The Iron Age 1932-02-18: Vol 129 Iss 7

THE IRON ESTABLISHED 1855 NEW YORK, FEBRUARY 18, 1932 VOL. 129, No. Steel Industry Furnishes the Key Manchurian Aggression Japan’s aims are industrial. hunger the teeming millions the tight little island empire. popularly assumed that Japanese military operations Manchuria were dictated the land But this impression erroneous. needs Manchurian ore and coal build self-contained steel industry and promote the growth the many metal-working enterprises that use iron and steel raw materials. rie protect its present large investments Manchuria and make possible further industrial development that territory, Japan contends that needs greater political security for its enter prises. For years the Japanese have had “sphere influence” southern Manchuria. ently they want more complete control that area. eyes the world are the Far East. Japanese aggression, first Manchuria and then Shanghai, has raised questions underlying motives. Japan stag- ing demonstration Shanghai for bargaining purposes? its real aim port the condition that the world powers recognize its political suze- rainty over Manchuria? Those who would questions the affirmative are re- minded that Japan has had special Manchuria for years and yet has failed dismally its efforts colo- nize that area. Whereas millions Chinese have poured into Manchuria, relatively few Nipponese nationals have settled that country. population now totaling 29,- 000,000, there are only 240,108 Jap- anese and 768,280 Koreans. Most the Japanese are railroad officials and employees business houses the railroad zone. Agricultural coloniza- tion has failed both because the difficulty competing with Chinese farmers, subsisting low standard living, and because Japan has real surplus farm labor. not generally appreciated the Occident that the island empire longer rice-exporting nation, but now must import part its rice requirements. / ¢ va . 4 ‘Ly q 7 Old Japan—a boatman poling his cargo into the bay Tokio. 433 Appar Industrial, rather than agricultural. Japan’s policy. Manchuria rich especially the primary raw materials needed the Japane teel industry. the same tim this natural wealth provides the basi for further expansion Manchurian metallurgical plants owned and ated the Japanese. ope ides its interest Manchurian mineral resources and their exploita tion, Japan has large stake railroad holdings. its total vestments Manchuria, placed 1,546,177,829 gold yen ($764,996,558), the South Manchuria Railway Co. represents outlay 644,841,734 yen ($321,131,183). Japanese trade with Manchuria another important consideration, the total exports and imports exceed- ing 300,000,000 Haikwan taels ($103,- 500,000) annually (the years the depression excepted). About per cent the 10,000,000 tons prod- ucts entering and clearing from the three principal Manchurian ports year handled Japanese ships. each But the need basic materials for iron and steel production the para- mount reason for Japan’s evident de- sire obtain more complete political control over Manchuria. Efforts foster steel production j | | | | ; | | a | = Japan, date back 1896, when the carried intervals convert Government Steel Works was estab- into sponge iron, but appareat lished at Yawata, but progre toward that for economical production of the building self-contained iron and steel Japan must look out- industry has been impeded short side its borders for ore. Japanese age iron ore, coal and limestone. coal is, for the most part, high its peak year, 1929, the sulphur, phosphorus and ash content, and highly volatile. teel industry produced 2,293,840 tor ingots and castings. Only few Japan’s blast furnaces are, with il ro J pan wa 1 substantial certain exceptions, less modern than they might be, with the result that hee pipe, wire, nail tru production costs are high. Although ral steel shapes, bars, rails and there are stacks the country, orie 1924 alone, Japan nly have capacities 100 tons ught 260,705 tons teel day more. pig iron capacity, Japan large But this trade has mporter iron, normal years tak- Japanese purchases abroad about tons from the An- mainly plate and han Steel Works Manchuria, some teels and alloys. Mean from hile tin plate capacity being Baitetsu Yugen Koshi Penhsihu inded, although it till fall hort Vanchuria, 75,000 tons from the the large requirements Mitsubishi Seitetsu Kaisha Ken- untry’s oil and food canning indu Korea, 50,000 tons tries. With its imports diminish Hanyang Iron Steel Works Han- ale, Japan emerging China, and upward 100,000 exporting nation and, the past two tons from other sources, principally ars, has offered rails, steel and cast the Tata and Burn furnaces India. ron pipe, galvanized sheets and addition, Japan important metal Africa, buyer iron and steel scrap, 1929 India, the Dutch East Indies, having purchased 208,260 tons from China and other Eastern market the United States alone. Japan’s Ore Deposits Inadequate Manchuria’s Rich Resources For steel output the 1929 rate Manifestly desire free itself estimated that Japan would requir from dependence widely scattered about 3,800,000 tons per cent foreign sources supply domi- and 2,000,000 tons coke. nant motive for Japan’s recent mili- umption ore that pace would tary excursion into Manchuria. That exhaust the known resources territory’s mineral resources, be- the country. Large sand ore ieved, are capable being developed located along the northeastern the point where they could supply and experiment all the raw material requirements *y ¥ om oA ~ Buddhist temple the Far East. 134—The Iron Age, February 18, 1932 the Japanese steel industry. Man- churia’s coal deposits are estimated 000,000 tons are the Japanese sphere influence. Iron ore deposits are placed 400,000,000 tons, and the greater part these, also, are the South. Besides rich iron ore and coal re- sources, industry would have available magnesite deposits, said without parallel elsewhere the world. They cover extensive area bordering the main line the South Manchuria Railway Co., the seams, from two 200 meters thick, alternate with dolomite. The mag nesite deposits are estimated sev eral hundred million tons and dolo mite also placed high total About 75,000 tons dolomite pro- duced annually, most which shipped the Imperial Steel Works Yawata, Japan. There are also large deposits fire clay, only part- developed. 