern- further analysis the factors entering into the design and and roller bearing: uch stresses, loads and velociti vill give better understanding what demanded from efficient lubricant. lected bearing for particular ap- the proportion the ele- ments, such plication, size shaft diameter, number and diameter balls around. Unit pressure the contact areas, rate deformation surfaces, fatigue and sliding friction against the guides and retainers are held within practical limits. examination the load rating tables manufacturers ball and roller bearings shows that these rela- tionships, with slight variations different manufacturers, are expressed very closely the mulas: following for- where rated load, shaft di- ameter, number balls di- per minute for any given condition, while P,, D,, N,, and are the cor- responding values for any required conditions. Formula (1) recast into several independent expressions, show- ing the direct instead the propor- tional relationship the various fac- tors with reference load Thus, with size and number bails may *For development formula (5) refer “American Machinist Gear Book,” Logue and Trautschold, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1922. 610—The Iron Age, March 10, 1932 rollers and speed remaining con- stant (2) with shaft diameter and speed re- maining constant ‘5 (3) and similarly with and Nd’ remain- ing constant (4) where and are constants de- pending the design the bearing and its rating for any particular con- aitions. Nature Contact Bearings Different Size The nature contact between the rollers and the races bear- ings different size can analyzed mathematical terms. general, when two cylinders are tan- gent each other, the contact line tangency, deter- also the point mined the following formula: (5) and are the radii the respective cylinders tangent each where other. This formula applies also determining the contact line two spheres any plane through their point tangency.* Referring Fig. balls rollers, while the radius the surfaces the outer inner races, the case may be. will observed from formulas (1), responding increase the diameter the races and balls rollers (to gether with their number). Fron formula (5) seen that the con tact surface pressure area comes greater the size the bea ing From the point metal fatigue cause the unit pressure large bea: ings not necessarily greater tha increase contact area also mear departure from true rolling between the balls rollers and races, and the sliding friction again the separators and guides greater the larger bearing count the increase the periphe: speed the inner race. The proble lubrication, therefore, becom: more difficult the size the be: ing increased. This proved practice the fact that the oper stan pressure ing temperature greater large size bearings than smaller bearing when operated the same speed un- der proportionate loads. (1) and load for From formulas seen also that the one bearing varies inversely the This due primarily the greater rate de- cube root the speed. formation the surfaces and slid- ing friction, which manifested rise operating temperature. BAKELITE CORPN. starts the year with confidence the future, evidenced the open- ing their new plant Bound Brook, The entire layout and equipment were planned especially for the efficient pro- acre site. duction uniform Bakelite materials. 4 % shown below, situated their 100 ine ~ (2) and that the load ers, and operating speed such that rs, an liberal factor safety provided — yher oble com be: per large aring un- ‘tie ay gases evolved from the hearth furnace those which cause the “boil” and those which the boiling gases carry off. The chief boiling gas far carbon monoxide (CO), for when there carbon the metal there boil, and when only few points carbon are present the boil lim- ited few small scattered bubb! sight one time. one deter- mination Campbell found the gases expelled from (low-carbon?) open- hearth bath, presumably the same the boiling gas, per cent CO, per cent hydrogen, per cent per cent oxygen and per cent nitrogen. Boil the great agent and indi- cator employed making heat steel. shows the rate which car- bon being oxidized and eliminated from the metal. denotes progress either toward away from the goal. gases undoubtedly changes, does their volume, the heat progresses from melting down finishing, be- cause the percentage carbon the metal diminishes, the free oxide iron the slag varies and the bath temperature rises. Working Out Gases from the Bath From soft steel bath, even one which does not boil because lack carbon, large volumes gas may dislodged stirring gently with cold steel rod. This gas may pos- sibly different composition from that the boiling gas. likely more largely