1929 about 64,000 tons was produced and most shipped Yawata. Its fire resistance good, usually being No. and times No. Zagel. There are sub- stantial deposits fluorspar, but only small quantities have been mined. De- posits good grade manganese ore are being worked small Other industrial materials available include copper, lead, barytes, feldspar and asbestos. Some 213 coal mines are listed existent Manchuria, but only few are important producers. The largest operations are the Fushun and Yentai mines the South Manchuria Rail way Co., producing about 7,000,000 tons coal annually, mostly only for gas. Penhsihu the Honkeiko Yugen Koshi, which was established about years ago the site old coal mine, following discovery, miles distant Miaoerku, good iron ore de- posits. The coal output this com- pany, which also makes pig iron, 100,000 500,000 tons annually, uitable quality for coking and partly used the Honkeiko company for that purpose. Other mines Manchuria those Dalainor, operated Russia since 1903 and producing about 200, 000 tons year, the Muling mines, also producing some 200,000 tons coal annually, and the Holikwang coa! field, north Harbin, producing only 12,000 15,000 tons year. these latter mines are along the lines the Chinese Eastern Railway. Manchuria Has Two Pig Iron Plants the 400,000,000 tons iron available mostly hematite, small The greater part however, ranges from per cent iron content. The principal iron mining opera tions Manchuria today are = =f cf i + — steel industry even now dependent up- Manchuria for supplies raw material. From the An- shan Steel Works (1) and the Honkeiko Baitetsu Yu- gen Koshi (2) Manchuria, well from the Mitsubi- shi Seitetsu Korea (6) and from the Hanyang Iron Steel Works Hankow, China, come large tonnages pig iron for the Japanese steel producing districts around Yawata, Kobe and Yokohama. South Manchuria also supplies magnesite, do- lomite and some manganese good grade. north- profuse resources, Russian has developed coal mining Dalainor (4), Muling (5) and Holik- wang (7), but the largest coal operations are under Japanese control Penhsihu and Fushun and Yentai (3). and Miaoerku Penhsihu, the former operated the near South Manchuria the latter nterprise. Co., and joint Chinese-Japanese The Anshan Seitetsu Jo, started site substantial, although low- ‘rade, iron ore deposits 1917, was riginally planned for ultimate an- ual capacity 1,000,000 tons pig ron, 800,000 tons steel ingots. blast furnaces, each with ca- 300 tons day, 200,000 annual output, were ected, and third was projected. ©DALAINO, $ € Dv Wass ANS ef Ue 4 & \ IAS (5) YAWA £7 YAWATA 1as been built at Anshan, hich und third blast furnace wa completed, normal operating conditions ind, with output increased, smal ome 2300 Japanese and Chinese, fit was earned for the second l, } “4 ] + ‘luding executive estab year. industrial enterprise was necessa rpri ” The other large pig iron producing for the South Manchuria Rai represent a total investment ind and 000,000 gold yen ($3,486,000). ! wo extremel' Capacit\ DIA Anshan plant and nodern indu nent the plant, and two rial community, the pig iron 150-ton 1929 teadily declined, and the pig iron reported losses each year until 1928 pany + \ However, Japan growin Miaoerku which ana eel industry needed the iror per cent iron certal from the blast furnaces and posits but only cer tion ere continued despite fin rom other has laily. 1929, good year, the 1921, with American mined 522.000 tor advice, large ore concen plant was installed, and Wit pig equipment the coke ovens was Manchuria, and for the production Iphate their expan benzol eel producing plants, other plant coke capacit now ¢ a indertaking appear , ists four batteries ovens, nder Japanese guidance. 700 tons daily capaci ling Pri the entry The Iron Age, February 18, 1932—435 <= L? \ 4 * f \ = — = = Japanese and the construction roads the North and South, Man- huria predominantly agricul- The orig ir i] 1! u ( el prewin eavu tann tn I l cerami the prod ean and re b Ru who « 1 ire In the South Japar ly vel Dp! nt n thi soutt ern district has brought imb factori from 152 1909, investment 16,152,101 yen 043,786), 789 1929, with vestment 302,080,061 yen and worker Meanwhi manuta Mat 1! th nad 0 the 1 -Workin plant I i Manchuria larg South Manchuria Railway \t D ire! Mukd n and \ ne gaged machine work, nail re Ca ron pipe I a l ing al I rie ith its 29,000,000 people, and Japan much larger population, will cu ilat nefit ill cor contended Solder for Aluminum and Other Materials SOLDER designated Aluma- weld being marketed the Allied Research Laboratories, Glen- dale, Cal., for use repairing alumi- num, pot metal, die castings, cast iron and steel. applied with ordi- nary soldering iron blow torch. The material said have ten- sile strength 12,000 lb. per sq. in. and fuse strongly with the metal being repaired. melts low temperature, but when applied re- quires temperatures ranging from 250 deg. higher remelt it. The solder quite ductile and will take polish over which chromium other plating may applied. 436—The Iron Age, February 18, 1932 through the production sequence appear easily made, such MACHINING DESCRIPTION some the operations typical mod- differential erve illustrate the accuracy and ttention detail called for man- this specialized mechanism ith mass production methods. This ar shop is housed in a build- itself where but one product, manufactured. The material from start finish ded extensive overhead trolley conveyor which serves nearly every seven main parts addition various pins and screws. These seven parts are the housing, the drive pin ion, the ring gear, the two side gears and the two side Some parts are forgings and other ire cut and machined from bar stock. While the gears perate smoothly and first Gears are accurately generated from specially designed master gears Gleason gear generating the case. took many years de- velopment work design and produce correct, smooth-running gea particular mechanism. The spiral bevel-gear train was particularly dif- basis. For one thing, true spiral bevel-gear presents difficult problem necessary make modification the true spiral and this was only accomplished long series cut and try experiments. Finally, when the correct design was achieved, mas- ter gears were made for each size differential and other gears were then cut from these masters. the pres ent time the master gears are very carefully guarded, they constitute the true record the design result- ing from years development work. Ring Gears Are Accurately Machined The company whose practice de- machines. 7 machine operation, ypical differential assembly con- ial pme! inder DIFFER 2315 steel for the principal parts its differentials. typical piece made this steel the ring gear which enters the plant forging and then follows through interesting series machining operations. one two Bullard Mult-au- matics set side side and operating tandem, that is, the pieces which have been machined the first tool are passed over the second for the balance series six seven op- erations. These operations the two machines are follows: ack, bore hole, drill rivet holes, pposite outside o goes Spot nrst face face diameter and counter bore. side, After leaving the Mult-au-matic, pieces are placed the traveling con- veyor, which shown Figs. and This conveyor carries the parts through drying and washing ma- chine shown Fig. before deliv- ers them the first inspection bench. The inspectors this bench remove the pieces from the conveyor which passes conveniently one side and place after inspecting the accepted TIALS problems encountered and solved producing the present day smooth running and quiet automobile differential constitute example applied mechanical ingenuity. The results accomplished demonstrate that the attainment super-standards largely mat- ter progressive machine shop practice. Makers and users gears for all purposes will interested the methods set forth, drawn from the practice prominent differential manufacturer. pleces on a { nd and ir over head conveyo1 vhich pa n tn opposite The rejected p ] DacK on ne I co nda re carried away either med parts that continue after Gleason gear generators, shown Fig. These gen with the conveyor passing both sides. The operator standing front of the machine between the two ec veyors takes the piece them through the gear 2. == - 4 off one, put cutting opera- convey the opposit noted the illustration, the perating The gement conveyor side ngle line production the output any particular piece erely putting another tool that particular job. designed tandard automobile differential flexible and yet the arrangement for the production 1000 day that the production may altered per cent more from one day the ‘ - | — ie 4 a ~ ‘ = 4 q 2 ~ overhead conveyor system carries parts process throughout the entire department. Here the conveyor shown carrying gear parts through combination washing and drying machine which forms one link the manufacturing sequence. The Age, February 18, ~— & the 4 i —. ing ig specially built sheet steel racks for convenience conveyor system shown the background. Finished pinions are placed ppre then, after certain finishing touches, including polishing some cases, the nerator finished parts stores. machine till Case hardening accomplished innir ill hand one two methods. Where case rinding heel exibl deeper than 0.03 in. desired the leaving the gear cutting ma- method carburize packing chines, the parts through the the usual dry compound pots operation econd time, ther which are placed furnaces. Where the pieces are hardened salt bath. We This shows long line special gear cutting machines the well-equipped differential department. Iron February 18, 1932 Age, and storing. Part the extensive overhead Parts which heat treated are brought temperature elec- tric furnace and then are quenched oil and later drawn oil. The tem- perature sequence varies according the result one the parts are heated 1425 deg. F., then quenched deg. and drawn 325 deg. order reduce minimun the tendency warp treatment, some the parts placed and held under hig! pressure while being quenched oi! are desired. dies Grinding and Lapping Increases Accuracy Several unusual grinding operation follow the heat treatment and gear trains are “run-in” pairs oil and powdered emery lapping machine. This “running takes from min. min. for eac! train and the testing which follow the “running in” takes another min. The testing consists erating the gears different speed with varied loads. The load plied causing the gears drive action pump and load varied opening closing ammete! bal iil positive the pump’s outlet valve. circuit with the motor dication the load the the delicate grinding wor the pull magnetic chuck sufficient cause inaccuracies, gives gears. some woul an such cases the chuck with the work place and the then opened that current flov through the chuck. This leaves enoug residual magnetism enable the erator take delicate cut with — Py Wi small grinding wheel. Some this delicate grinding done typical internal grinder using quick center- ing magnetic chuck which carries register indicate when piece properly centered. All gears after being finished are sprayed with oil before going the stores. Handling the many parts between final inspection and stores department means specially designed racks made sheet steel and angles. The type rack used for pinions shown Fig. Each rack de- signed that may picked one man and placed truck. The entire floor the shop com posed wood blocks set concrete, and therefore comparatively easy move loaded trucks hand from one place another. some cases movement these trucks facilitated The assembling complete differen- Build Frameless Sheet Steel House use steel the construction dwelling houses apparently being given more attention than ever before steel plant executives and architects. Much development work has been done this direction. Should the steel dwelling prove economical and popular, very broad and large extent new field will opened for Another steel house, unique that will frameless and built sheet teel welded together and insulated, has been designed Cleveland engi- neers and architects cooperation with the American Rolling Mill Co. Construction will started shortly Solon, Cleveland suburb. For the walls box-like