hydrogen than the GASE OLTEN metal exudes gases, whether the fur- nace which was made solidify. both cases what driven off chiefly carbon monoxide (CO). But there large amount hydrogen liberated sometimes associated with nitrogen form ammonia. Segregation steel attributed largely the washing effect escaping gases. other, but that have knowl- edge. Hydrogen seems not able leave the metal itself, but prob- ably carried off some extent the escaping bubbles. This function presumably varies with the bath tem- perature, for when that unduly high, hydrogen seems retained more persistently the metal. The power carry off other gase may lessen its volume, and hence the intensity the boil, decreases certain intensity vigor boil may for any hydrogen carried off; that is, the boil must not too gentle. quite con ceivable that, with some and considering (1) the proportions carbon and gas-solvents present, (2) EVOLVED HENRY HIBBARD Consulting Metallurgical Engineer, Plainfield, slag and (3) bath temperature above certain point, hydrogen eliminated unless the boil has proper intensity. these conditions change, the de- gree boil may and probably should need changed also for best re- ults cleaning the metal harmful gases. stronger boil than usual may overcome, some measure, verse conditions. The foregcing may suggest some the reasons why the steel melter wants give his bath boil. wonders what the gases are which leave the molten how much more them retained, and what the effect the latter the finished steel. Gases Evolved from Molten Steel the Mold the molten metal cools the mold its power hold solu- tion some not all its gases lessens, and they consequently tend cape. They are then evolved in- saturated olvents the metal; the more solvents, the less the gases are set free. The mere presence solvents not enough prevent the escape gas the mold. They must unsaturated, that is, able hold more gases they have, like freshly 1um ferrosilicon. ution than alumi- not killed, the different gases are evolved se- saturation point From freezing steel, quence The Iron Age, Marih 10, ulas loa | co (to th oti by or any the due de- slid- ted e. open- 100 pro- | al each the molten metal reached some gases that point may deed be it the freezing temperature when olubility such gases steel not killed 1 \ ipths becol ero, and part all the ther erated will form hol How Different Steels Act steel, containing usually v » per cent ilicon o equiva nt ivent, \ ly no bubb gas the mold, though flame may play over the surface dur Les ng. rhe top urface of t fre over, sealing iny gases which might tend sepa ina tight mold, ises would dinary killed steel from other kind teel. Partly-ki 1 steel « lve l in th tional the degr When nearly l i rom 0.15 0.20 per cent silicon added, thi re pect much like killed ster ind the top soon With fron 0.10 0.12 per cent silicon will moderately the mold during solid fication, and escaping gases may little voleanoes “horns” top With | )| lution gases and rise mold will cor ond All of these varieti eno nto g mark though the top metal will fro and segregation nere Rimming teel properly large volumes gas the chiefly carbon monoxide with probably some This re ol ise l in ntial fea ire naking thick-skinned ingot steel. Their quantity must ample maintain within the rim ‘ + ley } forms lively churning action of the metal, which dislodg ; the hy 1 } droven bubble the inner wall freezing shell, and the same tim must keep the top open that the liberated may escape Tying Back the Furnace Boil mold may result from and follow ore, too much manganese casting temperature. The metal may then rise unduly the mold (one inch much), before form rim and may form islands Age, March 10, 1932 = and the ingot may thin-skinned and have too many holes located too near the surface, olid metal top. to cure the trouble, which will may cause surface de- fects the product. the outrush gases great that the metal settles later cools and the volume gases lessens, they are too plentiful. But that may corrected easily even then the ad- tion little aluminum the molten metal the mold; one two ounces ton steel usually enough. Then, after the steel has set tled, more steel may run bring the ingot weight. The the heat may then dosed with the same amount alumi- num when they are nearly filled, but fore, the action can hardly rong the lower half for ade quate dl lodgment of the skinhole gas ibbles which start to form there. One Cause Segregation seems largely n effect of e caping gas bubbles in TTRACTIVE feather- weight chairs modern design are made Dow- manufactured the Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich. — the mold which, keeping the liquid metal motion, make wash off and mix with itself the r