corrugations will pressed flat sheets, forming sections ft. wide, and the length necessary. For insulation and sound proofing the box-like corruga- tions will filled with rock wool; then layer dence Masonite board, exploded wood fiber, will fast ened the protruding sheet metal with structural adhesive, both inside ind out. Exposed the weather layer asbestos board, also fastened adhesive. interior side the wall may finished with wall paper some other decorative finish. Although the com- pleted wall will not exceed in. thickness, will possess unusual sulating qualities, stated. All partition walls will similar con- struction. The floor will fabricated heets bent form overlapping and welded together form conduits tials operation whi essentially The original work the gears are machin ferent tores. These are sho nave no direct reiat “dare ers orders except total sales. act der, say for one the parts are part and allowing hrink fit over The various have been previous kept together ment, and, cour However, order secure silen smooth-running product, some- times necessary try diff The complete differential after being “run in” and tested much i I vidual gear trains are ‘ ‘ ftar th fly rnnine | tn unt il in ire cleaned Inde! sure and are then sent the ipping department and shipped mentioned. the compa art ne envire pia ile on a work basis extends even the ate operations lapping. The only order. -“ t Experimental frameless steel house erected suburb Cleveland which may used ired. The steel floo1 with synthetic floor board having flat can steel columns, will the floors and asphaltic compound. + plant and taken house where they will gether. The windows type assem crete. The meta tremely rigid, and tanding unusual win talli Instead install tile flue, the Armco Spiral welded cially treated corrosive action ol! wall will be ermitted the Insulated Steel Floor Wall The fireplace will also heet teel. The house, with eight rooms, two garage, will steel sheet require about tons formed from 28-in. wide strip steel and the walls from wider material. The cost the hou ved, will lightly than similar house built wood. The house will built Insu lated Steel Floor Wall Co., whi j intly owned by Mill G. Clark, Cleveland, and the American Rolling Mill Co. This compar has opened Building, Cleveland The announcement the tion this house follo hortly the development plans for building iT ther t pe of tee! } ] T Cleve and will have porcelain being ponsored Ferr Enameling Corpn., elar orcelain enamel parts will factured the Louisville Enar Products Louisville, The Iron Age, February 18, 1932—439 constitutes together the complete differential. department. orders which carry the dif- which with custom } that they follow, or, some cases, anticipate trends lai Customers Ol isand differentia assembly to fill this order are requ ted fi the finished parts stores. The assem- Ding 18 much more than merely put ting the various parts together. “run the hour check the tools and stores depart equipment and keep all proper - covered The roof, made the same covered with an 17 AC! site the yW be we lde d oO! ed in the no} ] ea and welded to the teei Wallis. The doors will metal. For the basement walls the sam ing floor and roof. The sectior vill stood endwise, thus providing metal form which will filled with con- for protrude walls can welded making the ex- wind resistance. outer walls and roof. The latter low wlll wu an eel pipe, spe- “Us EMPLOYMENT RESERVE FUND AID pre I int r und + espon ipplying measure and not Although there has rovide eguar< yainst a repel CO?! malinta ed that tn il loing this themselves wit legislation nitiat this vital subject, vhat aga ra ! ind P ct plished But must the majority mediately regard in do to prevent the kers havir their ff du 1 tuture et no! With their limited finaz ial compared with riant can they profit Plan Has Operated Since 1923 This question being iccessfully and hopefully today Northrup Co., Phila complement that program and protect workers against unemployment which other management measures cannot prevent, the company has operated unemployment 1923. erve plan The company thus had seven Iron Age, February 18, 1932 preparation for the present its should guide for companies which launched today would fare instruments and paratu ior temperature ent and control, the company about 1000 people, tion whom are engaged sale engineering, inspection, fac service and office work. Precision equipment can made skilled worker there with long experience; are sound business reasons for conserving this force, replacement men difficult. How Fund Was Built First realization the desirability tabilizing employment 1921, when the company found itself vith large inventories hand and was compelled cut down its per- sonnel. Said Morris E. Leeds, pres- ident, “The social harm that from the sudden interruption un- employment became very clear us, ind resolved that when return prosperity permitted would work out some definite plan pre ent the recurrence such situ- ition our plant.” 1923 the company eration unemployment eposited unemployment fund and contributed per cent each payroll until the total was twice the largest payroll any week the previous months. This pay- salaries, being consider- ibly larger than that workers who might benefit from it. The } agreement pany’s business. Upon the company, the council the invitation Association Cooperative em- ployees for anaging and disbursing the fund. The association members employees and through elected council deals with matters interest has its How Fund Administered The lowing council decided method upon the fol administering the fund: Control the fund the hands committee five members, three being appointed the council and two the management. Only employees whose annual com- pensation $2,600 less are eligible for benefits. Benefits are paid the rate per cent wages for employees having dependents and per cent for those without dependents. Employees discharged, laid off working less than the regular 44-hr. week are receive benefits. Those discharged for cause not partic- ipate, but may appeal board consisting entirely employees ap- pointed the council. Duration regulated length service, rang- ing three for three months’ service weeks for those payments from weeks who have been employed five years longer. general, each year ser- vice adds five weeks compensation. schedule are compensated time lost the same proportion those who lose full time. Benefits cease the recipient gets SS | » m Wnemnp IT) to them. t | | DURING DEPRESSION another job, but may reinstated loses leaves that job and has yet received all im. payments Benefits Increased Depression Grew More Severe October, 1931, 68,000 by the interest accumulations, brought fund the required maximum about $87,500. Prior 1930, fund small and sufficient contributions company, nands the nefits were were carry cipients over the period during hich they were finding other ployment. With the swing the past two years, bene fits have materially ensation after leaving the company were compensated while employed part-time. This has meant payments totaling $49,855, with addi- nal contingent liabilities Oct. $3,100. That is, with interest, about per cent the fund had been needed emands, leaving nearly $40,000, per cent the fund its peak used case further decline the working force working depression increased. 203 persons had received com- and 575 allowance meet urs becomes essential. cent the ligible for benefits who were laid off still receiving benefits had new before their ome from the fund ceased and lid not. The council keeps contact those who have received the from the fund, but have not und work, loaning giving them ney from separate fund built Forty per employee vere positions — A LTHOUGH recognizing that unemployment compensa- tion “at best only palliative and not nearly desirable continuous the Leeds Northrup Co. succeeded, without financial strain, building unemployment reserve fund aid its employees during depres- sion. The fund was started 1923 and managed and disbursed employees. Oct. 1931, 203 persons had received com- pensation after leaving the com- pany and 575 while working part time, total expenditure $49,855. those who have remained ontact with persons who are with the idea that analysi its experience ended may result the Complementary Policies the Company 1 ry ) a ‘ ¢ nt When ISI? ‘ \ > if t - al -a-'! n f reguiar vy ner Wworr Ve arovp bac to } andara wet ur ty acker ar vert i Ww i t} our pl Du anufa ) 1 there } ft ently ible demand certain iter our financial budget ter les records will Wi CATT or ré earcet dev new ratu ind ne 1s¢ il n pr rtion t the i New German Sheet Piling Corrosion Resistant German manufa rer tee] sheet developed corrosion tant known Resista, reported IRON AGE Dec. Thi ling made copper-bearing improving the quality steel for the piling, the maker discarded ince would tend reduce elastic limit which essential for iriving. low carbon contains only about 0.1 per cent phorus. However, the high phosphoru ntent (max. 0.1 per cent) claimed ralit tne tee] ill range all which 71,000 85,000 Ib. per sq. in. tensile trength, 51,000 per sq. in. ela per cent minimum aid have in- } } + writ} ‘ated that, when 9 ; and | . water, moist atmospheric con ditions, Resista’s resistance corro ion ordinary } ; the resistance cent greater. per cent greater than copper-bearing steel; sea stated The Iron Age, February 18, & Discussing the company’s Mr. Leed remarked re enth; “Ur Ix ‘ alliativse and not ne riv oniy a palilactly ana nN nea y | the most desirable. The new piling | ‘ | a1 Le | | | ) } | “py | } +) IRON BRAKE DRUM LINING CENTRIFUGALLY CAST INTO STEEL SHELL = = 4 welding machine special design welds the brake drum backs the flange the iron-lined brake the Centrifuse brake drum design, which includes welded nant Cannon, Muskegon, Mich., lustrated, used number teel back addition the steel ring foundry engineers. cars exhibited the recent aut and the iron lining, the outgrowth The foundation ring which bile show New York, cast considerable experimental work iron lining applied made braking surface fused into carried the manufacturers, the steel 1010), and formed the steel foundation ring through Motor Wheel Corpn., Lansing, Mich., “duplex” double-width sections ntrifugal collaboration with Campbell, Wy- four operations, much the sam The double-width shell, foun dation ring, before the iron lin ing centrifugally cast into it. The end flanges form retain ing mold for the molten iron The foundation ring after trifusion The next operation the splitting the double width lined shell make two brake drums. ‘At right Iron Age, February 18, 1932 | a 7 q q | é _ way wheel rim. The duplex rings are later cut split through the center, making two single brak- ing rings. The thickness the stock for these rings varies with drum di- ameter and load 1/16 in. 5/32 ential ridges beads the ring are from in. The circumfer- described having two functions: keeping the drum round service and the fused cast iron. The end flanges form retaining mold for the molten iron poured, preventing the molten metal out during the centrifugal casting operation. They the back the back projection thrown receive this welded also drum, flange. Before the cast iron applied, the formed duplex rings are sand blasted remove scale and provide clean surface. The rings, coated with flux and heated, are rotated high speed special machine, and the iron retained between the outside flanges the ring spun into even layer relatively dense metal. The ac- photomicrograph shows The shown companying the fusion the iron and stee bond between the two metals extending the section from with the steel above, and the iron below this section. The darker section immediately the bond said carbon separating from the cast iron the penetrated fusing process, has steel for the distance shown. lining the rings Operations subsequent the include through ring form two single process cutting ‘or this process special brake drum splitting machine was developed the Sunstrand Machine Tool Co., ) described THE AGE Jan. 28, shown that this three-piece tailor made construction produces satisfactory finished drum, permit any desired combination ring back thickness, and man Welding Electrodes a } Nev York i hie new electroase Know! The irregular section the bond between Murex, are made in. long and the iron and steel. The darker section types and siz uitabl raw mediately above carbon which, separat range ertical ing from the cast iron the fusing process rhead welding operation has penetrated the steel, for the distance shown \ feature of the electrode i patented iral winding asbest age Considerable riment yarn which serves hold the ing with was nec mineral flux the core that tools are required first cut not injured the electrode ben eel shell, then through the bon manufacturers point out that etween the ell and the iron, and all-mineral ingredient the flux finally through the iron. After Murex electrode cau ing, each ring rough-turned without objectionable fumes trimmed. The foundation rin ther while the coatin the projection welding machine enables the operator ride the here illustrated, where the brake the work, thus letting back welded the ring flux pace the 12 points. Final operatio re Ti Amo! the eight type of ele re eting the hub and fin turning the Murex line there are the braking concentric wit trodes for welding commercial the axis manganese steel, 18-8 Exten experiment rustle iror shells, the parting tools are quired first cut through the steel shell, then through the bond between the steel and iron, and finally through the the After the splitting and other machining operations, the drums which welds the brake drum backs. This view shows the completed Centrifuse brake drum The Iron Age, February 18, 1932—443 Heavy Mineral Coated | | a | | | y a ’ 1 | J { RODUCTION PROBLEM and i ( mer ol ma this he reating ef marked tende! I nd to | t T A lt} YY nutact ‘or manufacturer ribut problen veigh production ones, those ted itomo mal are still concerned economic production. The part manufacturer falls His distribution problems are Iron Age, February 18, 1932 His concern lies, course, almost entirely one production. methods that will enable meet the demands its customers, produce parts the lowest production must uninterrupted and ible costs under production efficient. Every possible economy must vith certainty meeting practiced the limit. Kelsey-Hayes Wheel Co., liquid heating, new development, plants Detroit and the Kelsey-Hayes plant exemplifies here and abroad, typical what lengths this company modern thi izing. The new continuous liquid This heating equipment used the ONTOUR which are heat treated. (At right.) Lifting cams which handle hubs through lead furnace (Lower Left.) Method transmitting hubs preheating zone. Lower Right.) 2 F & — < 4 | Yet many tion problen tn ¥ = to D i 4 - é ? 2 a CONTINUOUS LIQUID HEAT TRE ~— GORDON PARK, orks Manager, Kelsey-Hayes Wheel Detroit TMENT rear wheel truck hubs conveyor mechanism, the Military Avenue plant Detroit. coordinate with production flow Under former conventional meth- out alteration the regular ods the wheel hubs were lead hardened tion operation the batch method, utilizing manual Previous the hea labor. This method was real re- hubs are put hand methods hardening lay the real deficiency. cooperation with Surface Com- analysis was made. was found that the difficulties hand operation could not only eliminated, but that demonstrated that more accurate tages continuous liquid heating were clearly outlined, Mechanical Handling Systems, Inc., Detroit, were perts cooperate with Surface Com- bustion Corpn. engineers the syn- chronization the continuous furnace unit with the conveying mechanism this department. special gas-fired furnace, with quenching units and all ~ ECHANISM intermittent mo- tion, coordinated with material handling sys- tem the plant going through pre-heater prior immersion lead bath. The Iron Age, February 18, 1932—445 | 4 Be, q if if i | = CLOSE CONTROL COMBUSTION URING months opera other furnaces this plant, one-third eliminate free oxygen the furnace on, 100-ton Stevens basic less pig iron being used and The results are that less metal ox- -hearth furna are noteworthy, Total sav- idized and the yield increased Alton, plant the Laclede ngs are reported exceeding per cent. High thermal efficiency Co. has had average fuel consum each ton steel made. and fuel consumption have All metal Stevens Chicago. was waste gases passing through the fur- The first two that oxidizing flame nace, thereby lessening gas velocity over heats each, and pen-hearth furnace not necessary. and destructive action refractories. The furnace designed correctly proportions air and fuel. GRADE OF STEE draft also under regulation, that the pressure the furnace prac tically equal atmospheric Since much the heat applied the open-hearth furnace obtained recovery, special attention has been given the design the regenera- tors. All the air used for combus- tion passes through the regenerators, which are exceptionally tical results show that heat recovery close what theoretically pos- sible obtain. Reversal time, PREV. OO 24930 8. STARTING UP GALS. NOT OF ERAT MG TAL 100 0 | weceee Brucce rugs ren DATE ENTERED Control stand and instruments are located These records made the 134th and 409th heats | ALS WEIGHT Tos] AST RECORD Melted 2:20 P.M. MOLDS ANO | | MOITION OF STEEL POURING 70008 | | ANY TROUBLE POURING GIVE | caore ic 10} | comoition—oF Food | BUTTS + MOER OF HEATS FOR ROOF 134 . ee or weave \ | Time R Time was, | | Taree 4 To Po q i | FLAYS } | steam ron “a ~ Can BURNED Line 15 j2 15/0 | | x | | ze ——_+_++_++ +- = MAIN OFFICE PRODUCTION CLERK 446—The Iron Age, February 18, 1932 — ind air temperatures range upward 2600 deg. F., the average being ibout 2350 deg. Low gas velocity through the fur- nace results little dust being car- ried the regenerators. Also, per cent less bottom repair mate- +7 ial needed, because there utting banks and breasts. The nelt-down temperature high ause the high flame temperature; near the end heat the flame down. Experience shows that the ath active, both with the flame ymewhat less than half way the furnace and also when the shortened, near the end the heat. Oil burners used this furnace are special design. Superheated steam 750 800 deg. used for atomi- heaters located the flue just ahead the stack. Steam jets the burn- ers are very small and, accordingly, only small amount water vapor introduced into the furnace. Steam pressure during melt-down ranges from Ib. per in., and this nace, which full view the operator. show practically variation fuel consump- campaign lengthened. UTS STEEL-MAKING COST rational method fuel control association with tight furnace structure and carefully designed ports reported have resulted exceptional cost figures open-hearth furnace. Not only have the costs been sharply reduced, but high operating rate for the furnace has been achieved. Incidentally, the furnace has made some unusually long runs between repairs. HEAT REPORT LACLEDE STEEL COMPANY FURNACE NO UR _MEAT 4< __GRADE OF STEEL _ AXLE 45/52 Dave 7-16 _ +—+t | | | Ron one = | = ++ | | | ++ The Iron Age, February 18, * A ] MATERIALS WEIGHT AST RE Ro | | me rime } =| | | T CAusE i cam ad ae | cee dl — TOTAL CHARGE | an ANALYSIS | mane ear ve | rest (ome 5 c NAO eon — Limestone | | anes | [naw 415 ] leurre one. veces 40 constant-pressure fan sup- plies cold air through valve, from which air passes the re- generators. used this furnace can classified miscellaneous yard scrap and light shoveling steel, much which held storage for som time. Nevertheless, the use has been increased and pig iron re- quirements have been cut over per cent. Use lime has been reduced per cent. Cost repairs 28c. gross ton include all repairs and re- conditioning the furnace the end the campaign. One month’s operation with only this furnace the fuel line, but cluding fuel for heating ladles, closed fuel use gal. ton about 3,800,000 B.t.u. for each ton good ingots, spills and butts not being counted. This was accomplished aft the 400th heat campaign. was being produced the rate 9.21 tons hour with cold charges. Air-metering and air-reversing valves are located the lower level, between the regenerators Sales 1929 148 coking plant The latter are completely plated in, avoid infiltration. reporting the Bureau Census to- taled $197,697,000. This represents 17.5 per cent the aggregate pro- lb. less. valve which functions with the air duction, $416,348,000. remain- usted avoid splitting valve. The fuel valve operates un- ing 52.5 per cent was transferred flame furnace wall der constant-pressure differential be- other plants the same company, used refinery con tween the fuel entering the valve and consumed the source, left taining 145.000 B.t.u. oc r gallon. It is it leaves the valve. Variation of stock. verv he AVV al 1 it can be he ated line pressure or pressure of the only ly, otherwise coke will burner does not affect the operation Shipments railroad locomotives The pump used extra larg the fuel valve. Orifice sizes are ad- declined 148 units 1931 from 763 and operates conjunction with isted from flue gas analysis. the preceding year, according Census from the principal manufac- tne rom the furnace, playing part turing plants. Only one locomotive Fuel sent through metering the introduction air for combus- was shipped December. _ = > | Special attention has been given the elimination air leaks, thereby affording close control air entering the combustion zone. Note the plating the port end, back the charging boxes. Iron February 18, 1932 ces | ’ 4 = a 7 ; 4 9 4 Glass-Steagall Bill Does Not Spell Inflation primarily intended arrest ban! ures. bank suspensions decline sufficiently, confidence should improve and the amount currency outstanding should diminish. Besides being protective device against hoarding, the Glass-Steagall bill will increase the gold” held our Federal Reserve Sys- tem, thereby putting position withstand possible foreign gold withdrawals without serious embarrassment. DR. LIONEL EDIE rapid-fire succession, the publi Corporation, familiar received announcement credit pool. three major strategies for coping glowing terms, thi ith depression: (a) the Reconstruc- very slow start. anti-hoarding campaign, the but failed stop bank Glass-Steagall Bill relaxing the term when the Reconstruction Fir eligibility for rediscount and mak- ame the Government bonds owned outright nounced that Federal Reserve banks eligible Thus, relief plan ollateral for Federal Reserve notes. after Each these strategies has been Reconstruction Fina the theatrical. The third tangible organization trategy particular was announced working rules than somethir the public manner which had lacking immediate all the elements the sensational. ities. Neither the actual ors fact, the announcement was this corporation verdrawn that Senator Glass issued hoarding scheme seemed statement calculated power arrest the renew down the initial hysteria and security markets nor the public view the proposal tion new stress and stra sober, matter-of-fact ins ircles. Hence, the ashion. inate that the financial crisis should most pathological condition ex- tement and confusion. Where mass ith which deal, and quiet, sober, inemotional treatment the patient ould seem have advantages. Suecession Relief Measures view the latest proposals ra- nally, one has trace the line ‘cession which leads the pres- rediscount plan relief. The riginal plan was National Credi tion Finance Corporation, (b) tended relief several ment when the public had been led expect that the Reconstruction Cor- poration was ready lend money an ade late scale to weak Danks, a « } ] ” are admission inadequacy was vice new plan whicl por i reserve i 4 rehensive the pul had been ct, 1t wa vha find rescue 1 1 ] rve bar consider the rediscount plan 1 ird rescue device wa Ali Relief Rediscount Inflation? cause the and the peculativ narkets heralded the plan of te t ol the ste confirm this popular in- reta ‘ est commer! il ets 1 ikened confidence such the pre red int mear Federal Reserve Unea rests conti! indebtedne to tl cases, customers are reported have withdrawn ich bank on the theor that ich indebtedne confe Once debt the Fed- al, member bank feels strong get out debt rapidly | -* if | 2 4 CHART currency circulation closely related bank failures The Age, February 18, 1932—449 = t rescue devices did not meet the lem m. Vv VW +} | ntizallx Ack Cor AT (ny ] a ‘ u atio} imuia- » thant > 280" | CHART currency largely responsible for increased rediscounting Feb. 10, they liscount singly groups five one year permission rediscount under eligibility. ies degree mutual and cooperative responsibil deter banks calling for aid except pure debt the Federal mani- rescue measure. The writer does not doubtful whether the New wherein extending emergency aid inder group time limitations the marginal fringe weakest banks alty rate collateral, not alway lending correspondent country Such collateral, when reaches the and will some hands the Federal Reserve, not endeavor shift the burden eligible backing for currency issue. Federal Reserve. City The net increase volume redis- may, therefore, counts the entire Reserve System urprisingly small. Constructive Aspect Rediscount Bill rediscount aid those bank One the real benefits the pro- are “in exceptional and exigent posed legislation simply the help toward lessening bank failures RSS O20) 190239 JOU) 193) 1932 CHART rediscounts have moved inversely with reserve balances. 450—The Iron Age, February 18, 1932 over the next few months. The new rediscount device primarily anti- bank-failure device, and that prac- tically all is. bank failures decline sufficiently, confidence should improve and hoard- currency diminish. Thus, anti-failure device should ing give the anti-hoarding campaign more uccess than would otherwise have. Government Securities Collateral for Note Issue period one year, the new bill proposes allow Federal Reserve banks use Government securiti owned outright backing for Fed- eral Reserve notes per cent the amount such notes. Some people have figured out fantast sums possible new note issues and have attached optimistic meanings these new issues. These reactions are astonishing, for whereas with hand people are just the proces trying bring about reduction hoarding campaign, with the other hand they are presuming find great significance tastic increase currency. This blowing hot and blowing cold the same time with vengeance. anti- hoarding the goal, why should constructive now praise device which alleged produce fantastic increase hoarding? say “alleged,” because, reality, the new provision does not create any What does accomplish solve embar rassing “free gold” situation. gold may roughly defined gold not legally tied reserve for posits notes outstanding. This recently been reduced $500,000,000. sudden increase foreign gold withdrawals sudden increase hoarding might put this free gold down very narrow mar- gin. The new bill has the effect new currency whatsoever. increasing free gold about 000,000, the approximate amount Government bonds owned outright the Federal Thus, the proposal protective device against gold withdrawals currency hoarding, and solves technical dif- ficulty the Federal Reserve Act. This solution applies for one only, that the Federal Reserve keep itself position return the old free gold basis month hence. Before so-called inflation could take + place, would necessary for Federal Reserve buy fairly larg quantities new Government bond The latest Fed reveals the open market. eral Reserve statement (Concluded page 464) — | OUU | | 5 | } | | | | , , | \ t) \ \ 2 \ \ J IN 3 roy I | ly new ll. Such banks have ver to the rod a \ I i] actualiy decill red Wnt privileges, | A | | J le = JC oO } | - T | | | Marmber S | | | } T¢ VO | | | Builds 350-Ton Welded Steel Double-Crank Press additions the line welded steel presses announced tne Henry & Wright Mfg. Co., Hart- ford, Conn., double crank traight-sided presses. One these, unit, double geared with win gear drive, that was built for prominent manufacturer refrigerators, here illustrated. This press shrunk-in tie rod with the bed, uprights, crown, ide and twin gears made welded teel. The welded parts were ealed normalized before the possibility distortion after the was placed operation. claimed that the increased strength the welded steel construction permitted use stress values suffi ciently low reduce the deflection the frame members some per cent the usual amount. Made from hammered alloy forging, the heat-treated crankshaft mounted square-backed remov- able bushings hard bronze. The | Tt = esses set either the rolling velding processes, intermediate equipped mediate gear and pinions neat-treated 0.50 per cent carbon eel forgings, providing high tooth trength and hard wearing surface Major castings, such the conne tions and flywheel, are made from high-test alloy iron having approxi- ame trength teel machine driven direct- connected 20-hp. ball-bearing bracket. The ide arranged motor adjustment, the mote employed being mounted the slide which eliminates the use universal joints between motor and gear box. The multiple-plate friction clutch electrically operated, and the are arranged that four methods operation are available. The master control box, located convenient height the right-hand upright, tains two push buttons. One the for emergency stopping the on- press any point the stroke and the other, which series with resistances, for jogging inching the slide when setting dies. addition, there third control in the master box and ice can be turned to either of tw uprights, crown, slide and twin gears are made welded steel. The four push buttons the knockout bar the rear are interlocked with the treadle control and must depressed before the clutch can feature assuring the safety the operators The Iron Age, February 18, 1932—451 Sa \4 haft cated cartridge type mountings. The welded twin gears have 0.40 cent carbon steel rims, and the ld ting astings. ice | | ake the = 4 > Meet Special Conditions The February 18, 1932 ted the knockout bar rear view illustration hat they must | before t clutch can be en eature iring safety t l] tl! In ne eve of the ish Cu na nain rake esign perate ( Len; ranged nstantl rak a Feed Press Designed travel Care ) 1] enters the feed rolls the right; after ieces have been made rap cut into conve lengths the scrap cutter the side the the PINDLE speeds for various eters work quickly determined means this calculator diam may M EVOL. ITION OF SPIND clutch latter. without from the prevent heat affecting Clutch linings can removing the clutch machine. of this m Major dimensions Capacity near press at stroke, upri ghts, bed bott of between shut stment Lance stroke, 1n.; he ots thickness adju irea of Ister, in., and 66 ope eel bolster, in. The press mak rokes minute; its approxima net weight 49,000 lb. Patent itions covering various this construction have been filed the Henry Wright company. ress driven 20-hp. motor 1200 r.p.m., with T